Ali va Nino - Ali and Nino

Ushbu maqolada bir nechta muammolar mavjud. Iltimos yordam bering uni yaxshilang yoki ushbu masalalarni muhokama qiling munozara sahifasi. (Ushbu shablon xabarlarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) The betaraflik ushbu maqolaning bahsli. Tegishli munozarani munozara sahifasi. Iltimos, ushbu xabarni o'chirmang buning uchun shartlar bajariladi. (2012 yil yanvar) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) Ushbu maqolaga katta hissa qo'shgan kishi yaqin aloqa uning mavzusi bilan. Bu, ayniqsa Vikipediya tarkibidagi siyosatiga muvofiq tozalashni talab qilishi mumkin neytral nuqtai nazar. Iltimos, bu haqida ko'proq muhokama qiling munozara sahifasi. (2012 yil yanvar) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Ali und Nino, tomonidan nashr etilgan nemis tilidagi birinchi nashr Verlag E.P. Tal & Co [de ], Vena, 1937

Ali va Nino o'rtasidagi romantikaga bag'ishlangan roman Musulmon Ozarbayjon bola va Nasroniy Gruzin qiz Boku 1918-1920 yillarda. Unda "sharq" jamiyati ustidan "Evropa" hukmronligi tomonidan yuzaga kelgan ikkilanishlar o'rganilib, uning portreti tasvirlangan Ozarbayjon kapital, Boku, davomida Ozarbayjon Demokratik Respublikasi uzoq davridan oldingi davr Sovet qoida U taxallus bilan nashr etilgan Qurbon Said. Roman 30 dan ortiq tillarda nashr etilgan,^[1] 100 dan ortiq nashr yoki qayta nashr bilan.^[1] Kitob birinchi bo'lib nashr etilgan Vena 1937 yilda nemis tilida, E.P. Tal Verlag. Bu keng tarqalgan^{[kim tomonidan? ]} 1970 yilda boshlangan adabiy asar sifatida va uning qayta kashf etilishi va dunyo miqyosida tarqalishidan beri,^{[iqtibos kerak ]} u odatda Ozarbayjonning milliy romani hisoblanadi.

Mualliflik huquqiga qiziqish katta bo'lgan Ali va Nino. Taxallus ortidagi haqiqiy shaxs "Qurbon Said "ba'zi munozaralarga sabab bo'ldi. Ish uchun Lev Nussimbaum, aka Essad Bey, muallif dastlab 1944 yilda paydo bo'lgan Tom Reys 2005 yildagi xalqaro bestseller Sharqshunos: g'alati va xavfli hayot sirini echish, Reys Nussimbaumning asari ekanligi haqida to'liq mulohaza yuritadi, u Nussimbaumning yozishmalariga va 1938-1942 yillarda yozilgan asarlariga va 1940 yillarda Axmed Giamil Vakka-Mazzara yozuvlariga asoslanadi.^[2] Uchun da'vo Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli muallif sifatida 1971 yilda paydo bo'lgan. Chamanzaminli uchun bahs 2011 yil maxsus sonida keltirilgan Ozarbayjon Xalqaro huquqiga ega Ali va Nino: Adabiyot biznesiBetti Bler Nussimbaumning qo'lyozma nusxasini shunchaki bezatgan deb ta'kidlagan, u Chamanzaminli "asosiy muallif" bo'lishi kerak deb taxmin qilmoqda, bu pozitsiyani Chamanaminli o'g'illari va ularning tarafdorlari bir necha yillardan beri ilgari surib kelmoqdalar. Roman mualliflik huquqi egasi Leela Ehrenfels, xolasi baronessa Elfrid Ehrenfels fon Bodmershofning muallifi bo'lganligini ta'kidlaydi, chunki asosan kitob nashr etilganligi va keyingi katalog yozuvlari uni Qurbon Said Ammo, buni mualliflik isboti sifatida ozchilik qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.

Uchastka

Badanda madaniyatlararo juftliklar 1900-yillarning boshlarida mavjud edi. Bu erda nasroniylikdan bo'lgan gruziyalik ayol Aleksandra turmushga chiqdi Ozarbayjon musulmon urf-odati bo'yicha Alipasha Aliyev. Bu erda ularning qizlari Tamara bilan tasvirlangan, 1900-yillarning boshlari. Romanda Ali va Ninoning "Tamar" ismli qizi bor.^[3]

Boku Realni maktabi, "Ali va Nino" romanining birinchi sahnasi. Bugungi kunda ushbu binoda Iqtisodiyot universiteti, Istiqloliyot (Mustaqillik) ko'chasi joylashgan.

Ali va Nino ning hikoyasi Ozarbayjon sevib qoladigan yoshlar a Gruzin malika. Aslida, bu kitob qarama-qarshi e'tiqod va amallar dunyosida haqiqat va yarashishni izlashdir - Islom va Nasroniylik, Sharq va G'arb, yoshi va yoshlar, erkak va ayol. Ko'p narsa roman o'rnatilgan Boku Eski shahar (Ichari Shahar ) arafasida Bolsheviklar inqilobi 1914 yil atrofida boshlangan.

Alixon Shirvanshir, zodagonlarning avlodi Musulmon oila, o'g'il bolalar uchun rus o'rta maktabida tahsil olgan. Uning otasi hali ham madaniy jihatdan Osiyo, Ali duchor bo'ladi G'arbiy maktabdagi qadriyatlarni va uning sevgisi orqali Gruzin malika Xristian an'analarida tarbiyalangan va ko'proq Evropa dunyosiga tegishli bo'lgan Nino Kipiani.

Kitobda Alining Ninoga bo'lgan muhabbati tasvirlanib, tog'li qishloqlarga ekskursiyalar uyushtirilgan Dog'iston, Shusha yilda Ozarbayjon, Tbilisi, Gruziya va Fors. Maktabni tugatgandan so'ng, Ali Nino bilan turmush qurishni qaror qildi. Avvaliga u ikkilanib turibdi, Ali Ali uni pardani kiymaslikka va haramning bir qismi bo'lmasligiga va'da bermaguncha. Alining otasi, unga qaramasdan an'anaviy Musulmon ayollarga qarash, nikohni kechiktirishga harakat qilganda qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.

Kitob (Nasroniy ) Arman, Ali do'st deb o'ylagan Melik Nachararyan Ninoni o'g'irlaydi. Qasos sifatida Ali uni otda ta'qib qiladi va "laklangan quti" mashinasini quvib chiqaradi va uni xanjar bilan urib o'ldiradi. Ning an'analariga zid ravishda o'ldirish Alining do'sti Mehmed Haydar tomonidan chaqirilgan Ali Nino hayotini saqlab qoladi. Ali keyin qochib ketadi Dog'iston Nakhararyan oilasining qasosidan qutulish.

Ko'p oylar o'tgach, Nino Alini yaqin tog'larda oddiy tepalikdan topadi Maxachqala. Ikkalasi shu erda turmush qurishadi va bir necha oy baxtli qashshoqlikda o'tkazadilar. Rus inqilobidan keyin notinchlik yuz berar ekan, Ali Xon qattiq g'oyaviy qarorlar qabul qiladi. Qachon Usmonli armiyasi tug'ilganiga yaqinlashadi Boku, Ali Xon voqealarni diqqat bilan kuzatmoqda. The Bolsheviklar qaytarib olish Boku Ali va Nino qochib ketishdi Eron (Fors). Yilda Tehron, Ali unga eslatiladi Musulmon ildizlar, Nino esa haram qamalishidan tubdan norozi.

