Afg'onistonda fuqarolar urushi (1928–1929) - Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)

1929 yil Afg'onistonda fuqarolar urushi
Animation of the Afghan Civil War of 1928-1929.gif
1928-1929 yillardagi Afg'oniston fuqarolar urushi animatsion xaritasi. Qizil = Saqqaviylar, Moviy = Sakkavistlar. Ushbu xaritada Sovet Ittifoqining Afg'onistonning shimolidagi Bosmachilarga qarshi aralashuvi ko'rsatilmagan.
Sana1928 yil 14 noyabr - 1929 yil 13 oktyabr
(11 oy / 334 kun)
Manzil
Afg'oniston qirolligi
Natija

Sakkavistlarga qarshi g'alaba

Urushayotganlar

Shinvari qabilalari
(1928 yil 14-noyabr - dekabr)

Afg'oniston bayrog'i (1929) .svg Sakkavistlar
(1928 yil noyabr - 1929 yil 17-yanvar)

Afg'oniston bayrog'i (1929) .svg Afg'oniston amirligi
(18 yanvar - 1929 yil 13 oktyabr)
Bilan hamkorlikda:

Basmachi
(1929)

Afg'oniston bayrog'i (1928–1929) .svg Amanulloh Xon
(1929 yil 14 yanvargacha; va 1929 yil 22 martdan 23 maygacha)

Flag of Afghanistan (1919–1921).svg Inoyatulloh Xon
(1929 yil 14-17 yanvar)
Ali Ahmadxonning Habibulloh Kalakani.svg ga qarshi qo'zg'oloni bayrog'i Ali Ahmadxon
(17 yanvar - 1929 yil 9 fevral)
Sakkavistlarga qarshi turli qabilalar
Afg'oniston bayrog'i (1929–1931) .svg Muhammad Nodir Xon
(1929 yil mart-oktyabr)
 Sovet Ittifoqi[1]
(Qarang Afg'onistonga Qizil Armiya aralashuvi (1929) )
Qo'mondonlar va rahbarlar
Muhammad Alam Xon[2]
Habibullax Kalakani  Bajarildi
Hamidulloh Kalakani  Bajarildi
Ibrohim Bek[3]
Fayz Alloh[3]		Afg'oniston bayrog'i (1928–1929) .svg Amanulloh Xon
Afg'oniston bayrog'i (1928–1929) .svg Ali Ahmadxon
Flag of Afghanistan (1919–1921).svg Inoyatulloh Xon  Taslim bo'ldi
Ali Ahmadxonning Habibulloh Kalakani.svg ga qarshi qo'zg'oloni bayrog'i Ali Ahmadxon  (Asir)
Ali Ahmadxonning Habibulloh Kalakani.svg ga qarshi qo'zg'oloni bayrog'i Malik Qays (Buzuq )
Karim Xon[4]
Abd al-Karim[4] (Asir)
Hazrati Muhammadxon[5]
Afg'oniston bayrog'i (1929–1931) .svg Muhammad Nodir Xon
Kuch

2,000[6]
(1928 yil 14-dekabr)
28[7]
(1929 yil 15-yanvar, Kobulning ikkinchi jangi )

20,000[8]
(1929 yil 14-aprel, butun mamlakat bo'ylab)

Flag of Afghanistan (1919–1921).svg80[7]
(16 yanvar 1929 yil)
Ali Ahmadxonning Habibulloh Kalakani.svg ga qarshi qo'zg'oloni bayrog'i 2,000
(1929 yil 18-yanvar)[9]
Afg'oniston bayrog'i (1929–1931) .svg 12,000[10]
(1929 yil 18-sentyabr, Kobulga qarshi so'nggi hujum)

Sovet Ittifoqi 1,000[11]
Yo'qotishlar va yo'qotishlar
7500 kishi o'ldirilgan[12]7500 kishi o'ldirilgan[12]
Qismi bir qator ustida
Tarixi Afg'oniston
Xronologiya
Mintaqaning tegishli tarixiy nomlari

Flag of Afghanistan.svg Afg'oniston portali

The Afg'onistonda fuqarolar urushi 1928 yil 14-noyabrdan 1929-yil 13-oktabrgacha jang qilingan. Isyon ko'targan va keyinchalik boshqarish Sakqavist ostidagi kuchlar Habibullax Kalakani dagi turli qarama-qarshi qabilalar va raqib monarxlarga qarshi kurashgan Afg'oniston qirolligi, ular orasida Muhammad Nodir Xon oxir-oqibat ustun rol o'ynadi. Kobulni bosib olish va mag'lub etish kabi dastlabki muvaffaqiyatlarga qaramay Omonulloh Xon 1929 yil 17-yanvarda yoki 3-iyun kuni Qandahorni qo'lga kiritish,[a] oxir-oqibat sakkavistlar Nodir boshchiligidagi 1929 yil 13-oktabrda anti-sakkavistlar kuchlari tomonidan ag'darildi va bu Nodirning 1933 yil 3-noyabrda o'ldirilishigacha hukmronlik qilgan Afg'oniston qiroli sifatida ko'tarilishiga olib keldi.

Urush qachon boshlandi Shinvari qabilasi Jalolobodda qo'zg'olon ko'tarib, 10 ta shikoyat bayonotini chiqardi, ulardan 5 tasi Amanullohning ayollarning mavqeiga aralashishi bilan bog'liq. Garchi bu qo'zg'olon boshchiligidagi kuch tomonidan bostirilgan bo'lsa-da Ali Ahmadxon, 1928 yil 14-dekabrda Kobulga hujum qilishdan oldin shimolda bir vaqtda bo'lgan sakqaviylar qo'zg'oloni qamalda bo'lgan Jabal-as-Siraj shahrini egallab olishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Garchi Sakkavistlarning Kobulga qilingan birinchi hujumi qaytarilgan bo'lsa-da, ikkinchi sakvistlar hujumi 1929 yil 17-yanvarda Kobulni egallab olishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. O'sha paytdagi hukumat ijtimoiy islohotlarga e'tibor qaratgan, masalan, ayollar huquqlarini kengaytirish va harbiy loyihani qabul qilish, ilgari muvaffaqiyatsizlikka olib kelgan Alizay isyoni va Xost qo'zg'oloni. Kalakani raqiblarini shunday tanqid qildi kofir,[13] uning kuchlari zo'rlash harakatlarini sodir etishgan[14] va talon-taroj qilish.[15]

Kobulni qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng sakkavistlar Jalolobod boshchiligidagi raqib hukumatni mag'lub etdilar Ali Ahmadxon 9 fevral kuni. Mart oyi boshida Shayxobod jangida muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchraganiga qaramay, sakqavistlar iyun oyida qisqa qamaldan so'ng o'zlarining nazoratlarini Qandahorga etkazishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Biroq, ular Mart oyida Omonulloh bilan birga hududga kirib kelgan Logar vodiysida Nodir Xonni mag'lub eta olmadilar, garchi ikkinchisi 23-may kuni mamlakatni tark etdi. Bir necha oylik tanglikdan so'ng, Nodirxon oxir-oqibat sakkavistlarni 1929 yil oktyabrda Kobulga chekinishga majbur qildi va keyinchalik Arg. 1929 yil 13-oktabrda Argning qo'lga olinishi fuqarolik urushining tugashiga olib keldi, ammo sakqaviylar faoliyati 1931 yilgacha davom etdi. Fuqarolar urushi bir vaqtning o'zida Afg'onistonning shimoliy qismida Sovet operatsiyasi bilan kurashmoq Bosmachi harakati.

Sakkavistlarga qarshi Kobulni qo'lga olish paytida Nodirning qo'shinlari uning buyrug'iga qarshi shaharni ishdan bo'shatdilar. Fuqarolar urushidan keyin Nodir afg'on taxtini Omonullohga qaytarib bermadi va bu bir necha isyonlarga, jumladan, Shinvari qo'zg'oloni, Kuhiston isyoni, Gilzay isyoni va Mazrakning qo'zg'oloni. Davomida Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Omonulloh muvaffaqiyatsiz bilan taxtni qaytarib olishga urinib ko'radi Eksa Yordam bering.

Fon

Amanulloh Xon hukmronlik qildi Afg'oniston dan 1919 yildan boshlab, to'liq mustaqillikka erishish Britaniya imperiyasi birozdan keyin. Oldin Ravalpindi shartnomasi 1921 yilda tuzilgan, Afg'oniston allaqachon o'z tashqi siyosatini o'rnatishni boshlagan, shu jumladan diplomatik munosabatlar bilan Rossiya Sovet Federativ Sotsialistik Respublikasi 1919 yilda. 1920 yillar davomida Afg'oniston tashkil topdi diplomatik munosabatlar aksariyat yirik mamlakatlar bilan.

