Avstriyaning devorlari bilan o'ralgan shaharlari - Austrian walled towns

Avstriyadagi devor bilan o'ralgan shaharlar XI asrda paydo bo'la boshladi. Ularning tashkil topishi Avstriyaning a rivojlanishi bilan chambarchas bog'liq edi yurish ning Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi va xususan Stauffenberg Imperatorlar va ularning marcher lordlari Babenberglar.^[1] Hozirgi Avstriyada devorlar bilan o'ralgan 106 ta shahar yoki shahar bor.^[2] Ning devorlari Radstadt, Frayburg, Xaynburg va Drosendorf deyarli butunligicha omon qoling va Avstriyada Evropaning eng ta'sirli devorlari bor.^[3]

Markus Pernxart - Frizax, Olsator darvozasi va devorlari xandaqqa qaragan

Yoqob Roedler tomonidan Zalsburgni darvoza minorasi bilan oldinga surib qo'yganligi haqida moyli rasm

Freyherr Franz III. Xevenxyuller, Klagenfurtning boyliklarini aks ettiruvchi rasm bilan, 1615 yil

Turkiyaning Venani qamal qilish

Kabi boshqa shaharlar yoki qishloqlar Vena, Zaltsburg va Sankt-Polten ularning mudofaasi deyarli butunlay yo'q qilingan. Avstriyada fuqarolik maqomini berish yoki a yaratish tartibi Shtadt nisbatan sodda edi. Dastlab, mahalliy lord yoki amaldor Ministerialis bozor huquqlarini so'rab murojaat qilishi mumkin yoki Marktrect. O'sha paytda shaharni marshrutchi qo'ygan bo'lar edi va uni vertikal taxta palitrasi bilan qoplangan tuproq bilan o'ralgan to'siq o'rab olgan bo'lar edi. Ko'pincha tosh darvozaxona yoki Tor bozorga kelgan savdogarlardan bojxona to'lovlarini yig'ish uchun qurilgan bo'lar edi. Qachon shaharchaga nizom berilgan yoki tuman holat (Stadtrect), aksariyat hollarda devor qurilgan yoki uni qurish va moliyalashtirish to'g'risidagi nizom nizomga kiritilgan.^[4]

Shahar devorining turlari va tartibi

Rim istehkomlari bo'lgan shaharlar

Bularga 12-13 asrlarda Rimning bir qismini tashkil etgan Rim mudofaasi bo'lgan shaharlar kiradi. "ohaklar" janubida joylashgan Dunay^[5] Ular orasida Flavian (milodiy 1-asr oxiri) da yordamchi qal'alar at Mautern,^[6] Traismauer,^[7] Tulln,^[8] ehtimol Pochlarn,^[9] va Legioner qal'a da Vena.^[10]

"Römertor", Traismauer Roman shlyuzi v. Yilda qayta qurilgan. 1500

Wels-asl Rim devoridagi shahar devorlari, so'ngra O'rta asr devorlari bilan Rim plitalari qayta ishlatilgan.

Da Traismauer O'rta asr mudofaasi to'rtburchaklar bilan deyarli to'liq mos keladi yordamchi qal'a, esa Mautern devorlari yordamchi qal'aga to'g'ri keladi^[11] uchinchi asrning shimolga kengayishi bilan birga. Ammo Tulln va Vena, O'rta asr devorlari Rim qal'asidan kattaroq edi. Rim shaharlari devorlari keyinchalik shahar devorlariga ham kiritilgan Linz, Sankt-Polten va Wels. Da Zaltsburg, sayti Rim "munecipiumi" Iuvarum Oltstadtning katta qismida yotadi.^[12] 4-asrda Rim imperatori Valentin I Dunay daryosi bo'ylab Rim mudofaasini qayta tiklab, ba'zida oldingi istehkomlarga qurilgan qo'riqchi minoralari yoki "Burgi" turkumlarini qurdi. Endilikda taniqli katta burj shaklidagi minora Mautern O'rta asr emas, balki Rim. Shuningdek, devorlarga o'ralgan Rim minoralari ham mavjud Traismauer va Tulln.^[13]

Tuxumsimon mudofaasi bilan jihozlangan shaharlar

Shvanenstadt (Vischer)

Shaharning ushbu shakli 17-asrda nashr etilgan nashr tomonidan eng yaxshi tasvirlangan Georg Matthaus Vischer ning Shvanenstadt Yuqori Avstriyada. U shaharni uchlari to'rtburchaklar shaklida bo'lib, uning uchlari tosh bilan ishlangan qirg'oqqa tosh darvoza minoralari o'rnatilgan edi. Amstetten Quyi Avstriyada juda o'xshash va tuproqning bir qismi saqlanib qolgan, ammo to'rtburchaklar bozor o'rniga u dastlabki shpindel shaklga ega. Yilda Yuqori Avstriya va Tirol, bu tartib shakli erta bilan bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin Bavariya 7-asrda o'zlarini o'rnatishni boshlagan ko'chmanchilar. Kabi ushbu shaharlarning boshqa misollari Braunau va Zal, keyingi qasrlar binosi tomonidan o'zgartirilgan. Ostida Buyuk Britaniya, Bavariya sharq tomon Tuna daryosidan pastga va zamonaviy Vengriyaga ko'chib o'tdi. Ning asl mudofaa tartibi Korneuburg, Venaning shimolida, rejasi deyarli ovoid bo'lib, taxminan 1298 yilga to'g'ri keladigan ichki ko'cha katakchasi tartibidan oldinroq bo'lgan.^[14] Zistersdorf, ga yaqin Slovakiya chegara, shuningdek, keyinchalik qal'a binosi tomonidan o'zgartirilgan, ovoid shaklga ega. Ikkalasi ham Shvanenstadt va Zistersdorf katta va muhim ahamiyatga ega German yaqinda qazilgan qabristonlar, bu ularning dastlabki yashash joylari ekanligidan dalolat beradi.^[15]

Dastlab devor bilan o'ralgan shaharlar

Leopold III, Avstriyaning Margravasi. Krems, Vena va Klosterneuberg kabi dastlabki ustavlarni taqdim etgan margrave

10-asrdan boshlab mag'lubiyatga uchragan Magyarlar jangida Lechfeld 955 yilda Bavariya atrofida o'zini ko'rsata boshladi Melk va Gertsogenburg Quyi Avstriyada "Kernland" deb nomlangan joyda. 976 yilda Leopold I Babenberg birinchi bo'ldi margave Muqaddas Rim imperiyasining "Ostmark" surati va birinchi murojaat "Ostarrichi" 996 yilda sodir bo'ladi, bu esa Avstriyaning nomini beradi. Leopold, uning o'g'li Genri I va uning nabirasi Adalbert, o'z hududlarini sharqda Vengriya chegarasigacha Wienerwaldgacha kengaytirdilar. Babenberg ostida Jasur Ernest (1055-1075) ning ko'rinishini ko'radi Kuenringer, Imperial amaldorlar oilasi yoki "Ministerialis "mustamlakachiligida muhim rol o'ynagan Waldviertel. Kuenringer yaqindan ishlagan Leopold II (1075-95) asosiy qarorgohini Melkdan ko'chirgan Gars am Kamp. Ehtimol, shaharlar uchun birinchi keng tarqalgan tosh devorlar qurilishi XII asr oxiri yoki XIII asr boshlarida boshlanadi. Kuenringer beshta shaharni tashkil etdi, Dyurshteyn, Tsvetl, Vaytra, Waidhofen an der Thaya va Zistersdorf birinchi to'rttasi bugungi kunda devor bilan o'ralgan shaharlarning juda yaxshi saqlanib qolgan namunalari sifatida saqlanib qolgan. Kuenringer ham o'tkazdi Litschau 1237 dan 1297 gacha va bu shaharning devorlari uchun ham javobgar bo'lishi mumkin.^[16]

Tog'li shaharchalar

Devorli shaharning bu shakli ikki shaklda bo'lishi mumkin, yoki daryoda ilmoqli burilishning toraygan bo'ynidagi devor yoki bir daryo boshqa daryoga keskin burchak ostida kiradigan joyda ko'tarilgan balandlikda devorli shaharcha. Ikkala turdagi shaharlar ham Chexiya Respublikasida Avstriyaga qaraganda tez-tez uchraydi va Cesky Krumlov Ultavada birinchi turdagi klassik namunadir. Leoben yana bir misol, ammo to'rtburchaklar shaklidagi shaharcha bo'lib, u daryo bo'yidagi burilishga joylashtirilgan.^[17] Ikki daryo orasidagi dasht qal'alariga misollar Drosendorf Bohemiya chegarasiga yaqin bo'lgan Taya ustida odatiy reklama rejasi mavjud bo'lib, u shunday ekanligini anglatadi Slavyan kelib chiqishi. Judenburg Stiriyada ushbu turdagi devorli shaharning yana bir misoli.