Tashkil etilganidan keyin Ozarbayjon Demokratik Respublikasi, Ali va Nino qaytib, yangi mamlakatning madaniy elchilari bo'lishdi. Aliga lavozim taklif etiladi elchi Frantsiyaga - Nino ilgari surgan g'oya - lekin Ali rad etadi, chunki u Parijda baxtsiz bo'lishidan qo'rqadi. Qachon Qizil Armiya pastga tushadi Ganja, Ozarbayjon, Ali o'z davlatini himoya qilish uchun qurol oladi. Nino qochib ketadi Gruziya Ali Xon bolsheviklar mamlakatni egallab olgani sababli jangda halok bo'ladi. (Bolsheviklarning g'alabasi tashkil topishga olib keldi Sovet hukmronligi Ozarbayjon 1920 yildan 1991 yilgacha va qisqa umrning oxiri Ozarbayjon Demokratik Respublikasi 1918 yil maydan 1920 yil aprelgacha davom etdi.)

Bilan bog'liq san'at, teatr va film Ali va Nino

1998 yilda Xans de Veyers Amsterdamda joylashgan Egmond Film & Television kompaniyasi filmga moslashish uchun amerikalik sheriklarni topishga intildi Ali va Ninoingliz tilida suratga olinishi va Akademiya mukofotiga sazovor bo'lgan tomonidan yozilishi kerak edi Ozarbayjon ssenariy muallifi Rustam Ibragimbekov. De Weers "Niderlandiya va Ozarbayjonning 8 million dollarlik byudjetining 30 foizini birlashtirganligi" haqida xabar berilgan edi.^[4]

2004 yilda Gollandiyaning Zeppers Film & TV kinokompaniyasi NPS bilan ko'p nusxada Gollandiyalik rejissyorning 90 daqiqalik hujjatli filmini chiqardi. Xos de Putter huquqiga ega Taxallus Qurbon Said. Filmda roman muallifi haqidagi kelishmovchiliklar ko'rib chiqilgan.^[5] Turli xillik uni "Muhtasham tarixiy birlashma" deb atagan, u erda parchalanayotgan fotosuratlar, sarg'aygan hujjatlar va 35 mm li filmning unutilgan g'altaklari ulkan uyg'otuvchi kuch bilan sarflangan.^[6] Filmda Ibrohim Nussimbaum 1913 yilda Nobel firmasiga sotilgan neft quduqlarining egasi bo'lganligi to'g'risida hujjatli dalillar keltirilgan. Film ushbu tanlovning rasmiy tanlovi edi. Tribeca kinofestivali, Rotterdam xalqaro kinofestivali va 2005 yilgi Gollandiya kinofestivali. Uning musiqasi Niderlandiya kinofestivali "Eng yaxshi musiqa" mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi.^[7]

Ali va Nino 2007 yilda Boku shahar teatrida spektakl sifatida namoyish qilingan Ozarbayjon 2007 yilda uni sahnalashtirgan teatr kompaniyasi ushbu spektaklni 2012 yilda Moskvadagi xalqaro teatr festivalida ham namoyish etdi.^[8]

2010 yil fevral oyida an Ozarbayjon yangiliklar tashkilotining xabar berishicha, gruziyalik kinorejissyor Giorgi Toradze "yaratilishi" haqida "hujjatli film" suratga olishni rejalashtirgan Ali va Ninoyangiliklar filmidagi filmning tavsifida bu xayoliy ijro bo'lishini taxmin qilgan bo'lsa-da. Xabarga ko'ra, loyiha "ga taqdim etilgan Ozarbayjon Madaniyat va turizm vazirligi film prodyuseri Giorgi Sturuadan. "^[9]

Tomonidan yaratilgan harakatlanuvchi metall haykal Gruzin 2007 yilda Venetsiya Biennalesida yaxshi kutib olinganligi aytilgan "Erkak va ayol" nomli haykaltarosh Tamara Kvesitadze 2007 yilda Batumida o'rnatildi. Gruziya 2010 yilda va "Ali va Nino" deb nomlangan bo'lib, unvonining belgilaridan keyin Qurbon Said roman. Xabarlarga ko'ra, roman Kvesitadzening asar uchun ilhomlantiruvchisi bo'lgan. Haykaltaroshning veb-saytiga qarang^[10] unda haykal hali ham "Erkak va ayol" deb nomlangan^[11][12]

Roman nomli "musiqiy qayta tasavvur qilish" Ali va Nino izidan, Parijdagi Richelieu amfiteatrida premyerasi Parij IV universiteti, Parij-Sorbonna 2012 yil aprelida. Uning "muallifi, loyiha rahbari va pianinochisi" edi Ozarbayjon pianistachi Saida Zulfugarova. Uning romanga yozgan "saundtrek" ida "ham Gruziya, ham Ozarbayjon an'anaviy musiqasi va Azar Rzaev, Uzeyir Hojibeyli, Voqif Mustafazoda, Fritz Kreysler va, albatta, Qora Qoraev va boshqalar ijod qilgan". U Charlotte Loriot tomonidan boshqarilgan.^[13][14]

2013 yildan boshlab roman ingliz ssenariy muallifi va dramaturgining filmiga moslashtirilmoqda Kristofer Xempton.^[15] Asif Kapadia rejissyor sifatida tanilgan va filmni suratga olish 2014 yilda boshlanishi rejalashtirilgan.^[16] Filmning prodyuseri Leyla Aliyeva, Vitse-prezidenti Haydar Aliyev jamg'armasi.

Mualliflik muhokamasi

Bir necha o'n yillar davomida kimligi to'g'risida tortishuvlar mavjud edi Qurbon Said, taxallus ushbu roman muallifining shaxsini yashirish uchun ishlatilgan.

Hech kim biron bir qo'lyozmani topmagan yoki aniqlamagan Ali va Nino. Nashriyot Lyusi Talning ta'kidlashicha, fashistlar Venaga kirganda barcha qog'ozlar ataylab yo'q qilingan. Bunday topilishga eng yaqin odam - 2004 yil filmida da'vo qilgan Miril Erenfels-Abeildir. Taxallus Qurbon Said qo'lyozmasining yarmiga egalik qilish Oltin shoxli qiz, boshqa roman Qurbon Said nomi bilan nashr etilgan. Ammo filmning o'zida u qo'lyozmani uyidan topa olmadi va aslida u o'n yoki yigirma yil davomida ko'rmagan bo'lishi mumkinligini aytdi.^[17]

Lev Nussimbaum muallifligi uchun ish

Bu da'vo Lev Nussimbaum roman muallifi 1944 yilda, romanning italiyalik tarjimasi paydo bo'lganida, muallifni "Muhammad Essad Bey" ro'yxatiga kiritilganida aylana boshlagan edi.^[18] Tom Reys buni Nussimbaum muallifligining "o'limdan keyingi birinchi tiklanishi" deb ta'kidlaydi. (Albatta, ushbu italyan nashri o'zini Qurbon Said deb da'vo qilgan va Esad Beyning Lev Nussimbaum ismli yahudiy ekanligini rad etgan doktor Ahmed Giamil Vakka-Mazzara (Bello Vakka) tomonidan nashr etilgan.^[19]). Roman ingliz tiliga tarjima qilinganida Jeniya Graman va 1970 yilda Random House tomonidan nashr etilgan, muqaddima muallifi Jon Veyn Qurbon Said ismining orqasida turgan shaxsni Nussimbaumning biografik atributlariga ega deb atagan.^[20] Bu tasdiqlar Nussimbaum keyin muallif vaqti-vaqti bilan takrorlangan edi.^[21]

Ozarbayjon tarjimon Charkaz Qurbonov, film oxirida suhbatdoshlar ro'yxatida aniqlangan, Taxallus Qurbon Said chunki "Cherkes Burbanly" o'zini (inglizcha subtitrlarda transkripsiyalangan va translyatsiya qilingan) "Cherkes Qurbanov"^[22] filmda ko'rsatilgan munozarada bahslashdi Taxallus Qurbon Said, "Qurbon Said - Muhammad Essad Beyning adabiy taxallusi. Statistika shuni ko'rsatdiki, mening tadqiqotlarim ham Essad Bey va Qurbon Said tomonidan yozilgan romanlarning aynan bir xil uslubda ekanliklarini ko'rsatdi. Farqi yo'q. Essad Beyning asarlarida Sizlar Ozarbaydshanni (ya'ni Ozarbayjonni) ko'rasizlar. " Film oxirida suhbatdoshlar ro'yxatida aniqlangan yana bir ishtirokchi Taxallus Qurbon Said "Zeydulla Achaev" sifatida.^[22] Ehtimol, bu odam tarjima qilgan Zeydulla Og'ayevdan ko'proq tanilgan odam bo'lishi mumkin Ali va Nino ozar tiliga. Muhokamada "Matn nemischa, ammo bu nemis tilining ozarbaydshancha (ya'ni ozarbayjoncha) turi. Esad Beyning nemischasi haqiqiy nemis hech qachon ishlatmasligini aytadi. Gapning tuzilishi uning nemis emasligini ko'rsatadi" dedi.^[23]

Lev Nussimbaum muallifligi to'g'risida hujjatli dalillar

Bilganlar tomonidan yozilgan uchta hujjat bor Nussimbaum uning kitob muallifi bo'lganligini tasdiqlash.