Oxirgi tinchlik uchun Angliya-Afg'oniston muzokaralarining ikkinchi raundi natija bermadi. Ikki tomon ham avvalgi kelishuvda ko'zda tutilganidek, tashqi aloqalarda Afg'oniston mustaqilligi to'g'risida kelishib olishga tayyor edi. Ikki davlat Angliya-Afg'oniston munosabatlarini o'nlab yillar davomida bezovta qilib kelgan va boshqa ko'plab kishilar uchun ishqalanishni davom ettirish masalasida kelishmovchiliklarga duch kelishdi. Pashtun tili ning ikkala tomonidagi qabilalar Durand chizig'i. Inglizlar afg'onistonliklar qat'iyat bilan turib, Britaniya tomonidagi qabilalar ustidan afg'on nazoratini tan olishni rad etishdi. Afg'onistonliklar 1921 yilgi kelishuvni faqat norasmiy shartnoma deb hisoblashgan.

Ning raqobati buyuk kuchlar agar hukumatda keskin o'zgarish bo'lmaganida mintaqada bo'ysungan bo'lib qolishi mumkin edi Moskva tomonidan olib kelingan Bolsheviklar inqilobi 1917 yil. Joylashtirishga intilishlarida Musulmonlar ularning chegaralarida yangi Sovet rahbarlari qo'shni musulmon davlatlari bilan samimiy munosabatlarni o'rnatishga intilishgan. Afg'oniston misolida Sovetlar ikki tomonlama maqsadga erishishi mumkin edi: rahbariyat bilan munosabatlarni mustahkamlash orqali Kobul, ular Sovet Ittifoqida qarshi inqilobni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi G'arb davlatlaridan biri bo'lgan Britaniyaga ham tahdid solishi mumkin edi. Afg'oniston tashqi siyosati bo'yicha Britaniyaning nazoratini tugatishga urinishlarida, Omonulloh 1919 yilda Moskvaga elchi yubordi; Vladimir Lenin elchini iliq kutib oldi va Amonulloh hukumatiga yordam taklif qilish uchun Sovet vakilini Kobulga yubordi.

Amonulloh davrida Sovet-Afg'oniston munosabatlari ma'lum bir davrda Sovet rahbariyati uchun Afg'onistonning qiymatiga qarab o'zgarib turardi; Afg'oniston yo sovet musulmon ozchiliklari bilan muomala qilish vositasi yoki inglizlarga tahdid qilish vositasi sifatida qaraldi. Sovetlar Amanullohga qarshi kurashni bostirishda yordam so'rashgan.Bolshevik elementlari Markaziy Osiyo inglizlarga qarshi yordam evaziga afg'onlar ko'proq erlarni qaytarib olishdan manfaatdor edilar Amudaryo yutqazdi Rossiya o'n to'qqizinchi asrda. Afg'onistonning vohalarini qaytarib olishga urinishlari Marv va Panjde tomonidan osongina bo'ysundirilgan Sovet Qizil Armiyasi.

1921 yil may oyida afg'onlar va Sovetlar o'rtasida do'stlik shartnomasi imzolandi, bu 1919 yilda to'liq mustaqillikka erishganidan beri Afg'onistonning birinchi xalqaro shartnomasi. Sovetlar Amanullohga naqd pul, texnologiya va harbiy texnika shaklida yordam ko'rsatdilar. Shunga qaramay, Omonulloh Sovetlardan ko'nglini tobora ko'proq ko'ngli tobora ko'payib bormoqda, ayniqsa u musulmonlarning chegara bo'ylab zulmining kengayib borayotganiga guvoh bo'lgan.

Angliya-afg'on munosabatlari inglizlarning afg'on-sovet do'stligidan qo'rqishidan, ayniqsa Afg'onistonga bir nechta sovet samolyotlarini kiritish bilan yomonlashdi. Amanulla aloqani davom ettirgandan keyin inglizlarning bezovtalanishi kuchaygan Hind millatchilar va ularga Kobuldan boshpana bergan, shuningdek, u chegara ortidagi pashtun qabilalari o'rtasida tartibsizlikni qo'zg'atmoqchi bo'lganida. Inglizlar bunga javoban Amanullohga "Janobi oliylari" deb murojaat qilishdan bosh tortdilar va Hindiston orqali yuklarni olib o'tishda cheklovlar qo'ydilar.

Amonullahning ichki islohotlari uning tashqi siyosiy tashabbuslaridan kam bo'lmagan dramatik edi, ammo bu islohotlar uning to'liq va barqaror mustaqillikka erishishiga teng kela olmadi. Mahmud Tarzi, Omonullohning qaynotasi va Tashqi ishlar vaziri, monarxning ijtimoiy va siyosiy islohotlarga bo'lgan qiziqishini rag'batlantirdi, lekin uni asta-sekin kuchli markaziy hukumat asosida qurishni talab qildi, chunki kurka ostida Kamol Otaturk. Ijtimoiy jihatdan Omonulloh ko'p narsalardan zavq oldi Mahmud Tarzi O'sha paytdagi fikrlar, masalan, ayollarga ko'proq huquq berish va nashr orqali matbuot erkinligiga imkon berish. G'arbning qattiq ta'sirida bo'lgan Tarzi bu ta'sirni Afg'onistonga olib keldi - Omonulloh G'arbning kiyinishi va odob-axloq qoidalaridan bahramand bo'ldi. Uning rafiqasi Qirolicha Soraya Tarzi, Omonulloh Xonning ayollarga nisbatan islohotlarining yuziga aylandi.[16]

Amonullah islohotlari afg'on hayotining ko'plab sohalarini qamrab oldi. 1921 yilda u faqat bir nechta Sovet samolyotlari va uchuvchilari bilan bo'lsa-da, havo kuchlarini tashkil etdi; Keyinchalik afg'onistonlik kadrlar malaka oshirdilar Frantsiya, Italiya va Turkiya. Garchi u hokimiyatga armiya ko'magi bilan kelgan bo'lsa-da, Amanulla ko'plab armiya xodimlarini ish haqini ham, kuchlar sonini ham kamaytirish orqali va qabila rahbarlari xizmatga qo'shilganlarni nazorat qilishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun yollash tartibini o'zgartirib, chetlashtirdi. Amanullohning turkiyalik maslahatchilari qirolga yoshi kattaroq ofitserlarni, o'zlarining yo'llariga tushib qolgan va yanada professional armiyani shakllantirishga qarshi tura oladigan odamlarni iste'foga chiqarishni taklif qilishdi. Omonullohning urush vaziri general Muhammad Nodirxon, a'zosi Musohiban qirollik oilasining filiali ushbu o'zgarishlarga qarshi chiqdi, aksincha qabila sezgirligini tan olishni afzal ko'rdi. Podsho Nodirxonning maslahatini rad etdi va turklarga qarshi guruh armiyada ildiz otdi; 1924 yilda Nodirxon Frantsiyadagi elchi bo'lish uchun hukumatni tark etdi.

Agar Amulullax islohotlari to'liq amalga oshirilsa, Afg'onistonni butunlay o'zgartirib yuborgan bo'lar edi. Ammo uning takliflarining aksariyati taxtdan voz kechish bilan vafot etdi. Uning o'zgaruvchan ijtimoiy va ta'lim sohasidagi islohotlari quyidagilarni o'z ichiga olgan: Quyosh taqvimini qabul qilish, Kobulning ba'zi joylarida va boshqa joylarda g'arbiy kiyinishni talab qilish, ayollarning pardalari va tanholigini oldini olish, qullik va majburiy mehnatni bekor qilish, dunyoviy ta'limni joriy etish (qizlar uchun ham, o'g'il bolalar uchun ham); kattalar tarbiyasi darslari va ko'chmanchilarni tarbiyalash. Uning iqtisodiy islohotlari tarkibiga soliq tizimini qayta tuzish, qayta tashkil etish va ratsionalizatsiya qilish, kontrabanda va korrupsiyaga qarshi kampaniyalar, soliq solish maqsadida chorvachilikni ro'yxatga olish, birinchi byudjet (1922 yilda), metrik tizimni amalga oshirish kiradi (bu o'zlashtirilmagan), 1928 yilda Bank-i-Melli (Milliy Bank) ni tashkil etish va joriy etish Afg'on 1923 yildagi yangi valyuta birligi sifatida. Amonullah taklif etgan siyosiy va sud islohotlari o'sha davr uchun bir xil darajada radikal bo'lib, Afg'onistonning birinchi konstitutsiyasini (1923 yilda), fuqarolar huquqlarining kafolatini (avval farmon bilan, keyin esa konstitutsiyaviy ravishda), milliy, yaratilishini o'z ichiga oladi. fuqarolar uchun ro'yxatdan o'tish va shaxsiy guvohnomalar, qonun chiqaruvchi yig'ilish, yangi dunyoviy jazo, fuqarolik va tijorat kodekslarini tatbiq etish uchun sud tizimi, qon pullarini taqiqlash, qabila boshliqlari va qirol oilasi uchun subsidiyalar va imtiyozlarni bekor qilish.