To'rtburchak chegara savdo shaharlari

Bu shaharlarning mavjud chegaralarida savdo qilishni engillashtirish uchun tashkil etilgan kichik bir guruh Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi yoki o'rtasida Margraves uning yurishlari. Ular to'rtburchaklar shakliga ega va boshqa dastlabki devorlarga ega shaharlarga qaraganda katta maydonni egallaydi.

Marchegg. Franziszeische Landesaufnahme Ikkinchi harbiy tadqiqotlar c.1835, devorlar ichida katta bo'sh joy ko'rsatilgan

Misol Wiener Noyshtadt, hozirgi Avstriyadagi birinchi shaharlardan biri berilgan "Stadtrext", 1192 yildan keyin Babenberg tomonidan qurilgan yangi shahar Dyuk Leopold V sotib olganidan keyin Avstriya Shtiriya gersogligi. 1194 yilda kumush to'lovdan to'langan Lionxart Richard devorlarni qurishni moliyalashtirish uchun ishlatilgan.^[18] Wiener Neustadtning himoyasi to'rtburchaklar shaklida bo'lib, ularning o'lchamlari 600 dan 680 metrgacha. 1210 yilda nizom berilib, shahar Shtiriya knyazligi va Vengriya Qirolligi o'rtasidagi tarixiy chegarada joylashgan.^[19]

Boshqa misollar Freistadt bilan chegarada bo'lgan Yuqori Avstriyada Bohemiya, Retz va Laa an der Thaya yilda Quyi Avstriya bilan chegarada bo'lgan Moraviya. Marchegg ikkalasi bilan chegarada bo'lgan Moraviya va Vengriya, Bogemiya qiroli Ottakar II tomonidan tashkil etilgan, ammo u mag'lub bo'lganida va 1268 yilda o'ldirilgan Dyuk Rudolf yaqinidagi jangda Durnkrut, shahar Archduke tomonidan yotqizilgan va devor bilan o'ralgan. Ehtimol, u har qanday devor bilan o'ralgan shaharlarning eng katta maydonini qamrab olgan, ammo Marchegg muvaffaqiyatga erishmagan. Hozir ham yopiq shaharchaning katta maydoni hech qachon bunyod etilmagan.^[20] Ichida Vengriya Qirolligi va ayniqsa, bugungi kun Slovakiya kabi o'zaro savdo shaharlari Trnava, qurilgan.

Kompozit va qo'shaloq shaharlar

Kompozitsiyali shaharchalar ikki shaklga ega. Shahar o'sib borishi va tobora kengayib borishi, so'ngra devor bilan o'ralganligi alomatlarini ko'rsatishi mumkin, yoki u bir qator alohida tashkilotlarga va alohida boshqaruv darajasiga ega bo'lishi mumkin, ammo birlik sifatida qaraladi va aksariyat hollarda yagona nizomga ega. "Ikki qavatli shaharlar" ga misollar Krems va Shteyn. Shtayn 9-asrda Dunay daryosidagi bojxona yig'ish markazi sifatida paydo bo'lgan va 13-asrning boshlarida devor bilan o'ralgan bo'lishi mumkin. U darhol qadimgi Kremsga qo'shni. 1305 yilda ikkala shaharga ham "Krems und Stein" nomi bilan qo'shma nizom berildi. Klosterneuburg va Korneuburg Tuna daryosining ikkala tomonida joylashgan qo'shaloq shaharlar sifatida boshlangan, ammo keyin ikkiga bo'lingan Dyuk Albrecht. Murau daryoning ikki tomonida joylashgan ikkita bog'langan turar-joyning misoli. Gertsogenburg qo'shma nizomga ega bo'lgan ikkita shaharchadan iborat edi.

Devor bilan himoyalangan kichik aholi punktlari

Bu kichikroq aholi punktlari, bozor shaharlari va mudofaasi bo'lgan qishloqlar bo'lib, ularni umumiy tarzda ta'riflash mumkin edi Shtadxen. Ular, ayniqsa, sodir bo'ladi Burgenland, lekin shuningdek Shtiriya va Sharq Tirol. Ular, birinchi navbatda, turklar bosqinchiligidan va talon-toroj qilgan venger bosqinchilardan himoya qilishadi. Devor bilan himoyalangan ushbu aholi punktlari asosan 1529 yilda Venaning birinchi qamalidan 1683 yilgacha bo'lgan ikkinchi qamal o'rtasidagi davrda qurilgan. 1622 yilda Esterhazy Eisenstadt atrofidagi zamonaviy Burgenland atrofidagi hududni boshqarishga muvaffaq bo'ldi va turklar va talon-taroj qilgan venger guruhlari tahdidlarini inobatga olgan holda yirik qishloqlar va aholi punktlarini mustahkamlashni boshladi. Da Oggau am Neusiedler qarang devorlari avvalroq qurila boshlangan bo'lishi mumkin Bokskay kichik bozor shaharchasini vayronaga aylantirgan 1605 yilda qo'zg'olon. Burgenlandda devor bilan o'ralgan boshqa aholi punktlari Rust edi (ular Oltstadt bilan Eyzenstadtda), endi ularga "Qirollik erkin shaharlari" va Purbax va Donnerskirchen maxsus maqomi berilgan. To'rt aholi punkti - Oggau am Neusiedler qarang, Purbax, Zang va Donnerskirchen - ning g'arbiy qirg'og'i bo'ylab himoyalangan guruhni tashkil etdi Neusiedler qarang. Taxminan 1640-yillarda, ehtimol, bu aholi punktlarining barchasi burchakka ega bo'lgan qal'alar o'rnatilgan artilleriya uchun devorlarga qo'shilgan.