Ulardan biri Nyu-York Tayms 1971 yil avgust oyida 1933-1938 yillarda Venadagi Nussimbaumni bilgan va unga Avstriya yozishmalari deb nomlangan yozuvchilar kooperativi orqali nashr etish imkoniyatini berishda yordam bergan avstriyalik adabiy agent Berta Paulidan (Pauli "asari" bo'lgan mualliflarni ta'minlash uchun uyushtirgan). istalmagan 'Uchinchi Reyxda boshqa joylarda nashr etish imkoniyatlari bilan "). Pauli ikkinchi shartnoma bo'yicha ham muzokara olib borgan edi Qurbon Said roman, Oltin shoxli qiz.^[24] O'zini Nussimbaumning "hamkasbi va do'sti" deb ta'riflagan Pauli ushbu maktubga xat yozgan Nyu-York Tayms 1971 yilda u "romanni 1937 yilda, mening tug'ilganim Venada muvaffaqiyatli, birinchi nashr etilganda o'qigan va bu haqda muallifning o'zi bilan suhbatlashgan". Uning ta'kidlashicha, "ingliz tilidagi yangi, ajoyib tarjima nemis tilidagi asl nusxani xayolimga aniq olib keladi; men Essadning yana bir bor o'ziga xos ziyraklik bilan gaplashayotganini eshitganga o'xshayman".^[25]

Yana bir guvohnoma Baron Omar Rolf fon Erenfels 1973 yilgi Shveytsariya nashrining ikkinchi so'zining oldingi so'zida Qurbon Said roman, Oltin shoxli qiz. Omar Rolf fon Erenfels baronessa Elfrid Erenfels fon Bodmershofning eri va tasodifan Leela Erenfelsning otasi, amaldagi mualliflik huquqi egasi edi. Murakkab voqeani Leela Erenfels "Ali va Nino" da hikoya qiladi.^[26] "Qurbon Said" ni u 30-yillarda Nussimbaum / Bey deb bilgan odam bilan tanishtirib, baron shunday yozadi: "Men yoshligimda Venada afro-osiyolik talabalar uchun" Orient-Bund "ni tashkil qildim va shu orqali do'stlashdim. jimgina kuzatuvchi ozarbayjon Qurbon Said bilan .... Mening yo'lim shu vaqtdan keyin Hindistonga olib keldi, men u erdan 1954 yilda birinchi marta Evropaga qaytib keldim va shu zahotiyoq unutilgan do'stimning an'anaviy musulmon qabrini ziyorat qilishga bordim. Pozitano shahridagi qabriston devoridan tashqarida. "^[27]

Romanning 1937 yildagi asl noshiri E.P. Talning turmush o'rtog'i Lyusi Tal "Essad Bey" (Nussimbaum) uni yozgan bo'lishi mumkin, ammo u eri Pyotr shartnomalar bilan shug'ullanganiga amin emasman, ammo yurakdan to'satdan vafot etganiga ishongan. hujum va u Anschluss bilan Venadan qochib ketgan. Bundan tashqari, u Essad Beyga shartnomalar borasida ishonmas edi: "Essad ba'zida haqiqiy sharqona ertak hikoyachisi bo'lgan. Haqiqat yoki haqiqat bo'lmagan narsa uni har doim ham bezovta qilmas edi."^[28]

Lev Nussimbaum muallifligi uchun Tom Reysning ishi

Tom Reysning ta'kidlashicha, avval 1999 yilda chop etilgan maqolada Nyu-Yorker va keyinchalik uning 2005 yilgi biografiyasida ko'proq vaqt Nussimbaum, Sharqshunos- bu "Qurbon Said o'z ishidan gonorar olishni davom ettirishi uchun unga qopqoq bo'lganligi deyarli aniq".^[29] Reys nafaqat taxallusni bog'laydigan, balki hujjatli dalillarni keltirib chiqaradi Qurbon Said ga Nussimbaum va baronessa Elfrid Ehrenfels von Bodmershof, shuningdek yahudiy Nussimbaum 1935 yilda (fashistlar) Germaniya Yozuvchilar uyushmasidan chiqarilgandan keyin yangi taxallusga muhtoj bo'lishi kerakligi, shu nom bilan nashr etilgan kitoblardan daromad olganligi va o'zi muallifligini da'vo qilgan Ali va Nino.

Tom Reysning Lev Nussimbaum muallifligi haqidagi hujjatli dalillari

1937 va 1938 yillarda baronessa Erenfels asarlariga qonuniy mualliflik huquqiga ega edi Qurbon Said,^[30] endi uning jiyani Leela Erenfelsga meros orqali o'tgan mualliflik huquqi. Leela Erenfelsning advokati Xaynts Barazon muvaffaqiyatli himoya qildi^{[qachon? ][iqtibos kerak ]} Erenfels oilasining mualliflik huquqiga egalik huquqi Ali va Nino. Biroq, Reys bu ismning asl muallifi bo'lishdan ko'ra Qurbon Said, Baronessa Erenfels o'rniga Nussimbaum uchun "oriyenter" rolini o'ynagan, ya'ni u taxallusga qonuniy egalik qilgan. Qurbon Said shu nom bilan nashr etilgan kitoblardan olingan daromadni unga topshirishda. Xaynts Barazon, deya xabar beradi Reiss, nashriyot shartnomasi uchun Ali va Nino 1937 yil 20 aprelda Venada Nussimbaumdan ancha oldin imzolangan edi Yahudiy, izidan nashr etish huquqini yo'qotgan bo'lar edi Anschluss, yoki Natsist nemis ilova qilish Avstriya 1938 yil mart oyida bo'lib o'tgan.

Reys Nozimbaumning do'sti baronessa Erenfelsga tegishli taxallus bilan nashr etish uchun iqtisodiy rag'batlantirganini ta'kidlab, Barazonning fikrini ta'kidlamoqda, chunki aksincha. Avstriya va Shveytsariya, bu erda Nussimbaum uning nomi ostida nashr etishi mumkin edi Essad Bey, Natsist - nazorat qilingan Germaniya uchun eng katta bozor edi Nemis tili nashrlar. Reys urushlararo nashr etish bo'yicha mutaxassis, professor Myurrey Xollni so'zlab beradi Avstriya, kim unga "Agar siz uni Germaniyada sotolmasangiz, kitobni nashr etish foydali emas edi, shuning uchun avstriyalik noshirlar nemis kitobxonlarining ko'pchiligini qamrab olish uchun o'zlarining kitoblarini fashistlar tsenzurasidan o'tib ketishlari kerak edi."^[31] Ushbu nazariyani Berta Paulining 1971 yildagi maktubi qo'llab-quvvatlaydi Nyu-York TaymsU ushbu davrda Nussimbaum o'zining taxallusini o'z ishi uchun ishlatgan bo'lishi mumkinligi sababini "Qurbon Said" sifatida uni hali ham nemis bozorida sotish mumkin "deb yozgan.