Garchi shariat (Islom qonuni) qonunning qoldiq manbai bo'lishi kerak edi, u keyin mashhurlikka erishdi Xost qo'zg'oloni 1924–25 yillarda. Ta'siri ostida bo'lgan diniy rahbarlar Habibulloh xon Amonullahning keng ko'lamli diniy islohotlaridan norozi edilar. Oddiy donolik Omonullohni ag'dargan qabila qo'zg'oloni uning islohot dasturiga qarshi chiqqanidan kelib chiqqan deb hisoblaydi, garchi uning islohotlari eng ko'p ta'sirlangan odamlar qabilalar o'rniga uning siyosatiga umuman qarshi bo'lmagan shahar aholisi edi. Shunga qaramay, qirol diniy rahbarlar va armiya a'zolarini chetlashtirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.

Xorijiy ishtirok

Britaniya imperiyasi

Keyinchalik Britaniyaning Afg'onistondagi elchisining so'zlariga ko'ra, Uilyam Kerr Freyzer-Tytler, Buyuk Britaniya imperiyasi, garchi rasman betaraf bo'lsa ham, Afg'onistondagi vaziyatdan juda xavotirda edi va ular "vaziyatni boshqarish uchun bir qator qoidalarni ishlab chiqdilar. Afg'onistonning Afg'onistonga kirib kelishidan bosh tortish bejiz emas edi, lekin u o'zi bo'lganida u u Unga qarshi kurashga kirishishdan oldin qisqa boshpana so'rab, chegarani kesib o'tishga ruxsat berish nojo'ya bo'lar edi va shuning uchun kriket va futbol qoidalari aralashmasida o'yinchi maydonga bir marta chiqishi mumkinligi belgilab qo'yilgan edi. Va agar toj uchun o'ynasangiz. Ammo agar u majburlanib, o'z xohishiga ko'ra yoki istamasa ham chiziqni kesib o'tgan bo'lsa, u "tashqarida" edi va hakam uni o'yinga qaytarib yubormadi. "[17]

Afg'oniston va boshqa joylardagi ko'plab sharhlovchilar Britaniyaning 1929 yil yanvar oyida Omonullohning qulashida muhim rol o'ynagan degan fikrda va buni Sovet tarixshunosligi qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[18] Ga binoan Entsiklopediya Iranica "" Bu qo'ldan chiqarib yuborilmasa ham, haqiqat shuki, bu davrga tegishli bo'lgan ingliz hind arxivlarida uni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi biron bir dalil topilmadi. Ammo rasmiy betaraflik pozitsiyasi ortida shubha bo'lishi mumkin emas 1929 yilgi inqiroz davomida inglizlar Omon-Ollohga o'z taxtini qayta egallashiga yordam berishni istamadilar va Nodar Xonning harakatlariga xayrixohlik ko'rsatdilar, Sovet hukumati Amon-Ollohni qo'llab-quvvatladi (istamasa ham) va uning nomidan hujumga yordam berdi. Bali mintaqasida joylashgan āolām Nabī Čarḵī tomonidan Britaniya hukumati Nader Xonga Afg'onistonni Hindiston orqali qayta kiritishga va minglab qurollangan Vazur va Masud chegara qabilalarini jalb qilish orqali qat'iyatli kuch olishga imkon berdi, shuningdek ularning cheklovni bekor qilish to'g'risidagi qarori foydali bo'ldi. Naqshbandni ishontirishda aftidan hal qiluvchi rol o'ynashi kerak bo'lgan Faol Omar Mojaddedga Hindistondagi belgilangan manzilda yashashni buyuradigan tartib. mollaAfg'oniston tomonlarini o'zgartirishi va keyinchalik Nadershohning birinchi adliya vaziri bo'lishi kerak edi. Xulosa qilib aytganda, barcha dalillar Bachča-ye Saqqoning (Kalakani) ko'tarilishi faqat qirol Omon-Ollohning rejimining ichki parchalanishi bilan bog'liqligini ko'rsatgan bo'lsa-da, shubhasiz, ingliz siyosati ochiq-oydin emas, yashirin ravishda olib keldi. Bachča-ye Saqqoning qulashi haqida ".[18]

Sovet Ittifoqi

Asosiy maqola: Afg'onistonga Qizil Armiya aralashuvi (1929)
Qizil armiya Afg'onistondagi qo'shinlar.
Shuningdek qarang: Bosmachi harakati § 1929 yil

Afg'onistonda hokimiyat tepasiga kelgandan so'ng, sakkavistlar bunga yo'l qo'ydilar Basmachi 1929 yil mart oyigacha Qunduz, Taxar va Badakshshan viloyatlarining bir qismida o'zlarini tashkil qilgan shimoliy Afg'onistonda harakat qilish uchun qo'zg'olonchilar. Bosmachilarning Sovet hududiga takroran bostirib kirishi oxir-oqibat Sovetlarning Afg'onistondagi operatsiyasi.[19]

Eron

Eron harbiy attaşesi polkovnik Ali Xon Eron shohining ko'rsatmasiga binoan Afg'onistondagi shialar jamoasini himoya qilish uchun imkon qadar ko'proq sakkaviylarning Eronga hujumini taklif qilmas edi.[20]

Germaniya

Germaniyaning o'zi urushga aralashmagan bo'lsa-da Afg'on-nemis savdo kompaniyasi Kalakani tomonidan suiqasd qilishni so'ragan Omonulloh Xon 1929 yil 15 aprelda va agar shunday qilishsa katta mukofot va'da qilingan.[21]

Urush kursi

Urush boshlanadi (1928 yil noyabr - dekabr)

Shinvari qo'zg'oloni

Yechish qachon boshlandi Shinvari Pashtun qabilalari qo'zg'olon ko'tarib, qamal qildilar Jalolobod 1928 yil 14-noyabrda,[22] telegraf simlarini kesib, poytaxtga olib boradigan yo'lni kesib tashladilar, shundan so'ng ular o'nta shikoyat bayonotini tuzdilar, shulardan beshtasi Amanullohning ayollarning mavqeiga aralashib bo'lmaydigan aralashuvi deb hisobladilar.[23] Biroq, davomida Shinvari qo'zg'oloni ikki yil o'tgach, Shinvari bu qo'zg'olon "Amanullohga qarshi emas, balki Jelalabaddagi mahalliy soliq yig'uvchilarga qarshi" edi.[24] Hukumatning dastlabki javobi Jalolobodni ozod qilish uchun kichik bir kontingentni yuborish edi, u Jaloloboddan 32 mil (32 km) g'arbda Nimla shahrida to'xtatilgan edi, bu kuch bir ozdan keyin qurshab olingan va yo'q qilingan. Shundan so'ng Omonulloh qo'zg'olonni bostirish uchun ikki vakilini yubordi - uning tashqi ishlar vaziri, G'ulom Siddiq Xon va Milliy kengash rahbari, Shayr Ahmadxon. Biroq, noyabr oyi oxirida ular bilan janjallashishgan va shunga ko'ra Fayz Muhammad, qabilalar bilan alohida muzokaralar olib borishgan.[6] G'ulom Siddiq shinvarilarning bir qismini SHayr Ahmadxonga hujum qilishga undagan, deyishadi, buning asosiy natijasi shinvarilar Jalolaboddagi amirning qishki saroyini yerga yoqib yuborishidir.[6]

1928 yil 3-dekabrda Omonulloh qaynonasini yuborishga qaror qildi, Ali Ahmadxon Muammoni hal qilish uchun Luynab uni doimiy qo'shinlar, militsiya yig'imlari va qabila rahbarlarini murosaga keltirish uchun katta xazina bilan jo'natdi. G'ulom Siddiq va SHayr Ahmadni Kobulga qaytarish haqida buyruq berildi.[6]

Shu orada, Shinvari qo'zg'oloni bilan shug'ullanishda muntazam armiyaga yordam berish uchun qabila yig'imlari va sharqdan, janubdan va g'arbdan Vaziriy, Vardak, Gilzay va tojik qabilalarini o'z ichiga olgan qurollangan qabilalar, shuningdek yaqinda Mangal qabilalari vakillari (ular yaqinda Omonulloh hukumati bilan urushgan) yordam berish uchun poytaxtga aldab kirishgan.[6] Bu odamlar hukumatga nisbatan sodiq emas edilar va vaziyatni shunchaki boyish uchun imkoniyat deb bildilar. Ma'lum bo'lishicha, ularni Jalolobodga jo'natishning hojati yo'q edi, Ali Ahmad Shinvari rahbarlarini murosaga keltirishga va qo'zg'olonni tugatishga muvaffaq bo'ldi, ammo bu yangilik qishloq bo'ylab tarqalishi uchun bir oz vaqt o'tgach, yig'ilgan qabilalar davom etdilar. poytaxtga kelish.[6]

Jabal as-Sirojning qamal qilinishi

Omonulloh yarashish haqidagi xabarni iliq kutib oldi. Biroq, har qanday yengillik hissi vaqtinchalik bo'lar edi - a boshchiligidagi kuchlar Tojik rahbar, Habibulloh Kalakani, shimoldan Kobul tomon harakatlanayotgan edilar.[6] Kalakani tug'ilgan Kalakan, Kobuldan o'ttiz kilometr shimolda joylashgan qishloq. Noyabr oyi oxirida ular qurshovga olingan Jabal as-Siraj, Kobuldan shimolda va 11 yoki 12 dekabrda, 18 kunlik qamaldan so'ng, Ahmad Ali Lodi barcha hukumat mablag'larini, shuningdek 18 ta avtomat va noma'lum og'ir qurol va miltiqlarni topshirib, qo'rg'onni tinch yo'l bilan taslim etdi.[6]