Tabor va mustahkam qishloqlar

Feldbax Grazer Tor, bu Taborning eshigi

Da Feldbax yilda Shtiriya 17-asrda Vengriya qo'mondonlariga qarshi turish uchun tabor nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan mustahkam uylar guruhi, ichki eshiklari bo'lgan tashqi uylar bilan qurilgan.^[21]

Frohnleiten Tabor shlyuzi

Shu kabi "Tabor" cherkov atrofida ham bor edi Gleysdorf, bu 1532 yilda va turklarda taslim bo'lgan Frohnleiten.^[22]

Shtadtor Nunkirxen

Tabor shaklidagi darvoza minorasi bilan jihozlangan bino ham mavjud Nunkirxen chegarasida Quyi Avstriya Shtiriya bilan. Bu erda cherkov uylar doirasi bilan o'ralgan. Bu erta aholi punkti edi va cherkov birinchi marta 1094 yilda esga olingan^[23] 1136 yilda Muqaddas Rim imperatori Lotar II Neunkirchen Market huquqlari va a yalpiz, ammo 1294 yilda ushbu huquqlar yaqinda tashkil etilgan tashkilotga o'tkazildi Wiener Noyshtadt. Da Xolsttatt berilganiga qaramay Stadrext, xuddi shunday tartibga ega, uyning tagida bozorga kemerli kirish bilan. Hallstatt-da, bu tartibni, ehtimol, devorlar hech qanday maqsadga xizmat qilmagan saytning tor tabiati belgilaydi. Devor bilan o'ralgan qishloqning yana bir misoli Zaxsenburg Sharqda Tirol. Bularni mustahkamlangan qishloqlar bilan taqqoslash Istriya kabi Hum va Boljun va shuningdek, Bohemiyadagi Zumberk. Mustahkamlangan, ammo ilgari qurilgan yana bir kichikroq aholi punkti Fridberg, 12-asrda, Vechel Strasse (Savdo yo'li) ustidagi boshpana joyi sifatida mustahkamlangan Shtiriyada, Wiener Noyshtadt va Gleysdorf^[24]

Dastlabki shahar devorlarining vazifasi va qurilishi

Shahar devorlari Rim davriga oid bo'lgan holatlardan tashqari, toshlarni devorlarga qurish faqat 12-asr oxiri va 13-asrlarda Avstriyada boshlangan. Shaharlarning mudofaasi kichik ahamiyatga ega edi va shunday bo'ldi qal'alar yuqori darajada himoya qilingan va qamalga uchragan. Devorlarning maqsadi shaharga kiradigan yoki undan chiqadigan odamlardan bozor va boshqa yo'l haqlarini olish, hunarmandlar feodal xizmati va badal to'lovlariga bo'ysunmasdan erkin ishlashlari mumkin bo'lgan hududni ajratish va aholining asosiy xavfsizligini ta'minlash edi. Pulliklarni yig'ish uchun Avstriyada ko'pincha baland va ta'sirchan inshootlar bo'lgan darvoza minoralari ishlatilgan. Ko'pgina avstriyalik shaharlarda darvozalar uzun to'rtburchaklar yoki shpindel shaklidagi bozorning har ikki uchida joylashgan. To'rtburchaklar shaklidagi bozor joylarida bir yoki ikkita uy qisman darvoza oldidagi maydonni yopib qo'yadi va odamlarning darvoza orqali o'tishini cheklaydi. Shpindel shaklidagi bozor joylari odamlarni ikkala uchidagi darvozalar orqali olib o'tdi.

Devorlarni qanday qurish haqida hali batafsil ish olib borilmagan. Bunga istisno devorlardagi tadqiqotlardir Drosendorf, Tsvetl, Shox va Freistadt. Tsvetlda devorlar qo'shni qismga mos keladigan qisqa qismlarda qurilgan qarz devorlarning ma'lum bir uzunligi buraj egasining zimmasiga yuklatilganligini bildiruvchi xoldinglar. Drosendorfdagi devorlar professional masonlar tomonidan qurilganga o'xshamaydi va ulardan foydalanish keng tarqalgan Opus spicatum, shuningdek, qurilish toshlarining seld suyagi tuzilishi Romanesk cherkov binolari. Bu devorlar bilan qarama-qarshi Grossenzersdorf, qaerdan masonlar Stephans Dom Venada 1396-1999 yillarda 2,2 kilometr uzunlikdagi devor qurilgan bo'lib, unda Rim joylashgan joydan olingan tosh va plitka ishlatilgan. Karnuntum.

Devorning qalinligi, to'plash, krenelatsiya va o'q yoriqlari

Shaharning eng qadimgi devorlari katta balandlikda tor poydevorda qurilgan bo'lar edi. Wiener Noyshadtning rasmida 1092 yildan ko'p o'tmay qurilgan devorning balandligi ko'rsatilgan. Devorlar at Frizach balandligi taxminan 11 metrga (36 fut) etadi va bu erta devorlar uchun odatiy ko'rinadi. Da Gross-Enzersdorf devorlar qariyb olti metr balandlikda, krenellar hali ham buzilmagan va devorning uzunligi taxminan 2,2 kilometr (1,4 milya). Devor qalinligi 90 dan 160 santimetrgacha o'zgaradi, Avstriyada shahar devorining ikki turi mavjud. Birinchisi, "tor" devor bo'lib, u yog'och yo'laklarni o'rnatish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin wehrgang orqa va yog'och guruhlar yoki old tomondan to'plash.^[25] Ikkinchisi - kengroq devor, u kengroq poydevorda joylashgan bo'lib, orqasida mustahkam tosh devor bor merlonlar ning jangovar qurol.^[26] Ilgari yog'och yo'laklar uchun tayanchlar chizig'ini ko'pincha tor devorlarda bir qator ko'rish mumkin Putlog kabi teshiklar Durnshteyn. Dastlab Merlons o'q yoki o'q ovozi bilan teshilmaydi, ammo XIV asr rivojlanib borishi bilan, engil artilleriyadan ko'proq foydalanish bilan bu odatiy holga aylanib bormoqda.

G'isht devorlari

Traismauer tomonidan tiklangan g'isht devorlari, miltiq teshiklari bilan

G'ishtdan qurilgan devorlar Shimoliy Evropada juda keng tarqalgan va ular bilan bog'langan Gansik shaharlar va Polshada nemis ritsarlari bilan. Ular Chexiya Respublikasiga tarqaldi va Nimburk milodning 12-asridagi g'isht devorlari va minoralarini juda yaxshi saqlagan. Ko'pincha g'isht devorlari past tosh poydevor ustiga o'rnatiladi. Ko'pincha g'ishtlarni talon-taroj qilishadi va past tosh bazal devorni qoldiradilar. Bu sodir bo'lgan ko'rinadi Wilhelmsburg Quyi Avstriyada. XVI asrdan boshlab g'isht ko'proq ishlatila boshlandi, chunki u zambarak otishida u qadar oson parchalanmadi. Avstriyada, Traismauer tosh asosidagi g'isht devorining ajoyib namunasidir. Italiya mudofaasi qurilgan Radkersburg janubi-sharqiy Shtiriyada XVII asr mudofaasida katta miqdordagi g'isht ishlatilgan. Ning himoyasi Vena keyingi 17-asrda turklarga qarshi turish uchun qurilgan g'ishtdan qilingan. Italiyalik me'mor Santino Solari Zaltsburg mudofaasida g'ishtdan ham keng foydalanilgan.

Darvoza minoralari (Tor )

12-asr oxiri va 13-asrlarning eng qadimgi darvoza minoralari to'rtburchak shakldagi inshootlardir. Dastlabki darvozaning yorqin namunasi - Vaytradagi "Obere Tor" Uyg'onish bezatilgan parapet. Shuningdek, 13-asrda cho'ktirish minoralari tepaga tom qo'shilgan va balandligi o'sgan. Sharqiy darvoza Shteyn misoldir. Keyingi XIII asrda ikkita minoralar orasidagi darvoza bo'lgan "ikki barabanli" darvoza qurilgan Xaynburg, xuddi boshqa imperator shlyuzlarini aks ettiradi Axen. Bu avvalgi uslubda ham Rim shlyuzlar va Traismauer Rim darvozasi 1504 yilda ushbu shaklda qayta qurilgan. Darvoza minoralari ham XIV asrda va darvoza minoralari qurilgan Freistadt, Wels, Voklablabuk va Retz misollar.