Reys yozishicha, "Rimdagi Italiya fashistik siyosiy politsiyasi ishlarida" "harflar izi" topilgan. Natsist politsiya apparati Nussimbaumning o'z asarini sotish uchun qilgan harakatlarini to'xtatdi Natsistlar Germaniyasi. U 1937 yil 8-iyulda Italiya politsiya xizmatining ichki eslatmasiga asoslanib, xizmat Nussimbaum / Bey uning asarlarini Germaniyaga "yashirincha olib kirishga uringan", ammo "hiyla-nayrang aniqlangan" deb ishonishini ko'rsatmoqda.^[32] "Garchi bu isbot qilmasa ham," deb xulosa qildi Reys, - bu Essad [Bey, Lev Nussimbaumning asrab olgan ismi] uning shaxsini yashirgan Qurbon Said, bu unga sabab bo'lganligini ko'rsatadi. "

Reys bundan keyin Nussimbaumning 1938 yilda Baron Omar-Rolf Erenfels bilan yozishmalaridan iqtibos keltirib, Nussimbaum uchun royalti to'lovlarini olganligini ko'rsatmoqda. Qurbon Said u "xonim Qurbon Said" deb atagan baroness Erenfels orqali nashrlar.^[33] (Leela Ehrenfels 1938 yil 14 sentyabrda Italiyaning Positano shahrida yozilgan "Essad Bey" ning baronessa Erenfelsga yozgan maktubini keltiradi, unda u yana uni "Qurbon Said xonim" deb ataydi va aytilmagan bir narsa bilan tabriklaydi - Leela Erenfels sharhlaydi bu mos yozuvlar sifatida Oltin shoxli qiz.)

Reys, shuningdek, Nussimbaumning roman muallifi ekanligi aniq tasdiqlangan maktublarni keltiradi. Nussimbaumning birida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Baronessa Erenfelsdan o'z ishiga qo'yilgan taqiqni chetlab o'tish uchun uni qonuniy qopqoq sifatida ishlatganligini aytadi. Natsistlar Germaniyasi: Nussimbaum buni tushuntiradi Ali va Nino hali ham hamma joyda nashr etilishi mumkin edi, chunki "taxalluslar to'g'risidagi qonunga binoan K.S. - bu ayol! Vena yosh baronessasi, u hatto Kulturkammer! ", Nussimbaum chiqarib yuborilgan Germaniya Yozuvchilar uyushmasi.^[34]

Xuddi shu xatida Nussimbaum o'z adresatiga "uning nusxasini sotib olishni tavsiya qildi Ali va Nino o'zi bu kitob o'zining eng sevimli kitobi ekanligi bilan maqtanib. "^[34] Boshqa bir maktubida Nussimbaum faqat ikkita yozuvchilik tajribasiga ega bo'lganligi haqida yozgan edi: "Men na nashriyot shirkati haqida, na gonorar haqida o'ylamadim, lekin shunchaki quvonch bilan yozdim. Bu kitoblar edi. Stalin va Ali va Nino"" qo'shib qo'ydi: "Roman qahramonlari shunchaki menga murojaat qilishadi:" Bizga shakl bering "-" biz siz qoldirgan ba'zi xususiyatlarga egamiz va biz boshqa narsalar qatori sayohat qilishni xohlaymiz. ""^[35] (Betti Bler bu bayonotni Nussimbaumning allaqachon boshqa birov tomonidan yozilgan Yusif Vavir Chamanzaminli tomonidan yozilgan "asl qo'lyozmalariga kirish huquqini qo'lga kiritganligi va ularni" bezatib qo'yganligi "deb tan oldi.^[36]) Reys, shuningdek, Nussimbaum o'zini tanishtirgan boshqa harflarni keltiradi Qurbon Said.^[37] Uning so'nggi, nashr qilinmagan qo'lyozmasida, Der Mann der Nichts von der Liebe Verstand, Nussimbaum ham o'zini "Ali" deb ataydi.^[38]

Shunday qilib, Reys Erenfels yoki Chamanzaminli emas, balki Nussimbaumning asosiy muallifi ekanligi to'g'risida mutlaqo dalillarni talab qilmagan bo'lsa-da, u Nussimbaum 1937 yilda daromad olishni davom ettirish uchun o'z nashrlarini "oriyalashtirish" ga ehtiyoj sezganligini ko'rsatadigan hujjatli dalillarni keltirmoqda. ular Qurbon Saidning nomiga yozilgan cheklardan daromad olayotgan, o'zini Qurbon Said deb tanishtirgan bir nechta hujjatlashtirilgan ma'lumotnomalarni bergan va o'zining so'nggi, nashr qilinmagan qo'lyozmasida taxallusdan foydalanishni davom ettirgan. Der Mann der Nichts von der Liebe Verstand.

Tom Reysning matnli taqqoslashlari

Reiss Lev Nussimbaum muallifligi uchun taqdim etgan hujjatli dalillarga qo'shimcha ravishda, Reiss Nussimbaumning taniqli hayotiy tajribalari va uning taxallusi ostida yozgan asarlari o'rtasida bir nechta izohlovchi o'xshashliklarni taklif qiladi. Essad Bey.

Yilda Sharqshunos Reys, Lev Nussimbaumning rus tilidagi maktabdoshi Aleksandr Brailovskiyning (aka Aleks Brailov) guvohligini keltiradi. gimnaziya Berlinning Charlottenburg shahrida. Reysning qaydlaridan Bralov Nussimbaum bilan 1930-yillarda, xususan 1937 yilda aloqada bo'lganligi aniq emas. Ali va Nino birinchi marta Venada nashr etilgan; har qanday holatda ham Reys Bralov Nussimbaumdan (yoki boshqa biron kishidan) Nussimbaum muallifligi to'g'risida har qanday og'zaki yoki yozma tasdiqni olganini da'vo qilganligi haqida xabar bermaydi. Reys, Bralovning nashr etilmagan xotiralarida, Nussimbaumning "hikoyalar aytib berish qobiliyati" borligini yodga oladi.^[39] Reiss, shuningdek, Brailovning rejalashtirilgan kitobga nashr etilmagan kirish so'zlarini keltiradi Essad-Beyning sharqiy ertaklari (Braylov qo'lidagi Nussimbaumning dastlabki yozuvlari to'plami), unda Bralov belgilarni talqin qilgan Ali va Nino Nussimbaumning maktabdoshlariga avtobiografik havolalar sifatida gimnaziya. Bralovning ta'kidlashicha, Nino obrazi Nussimbaumning o'smirlik sevgisi Zhenia Flattga asoslangan. Reysning yozishicha, Zhenia Flatt "o'z mehr-muhabbatini ... Yashenka ismli keksa odamga topshirganligi sababli," Brailov "har doim Yashani Levning" yovuz arman "bo'lgan Nachararyan uchun namunasi deb hisoblagan. Ali va Nino, Alining Nino sevgisi uchun raqibi kim. "Bralov shunday deb yozgan edi:" Butun muhabbat ishi, shu jumladan Ninoning qochishi va undan keyin Nachararyanni ta'qib qilish va o'ldirish, xuddi Alining avtobiografiyasi singari o'spirinligi va yoshlar - Essadning o'zi va u ularga yoqishini xohlagan narsalarning qiziquvchan aralashmasi. "^[40] Reysning ta'kidlashicha, Bralov ham shu daqiqani eslaydigan voqeani eslagan Ali va Nino Ali Nachararyanni o'ldirganida: "bir kuni u qiynoqqa solgan pichog'ini tortdi va tomog'ini kesib tashlash bilan tahdid qildi. Bralov eslatib o'tdi, Esad asabiy odam bo'lishdan tashqari, qotillik g'azabiga berilib ketgandek tuyuldi, ehtimol u buni his qilgani uchun uning sharqshunoslik majburiyati edi, uning uchun qasos olish muqaddas vazifa bo'ladi. ' Bralov do'stining "Kavkaz jahlini" qotillikka olib kelishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun aralashdi. "^[41]