Birinchi Kobul jangi

G'alabadan hayajonlangan Kalakani 1928 yil 14-dekabrda 2000 kishilik Kobulga hujum qildi (ulardan atigi 200 nafari miltiq bilan, qolganlari esa tayoq va bolta bilan qurollangan). Xayr-Xana qishlog'i yaqinidagi Kuh-i Kutal.[6] Qo'zg'olonchilar amirni hokimiyatdan chetlatish shariatga zid bo'ladi deb hisoblab, marosim o'tkazdilar va Kalakani yangi amir deb e'lon qildilar va keyin soat 15.00 da Dih-i Kupak qishlog'idan o'tdilar. Soat 15:15 atrofida ular Bog'-Bala bog'iga etib kelishdi. Ular avval yozgi qarorgohi bo'lgan Bog'-Bala saroyini ham egallab olishgan Abdurahmonxon Endi u amirning shaxsiy qo'riqchisi va turk tabibining qarorgohi uchun harbiy kasalxonaga aylantirildi, Bahjet Beg. Soqchilarni va elchixonani qurolsizlantirgandan va ishdan bo'shatgandan so'ng, ular o'zlarining qo'riqchilarini joylashtirdilar, elchixona xodimlarini xalqning mehmoni ekanliklariga va ularga hech qanday zarar yetmasligiga ishontirishdi.[6]

Isyonchilar, shuningdek, Muhammad Akbarxonning o'g'li bo'lgan turk zobiti Shavkat beg tomonidan himoya qilingan Shahr Araning uyi va qal'a minorasiga kirishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Uning kichik kuchi, shuningdek, otliq zobitlar guruhi, isyonchilarni eski shaharga kirishiga to'sqinlik qildilar.[25]

Jang davom etar ekan, butun shahar artilleriya va o'q ovozlariga to'lib toshdi. Biroq, faqat amirning shaxsiy gvardiyasining otliq askarlari va boshqa bir necha sodiq askarlar Kalakani qo'shinlariga qarshi kurash olib borishdi. Qolgan qo'shinlar g'amgin kayfiyatda edilar, chunki ularning zobitlari askarning ratsionini o'zlashtirgan edilar. Isyonchilarni emas, balki qo'mondonlarini muammoga aybdor deb bilishadi, otish buyurilganida, askarlar qurollarini osmonga otishgan. Endi g'azab va tartibsizlik keng tarqaldi. G'alayonni eshitgan amir g'azablandi va barcha qurollarni Kobul aholisi va shaharga kirib kelgan, ammo hali Shinvarilar bilan jang qilish uchun Jalolobodga jo'nab ketmagan qabilalarga tarqatishni buyurdi. Ammo afg'onlarning Omonullohga nisbatan deyarli butun dunyo bo'ylab nafratlanishi, ularning aksariyati Kalakaniga qarshi qurol ko'tarishni rad etishlariga olib keldi. Omonulloh uchun yomonroq bo'lish uchun ba'zi Vaziriy, Mangal va Ahmadzay qabilalari Kalakaniga o'tib, Kobul markazidagi Asmay tepaligida pozitsiyalarni egallab, amir qo'shinlarini o'qqa tutdilar.[25]

G'ulom Gavs, uning otasi Malik Jaxandad Ahmadzay isyon ko'tarilgandan so'ng qatl etilgan, o'z shahri xarajatlari tomon yo'l olgan va o'zi bilan 300 dan ortiq miltiq olib, u erdagi odamlarni qurollantirgan va hukumatga qarshi chiqqan. Boshqa qabilalar ham xuddi shunday harakat qilishdi, chunki qurol tarqatish ustidan nazorat yo'q edi.[25]

Jang 25-dekabr kuni keskin burilish yasadi, Kalakani havo bombasidan yelkasidan yaralanib, 20 km shimolga, Kuhdaman viloyatidagi Murod Beg Fortiga chekinishga olib keldi.[25]

Omonulloh hukumatining qulashi (1929 yil yanvar)

Murod Beg qal'asini qamal qilish

Kalakanining orqaga chekinishi Omonullohga qayta to'planish imkoniyatini berdi. Dekabr oyi oxirida u Murod Beg Fortni o'qqa tutishni boshladi va bu o'q otish 13 yanvargacha davom etdi. Biroq, o'q otish hech qanday natija bermadi va bu qirolning ko'nglini tushirdi. 14 yanvar kuni erta tongda Omonulloh eng katta akasiga taxtdan voz kechdi, Inoyatulloh Xon Britaniya-Hindistonda surgun qilinishdan qochishdan oldin atigi uch kun hukmronlik qilgan. Omonullohning Kobul tomon kichik jihozlangan kuchlarni olib borish orqali hokimiyatni tiklashga bo'lgan urinishlari barbod bo'ldi. Yiqilgan qirol Britaniya-Hindiston chegarasini kesib o'tdi va Italiyada surgun qilindi va 1960 yilda vafotigacha Evropada qoldi Tsyurix, Shveytsariya. Taxtdan tushish paytida Omonullohning qo'shinlari Kobuldan 11 km shimolda joylashgan Xayr Xonax (Xirshonax) dovonida jang qilishgan.[26]

Kobulning ikkinchi jangi

Afg'oniston taxtiga kirgandan so'ng, Inoyatulloh Xon Kalakaniga tinchlik elchisini yubordi. Elchilar Kalakaniga Inayatullohning qo'shilishi shariat bo'yicha noqonuniy bo'lganligi to'g'risida xabar berishdi, chunki Kalakani islomiy oyda taxtga o'tirgan edi. Rajab Inayatullohning qo'shilishi Islomiy oyda sodir bo'lgan edi Sha'bon.[7] Quvongan Kalakani va 28 nafar qurollangan odam bir guruh qurolsiz Kudamoniyaliklar hamrohligida Dih-i Afg'onan qishlog'idan o'tib, poytaxtga hujum qilib, "ya chahar yar" deb qichqirgan va havoga qurol otgan. Hukmronligining birinchi kunida Inayatulla Argda o'zini bir necha vazirlari bilan to'sishga majbur bo'ldi.

16 yanvar kuni Bihsuddan 80 hazora Qala-i Buland qal'asini, shuningdek Kulula Poshodagi qurol-aslahani himoya qilayotganida, ba'zi amaldorlar Kalakaniga sodiqligini e'lon qilishdi. Ular orasida milliy kengash rahbari Shayr Ahmad, sobiq savdo vaziri Fayz Muhammadxon, moliya vaziri Abd al-Xadi Xon va uning o'g'illari bor edi. Abdurahmonxon: Mir Hoshim, Sardor Amin Alloh Xon, Muhammad Umarxon, shuningdek qator vazir o'rinbosarlari va davlat byurolari rahbarlari.[7]

17 yanvar kuni kobulilar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanmaganidan xoli bo'lmagan Inayatulloh Kalakaniga taslim bo'ldi va taxtdan voz kechdi. Kalakani unga Kobulni oilasi va 3000 so'mi bilan tinch yo'l bilan tark etishga ruxsat berdi.[27]

Birodarim, Habib Alloh! Mening padishah bo'lishni istamasligim hammaga ma'lum. Otam vafot etganidan keyin men hech qachon taxtga intilishni xayolimga keltirmadim. Mening taxtga o'tirganimni odamlarning farovonligi va islomning kuchayishi bilan bog'lagan rahbarlarning talablari bilangina men buni qabul qilishga majbur bo'ldim. Ammo endi, musulmonlarning qoni to'kilayotganini ko'rib, afg'on amirligiga bo'lgan da'vosimdan voz kechishga va boshqa haqiqiy mo'min musulmonlar singari sizga sadoqat qasamyodini berishga qaror qildim.