Keyinchalik XVI asrdagi eshiklar taassurot qoldirish uchun qurilgan. Da Krems, Imperator Maksimillian juda chiroyli narsalarni qurdi barbik qadimgi shahar darvozasi oldida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri eshik, garchi minoraning yuqori qismi 18-asrdir. Zaltsburg shahzodasi-episkopi italiyalik me'mor va harbiy muhandisni ish bilan ta'minlagan Santini klassik uslubda Zaltsburgdagi Linzer Tor kabi eshiklarni tiklash. Xuddi shunday klassik eshiklar ham qurilgan Klagenfurt va Vena, ammo hozir buzib tashlangan. Boshqa joylarda juda katta erta Barok Gmünd singari yoki Gmündendagi kabi ikki qatnov qismli eshiklar qurilgan.^[27] Keyinchalik 18-asrda, Napoleon urushlari paytida va taxminan 1890 yilgacha, transport oqimini engillashtirish uchun eshiklar keng tarqalgan. Natijada, Evropaning boshqa joylariga qaraganda Avstriyada omon qolgan eshiklarning yaxshi namunalari kamroq.

Devor minoralari ("Turm")

• Demi-lune qal'alari yoki minorasi - Ushbu "yarim oy" minoralari 13-asrda yoki 14-asrning boshlarida qo'shilgan yoki devorlarga kiritilgan, ehtimol kamonchilarning yashash joyi, zovur uchun olovni qoplash va devor buzilmasligi uchun. Ular artilleriya ishlatilishidan oldin paydo bo'lgan. Shardingdan olingan misol, ehtimol 1316 yil atrofida devorlar qurilishi bilan bog'liq.
• To'rtburchak minoralar - bular demi-lune minoralariga muqobil bo'lgan. Ular ko'pincha ancha balandlikda qurilgan va mudofaa sxemasi atrofida bir tekis joylashgan. Ular dastlabki nashrlarda keng miqyosda tasvirlangan, ammo kamdan-kam hollarda endi ularning asl balandligi kabi narsalar saqlanib qoladi.
• Dumaloq minoralar - Dumaloq minoralardan devor minoralari sifatida foydalanish, ehtimol to'rtburchak minoralar bilan zamonaviy bo'lib, ular kabi to'rtburchaklar minoralar bilan aralashtirilishi mumkin. Sankt-Polten. Dumaloq minoralar ishlatiladigan devorlarga burchakli burchakli ko'plab "stadtlar" mavjud.
• D shaklidagi minoralar - bu artilleriya kiritilgandan so'ng ishlab chiqilgan va devordan uzoqroqqa ko'tarilib, balandlikda o'sgan
• Olti burchakli minoralar - Bular beshta yuzi oldinga va oltinchi yuzi devorga burilgan minoralar. Ular taxminan 1480 yilda paydo bo'lgan va engil artilleriyani o'rnatish uchun mavjud devorlarga qo'shilgan. Bunga Antonturn at Tsvetl va da Drosendorf va Waidhofen an der Thaya.
• Pulverturm - bu poroxni saqlash uchun ishlatilgan minora uchun ishlatiladigan atama. Turli shakldagi minoralar "pulverturm" deb nomlanadi va ehtimol bu minoralarning aksariyati O'rta asrlar davrida emas, balki XVI asrdan boshlab shu maqsadda ishlatilgan.

"Stadttürme" minoralarini tomosha qiling

Bular keyingi 15-16 asrlarga xos xususiyatga ega. Ba'zi bir stadtda, baland va ta'sirchan soat minoralari bozorda yoki unga yaqin joyda qurilgan. Shahar devorlari va uning atrofidagi qishloq joylarini o'rganish uchun qorovul doimiy ravishda jalb qilinadi. Cherkovlar va mudofaaning baland minoralari ham doimiy kuzatuv minoralari bo'lishi mumkin. Ushbu qo'riqchilar minoralariga 1554–68; Retz, bu erda minora Ratausga tutashgan; va 1358 yil Insbruk.

14-15 asrlarda artilleriya va modifikatsiya

1504 yilda Kufsteynni qamal qilish

14-15 asrlarda ko'plab shaharlarning shahar devorlariga o'zgartirish kiritildi qurol portlari atrofdagi ariqning tashqi tomonida to'rtburchak minoralar yoki qal'alar bilan qo'shimcha devor qo'shilishi.^[28] Qurshovi Krems 1477 yilda Metyu Korvinus to'pni shahar devorini yiqitishda birinchi marta samarali foydalangan. Ushbu voqea Avstriyaning ko'plab shahar devorlarini mustahkamlash yoki qayta loyihalashtirishga olib keldi. Qurshovi Kufshteyn tomonidan Imperator Maksimilian 1504 yilda daryo bo'ylab artilleriya poezdini suzib yurgan karvonsaroy devorning bir qismi sifatida daryo bo'yida mustahkam uylarga ega bo'lishning zaifligini ochib berdi.

Friesach-Petersberg-Schalenturm-da ochiq minora

Freistadtdagi Bohmertor ichkaridan miltiq qurollarini namoyish qilmoqda.

Artilleriyani o'rnatish uchun devor minoralari ishlab chiqilishi bilan ularni poroxdan chiqadigan tutun tarqalishi kerakligi sababli, ularni ochiq orqa yoki "Schalenturm" bilan qurish kerak edi. Tez-tez og'ir qurollarni olish uchun minoraga bir yoki bir nechta mustahkamlangan yog'och pollar kiritilishi mumkin edi.^[29] Keyinchalik, ularni foydalanishga yaroqli binolar qilish uchun ko'pgina orqa yoki "ochiq darali minoralar" devor bilan o'ralgan, ammo minora Frizach ochiq orqa minoraning yaxshi namunasidir. Ba'zi darvoza minoralari ham orqa tomoni ochiq edi. Bohmertor at yaxshi misoldir Freistadt Yuqori Avstriyada. Mana uchta qurol xursandchilik^[30] yoki teshiklarni ko'rish mumkin, burchakda bo'lganlar xandaqni yopish uchun burchak ostida. Xandaq ustidagi tortish ko'prigi uchun vertikal yoriqlar ham ko'rish mumkin.

Mantelmauer yoki parda devori

Bratislava shahar devorlari. Oldingi devor oldida "Mantelmauer" tasvirlangan tasavvurlar

Avstriyada (shuningdek, Bogemiya va Moraviya kabi husilar shaharchalarida) Tabor, lekin ayniqsa Jihlava ) asosiy devor atrofida pastki ikkilamchi devorlar (mantelmauern) paydo bo'ladi.

Freistadtdagi himoya devorlari, mantelmauer va xandaq bilan kesma.

Statt Villach bir nechta devorlarni ko'rsatadigan istiqbolda (Merian)

To'p otishining zarbasini olish uchun er ikki devor o'rtasida joylashgan bo'lib, bu zaminning asosiy devor tagidagi bo'sh masofada o'q otishining zararli ta'siridan saqlanishni anglatardi. Ikkilamchi devorlarda ko'pincha devorlar orasidagi "o'lik" joylarga kirgan tajovuzkorlarga o't ochish uchun dumaloq minoralar o'rnatilgan. Ikkilamchi devor tashqarisida keng xandaq yoki xandaq, ba'zan esa xandaqni o'rab turgan yana pastroq devor bo'ladi. Avstriyada ushbu qo'shaloq sxemalar Sent-Polten, Kremsning dastlabki nashrlarida namoyish etilgan. Enns, Freistadt, Sent Veit an Glan, Bryuk an der Leyta, Tulln va Vena. Merian nashri Villach bir nechta devorlarning yaxshi tasvirini beradi. Karintiyadagi Frizaxda sharqiy tomonda ikki qavatli devorlar mavjud bo'lib, tashqi devor hali ham keng suv bilan to'ldirilgan xandaq bilan o'ralgan.