Reysning ta'kidlashicha, "aniq Yuveniliya bo'lsa-da," Nussimbaumning nashr etilmagan dastlabki hikoyalari "bir zumda Ali va Nino va Lev yozadigan ko'plab Kavkaz kitoblarining xomashyosi sifatida tanib bo'lmaydigan kinoya bo'lgan".^[42]

Lev Nussimbaum muallifligi uchun qo'shimcha dalillar: plagiat va takroriylik

Tamar Injianing kitobi Ali va Nino - Adabiy talonchilik! ning qismlarini namoyish etadi Ali va Nino 1926 yilgi romanidan "o'g'irlangan" Ilonning terisi (Das Shlangenhem) tomonidan Gruzin muallif Grigol Robakidze. (Bu nashr etilgan Gruzin 1926 yilda va 1928 yilda nemis tilida. Injia ikki kitobni tahlil qilib, o'xshash va bir xil qismlarni topdi va shunday xulosaga keldi "Qurbon Said "(u kimligini aniqlaydi Essad Bey ) Robakidze romanidan parchalarni atayin o'tkazgan.^[43]

Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli muallifligi bo'yicha ish

Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli (Yusif Vazir Kamenzaminli in Ozarcha ), Ozarbayjon Betti Bler "asosiy muallif" deb ta'kidlagan muallif Ali va Nino, u shubhasiz muallif va roman bo'lgan kundaliklar, esselar, hikoyalar va romanlarni matnli taqqoslashdan foydalangan holda Ali va Nino, mualliflik masalasi bahsli.

Da'vo Ozarbayjon romanchi Yusif Vazir, mashhur sifatida tanilgan Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli, haqiqiy muallifi Ali va Nino romanining 1971 yilgi turkiy nashrining muqaddimasida boshlangan ko'rinadi, unda turkiy tarjimon Semih Yazichiog'luning so'zlariga ko'ra, asl noshir E.P.ning kech bevasi Lyusi Tal. Tal, 20-asrning 20-yillarida "kelishgan yigit" kompaniyaning 1937 yilda nashr etgan "qo'lyozmalar to'plamini qoldirganligi" haqida xat yozgan edi. (Lyusi Tal bu bayonotni yozganini aniq rad etdi va bu da'volarni "dahshatli da'volar" deb atadi.^[44])

Chamanzaminlining marhum o'g'illari Orxon va Fikretlar da'vo qilishni davom ettirmoqdalar. Ular buni hech bo'lmaganda birinchisidan keyin 1990-yillarga kelib targ'ib qila boshladilar Ozarcha tarjimasi Ali va Nino 1990 yilda nashr etilgan. Avvalroq ozarbayjoncha tarjimasi 1972 yilda qilingan, ammo ozar tilida to'liq ma'noda Mirza Xazar tomonidan birinchi marta ketma-ket jurnalning uchta sonida nashr etilgan. Ozarbayjon 1990 yilda.^[45] Ushbu nazariyadan so'ng Chamanzaminli muallif sifatida qayd etilgan (standart o'rniga)Qurbon Said ") bir qator nashrlarda, xususan Ozarbayjon qaerda^{[JSSV? ]} Chamanzaminlini muallif deb e'lon qildi.

2004 yilda filmda Taxallus Qurbon Said, rejissor Xos de Putter, Yusif Vazirov Chamanzaminlining marhum o'g'li Fikrat Vazirov Chamanzaminli muallifligi uchun bahslashdi. Chamanzaminli Nina ismli qiz do'sti bilan ishqiy munosabatlarda bo'lgan, uning ta'kidlashicha u romanda "Nino" ga aylangan. "Har kim o'zini Qurbon Said deb ayta oladi, lekin Nikolay ko'chasida Nino bilan qanday uchrashganligini aytib berolmaydi." U otasi "Nino" ismli yosh ayol bilan uchrashganligini tasdiqladi: "U Nikolay ko'chasi bo'ylab yurar, otasi esa institutdan kelgan. Ular xuddi romandagi kabi parkda uchrashishgan. U o'n to'qqiz yoshda va u o'n etti yoshda edi. "

Chamanzaminli tomonidan 1927 yilda nashr etilgan, tashqi ko'rinishidagi avtobiografik hikoyada, 1920-yillarning o'rtalarida Parijda (Chamanzaminli u erda bo'lgan) ochlik yozuvchisi, kimdir imzosi ostida maqolalar ishlab chiqaradigan va faqat 25 foiz ovozini olgan ruhiy yozuvchi sifatida ishlagan. ular uchun daromad. Bler buni Chamanzaminli uchun maslahat sifatida taklif qiladi haqiqatda, badiiy asarlarda emas, boshqalarning imzosi ostida paydo bo'lgan yozuvlarni yaratgan. Bler bevosita roman uning qo'lidan o'tgan bo'lishi kerak va shu bilan u yozganligi uchun kredit olish imkoniyatidan mahrum bo'lgan deb taxmin qilmoqda. Fikret Vezirov Chamanzaminli Qurbon Said ismining ortida shaxsini yashirishi kerak edi, chunki u bolsheviklarga qarshi qarashlar bilan identifikatsiya qilinmasligi kerak edi. Ali va Nino. Agar Chamanzaminli qo'lyozma nusxasini qo'lga kiritgan bo'lsa, deydi Vezirov, bu Vezirovning 1937 yilda Chamanzaminli yonib ketganligi haqida xabar berganlar orasida bo'lishi kerak.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Chamanzaminli KGB shubhasi ostiga tushganida. Vezirov 1930-yillarda nashr etilgan maqolani eslatib o'tdi, uning mualliflari Vezirovning tavsifida Nussimbaumning "Essad Bey" nomini ishlatganidan norozi bo'lib, uning "tarix bilan hech qanday aloqasi bo'lmagan pornografiya yozganiga, u shunchaki xalqlarni qarshi qo'zg'atayotganiga" norozilik bildirdi. bir-biri." Vezirov otasining Eron, Tblisi, Kislovodsk va Dog'istonga sayohat qilganligini (barchasi roman qahramonlari tashrif buyurgan) yana bir o'z-o'zidan ravshan bog'lanish sifatida keltirdi. "O'zingiz xulosa qiling", deb e'lon qildi u.^[46]

Panah Xalilov (muqobil imlo: Penah Xelilov), filmda ko'rsatilgandek Taxallus Qurbon Said, Chamanzaminli arxivining yaratuvchisi. U filmda "to'liq" emas, "asosiy variant" deb hisoblagan 1907 yilda nashr etilgan Chamanzaminli hikoyasiga murojaat qildi. Ali va Nino"Shuningdek, u muallifi Nussimbaum bilan uchrashgan" nemis tilida yozilgan va Berlinda nashr etilgan kitob "ga ishora qildi. Sharqda qon va yog 'va "bu haqda u o'zbek xalqini o'zbek xalqini yadro yahudiylar deb aytish bilan haqorat qilganlikda ayblagan insho yozgan" - bu xarakterni tarjima qilgan Cerkez Qurbonov Qon va yog ' ozariy tilida esa, haqiqatan ham inkor etilgan Sharqda qon va yog '.