— Inoyatulloh Xon, uning lavozimidan bo'shatish to'g'risidagi shartnomasida[27]

Kalakani Kobulni boshqaradi, sakqaviy hujumlar (1929 yil fevral - avgust)

Afg'oniston qiroli bo'lgan Kalakani bir qator odamlarni o'z lavozimlariga tayinladi, shu jumladan:[28]

9 may kuni Kalakani Kobulda Kobul fuqarolarini shahar tashqarisidan, hattoki hukumat nazorati ostida bo'lgan Bandar-i Arg'anda, Charasya, Bini Hisar, Butxak, Kutal-i Pay Manar, Kutal- ga ko'chib o'tishni taqiqlovchi farmon qabul qildi. i Xayr Xana, Maydan, Jalriz, Logar, Xurd Kobul, Tangi Garu yoki Dih Sabz.[29]

31 may kuni Kalakani Shayx Muhammad Riza-yi Xurasani qishlog'idan yuqorida joylashgan Chihil Tan qishlog'ining yonida joylashgan Mozori-Xvaja Musofir ziyoratgohiga tashrif buyurdi. Pag'mon tumani, Kobuldan g'arbdan 6 milya (9,6 km)

Kalakani va Ali Ahmadxonga qarshi

Ali Ahmadxon

Uni egallab olganidan so'ng, Amanullohga sodiq kishilarning qarshi hujumidan qo'rqqan Kalakani tezda xazinani Kudhamonga ko'chirdi.[30]

Kalakaniga qarshi birinchi kelishilgan qarshilik paydo bo'ldi Ali Ahmadxon Shinvari qo'zg'olonini bostirgandan keyin ham Jalolobodda bo'lgan. U erda mahalliy aholi Kalakanining qo'shilishi haqidagi xabarni olgach, Alini yangi amir deb e'lon qilishdi. Keyin Ali o'z qo'shinlarini Samucha-i Mulla Omar, Tangi Xurd Kobul va Chanriga yurdi va u erda pozitsiyalarni egalladi. Ikki ming kishilik kuchli armiya va qabilaviy militsiya boshida u Jagdalakka yo'l oldi va u erda unga qo'shilishni va'da qilgan Mohmandlarning kuchini kutdi. 23-29 yanvar kunlari Ali yangi amirligi to'g'risida Kobul, Logar, Hazorahjat, Janubiy viloyat va boshqa joylarga xabar yubordi va odamlarni unga qo'shilishga chaqirdi.[31]

Malik Qays Xugyani Dastlab Ali bilan ittifoqdosh bo'lgan, Kalakaniga o'tib, Alini qo'lga oldi va 17000 rupiya va general-leytenant unvoni evaziga Alini Kalakaniga olib keldi.[31] 9 fevralda Ali hukmronligini tugatish.[32]

Kalakani sakkavistlarga qarshi qabilalarga qarshi

13 martdan biroz oldin, Kobuldan 74 km uzoqlikda va Kobul-G'azni yo'lining yarmida Shayxobod jangi bo'lib o'tdi.

Bu erda qaerda edi Karim Xon Vardak Kalakaniga bay'at berishdan bosh tortgan, mudofaa tayyorgarligini o'tkazgan.[33] Shu vaqt atrofida, Abd al-Vokil Xon ilgari Kalakani tomonidan feldmarshal etib tayinlangan, 3000 kishilik kuch bilan G'azni va Qandahorga jo'natilgan. Abd al-Vakil Kobuldan 30 mil (48 kilometr) uzoqlikda joylashgan Bini Badam va Qalaxi-i Durrani qishlog'iga etib borgach, u Karim Xon Vardakning qo'shinlari bilan muomala qilish uchun to'xtadi, shundan keyingina davom etish kerak edi. Ammo Karim Xon Omon Ollohni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun yig'ilgan Vazir va Hazora rahbarlari bilan birgalikda feldmarshalga quyidagicha xabar yubordi:[34]

Biz, Vardak mintaqasi xalqlari, o'zimizni Amir Habib Allohga bo'ysunamiz. Ammo, biz unga hali ham sodiqligimiz haqida qasamyod yuborganimiz yo'q, agar uning armiyasi kelsa, bu bizga hujum qilish va mol-mulkimizni talon-taroj qilishdan qo'rqamiz. Ammo agar u kechirim ko'rsatsa va ushbu to'rt shartga rozi bo'lsa, biz sizning g'olib qo'shiningizga to'sqinlik qilmaymiz. Bizning shartlarimiz quyidagilar:

  • Birinchidan: Qandahorga Amir Aman Alloh bilan ketgan Abd al-Ahadxon qal'asi talonchilikdan va uning xalqini jazodan himoya qilish kerak.
  • Ikkinchisi: Amir Aman Alloh tomonidan bizga tarqatilgan miltiqlar bizning ixtiyorimizda qoldirilishi kerak [sic ?].
  • Uchinchidan: G'azniygacha bo'lgan hududda yashovchi Vardak aholisi, biz hali ham sodiqlik qasamyodini yubormagan bo'lsak ham, talon-taroj va zo'ravonlikka duch kelmaslikimiz kerak.
  • To'rtinchi: Sizning armiyangiz ikki kunlik yurish paytida bizning hududimizdan o'tib ketganda, barcha em-xashak va oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari naqd pul va bozor narxlari uchun sotib olinishi kerak va to'lovsiz yoki rekvizitsiya shaklida olinmasligi kerak.

Sizning armiyangiz o'tib ketgandan so'ng, biz Kobulga borishga va chin yurakdan amirga sodiqlik qasamyodini berishga va'da beramiz.

— Karim Xon Vardak, Abd al-Vakilga xabar

Abd al-Vakil ushbu xabarni nomuvofiq qabul qildi,[34] va u yubordi Model batalyon O'sha paytda 1800 kishidan iborat bo'lgan va Qal ah-yi Durranida joylashgan bo'lib, Bini Badam qishlog'i yaqinida to'xtab qolgan 400 ta qirol otliq askarlari va 800 ta Kuhistoniy va Kuhdamani piyoda qo'shinlari bilan birga Shayxobodga yurish uchun. Qor bilan qoplangan tepaliklar bo'ylab charchagan yurishdan so'ng, Abd al-Vakil qo'shinlari Zarani yaqinida, Daht-i Tup chiqindi erining chekkasida pistirmaga tushishdi. Vardak Bir askar qushni o'qqa tutganidan keyin tepaliklardan momaqaldiroqqa kelib tushgan qabilalar Kalakani qo'shinlari yaqinida ekanligi haqida ogohlantirdilar. Abd al-Vakilning ko'plab qo'shinlari pistirmada o'ldirilgan; 400 otliq askarning atigi 20 tasi tirik qoldi.[35]

Maydan, Jalriz va Sanglax aholisi Kalakaniga sodiq bo'lishni rad etishdi va Vardak bilan ittifoq tuzishdi va Maydanda Kalakani qo'shinlarini o'rab olishdi va ularni Kalah-i Durranida mag'lub etishdi.[35] Kobuldan g'arbdan 14 mil (22,5 kilometr) uzoqlikda joylashgan Argandaxga borishdan oldin,[35] Kalakani ba'zi majburlanganlar Qala-i Qozi, Chardihi va Kuhdaman tomon chekinishga qaror qildilar.

22 mart kuni soat 5:30 da Kalakani o'z askarlari ruhini kuchaytirish uchun shaxsan Kobuldan Argandax tomon yo'l oldi va askarlarni Unay dovoniga g'arbiy yo'l bilan kesishgan yo'l yaqinidagi kichik qishloq Qutal-i Shayxga borishga ishontirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. . Ular qabul qildilar va Kutal-i Shayx jangi Kalakanining g'alabasi bilan kechgacha davom etdi.[36]

23 mart kuni ertalab Kalakani 500 militsionerni Najrabdan Kobulga qaytarib berishni buyurdi, chunki ular Tagabilarga qarshi kurash olib borishgan va Kalakani Najrab qusur qilishidan xavotirda edi.[36] 24 martda Kalakani ba'zi Kuhdamanilar, Kuhistoniylar va Dih-i Nur, Maydan va Argandax qishloqlaridan odamlarni o'sha paytda Qalahi-Durrani va Pul-i Maydanda bo'lgan armiya orqasini yopishni buyurdi va shuning uchun mag'lubiyatni kutayotganlarni inkor eting. Chardihi va Kuhdamanga yurish imkoniyati. O'sha kuni kechroq Kalakanining Field Marshall, Purdil Xon (u mudofaa vaziri deb nomlangan) Maydanni o'qqa tutdi, bu Maydan, Argandah va Sanglakjh o'rtasida Kalakani bilan kurashish qarorini kuchaytirdi. 25-kuni Purdil Xon Maydanni qo'lga kiritishga muvaffaq bo'ldi, ammo katta talofatlar uning Vardak va G'azniga qarab yurishiga to'sqinlik qildi va u Argandax va Qalax tomon chekindi.[b] ertasi kuni.[36]

Kalakani qaytib kelgan Omonullohga qarshi

Bu paytda Omonulloh go'yo Afg'onistonga qaytib kelgan va Durrani, Xattak, Gilzay va Xazara jangchilaridan tuzilgan qo'shin bilan Qandahordan yurib kelayotgan edi.[38] Afg'onistonga kirgandan to'rt kun o'tgach, Omonulloh Hirotda sakqaviylar qo'zg'oloni haqida xabar topdi.[39] 27 martda Habibulloh Kalakani ukasi Hamid Olloh Kalakaniga 14 qamal qurollari bilan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan Panjshirilar qo'shinini Maydanga olib borishni buyurdi. Kutal-i Shayxda bu kuch katta g'alabaga erishdi va Maydan tomon yurishni davom ettirishga imkon berdi, u erda 25 mahbusni olib, bir nechta qal'alarni yo'q qildi. 28-tunda sakkavistlarga qarshi bo'lgan qabilalar Hamid Ollohning kuchini pistirmadilar va ular katta talafot ko'rsata olishlari va ko'plab dala qurollari va miltiqlarini qo'lga kiritishlari mumkin bo'lgan paytda, Hamidni o'z pozitsiyasidan uzoqlashtira olmadilar.[38] 30-kuni sakkavistlarga qarshi bo'lgan qabilalar jangni qayta boshlashdi va bu safar Hamid Ollohning kuchlarini Maydandan deyarli butunlay chiqarib yuborishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi, faqat Qalah-i Abdul al-Gani Khan beg deb atalgan qal'ada o'ralgan bir nechta otryadlar bundan mustasno. Samandi, Shayxoboddan g'arbiy 14 milya (22,5 km).[4] Hamidning mag'lubiyatga uchragan qo'shinlarining katta qismi Argandax va Qala-i Qoziga chekinishdi.[4]