Italiya va Germaniya mudofaa tizimlari va Turkiya tahdidi

Albrecht Dürerning Roundel minorasi 1527

XVI asrning boshlarida shaharning ayrim devorlariga kuchayib borayotgan Turkiya tahdidiga javoban katta dumaloq blokxaus yoki "dumaloq" minoralar qo'shila boshlaydi (1529 yilda Venaning birinchi qamal qilinishi). Ushbu davra suhbatlari 1527 yilda rassom va harbiy muhandis tomonidan tasvirlangan Albrecht Dyurer fortifikatsiya risolasida Etliche Underricht zur Befestigung der Stett Schloss und Flecken1527 yilda nashr etilgan. Ushbu dumaloqlarning asosiy maqsadi to'plar uchun platforma vazifasini bajarishdan iborat edi, ammo pastroq qurol portlari kichikroq artilleriya qismlari uchun qurol ilmoqlarini ham ta'minladi. Roundels odatda Linz va St Veit an Glan singari devor bilan o'ralgan shaharlarning burchaklarida joylashgan.

Raabs an der Thaya. Orqa tarafdagi Roundel minorasi

Melkda monastirning SE burchagiga dumaloq joy berildi, u erda shahar devoriga to'g'ri keladi Kufshteyn to'plar devorlar ustiga otilib chiqishi uchun Qal'aga tutash joylashgan - bu qal'a o'rnini egallaydi. Poroxni saqlash zarurati kabi maxsus minoralar qurilishiga olib keldi Pulverturm Kremsda va Bludenz va boshqa joylarda.

Davomida shaharlarni Habsburg hududlariga shved hujumidan himoya qilish zarurligi O'ttiz yillik urush, ayniqsa ostida Tortennson o'ttiz yil oxirida, ayniqsa, Quyi Avstriyada devor bilan o'ralgan shaharlarning mudofaasi kuchayishiga olib kelishi kerak edi. Buni Waidhofen an der Ybbs, Linz, Melk va Weiner Neustadtda ko'rish mumkin.^[31]

1520-yillardan boshlab Xabsburg imperatorlari Ferdinand I va Maksimilian II Italiya harbiy me'morlarini turklarning muomalasi oldida shaharlarni qayta jihozlash va qal'alar yaratish uchun ish boshladi. 1520 yilda Martino Allio tayinlandi Maurermeister yilda Radkersburg va uning orqasidan taxminan 1530 yil o'g'li ergashdi Domeniko dell'Allio (1505-1563). Bastionlar bilan qalinlashgan devorlar, ravelinlar va merlonlar ularning ko'rinishini yaratish. Vena, Klagenfurt va Radkersburg endi deyarli yutib bo'lmaydigan ko'rinishni namoyish etdi. D'Allios "Grazer arxitektura maktabi" ning asoschilari sifatida qaraladi. Harbiy ishlarga ixtisoslashgan ushbu me'morlar guruhi kelib chiqishi italyan edi, lekin asosan Grazdan ishladilar. Ularning asosiy vazifasi Vengriya chegarasi bo'ylab istehkomlarni yangilash va mustahkamlash edi, ularning bir qismi hozirgi zamon talablariga javob beradi Xorvatiya. Ayni paytda Stiriya mintaqasida quyidagi qal'alar qurilgan yoki yangi ta'mirlangan: Graz va Shlossbergdagi qal'a (1545–1589, 1597–1639), Marburg / Maribor (1545–1562), Radkersburg (1546–1607), Pettau / Ptuj (1549–1570), Rann / Brejice (1554-1600), Fyurstenfeld (1547-1600) va Feldbax (1621-1626).^[32] Bilan yakunlangan Turkiya tahdidining kuchayishi bilan Venani qamal qilish 1683 yilda Habsburglar ko'pincha etakchi italiyalik harbiy muhandislardan foydalangan holda mahalliy fuqarolardan strategik shaharlarning mudofaasini qurishni o'z zimmalariga oldi. Boniface Wolmuet kabi boshqa harbiy me'morlar, ba'zilari italiyalik va shveytsariyalik / germaniyaliklarning ba'zilari, ayniqsa Venadagi juda keng ishlarda ishladilar.^[33]

Vena yaxshilandi

Italiyaning harbiy me'morchilik uslubi Yuqori Avstriyaga taalluqli emasligi va Venadan tashqari, faqat Quyi Avstriyada juda cheklangan tarzda ishlaganligi sezilarli. Merian shuni ko'rsatadiki, Krems mudofaasining burchaklariga ravelinlar qo'shilgan va Merian yer rejasi Korneuburg O'rta asr mudofaasiga qo'shilgan burchakli qal'alarni ko'rsatadi. Katta iz qalasi ning N W burchagiga qo'shildi Obere Shtadt da Klosterneuburg, ehtimol yanada kengroq sxemaning bir qismi sifatida. Ushbu sxema, qamaldan keyin turklar chiqib ketganidan keyin talab qilinmagan Klosterneuburg 1683 yilda (bu Venani qamal qilish bilan bir vaqtda sodir bo'lgan).^[34]Zaltsburg shahzodasi-arxiepiskoplari yangi italiyalik modani qabul qilishda sustkashlikka yo'l qo'yishdi. Da Radstadt ularning turkiy tahdidga javoban istehkomlarni an'anaviy ravishda mustahkamlashdan foydalanish kerak edi, ammo 1620-1646 yillarda Zaltsburgda arxiyepiskop Parij fon Lodron, o'ttiz yillik urush tahdidi ostida va ostida shvedlar Tortennson, foydalanishga topshirildi Santino Solari, Zaltsburg mudofaasini kengaytirish uchun Ticino-dan shveytsariyalik / italiyalik. Xususan, atrofi atrofida ravelinli to'rtta yirik izdoshlar qurilgan Mirabell saroyi. 1646 yilda Solari ish boshladi Neumarkt am Wallersee arxiepiskop uchun, lekin uning sxemasi, ehtimol, tugallanmagan.^[35]

Shahar mudofaasining saqlanishi va pasayishi

Nizom berish ("Stadtrext") devorlarni va mudofaani saqlab qolish uchun mas'uliyatni aholiga yuklaydi va shuningdek, zarur bo'lganda shaharni himoya qilish uchun fuqarolarning kuchini (Burgergarde) ta'minlaydi, Formadagi Burgergarde ba'zi avstriyalik shaharlarda 1920 yilda tarqatib yuborilguncha omon qoldi, ammo ular bor yilda qayta tiklangan Radstadt, Murau va Eggenburg. Burgergarde ko'pincha devorlari uchun kattaroq qasr berildi, chunki ularning ustunlari va boshqa minoralar hunarmandlarning zarhallariga berilgan bo'lishi mumkin. 17-asrning oxiriga kelib, nashrlardan olingan dalillar shuni ko'rsatadiki, ba'zi shahar devorlari buzila boshlagan va 18-asrda Mariya Tereza va Jozef II iqtisodiy o'sishni rag'batlantirish uchun eshiklarni olib tashlashni rag'batlantirgan. Ammo bu frantsuz kuchlari edi Napoleon kimki katta qal'alarni buzish va tekislash uchun ko'p ish qilgan bo'lsa Klagenfurt. Endi ko'plab shaharlarning devorlariga va zovurlariga yoki xandaqlariga uylar qurila boshlandi va yangi halqa yo'llari paydo bo'la boshladi. Vena shahrida meri Karl Lyuger juda mustahkam qal'alarni olib tashlash va ularni o'rniga qo'yish bilan katta buzish vazifasini o'z zimmasiga oldi. Ringstrasse. 20-asrda devorlar va minoralarni buzish davom etdi, ammo endi ularni tarixiy qiziqishlari uchun saqlab qolish kerak degan fikr kuchaygan. Ehtimol, shahar devorini qasddan himoya qilishning birinchi misoli 1909 yilda bo'lgan Imperatorlik Madaniyat va ta'lim vazirligi^[36] berilgan Drosendorf Ta'mirlash dasturini amalga oshirish uchun 3000 kron. Da Radkersburg, 1920 yillarning o'zida ishlab chiqilgan istehkomlarni saqlash va namoyish qilish boshlandi. Gitler, tug'ilgan joyi bo'lgan Braunau am Inn, 1893 yilda shaharning shimoliy darvoza minorasi buzilganidan xabardor bo'lgan va uni qayta qurish uchun rejalar tuzgan (bajarilmagan). So'nggi paytlarda shaharlarni himoya qilish bo'yicha keng qamrovli ishlar olib borilmoqda Vaytra, Tsvetl, Xaynburg, Drosendorf va Radstadt.