Wendell Steavenson, 2002 yilgi kitobida Men o'g'irlagan hikoyalar: Gruziyadan "kichikroq Vazirov Lev Nussimbaumni" avanturistik xarakterdagi "o'n ikkita kitob yozgan bakuviyalik emas, firibgar," sharlatan "deb atagan. Ali va Nino. 'Ali va Nino'"u sof ozarbayjon romani" deb e'lon qildi. Uning otasi, yozganini aytdi Ali va Nino va u erda yashagan amakivachchasi orqali uni Vena shahrida nashr etishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Mos keladigan tafsilotlar juda ko'p edi: Qurbon Said ozariyalik bo'lishi kerak. "U hattoki Shushadan kelgan odam biladigan maxsus Shusha pishloqi haqida hamma narsani bilar edi." Vazirov bahslashdi. "^[47]

Ozarbayjon millatchiligi Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli muallifligini himoya qilishga turtki beradi degan da'volar

The betaraflik ushbu bo'lim bahsli. Tegishli munozarani munozara sahifasi. Iltimos, ushbu xabarni o'chirmang buning uchun shartlar bajariladi. (2015 yil mart) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Kamida to'rtta olim Ozarbayjon adabiyoti va madaniyat haqida shubha bildirdi Ozarbayjon Xalqaro Argumentlari^{[qaysi? ]} Chamanzaminli muallifligi uchun Ali va Nino.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Ular ikki xil tanqid qilishdi: bittasi, yashirin eksklyuzion millatchilikni siyosiy jihatdan rad etish, ular Chamanzaminlini romanning "asosiy muallifi" ga aylantirish kampaniyasini qo'zg'atgan deb hisoblaydilar.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Boshqasi tanqid qiladi Ozarbayjon Xalqaro 'kitobni Chamanzaminlidan olingan deb talqin qilish.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Dars beradigan ozarbayjonlik yozuvchi va adabiyotshunos Chingiz Guseynov (yoki Guseinov) Moskva davlat universiteti, 2004 yilda "bizni ushbu asarni har qanday narxda Ozarbayjon adabiyoti bilan bog'lab qo'yishga majbur qiladigan" etno-tuyg'ular "ta'siridan" ogohlantirgan.^[48] Taniqli ozarbayjon shoiri, matematik va asoschisi Boku Ning Xazar universiteti Hamlet Isaxanli o'g'li Isayev Chamanzaminli muallifligi uchun olib borilgan kampaniyada millatchilik motivlariga qarshi chiqdi. "Menimcha, Chamanzaminli romanini yozganligini isbotlashga urinish orqali ozarbayjonlarning milliy g'urur tuyg'usiga murojaat qilish samarasiz. ... Ozarbayjon sifatida men bundan ortiq mag'rurlik his qilmayman, chunki go'yo etnik ozariyalik roman yozgan."^[48] Boshqa sharhlovchi Alison Mandavil, adabiyot professori Kaliforniya shtati universiteti, Fresno badiiy asarlarni ozarbayjon tilidan ingliz tiliga tarjima qilgan va ko'p nashr etgan Ozarbayjon adabiyoti va madaniyat. Elison Mandavilning maqolalari Ozarbayjon adabiyoti madaniyatga "Mollalar eshakka: Ozarbayjonda multfilmlar" kiradi.^{[49][50][51][52][53][54][55]} Mandavil uchun, Ozarbayjon Xalqaro 'Chamanzaminli muallifligini o'rnatishga urinish Ali va Nino adabiyotning qadrlashi va targ'ib qilinishiga putur etkazadigan va romanda aks etgan ko'p madaniyatli millatchilikdan ajralgan kommunistik ozar millatchiligining zamonaviy tuyg'usini aks ettiradigan "mulk" shakli sifatida tor adabiyot tuyg'usini aks ettiradi. "Bu tortishuvlar adabiyotga mulk - siyosiy, milliy mulk kabi qarash kabi o'qiladi ... go'yo eng muhimi adabiyotning o'zi emas, balki kim unga" egalik qilishi "kerak. Mening fikrimcha, Ozarbayjonni qo'llab-quvvatlash orqali xizmat qilish yaxshiroq bo'lar edi va "kim" ga kirishni emas, balki adabiyotning o'zini targ'ib qilish. Bugungi kunda o'qigan har bir kishi uchun adabiyot global hisoblanadi va adabiyotning kelib chiqishi to'g'risida tadqiqot olib boradigan har bir kishi Ali va Nino davr tarixning shu davrida millat juda suyuq narsa bo'lganligini biladi. "^[48]

Betti Bler va Ozarbayjon XalqaroYusif Vazir Chamanaminli muallifligi uchun ish

Betti Bler va unga aloqador tadqiqotchilar tomonidan olib borilgan tadqiqot natijalari 2011 yil maxsus nashrida chop etildi Ozarbayjon Xalqaro nomli jurnal Ali va Nino: Adabiyot biznesi.^[56][57] (Ba'zi maqolalar Blerdan tashqari boshqa mualliflarga ham qo'shiladi).^[58] Bler Chamanzaminli hayoti va asarlari va matnlari o'rtasidagi ko'plab o'xshashliklarga ishora qilmoqda Ali va Nino. U Chamanzaminli hayotidagi ozgina o'zgaruvchan voqealarni taklif qiladi, shu asosda u faraziy stsenariy tuzadi, unda Chamanzaminli qo'lyozmasi - borligi taxminiy bo'lgan - qandaydir bir tarzda u yozgan, keyin sotib olgan Vena noshiri, RaI Tal. Qandaydir tarzda Lev Nussimbaumga bu taxminiy qo'lyozma berilib, nashr etilishidan oldin uni "bezab" qo'ygan bo'lar edi.

Blerning Chamanzaminli qo'lyozmasi haqidagi farazlari

Betti Bler, yilda Ozarbayjon Xalqaro, "Chamanzaminli bilan juda ko'p bog'lanishlar mavjud Ali va Nino shunchaki vaziyat sifatida tushuntirish. Rad etib bo'lmaydigan dalillar to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Chamanzaminlini asosiy yozuvchi sifatida ko'rsatmoqda. "Ammo u hujjatli manbalarda Chamanzaminli bilan aloqasi borligini ko'rsatadigan biron bir qog'oz izini ko'rsatmadi. Ali va Nino, shuningdek, biron bir Chamanzaminli qo'lyozmasi (yoki u faraz bilan "asosiy qo'lyozma" deb atagan yoki Chamanzaminli muallifi sifatida tanilgan boshqa qo'lyozma) bilan hech qanday aloqani ko'rsatmagan. Ali va Nino. U Chamanzaminli bilan bog'laydi Ali va Nino matnli parallellik orqali, Chamanzaminli hayoti va asarlari va roman mazmuni o'rtasidagi taklif qilingan matnli parallelliklarga "inkor etib bo'lmaydigan dalil" sifatida tayanib.

Bler Chamanzamini-dan Tal va Nussimbaumga o'tish yo'li qanday bo'lganligi haqida qisqacha ma'lumot berishga harakat qilmoqda. U ikkita taxminiy stsenariyni taklif qiladi. U ushbu stsenariylarni Chamanzaminli tomonidan bildirilgan va spekulyativ harakatlar va harakatlar va Lev Nussimbaum haqidagi ba'zi da'volar, shuningdek qaytarib olingan yoki Bler ishonchsiz deb qayd etgan yoki "zaharli daraxt mevasi "ta'limoti, chunki u ostida olingan so'roq qilish.