31-kuni Kalakani Maydanga qarshi yana bir hujumni boshladi va biroz yutuqlarga erishdi. 2 aprelda Bihsufdan kelgan kuch Unay dovonini egallab oldi va Surx-i Parsa, Turkman, Bamyan, Balxab va Shayx Ali Hazora qurolli kuchlari bilan Ghurband vodiysi yo'li orqali Kuhiston va Kuhdamanga hujum qilishlari to'g'risida kelishuvga erishdi. Maydan orqali yo'l orqali Kobulga hujum qiladi. 3 aprel kuni Kalakani kuchlari G'aznidan 13 mil (20,9 km) shimolda joylashgan Shash Gavda to'qnashdilar. 7 aprel kuni G'aznidan Vardakdagi Shinizz yaqinidagi yo'l bo'ylab yurish paytida mag'lub bo'lishdi. 7 aprelda ular Shinizda to'qnash kelishdi, 9-kuni esa G'aznining shimoli-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Shayxobod va Jaghatu.[4] Fayz Muhammed Kalakani 9 aprel kuni G'azni yaqinida katta mag'lubiyatga uchraganligi va uning kuchlari Qalaxi-i Durraniga qochib ketganligi haqida xabar bergan, ammo tarixchi Robert D. Makkesni buni yolg'on deb hisoblaydi.[4] 12-ga kelib, Kobulda G'azni sakkavistlarga qarshi kuchlar bilan o'ralganligi haqida mish-mishlar tarqaldi.[4] Mart oyining o'rtalarida, Muhammad Nodir Shoh yanvar oyida Frantsiyadan jo'nab ketgan, Kalakaniga qarshi muxolifatni markazlashtirish uchun Jalolobodga kelgan. 16-aprel kuni G'azniy sakkavistlarga qarshi kuchlar qo'liga o'tganligi va Kalakani qo'shinlari Majid dovoni yaqinidagi Shayx Amirda mag'lub bo'lganligi haqida xabar berilgan edi. 20-yilga kelib, sakkavistlarga qarshi kuchlar Kobulning g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Pagman ostonasida turganligi va Bihsuddan Hazora kuchlari Unay dovonidan o'tib, G'urband tomon yo'l olgani, boshqa kuch esa u erda pozitsiyalarni egallab olgani haqida xabarlar paydo bo'ldi. Kalakani undan Hazorahjatga o'tish uchun foydalanishga yo'l qo'ymaslik. G'azniga yuborilgan kuch Shiniz-i Vardakka chekindi. 21-kuni Kalakaniga sodiq askarlar G'aznini kuchaytirish uchun Kobulni tark etishdi. Bu vaqtda Kalakani isyonchi qabilalarning undan o'tib ketishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun Qala-i Durrani qal'asini mustahkamlashga qaror qildi. 24-kuni Kalakani qo'shinlari G'aznidan 13 mil (21 km) shimoli-g'arbda joylashgan Shash Gavda to'qnash kelishdi. 26-kuni G'azniyni qamal qilayotganda Omonulloh tushunarsiz ravishda Qandahorga chekinishga buyruq berdi. 28-kuni Kalakani armiyasi G'aznini egallab olgani haqida xabar berildi. 30 aprelda sakkavistlarga qarshi kuchlar G'azniga qaytadan kirib, jangni yangilashdi. Xuddi shu kuni katta sakkavistlar hujumi Kalakani kuchlarini Shayxobod, Takiya va Shash Gavdagi pozitsiyalaridan siqib chiqarishga muvaffaq bo'ldi va ularning ba'zilari Daxt-i Tup tomon chekinishga majbur bo'ldi. 1 may kuni Sakkavistlarga qarshi kuchlar hujumlarini davom ettirdilar, Dasht-i Tup va Shayxobodda to'qnashdilar va 2-may kuni Shayxobod, Dasht-i Tup va Qalah-yi Durranida janglar bo'lib o'tdi. 7-may kuni u erda mudofaa tayyorlash uchun Kobuldan Mahtab va Argandaga bo'linmalar yuborildi. 8 may kuni Dasht-i Tup va Bini Badamda janglar bo'lib turgan paytda Purdilxon boshchiligidagi sakqavistlar kuchlari Charikarga jo'nab ketishdi. Kalakanining sarkardalaridan biri Muhammad Unarxon 14 may kuni vafot etdi. Ertasi kuni Kalakani Kuh-i Asmai va Shayr Darvazaga birliklarni yubordi. 19-kuni Amanulloh Qandahordan 80 mil (128,75 km) shimolda joylashgan Kalat shahrida qamal qilingani haqida mish-mishlar tarqaldi. 23-kuni Omonulloh Xon Afg'onistondan qochib, Britaniyalik Rajga qochib ketdi va ukasi Inayatulloh Xonni sakkavistlarga qarshi qarshilikka mas'ul qildi. O'sha paytga qadar Kalakani butun G'azni mintaqasini nazorat qildi va G'aznining janubidagi yo'l ochiq edi. 1 iyunga kelib, hozirgi paytda Qorabog'da bo'lgan anti-sakkavist kuchlar Qandahorni orqaga chekinishga qaror qilishdi, Kalakani qo'shinlari Kalatni olib ketishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi va 3 iyun yoki 31 may kunlari belgilangan tartibda qulab tushgan Qandahor shahrini o'rab olishdi.[a]

Kalakani Nodirga qarshi

On 8 March, Nadir Khan crossed into Afghanistan just east of Matun in the Kurram Valley.[41] On 16 March, Kalakani dispatched troops in two directions: along the route to Maydan through Qalah-i Mahtab Bagh, Qalah-i Durrani, Qalah-i Qazi, and Arghandah, and via Charasya and Musai to Logar. 129 troops were also dispatched by Kalakani to the Logar vodiysi, which were defeated at Waghjan Gorge (Between Kushi in Kulangar and Shikar Qalah), forcing them to retreat to Rishkhur, south of Kabul. On 23 March, heavy fighting was occurring in Najrab, north of Kabul. The next day, 500 of Kalakani's troops who were marching from Charasya to Kulangar were ambushed, with many killed or wounded.
By 31 March, there were some reversals for Kalakani on the Maydan front. On 23 March, 6000 Mangal tribesmen joined Nadir Khan at Khost. Four days later, he left for Urgun, which he reached on 5 April. A few days later, he took Baladah, and on the 15th he captured Gardez. On the 23rd, Nadir was residing in Safid Qalah, at the southern entrance of the Altamur (or Tirah) pass. On the 24th, he continued through the pass to Charkh, where he was confronted by a force sent by Kalakani. After initial success in capturing the village of Dabar in Charkh, he was ultimately forced to retreat to Sijinak, east of Gardiz on the 27th. On the 22nd, Kalakani sent troops to Logar to defend it against Nadir, whose forces captured Dubandi and the village of Kushi that same day. On the 23rd there were rumours in Kabul that Kalakani's armies had been defeated and forced to retreat to Qalah-i Durrani on the Maydan-Ghazni road. On the 23rd, Nadir reached the Waghjan Gorge. On the 24th, there were rumours in Kabul that Nadir's forces had entered the village of Aghujan, 22 miles (35.4 km) south of Kabul. On the 25th, Nadir reached Hisarak in the Logar valley, and on that same day it was rumoured that he had suffered a defeat in a battle at Tirah Pass. On 1 May, while a battle in the Southern province had been going on for three days,[42] Kalakani's forces carried out a raid on Khushi in Logar and plundered its inhabitants.[43] By 3 May, Nadir had established a fort at Surkhab and was harassing Kalakani's troops to prevent Kalakani from advancing into the Southern province. On the sixth, Kalakani sent new troops to Charikar. On the 11th there were rumours that Nadir arrived in Charkh in Logar. Robert D. McChesney believes this to be false, and says this was just wishful thinking.[44] On 8 May, Hashim (Nadir Khan's brother) persuaded tribes of the Eastern province to unite against Kalakani, who agreed to raise 40,000 troops who would advance in three formations through Tagab, Tangi Gharu, Ghakari and Lataband to attack Kuhdaman, Kuhistan and Kabul. That same day, Nadir's forces reached the region of Pul-i Hashim Khayl in Gandamak and at Tagab made plans to continue further down the road. On 11 May pro-Nadir tribes moved on Kabul but were stopped by Saqqawist Shinwari at Surkhrud. On 12 May there were rumours that Nadir had inflicted a defeat upon Kalakani at Bidak. On 15 May Nadir crossed the Tirah Pass and began an incursion into the Logar valley, which continued the 16th, when Nadir pursued the local Saqqawist forces as far as Kulangar, Kutti Khayl and Muhammad Aghah, and was fighting over control of the Ghurband Valley. Also on the 16th, Nadir reached Khak-i Jabbar via the road through Hisarak. On the 23rd, when peace negotiations were ongoing, Kalakani sent a force of 300 men to Logar. On 26 June, Kalakani's forces recaptured Gardiz.[45]

On 14 July, Nadir Khan's forces entered the Logar valley, won a victory at Padkhwab-i Rughani and from there, advanced on Surkhab where they surrounded and besieged one of Kalakani's forces at Kariz-i Darwish, which surrendered the next day.[46] On 18 July, Kalakani's forces fought a battle with the Khugyani near Khurd Kabul. In order to get the upper hand in the battle, Kalakani confiscated all automobiles and horse carriages in Kabul, so that reinforcements could arrive more quickly. This plan worked, and on 19 July the situation was stabilized. On 18 August, Nadir moved his headquarters to Ali Khayl with the Jaji tribe, which had assured him of their unswerving loyalty.