Topografik nashrlar, dastlabki xaritalar va GIS shaharlarni himoya qilish uchun dalil sifatida

Albrecht Dyurerning Insbrukdagi akvarel tasviri, c1490

Avstriyaning devorlari bilan o'ralgan shaharlarning dastlabki suratlari ko'pincha kutilmagan joylarda sodir bo'ladi. XV asrdan boshlab devor bilan o'ralgan shaharlarning taniqli tasvirlari avstriyalik cherkovlar va monastirlarning qurbongohlari haqidagi Injil rasmlariga fon sifatida paydo bo'ldi. Eng diqqatga sazovor joylar - Vena va Krems v. 1390–1400 yillar tarkibiga kiritilgan Shottenstift Venadagi Shotlandiya monastiridagi qurbongoh. Tsvetl va Klosterneuburg Abbeylari o'zlarining asoschilarining oilalarini aks ettiruvchi muhim qo'lyozmalarga ega. Kuenringer va Babenberglar. Leopold III ning Klosternuebergdagi rasmida ham Abbey, ham "stadt" tasvirlangan Klosterneuburg 1480 yil atrofida. Cherkovlar va Abbeylarda ko'pincha shaharlarning devorlari tasvirlangan. Shaybbsdagi "stadt" ning batafsil ko'rinishi shular jumlasidandir O'yin abbatlik Taniqli rassom Albrecht Dyurer, shuningdek, harbiy muhandis bo'lgan, tashrif buyurgan Insbruk 1490 yil atrofida va "stadt" mudofaasining ajoyib erta akvarelini yaratdi. Birozdan keyin Xevvenxuller oila o'zlari lord bo'lgan shaharlarning mudofaasini aks ettirish uchun bir qator akvarellarni buyurtma qildilar. 17-asrdan boshlab ko'plab shahar va shaharlarning mudofaasini ko'rsatadigan yog'li rasmlar mavjud. Himoya buzilgan Vena, Zaltsberg va Klagenfurtning manzaralari, ayniqsa, ularning asl holati to'g'risida fikr berish uchun foydalidir.^[37]

Erta bosilgan xaritalar

Shedelning Vena haqidagi qarashlari 'Nürnberg Xronikalari 1493

Avstriyaning devor bilan o'ralgan shaharlari paydo bo'lishining asosiy manbai turli topografik rassomlar tomonidan nashr etilgan shahar va shaharlarning panoramali nashrlaridan olingan.^[38] Eng qadimgi edi Xartmann Shedel 1493 yilda "Nürnberg xronikasini" nashr etgan (1440–1514). Bunga qarashlar kiritilgan Zaltsburg va Vena. Uning orqasidan ergashdi Sebastyan Myunster (1488–1552) kimlar kiritilgan Feldkirch va Vena 1550 yilda nashr etilgan "Cosmographia" da.^[39] 1572 yildan 1617 yilgacha "Civitates Orbis Terrarum" ning olti jildi Jorj Braun (1541-1622) va Frants Xogenberg (1535-1590) paydo bo'ldi.^[40] Bunda beshta avstriyalik xaritalar Zalsburg, Vien, Gmünden, Linz va Sankt-Polten edi.

Merian, Vischer va Valvasor

Georg Matthaus Vischer, avstriyalik kartograf - 1684 yilgi Mezzotint

Yoxann Vayxard fon Valvasor, tarixchi va topografik rassom

1642 yildan 1654 yilgacha Matthaus Merian, shaharlarning tasvirlari va tavsiflarining 16 jildini nashr etdi Topografiya Germaniae.^[41] 1649 yilda Maynning Frankfurt shahrida nashr etilgan "Provinciarum Austriacarum" to'qqizinchi jildi Avstriyani qamrab olgan.^[42] va devorlarga boy shaharlarning 56 ta gravyurasini o'z ichiga oladi. Ushbu jild 1679 yilda qayta nashr etilgan Georg Matthaus Vischer 1672 yilda Quyi Avstriyaning qal'alari, monastirlari va mustahkam shaharlarini o'z ichiga olgan uchta asarini nashr etgan,^[43] Yuqori Avstriya 1674 yilda^[44] va qismlarini o'z ichiga olgan Shtiriya Sloveniya 1681 yilda.^[45] Ko'pincha Vischer Merianning oldingi qarashlarini nusxa ko'chiradi yoki yangilaydi, lekin Vischerning ko'pgina asarlari ilgari tasvirlanmagan kichik shaharlarni o'z ichiga oladi. Yoxann Vayxard fon Valvasor 1641-1693 yillarda Vischerning hamkasbi bo'lgan va topografik nashrlarni ishlab chiqargan Karniola knyazligi in 1679, which comprises part of modern Slovenia and Karintiya 1688 yilda^[46][47] Amongst the Carinthian views are the walled towns of Oberdrauburg, Zaxsenburg, Sankt Veit an der Glan va ko'rinishi Klagenfurt showing the Italian style defences constructed by Domeniko dell'Allio

The ‘Josephinische’ and the ‘Franziszeische Landesaufnahme’

Other important sources are the Josephinische Landesaufnahme^[48] and the Franziszeische Landesaufnahme,^[49] which were large-scale maps prepared for Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Frederick. The Josephinische Landesaufnahme was a secret cartographic venture compiled between 1764 and 1787, of which only two handcoloured versions were initially kept, while the Franziszeische Landesaufnahme was a revised version (1807–1869), which was printed. The Josephinische Landesaufnahme which are to the scale of 1:28,800 often show the layout of towns with some evidence for walls, gates and bastions, while the 'Franziszeische Landesaufnahme' will often give information about the survival of gates and other features of walled towns.

More recent research on town walls

August Ottmar Essenwein

A pioneering study of Austerian town walls was commenced by August Essenwein (1831–1892), who in 187? published a study of the town walls of Frizach Karintiyada.^[50] Essenwein was a medieval historian and architect, and was largely responsible for a monumental work on Medieval architect and building techniques. His reconstruction drawing of the Frisach fortifications give considerable insight into the appearance of Austrian walled towns

The research being undertaken since 1982 for the Österreichischer Städteatlas which is part the International Commission for the History of Towns^[51] is providing additional information about walled towns and their layout. This provides maps for the specific periods and gives details of early prints and maps as well as other source material. So far 54 Town Atlases have appeared, most of which are for walled towns.With the availability of GIS imagery through Google Earth and the Austrian Landes websites it is now possible to bring together with documentary prints and historical sources, a far more detailed picture of existing remains and the former appearance of the walled towns. The Landes sites for Upper and Quyi Avstriya^[52] Shtiriya and the Tyrol provide more detailed aerial photographs on which present day property boundaries can be overlaid, often revealing remarkable details of town walls, which may be missed on the ground, The Styrian site also reproduces the large scale map of the province in 1778 and the Upper Austrian site the ?Franz Josef Kataster of the 1830s, which provides many details, particular the existence of gate-towers, which have been subsequently removed. On the Vienna site there is a series of large scale historic maps showing in great detail the fortifications of at various periods, together with a commentary on the work of the Military engineers who were involved in this work.