Bler o'zining birinchi taxminiy ssenariysida Chamanzaminlining Evropada 20-asrning 20-yillari boshlari va o'rtalarida borligi uning muallifligini nazariy jihatdan mumkin deb ta'kidlaydi. Chamanzaminli 1923 yildan 1926 yilgacha Parijda yashagan. Ehtimol, Bler Evropada qo'lyozmani sotgan yoki qoldirgan deb taxmin qiladi, keyinchalik Nussimbaum hozirgi matnni ishlab chiqarish uchun o'zgartirgan bo'lar edi. Chamanzaminli had reason to do so, she argues, because he had a need for income and because of the wisdom of not being in possession of any anti-Bolshevik writings upon his entry into the Sovet Ittifoqi in 1926. She posits that Chamanzaminli "did stop in Berlin in 1926", citing a statement Chamanzaminli made under so'roq qilish to a Soviet police agency and asserting, based on this source, that "we know for certain" that he visited Berlin. In 1926 however, Nussimbaum "would have just been starting his writing career with Die literarische Welt" and "we have no record that they ever met directly together."^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Blair provides no evidence that Chamanzaminli and Nussimbaum ever met at all or had any one-to-one connection.^[59]

Considering the Berlin connection too remote, Blair proposes a Vienna connection. There is no evidence that Chamanzaminli ever visited Vienna, but Blair's speculates that the writer "would have" traveled by train to Istanbul on his return to Boku in 1926 and "could have" gone to that city on his way, "to visit Tal at his publishing company." Blair implies hypothetically that a manuscript "would have" passed from Chamanzaminli's hands into Tal's possession at that moment. Blair purports that this stop in Vienna is possible because Chamanzaminli "would have" taken the Orient Express (which passed through Vienna) because it was "the most famous train route of its day."^[60]

Blair offers a further elaboration of this Vienna scenario based on a statement attributed to the original publisher's wife, Lucy Tal, which Tal vociferously denied ever making. Blair reports that the preface to the 1971 Turkish edition asserts that the author behind Qurbon Said bu Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli. The translator, Semih Yazichioghlu, writes in this preface that two Ozarbayjonlar living in the United States – Mustafa Turkekul (who has said that he studied with Chamanzaminli in the 1930s) and Yusuf Gahraman (a former teacher and radiologist) read the book when the first English translation came out in 1970. The two "recognized" the novel's descriptions of "familiar streets, squares, mansions" of Boku as well as "the names of some of the Oil Baron families mentioned in the book." They then contacted Random House, the publisher, "hoping to learn more about the identity of Kurban Said." They assert in this foreword that Lucy Tal (the wife of E.P. Tal, the novel's original Viennese publisher) had replied: "It was in the 1920s (Mrs. Tal couldn't remember exactly what year it was). A handsome young man came to the publishing house and spoke with my husband [E.P. Tal] at length and then left a pile of manuscripts. I still don't know what they talked about as my husband never told me... My husband went on to publish these manuscripts in 1937." Andreas Tietze translated this preface from Turkish into English on May 31, 1973, for Tal's lawyer F.A.G. Schoenberg on May 31, 1973. Tietze, perhaps the first to give credence to the Chamanzaminli theory, commented that "the evidence, although not conclusive, does have a certain weight, and perhaps Chamanzaminli is really identical with Kurban Said." Yet within days of hearing of the quote attributed to her, Lucy Tal unequivocally denied having written the statement. In a letter to Schoenberg on June 2, 1973, Tal wrote: "Having read that document, I am quite startled. Never did I write such a letter to any Turks or anybody else. Why and what for? And it would have been so entirely unlike me. Such monstrous claims, how can one disprove them???"^[44] Tal und Co. published at least 15 books in Vienna in 1937 in addition to Ali und Nino.^[61]

Blair's second hypothetical scenario involves a transmission in Istanbul, Turkey rather than Berlin, Germany or Vienna, Avstriya. Blair cites a claim by Giamil Ahmad Vacca-Mazzara, an associate of Lev Nussimbaum's in his final years in Positano, Italy that "Essad Bey" (Vacca-Mazzara denied that this name was a pseudonym for Lev Nussimbaum) wrote Ali va Nino in Istanbul based on Vacca-Mazzara's own story, and that Vacca-Mazzara was himself "Kurban Said," which he claims was Nussimbaum's nickname for him. Blair notes that Vacca-Mazzara "cannot be relied upon as a credible witness," but nonetheless hopes that "there may be some hints of truth to some parts of his story." Blair asserts that a passage in Chamanzaminli's writing represents "a paper trail" demonstrating that Chamanzamanli "spent considerable time in three libraries in old Istanbul while living there (1920–1923) after his appointment as Azerbaijan's ambassador was terminated with the takeover of Bolshevik government in Baku." Beyond Chamanzamanli's mere presence in Istanbul, moreover, "he even wrote that he had left some of his works in those libraries." Blair's "paper trail" consists of the following statement from Chamanzaminli's writings: "We gave some documents to the Qatanov [Katanov] Library of Suleymaniye in Istanbul. They are related to the last period of Azerbaijan's Independence, a two-year collection of the newspaper Azerbaijan in Russian, The News of Azerbaijan Republic Government, along with magazines and books about our national economy, and documents describing Armenian-Muslim conflict in Caucasia." The quote does not state that the donations in question were authored by Chamanzaminli, nor that they included fiction or any unpublished writings.^[62]

Blair offers the two hypothetical scenarios, rather than a documentary paper trail, as a theory of how something conjecturally written by Chamanzaminli would have been published in an altered form as Ali va Nino in 1937. Lacking any evidence of a material connection, Blair offers instead an accumulation of parallels.

Parallels Blair draws between Chamanzaminli and Ali va Nino

Referring to parallels between passages in Chamanzaminli's writings and evidence from his life events, Blair asserts that Chamanzaminli is the "core author" of the novel Ali va Nino.^[56] Blair's "core author" argument is based on a list of 101 correlations found by comparing aspects of Chamanzaminli's and writings as well as evidence about his life experiences and his works including his diaries, articles, short stories and novels.^[63]

Blair asserts that in the writings that Nussimbaum published as Essad Bey, he shows himself to have a negative attitude toward Azerbaijan, that when he left he was "thrilled to have closed that chapter of his life." He is "seemingly untouched emotionally" by Azerbaijan's loss of independence. Farqli o'laroq, Ali va Nino portrays the country's conquest by the USSR in 1920 as an agonizing tragedy. Blair writes:

Compare the two final scenes. The final paragraphs in Essad Bey's work Blood and Oil in the Orient describe him and his father stepping off the steamship and heading to the center of Constantinople [now Istanbul] to the international Grand Hotel. The narrator is impressed with the European-style posters advertising French entertainment: "The biggest Revue in the world at the Petits Chants today." Father and son decide to buy a French newspaper. And at that moment, Essad Bey confesses – almost in triumph: "At that moment Europe began for me. The old East was dead." Nihoya. But the final scene in Ali va Nino takes us to the northern city of Ganja (Azerbaijan) where Ali Khan has taken up arms to fight against the advancing Bolsheviks. Historically, the Bolsheviks would go on to hijack the Azerbaijani government, on April 28, 1920. The situation is not fiction.^[64]

However, in a scene reminiscent of that same Blood and Oil in the Orient quotation, in chapter 22 of Ali va Nino, Ali tells his father, "Asia is dead..." To which Ali's father replies, "Asia is not dead. Its borders only have changed, changed forever. Baku is now Europe. And that is not just a coincidence. There were no Asiatics left in Baku any longer."^[65] Ning ishchi nomi Ali va Nino, according to the 1937 contract between Baroness Elfriede Ehrenfels von Bodmerschof and the Tal publishing company, was The Dying Orient.^[66]

Blair relies on an accumulation of evidence employed to suggest that Lev Nussimbaum, who wrote as Essad Bey, could not have written Ali va Nino o'zi tomonidan. She acknowledges that Nussimbaum left "fingerprints" on the book, but asserts that his contribution is limited to folkloric and legendary material, some of which he copied from his earlier books, which she shows is often neither culturally or ethnically reliable. (Much of this echoes Tom Reiss's account of Nussimbaum's writing.) Blair asserts that Nussimbaum could not have acquired the knowledge of Azerbaijan evident in Ali va Nino uning davrida Boku, which ended when he was 14 years old, and during which time he had limited contact with Azerbaijani life. Therefore, in her view, he could not have written significant portions of the novel. She claims that Nussimbaum did not sympathize with the Azerbaijani national cause embodied in the novel and that he wrote his books, she judges, too quickly to have written them by himself. Therefore, she hypothesizes, he must have "gained access to the" (hypothetical) "original manuscripts" and "embellished them." She posits that the novel has a self-contradictory quality that can be explained through the hypothesis that it was based on something Chamanzaminli wrote but that it had been altered by Nussimbaum.^[67]