The Tagab Front

Sometime before 17 March, anti-Saqqawist tribes from Tagab launched a surprise attack on Sarubi and Gugamandan, opening what Robert D. McChesney labels "The Tagab Front".[47] This attack took the local garrisons by surprise and allowed the Tagabis to capture two cannons, weaponry and other military supplies. After this success, the Tagabis planned a northward assault on Jamal Afgha in Kuhistan, which was successfully undertaken on the 18th. On 23 March, people of Durnama, Sujnan and Bulaghin attacked the Tagabis, defeated them, and occupied their positions, which stabilized the Tagab Front. On 1 April, prisoners arrived from Tagab.

On 2 August, the Tagab front was re-opened following a local uprising. On 12 August, after days of skirmishes, Kalakani's forces launched a large counteroffensive and forced the Tagabis to surrender the next day. This ended the Tagab front.

The Ghurband Front

On 2 April, there were rumours in Kabul that anti-Saqqawist Hazaras had occupied positions in Balkh, while others were able to march on Aqchah, Andkhuy, Maymanah and Mazar-i Sharif. On the 7th, anti-Saqqawist forces arrived in Siyahgird in Ghurband. On the 17th, Sayyid Hussayn had left for Charikar.[48] anti-Saqqawist forces closed the road in the Ghurband valley leading to Kuhistan and Kuhdaman, and on the 18th they had reportedly reached Ghurband. On the 19th, a counteroffensive by Ghulam Rasul Khan against the Hazaras was called off by Kalakani, who wanted instead to focus on Charikar, which was reportedly under attack by local anti-Saqqawist partisans.[49] On the 20th, Sayyid Husayn left for Charikar, where he ambushed and killed Ata Muhammed, whose fianceé Sayyid had taken as a wife in the years prior, for which Ata Muhammed had sworn to kill him. On the 26th, word spread in Kabul that Hazara units had reached Katan mountain, west of Shakar Dara, and from there captured the Khudamani villages of Shakar Darra, Farza, Ghaza, Saray Khwajah, and Charikar. On the 27th, anti-Saqqawist Hazaras reportedly attacked Farza, Shakar Darra and Istalif (towns in Kuhdaman). That same day, in response to Hazara advances, Kalakani sent Hamid Allah on a counteroffensive which succeeded forcing the Hazaras to pull back. However, the situation remained dire for Kalakani and on 3 May he withdrew troops and munitions from other fronts to reinforce the Ghurband front. On 4 May, on the same day which Amanullah withdrew from Wardak, there were rumours in Kabul that Sayyid Husayn, one of Kalakani's generals, had made a breakthrough in Ghurband, and on the next day he reportedly was marching on Mazar-i Sharif via the road through Qunduz. Before this march on Mazar-i Sharif, the city had earlier been the site of a mutiny by Kuhistani and Kuhdamani forces, which began in January after Kalakani captured Kabul, and was ended on 30 April by anti-Saqqawist forces. It's after this point that sources disagree - Fayz Muhammad records the mutineers of Mazar-i Sharif retreating to Herat and capturing it sometime before 15 May, while Ademec says that Herat was captured sometime after Saqqawist forces captured Mazar-i Sharif in June, after Amanullah left Afghanistan for the British Raj, and then gradually extended their control to Maymanah and then Herat.[50]

On 10 May, word had spread in Kabul that Ghulam Jalani Khan had occupied Andarab and Khanabad in Qataghan and the governor of Qataghan-Badakhshan Province, Mir Baba Sahib Charikari had been killed.[51] On 9 or 10 May, Sayyid Husayn suffered a severe setback in the Battle of Shibar Pass, where his 12,000-man strong army was routed by a local Hazara militia which sought revenge for destruction of cattle, which ended Sayyid's hopes of taking Mazar-i Sharif. On May 12, Sayyid found himself besieged in Kuhistan and was reportedly wounded. On that same day, one of Kalakani's generals, Abd Al-Wakil Khan captured Fayzabad in Badakhshan while some of his units reached Farjaghan (at the head of the Alishang Valley near Tagab and Najrab). Also on 12 May anti-Saqqawist forces won a victory in a battle near Pul-i Matak after marching on Tagab. On 13 May 900 men from Kalakani's army were captured in Ghurband after a brief battle. On the 14th, another 2000 Saqqawist soldiers were defeated and their weapons, materiel and ammunition was seized.

On the 15th, Sayyid Husayn began another offensive against anti-Saqqawist forces, but after taking the Pansjir Valley on the 15th he was stopped at the Khawak Pass on the 16th. On the 19th, there were rumours in Kabul that Sayyid Husayn had died and that anti-Saqqawist forces had marched on Charikar, which Robert D. McChesney believes to be either highly exaggerated or completely false.[52] On the 26th, Sayyid Husayn returned to Kabul alive and well, dispelling rumours about his death, and by the beginning of June, the routes via the Ghurband Valley and the Salang and Khawak Passes were firmly in the hands of Kalakani. On 29 May, 2300 men were sent north to reinforce the Ghurband front. On 31 May, Kalakani's army, which had advanced as far as Bamyan en route to Mazar-i Sharif had been routed and forced to retreat to Jabal al-Siraj. On 11 April, Nadir arrived in Khushi in the Logar valley. On 20 April, the son of Abd Allah Khan Tukhi, whose brother, Ata Muhammad, had raised a rebellion in Mazar-i Sharif against Kalakani, was hanged in Kabul. On 7 May 12,000 anti-Saqqawist forces occupied the Unay Pass and the Safidkhak Pass, while others were positioned on the lower slopes of the Paghman and Shakar Darrah. At this time, various anti-Saqqawist tribes planned a coordinated assault on Kabul. However, ethnic differences and poor communications led the attack to never materialize.[53] On 2 June, Kalakani sent troops to Sar-i Chashmah, where they were ordered not to fire on anyone who swears allegiance as long as they were unarmed. On 23 May, Amanullah left Afghanistan for a last time, never to return.[54] That same day, Kalakani sent 6500 men to conquer the Hazarahjat. Sometime before 19 June, Kalakani's forces won a victory at Bamyan, where they at first found themselves encircled, before the commander of the besieging Hazara forces was bribed to retreat. As of 23 June, anti-Saqqawist forces continued to occupy the Unay pass.[55] As of 27 June, anti-Saqqawist forces had advanced two miles (3.2 km) from the Unay Pass towards Sar-i Chashmah.[56] On 28 June, Kalakani's forces fought an offensive battle against Hazara militias at Qalah-i Karim. After capturing the village and burning it to the ground, they were ambushed by Hazaras who were subsequently driven off with artillery fire and forced to retreat into the mountains. After this victory, Kalakani's forces took control of the Unay Pass. On 29 June, Kalakani's forces advanced on Qalah-i Yurt. On 30 June, Kalakani's forces advanced toward Qalah-i Yurt after getting as far as Jawqul. On 1 July, Kalakani's forces looted homes in Takana, Jalriz and Kuhnah Khumar. On 2 July, Kalakani's forces suffered a defeat at Jawqul and were forced to retreat to Sar-i Chashmah, and then to Chandawul through Bazar-i Sar-i Chawk, Baghban Kuchan and Chandawul. On 3 July, Hamid Allah renewed the offensive, but was beaten back after being surrounded by Hazara militias, and was then pursued on his retreat as far as Sar-i Chashmah. As of 8 July, the Hazaras continued to fight Kalakani's forces and attacked a 5,000-man regiment, forcing them to retreat to Jalriz. However, the Hazarahs did not follow up this victory with an attack on Kabul - Robert D. McChesney points out that politics in Afghanistan tend to be extremely local, and once the Hazarahs secured control of their own regions, they had little interest in fighting for more territory.[57]

On 10 July, Umar Khan promised to Kalakani that he would take upon himself the task of either forcing the Hazara's submission or crushing them. Fayz Muhammad quotes him as saying "Purdil Khan has taken Ghazni and captured Qandahar; Major General Muhammad Siddiq and Abd al-Qayyum Ibrahim Khayl Paghmani have advanced toward the Southern Province; and Muhammad Umar General Sur-i Satranj has defeated the opposition in numerous battles. I don't want to lose ground to my peers here. I should be able to make short work of the Hazarahs and extract their submission." He set off for Jalriz and linked up with soldiers who had been recently been skirmishing with Hazaras, won a victory at Sar-i Chasmah and conducted operations as far as Takana. However, success soon stalled, and after being wounded in the leg, Umar was forced to retreat, leaving the Hazaras to re-occupy all lost territory.