Adabiyot

• Herbert Erich Baumert, Georg Grüll: Burgen und Schlösser in Oberösterreich, Band 2: Salzkammergut und Alpenvorland. Birken-Verlag, Wien 1983, ISBN  3-85030-042-0.
• Peter Csendes, “Urban development and decline on the central Danube, 100-1600” in T R Slater, ed. ‘Towns in Decline AD 100-1600’,
• Dehio Niederösterreich nördlich der Donau. 1990 yil
• Dehio- Niederösterreich südlich der Donau, 2003
• Dehio-Xandbuch. Die Kunstdenkmäler Österreichs. Kärnten. Anton Schroll, Wien 2001, ISBN  3-7031-0712-X,
• C Duffy "Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494-1660" RKP, London, 1979
• C Duffy "The Fortress in the Age of Vauban and Frederick the Great 1660-1789, Siege Warfare Volume II, RKP, London, 1985
• Franz Eppel -revised Eppel G & Zotti W, “Das Waldviertel: Seine Kunstwerke, Historischen Lebens-und Siedlungsformen” Verlag St Peter, Salzburg 1989.
• Kurt Woisentschläger, Peter Krenn: Die Kunstdenkmäler Österreichs. Dehio-Handbuch Steiermark: (ohne Graz). Anton Schroll & Co, Wien, 1982, herausgegeben vom Bundesdenkmalamt, ISBN  3-7031-0532-1
• Bundesdenkmalamt Österreich (Hrsg.): Dehio-Handbuch, die Kunstdenkmäler Österreichs. Topographisches Denkmälerinventar. Oberösterreich. Band 1: Peter Adam, Beate Auer u. a.: Mühlviertel. Berger, Horn/ Wien 2003, ISBN  3-85028-362-3.

Town walls in Austria

Burgenland

• Donnerskirchen. Granted a Market charter in 1659. In 1661 a wall was built round the town. Much of the wall has disappeared, but a wall still survives round the fortified parish church.

• Eyzenstadt. Mentioned as “Castrum Ferrum“ in 1118. In 1300 there a reference to "Zabemortun" – a Hungarian term for the Free settlement of St Martin, probably implying that it was a market town. In 1372 King Louis of Hungary mentions Eisenstadt as part of the Manor of Hornstein and in 1373 it was granted a Manorial Town charter and given to the Kanizsay family, who were given permission to enclose the town with a wall. Market rights granted 1388. The town was taken by the Turks in 1529 and again in 1532. The Town is shown from the N in the Merian print of 1649/1679. Today the N wall still largely survives, with an angled bastion at the NE, and a long stretch of wall on the S with a larger low bastion on the SE corner.^[53]

• Gussing First mentioned in 1157 when the Benedictine Abbey was founded.^[54]

• Oggau am Neusiedler qarang. Defences constructed in the earlier part of the 17th century that consisted of a wall with two gateways and three bastions, To-day only two lengths of wall survive including a 55m restored length behind the Kindergarten School with 14 keyhole gun ports.^[20]

• Purbach am Neusiedler See. Almost rectangular walled defences built in the 1630s with four gate-towers which were completed in 1634. Most of the wall survives, as well as the Nordtor, Westtor and Sudtor gate-towers. There are angle bastions at the corners, similar to those at Eisenstadt, for the mounting of artillery.

• Zang was granted market rights in 1470 and walls were built round the town in 1512 by Count Peter von Bosing. Ravaged by the Turks in 1529. There is a five sided corner tower at the NE dated 1614 and angle bastions for artillery were added in 1640. Walls and moat survive in the SW. The Alte Pfarrkirche is surrounded by houses, suggesting that a fortified “Tabor” existed. Originally three town gates, and the Old Town Gate or Lake gate (towards the Neusiedler See) still exist. In 1681 the citizens of Rust purchased a Charter from Emperor Leopold I and Rust becomes a ’Royal Free City’ or Stadt. In 1703 Rust surrendered without a fight in the Kuruzzen wars and Count Karoly, a Kuruzzen General, set up his main headquarters in Rust.^[55]
• Stadtschlaining. A planned town, laid out by Andreas Baum Kircher between 1461, (when he was granted Schlaining Castle by Emperor Frederich III) and his execution in 1471 for his part in an uprising against the Emperor. The town lies below Schlaining castle and is almost rectangular with surviving walls, but the gate towers have been demolished.

Carinthia (Kärnten)

• Frizach – The site of town was given by Nemis Lyudvig uchun Zalsburg arxiyepiskopi in 860 AD, and the town later housed the Archbishop's mint. The town defences were the subject of a notable early study by A Essenwein in 1863.^[56] An impressive town wall, 11 metres high, in three angled lengths, runs from the ruins of the Petersburg Castle in the NW to the Vergilienberg Castle in the S.^[57] This is on the east side of the town and in front of this wall is a secondary wall surrounded with moat filled with water- the three gate towers have been demolished. On the west side, walls still remain linking a further small castle, the Rotturm, to the other two castles.^[58][59][60]

• Gmünd in Karnten – An almost rectangular town layout with a spindle shaped market place, with two gate towers at each end. The walls and four gates survive largely intact and the Alte Burg castle is at the northern corner of the rectangle. The town received its charter from the Archbishop of Salzburg in 1346. The walled area was expanded (probably to the west) after a fire in 1504.^[61]

• Klagenfurt – The defences of Klagenfurt were largely removed in 1809, but the Merian view of 1679, shows them to have been of massive fortress construction with flanked corner bastions, and four gates with bridges over a wide moat. The Matthus Sutter map of c.1735 shows the fortifications had an almost lozenge shaped layout with an interior grid plan of streets and a large rectangular market place.^[62]

• Oberdrauburg. The settlement was sited on the Roman road, Klaudiya Augusta orqali, between Akviliya va Aguntum. The castle was first mentioned in 1240 and in 1292 became part of Görzer or Gorizia. In 1325 granted marktrect.^[63] The print by Yoxann Vayxard fon Valvasor shows that Oberdrauberg was walled, but no walls now appear to survive.^[64]
• St Andrä. Most of the walls shown in Merian's print of 1679 have largely disappeared but two gateways remain.

• St Veit an der Glan – Rectangular layout with the inner walls largely surviving, but the four gate towers were demolished between 1851 and 1890. The inner wall had small parapet towers set into it. The outer wall had demi-lune bastions and at the NW and SW corners were two large roundel towers. NW blockhouse tower still survives and there was an outer moat.^[65] There is a long rectangular market place and the town and its defences appear to have been extended to the NE from the market place, probably at the end of the 12th century, when the Karintiya gersoglari built their palace in the NE corner of the town.^[66]

• Zaxsenburg. First mentioned in 1213. Close to the confluence of the river Drava with the Mölltal.^[67] Noted as a market in 1326 and walls had been built by 1358. A territory of the Archbishop of Salzburg until 1803. Valvasor shows the town with a simple wall, with equally spaced keyhole gunports . There were three gates.^[68] The walls were partly demolished in by French Troops in the Napoleon urushlari.^[69]

• Strasburg. The walled town was placed between the castle of the Prince-Bishops of Gurk in the N and the river Gurk in the S. Strassburg was first mentioned in 864, when Lui nemis uni berdi Zalsburg arxiyepiskopligi. The castle was erected in 1147 under the fourth Bishop of Gurk Roman I, and town was given market rights in 1229. Some walls remain together with a small round corner tower. The gateway to the SE has been removed.