Criticisms of Blair's argumentation

Azerbaijani journalist Nikki Kazimova has reported that "most of the evidence of Chemenzeminli’s authorship is suggestive rather than factual, and plenty of AI’s arguments are a ‘proof by contradiction.’"^[48]

Ba'zi olimlar Ozarbayjon adabiyoti and culture, after being exposed to Blair's arguments, continue to express doubts about the possibility that Chamanzaminli is the novel’s author. Hamlet Isakhanli oglu Isayev, who chaired a December 2010 meeting in which Blair presented her findings, remarked that the findings "left many questions unanswered." Others have offered more specific criticisms. Leah Feldman, the 2010 recipient of the Heydar Aliyev award for scholarship on Azerbaijan, presented by the Consulate General of Azerbaijan^[68] va ilmiy xodim Princeton universiteti Ning Princeton xalqaro va mintaqaviy tadqiqotlar instituti,^[69] kim o'qiydi Sharqshunoslik and Azerbaijani literature,^[70] attended one of Blair’s presentations at the Writers' Union in Baku in December 2010. Feldman has characterized Betty Blair's approach as based on a "theory of authorship as autobiography," explaining that "Blair’s argument indicates that what she calls the 'core author' of Ali va Nino is not the man who penned the text (Essad Bey /Lev Nussimbaum ) but rather the individual whose life and ideas are most readily expressed by the protagonists." Feldman's assessment of the novel leans toward Nussimbaum as author. "To me," she has written, "the novel read as an Orientalist piece." As an "Orientalist" novel, it would represent a primarily European point of view regarding Azerbaijan. Mandaville's assessment of Ali va Nino also favors Nussimbaum's authorship. Referring to the fact that Nussimbaum was of the Azerbaijani Jewish minority while Chamanzaminli was part of the Muslim majority, Mandaville writes that "the most interesting thing about the novel is the intense love/hate super-nostalgic relationship expressed for the region – exactly the kind of thing a person who was a (minority) child in an area they are now exiled from would write."^[48]

The case for Baron and Baroness Ehrenfels's authorship

Avstriyalik Baroness Elfriede Ehrenfels (1894–1982) registered the novel Ali va Nino with German authorities,^[26] and her niece Leela Ehrenfels (in association with the Baron Omar Rolf von Ehrenfel's second wife, the Baroness Mireille Ehrenfels-Abeille) has claimed that the pseudonym Kurban Said belonged to her aunt Elfriede, and that she wrote both Kurban Said novels, Ali va Nino va The Girl from the Golden Horn.^[71] No one has offered any robust contextual comparison between Ali va Nino and other known writings by Elfriede Ehrenfels, but Leela Ehrenfels has noted several coincidences between her aunt's and father's lives and writings that suggest their, or at least Elfriede's, authorship of the novel. One is that the April 20, 1937, working title of the novel was The Dying Orient, and her father and aunt (the Baron and Baroness Ehrenfels) had previously written an article together entitled "The Dying Istanbul." Another is that the Ehrenfels made a film entitled Buyuk orzu, which is "about a man who is disappointed with the world. And he is looking for true love or truth." (The unspoken implication may be that this is similar to Ali va Nino.) Third, Baron Omar Rolf von Ehrenfels set up the "Orient Bund" for Muslim students in Berlin "in order to bring Europeans and Muslims closer together." Leela Ehrenfels and Mireille Ehrenfels-Abeille have also said it is possible that Elfriede had an affair with Lev Nussimbaum. Fourth, according to the April 20, 1937, contract with E.P. Tal & Co., Baroness Elfriede was the author behind the pseudonym Kurban Said, and Leela has said, "that makes it obvious to me that she wrote both books. But it is possible that Essad Bey supplied some of the material. And that there are certain parts on which they worked together." Fifth, Leela Ehrenfels cites a September 14, 1938, letter from "Essad Bey" to Baroness Ehrenfels, written in Positano, Italy, in which he again refers to her as "Mrs. Kurban Said" and congratulates her on something unmentioned – Leela Ehrenfels interprets this as a reference to The Girl From the Golden Horn.^[72]

2004 yilda filmda Alias Kurban Said, the Baroness Mireille Ehrenfels-Abeille said that Elfriede Ehrenfels "never" said "a single word" regarding Ali va Nino when she knew her after returning to Austria in 1960 from a long stay in India, explaining that "it was a different world, that had come to an end."^[72] In a 1999 interview with Tom Reiss, however, Baroness Ehrenfels-Abeille recounted that, in Reiss's description, "sometime in the early 1970s the baroness remembers getting the first inkling that Elfriede had once been Kurban Said." Baron Omar-Rolf Ehrenfels's sister Imma informed Baroness Mireille Ehrenfels-Abeille that she had, the baroness told Reiss, "received a funny letter, some doctor wanted to know if I’d written a book call[ed] Ali and Nino." Mireille asked Elfriede about it, and Elfriede said, "Naturally, Immi does not need to know everything. Yes, I produced it."^[73] The word "produced" is left ambiguous.

Nashrlar

1944 Italian edition

An Italian edition using the title Ali Xon^[74] appeared in 1944 with the author listed as M[ohammed] Essad Bey, Nussimbaum's pen name. In this edition, Nino Kipiani is called "Erika Kipiani" (obviously not a true Georgian name). The name of Nussimbaum's wife was "Erika", but she had run off with his colleague, Rene Fyulp-Miller, in a scandalous divorce (1935). Other changes were made in this edition as well.^[75]

This Italian edition was published posthumously under suspicious conditions by Essad Bey's friend Vacca Bello,^[76] who called himself "Ahmed Giamil Vacca-Mazzara". He tried to show that he was related to Essad Bey four generations back and, thus, Essad Bey's only living descendant, and therefore in line to inherit Essad Bey's royalties from his various books. Italiya Ali Xon has never again been re-issued.

Boshqa nashrlar

Ali va Nino has been translated and published in the following languages: Albanian (2009), Arabic (1970, 2002, 2003, 2010), Azeri (1972, 1990, 1993, 2004 – twice, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012), Bengali (1995, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2010), Bulgarian (1943, 2010), Catalan (2001), Chinese (PRC, 2007), Chinese (Taiwan, 2010), Czech (1939, 2006), Danish (2008), Dutch (1938, 1974, 1981, 1991, 2002, 2004, 2009), English (US 1970, UK 1970, UK 1971, Canada 1972, US 1990, UK 1990, US 1996 – three times, large print 2000, US 2000 – twice, UK 2000, US forthcoming 2013), Estonian (2014), Finnish (1972, 2000), French (1973 – twice), 2002, 2006), Georgian (2002, 2004), German (original language of publication; not translated) (– original, 1973 – four times, 1981, 1989, 1992, 1994, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2009), Greek (2002), Hebrew (2001), Hungarian (2002), Indonesian (2004), Italian (1944 as Alì Khàn, 2000, 2003), Japanese (1974, 2001), Korean (2005), Lithuanian (2012), Norwegian (1972, 2005), Persian (1983, 1992), Polish (1938 – three times), Portuguese (Brazil 2000, Portugal 2004, Romanian 2013), Russian (1994, 2002, 2003, 2004 – three times, 2007, 2008, 2010), Serbian (2003), Slovenian (2008), Spanish (1973, 2000, 2001, 2012), Swedish (1938 – twice, 1973), Turkish (1971, 2004, 2005), and Urdu (1993).^[1] The 2000 Anchor Books edition added the subtitle Sevgi tarixi, not present on the original 1937 E. P. Tal & Co. edition.

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• "Who Wrote Azerbaijan's Most Famous Novel "Ali and Nino"? The Business of Literature". Ozarbayjon Xalqaro. 15 (2–4). 2011.

Tashqi havolalar

• Essad Bey Truth Alert [2]
• O'qish bo'yicha guruh qo'llanmasi