On 17 July, Hazara militias attacked Saqqawist forces in the Unay Pass and Qalah-i Safid, routing them and pursuing them to Takana and Jalriz. From 25 to 29 July, fighting took place in Jalriz, however on 30 July the Hazaras withdrew from Jalriz back to the Hazarahjat after they heard that Nadir suffered setbacks in the eastern province, which, for the time being, ended the Hazara's hopes of joining Nadir in a multi-pronged offensive toward Kabul.[58] On 1 August the Hazaras began another offensive, attacking Qalah-i Majid (near Siyah Baghal) and Qalah-i Safid, a fort in the Unay Pass, chasing Kalakani's forces as far as Jalriz once again. On 3 August, Kalakani's forces were reportedly defeated at Jalriz once again. On 15 August, Hazara militias launched an offensive against Turkman tribes who had pledged allegiance to Kalakani on 31 July, occupying positions in Darrah-i Suf, Kuh-i Shadyan and Marmal, and besieged fort Dih Dadi (a garrison village midway between the site of ancient balkh and Mazar-i Sharif).

Saqqawist collapse, end of the Civil War (August – October 1929)

Habibulloh Kalakani, Tojik qaroqchi, popularly known in Afghanistan as Bacha-i Saqqao, shown as a prisoner before being executed in November 1929.

On 18 August, an anti-Saqqawist uprising took place in Bamyan, Ghuri and Baghlan, blocking Kalakani's force's route to Turkistan and forcing them to retreat to Ghurband. On 21 August, the Sayyid of Shaykh Ali launched an offensive against Kalakani, advancing as far as Khanabad, Andarab and Ghurband. On 26 August, there were rumours in Kabul that Hazara settlers successfully attacked Mazar-i Sharif. In early September, the Saqqawists won their last victory by taking Jalalabad. On 23 September, a pro-Nadir uprising in Kandahar succeeded at driving out Kalakani's forces from the city. On 29 September, a pro-Nadir force under Shah Wali crossed the Durand Line and occupied Khushi. On the 30th, he sent a 1000-man force ahead to Tangi Waghjan, the gorge on the road to the Logar Valley. On 3 October, after an intense battle, anti-Saqqawist forces captured the town of Muhammad Aghah, placing themselves within striking distance of Kabul. Kalakani himself took part in this battle, trying to lift his soldier's spirits, to no avail. anti-Saqqawist forces continued to slowly push towards Kabul, seizing Charasya, Chihil Tan and Chihil Sutun on 5 October. By 7 October, Kalakani's forces had retreated from almost all territory outside Kabul, and prepared for their last stand.[59] On 9 October, after dozens of hours of street fighting in Kabul, the Arg was put under siege. On 13 October, after several days of bombardment, Nadir's forces entered the Arg, and after a short but fierce battle, captured it, ending the civil war. Upon hearing this news, a small contingent of Kalakani's army which was besieged at Jabal al-Siraj resolved to surrender that same day.

Natijada

Shuningdek qarang: Omonullohga sodiqlik

On 15 October, Muhammad Nodir Shoh arrived in Kabul after hearing word of Kalakani's defeat. He considered pardoning Kalakani, but pressure from loyal tribes led him to execute Kalakani on 1 November 1929. Kalakani, his brother, and 9 others were lined up against the west wall of the arg and shot.[60] Nodir davrida sakkavistlar yana bir qo'zg'olonga, ya'ni Kuhiston qo'zg'oloni (1930 yil iyul), bu bir hafta ichida ezilgan.[61] Saqqawist activity continued until 1930 in Kuhdaman, and 1931 in Herat.[62]

Upon winning the civil war, Nadir did not cede control of the Afghan throne to Amanullah, and this led to several rebellions. Ulardan birinchisi, Shinvari qo'zg'oloni va Kuhiston qo'zg'oloni (1930 yil fevral-aprel), occurred in 1930. In 1938, there was also the Gilzay isyoni. 1940-yillarda, Muhammad Zohirshoh yuzma-yuz several tribal revolts, and the leader of the Zadran revolt, Mazrak Zadran, sought to restore Amanullah.[63] Davomida Ikkinchi jahon urushi, western press reported that Amanullah Khan was working as an agent for Nazi Germany in Berlin.[64] Uning taxtini qaytarib olish rejalarida ishtirok etganiga ishonishadi Eksa Yordam bering.[65]

Ga binoan Resort to war: a data guide to inter-state, extra-state, intra-state, and non-state wars, 1816-2007, both sides suffered 7500 combat deaths during the civil war.[12]

Inson huquqlarining buzilishi

By the Saqqawists

During the Afghan Civil War, there were incidents of rape[66] va talon-taroj qilish[67] sakqaviy qo'shinlar orasida. Bunday voqealardan biri 1929 yil 28-iyunda, sakqavistlar Hazara aholi punkti Qalah-i Karimga hujum qilib, harakatlanadigan narsalarni talon-taroj qilib, chorva mollarini haydab chiqarganda sodir bo'lgan.[67] 1929 yil 23-iyulda sodir bo'lgan yana bir voqeani zamonaviy afg'on tarixchisi tasvirlab berdi Fayz Muhammad quyidagicha:[68]

Today, the Shiite sayyid Abu'l-Qasim, who had a house and plot of land in Takanah, prepared loaves of bread made from one and a half Kabuli seers of flour, a skin of fresh buttermilk, some oil, and a roasted sheep he had slaughtered at midday. U Habib Allohga va och va chanqagan banditlariga taklif qilish uchun ovqat bilan yo'lga chiqdi. Sayyid o'g'rilarning etakchisiga yaqinlashganda, u kimligini va qaerdan kelganini so'rashdi. Barcha shialarga nisbatan vahshiyona, mutaassibona nafrat bilan ko'r bo'lgan Jalrizlik sunniy tojik, u shia sayyidi, shuningdek, bir kecha Shoh Nurning o'g'li Hazoraga o'z qal'asida boshpana bergan partizan ekanligini aytdi. Buni eshitgach, Habib Alloh g'azablandi. U o'ylamasdan, to'pponchasidan sayyidga ettita o'q uzdi, lekin nima qilish kerak bo'lsa, olib kelgan non, go'sht, moy va ayrani uchun unga minnatdorchilik bildirdi. Keyin Habib Alloh uning uyi kuyib, mollari musodara qilinishini buyurdi. He handed his two wives and his betrothed daughter over to the Kuhdamanis. Zolimning ukasi Hamid Alloh jang maydonidan yugurib kelib, qal'ani yoqishda qatnashdi, sayyidning narsalarini talon-taroj qildi va uning xotinlari va bolalarini tortib oldi. Sakkiz oylik o'g'lini onasidan yirtib tashlaganida, u bolani oyoqlaridan ushlab, bor kuchi bilan erga uloqtirdi va go'dakni o'ldirdi. Jalriz va Takana tojiklari sayyid uyidan hamma narsani sudrab olib ketishdi. U juda yaxshi bo'lganligi sababli, har bir tojikistonlik katta miqdordagi pul bilan chiqdilar.

— Fayz Muhammad

By the anti-Saqqawists

Following the anti-Saqqawist capture of Kabul in October 1929, Kabul was sacked by Nadir's forces. Some sources state that this sacking had been authorized by Nadir, but this is contested by historian Vartan Gregorian.[69]

By all evidence, there is no justification for such an assertion (and that evidence includes the testimony of Andri Viyollis, the only foreign correspondent in Kabul at the time). It appears rather than the plundering took place during the five days preceding Nadir's entry into the city, and that it was not officially condoned. Indeed, Nadir had issued a manifesto specifically ordering the tribesmen, under penalty of death, to respect the lives and property of foreigners. His orders were simply ignored.

— Vartan Gregorian

Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • Habibulah, Amir (April 1990). My Life: From Brigand to King. Octagon Press. ISBN  9780863040474. - An autobiography of Habibullah Kalakani.

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ a b Ga binoan Entsiklopediya Iranica, Kandahar fell on 31 May,[18] ga ko'ra esa Fayz Muhammad, it fell on 3 June.[40]
  2. ^ Amerika tarixchisi Robert D. Makkesni believes that Qalah may be identified as Qalah-i Qazi.[37]

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ Ritter, Uilyam S. (1990). "Revolt in the Mountains: Fuzail Maksum and the Occupation of Garm, Spring 1929". Zamonaviy tarix jurnali. 25 (4): 547–580. doi:10.1177/002200949002500408. ISSN  0022-0094. JSTOR  260761. S2CID  159486304.
  2. ^ Ali, Muhammad (1933). Progressiv Afg'oniston. Panjob ta'lim elektr nashri. pp.19.
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