• Villach – Apart from a few fragments of wall, tower and evidence for a moat at the NW corner of the defensive circuit, none of the walls or gates now survive. Merian ’s plan of the town in 1649 and the prospect view of 1679 show extensive fortifications. There were six gate towers and a defended bridgehead across the river Drau. The bridgehead was walled with a further gate-tower and a bastion in front. The river Drau curves round Villach, and on the river frontage there was a single wall, but on the western and southern sides there was a secondary wall with a series round towers. In front of this secondary wall there was a wide moat fed by the Drau.^[70]

• Völkermarkt is sited on a cliff overlooking the river Drau. In 1090 Volko of Rheinfranken laid out a trading town for Ulrix II, Karintiya gersogi. Then in 1217 a bridge was built over the Drau. Today there is virtually no evidence for the fortifications apart from fragments of wall and a tower on the SE edge of the cliff. However two Merian prints show that the town was fully walled with gate towers on the E and W. On the flatter land to the N the wall was angled and there was a prominent round tower. On the craggy promontory to the S there was another gate tower with a road leading to the Drau bridge. The town had a large rectangular market place that has been encroached upon by buildings.^[71]
• Volfsberg. The walled town occupied both sides of the river Lavant in the Lavantal. The castle, mentioned in 1178 as ‘Wolfsperch’, was on an outcrop with walls stretching down to the river. On the W was the main portion of the town joined with a bridge over the Lavant. The town was the centre of the Bamberg arxiyepiskopi ’s estates in Karintiya and received a charter in 1331. The Merian print of 1679 shows the western part of the town with a N gate with a defensive bastion in front of it. It also shows a W gate and wall with round and square towers set into it, which was fronted by a wide water-filled ditch. Only one square tower, the Marterturm survives.^[72]

Lower Austria (Niederösterreich)

• Allentsteig Situated at the headwater of the Taya. The walled area is approximately rectangular. The walls and two gatetowers were removed in the early years of the 19th century. The wall lay to the S of Dr Ernst Krenn Strasse and the E of the Spittalgasse. Ashort length of wall survives to the SW of the castle. The castle, which lies in the N of the area, is mentioned as a Kuenringer possession in 1132. At the same time the parish church is mentioned, which was a daughter church of Altpölla. A large and important coin hoard of c.1170 was deposited in this area.^[73] A spindle shaped market place on an E-W axis (Hauptstrasse) was laid out to the S of the castle and there was a ‘stadtor’ (gatetower) at each end of the market. This layout presumably occurred around 1276 when Allentsteig was granted marchrect. The shape of the market appears to have been altered by the ‘Statberg’, which presumably provided a second market area to the NE. In 1380 Allentsteig passed to the Herren von Kamegg-Kaya and is now mentioned as a ‘Stadt’.^[74]
• Amstetten. Not walled but ditched and banked. Granted a market in 1276. Merian shows a gate tower on the Linzer Strasse and vertical images show that a ditch survives to the north while the ‘graben’ to the south should represent the line of the ditch. Spindle shaped market place running eastwards from the gate-tower, which presumably terminated at another gate-tower.^[75]

• Baden. First mentioned in 869 in connection with Buyuk Britaniya and again in 1125. Granted a charter (Stadtrecht) in 1480.^[76] No evidence of a wall today, but clearly shown in Vischer 's print of 1672.

• Bruck an der Leitha. On the old border with Hungary. First mentioned in 1074, charter 1239. Vischer ’s print of 1672 shows a town with a double wall system and a wide moat with gate-towers.^[77] The Schloss Prugg (castle) occupies the NE corner of the walled circuit and had its own water filled moat. Vischer shows three massive round corner qal'alar on the E/S sides, which have disappeared. The walls are some of the best preserved in Austria and there are two surviving towers, the Ungarn Turm and the Wien Turm. The moat and secondary wall can be seen in places and the secondary wall has a round tower at its termination in the castle park. Grid street plan with large rectangular market place.^[78][20]

• Drosendorf.^[79] Charter 1240. One of the best preserved and researched of the Austrian walled towns.^[80]

• Dyurshteyn

• Ebenfurt. On the former boundary of Austria with Hungary. Granted a charter in 1515. Today, apart from the Castle, there appears to be no trace of defensive walls. The Merian (1649/1679) and Vischer (1672) prints show the town was well fortified. Both artists show the town from the SE looking across the river Leyta, but Merian shows the walls in a ruinous state and a gate tower with a bastion in front, while the Vischer shows the gate tower blocked, without the bastion and a large round tower has appeared to the S of the gate-tower. It is possible that these changes were made to counter the Turkish threat. The gate tower may be the same as the Stattor that was still standing in the 1850s. Vertikal GIS images and present day property boundaries show that the Ebenfurth defences were roughly five sided, joining onto the castle at the south.

• Eggenburg.^[81] One of the best preserved town wall circuits in Austria, with the remains of the castle at the SW on a craggy promontory jutting into river Schmida. Market mentioned in 1180, charter granted in 1277 forum novum.^[82] On the W the wall runs along the edge of a cliff alongside the Schmida to the Kanzlerturm (built c.1405) on the NW. On the N side from the Kanzlerturm there is a long length of wall, with a walkway behind a parapet, and evidence for a moat in front and the remains of the Wahrsagerturm. On the E is a length of wall with the Klosterturm, and with the Hohlturm or Swedish tower on the SE corner. The Southern gate tower has disappeared but the wall continues back towards the castle with evidence for two further towers.^[83]

• Gmund was situated at the confluence of the Lunsenitze Lainsitz and Schremelitze Braunau on the border between Austria and Bohemia. The castle was established and the town laid-out by the Kuenringer Hadmar II, sometime in the last quarter of the 12th century. By 1208 Gmünd was being mentioned as a stadt. To-day the gate-towers have disappeared, but many lengths of wall survive incorporated into adjacent houses

• Gross-Enzersdorf (Vienna 22).^[84] Groß-Enzersdorf has one of the most complete walled circuits in Lower Austria, although the three gates were finally removed in 1886. The town was originally sited on the former Sachengang Island in the river Danube and is first mentioned in 870 as a 'Meierhof, – probably a royal manor – that was held by the Engelschalk oila. This passed to the Passau yepiskopligi and in 1202 Groß-Enzersdorf came into the control of the Frayzing episkoplari. At this time a market is mentioned at Groß-Enzersdorf . A charter was granted to the town in 1396 and Bishop of Freising, Berthold of Wehningen, who was also at the time Chancellor of Austria, arranged for a wall to be built, completed in 1399. Builders who had previously been working on St Stephen's cathedral in Vienna, were brought in and stone and building materials were transported from the Roman site at Karnuntum. During the assault on Vienna in 1529, the Turks conquered and devastated the town. Keyinchalik, Xorvatlar were brought in to resettled the town. The town was again taken by the Turks at the second siege of Vienna in 1683. In the O'ttiz yillik urush Shvetsiyalik otliqlar looted and burned the town. In 1809 the town was taken by Napoleonic forces prior to the nearby Aspern jangi.The walls stand to about six metres with the crunulations still largely intact. The length of standing wall is about 2.2 kilometre and the wall varies in thickness from 90 to 160 centimetres. The walls have a row of putlog holes on the outside, below the crenellations, suggesting that a wood hoarding existed, The defences were surrounded by moat, which were partially waterfilled until the early 19th century. The layout of the defended area is irregular, suggesting that additional areas must have been taken in when the wall was built. There is a round tower at the most northern point and the remains of a rectangular tower set into the wall on the NE. The Vischer print of Groß-Enzersdorf of 1672 shows the town from the south looking towards the Wasser or Lobau gate-tower. There were also two other gatetowers, the Wittau on the E and the Raasdorf or Vienna gate on the NE.^[85]

• Xaynburg. Possibly the most complete of the Austrian Walled Towns with three surviving gates, eleven towers and only a short length of wall and a tower between the Weintertor and the Danube missing.^[86] Hainburg was recognised as an Imperial Fortress by the Reichtag of Nurnberg in 1050 as a border fortification. In 1200 Hainburg was granted Stapelrext.^[87] The Weinertor, the gateway that faces towards Vienna is particularly impressive. The lower section, part of which is of a ‘double drum’ or ‘Doppelturmtoren’ construction, was built in the second half of the 13th century and is reminiscent of a Rim shlyuz. Similar double drum gates can be seen at the Marshiertor at Axen, the Hahnentor at Kyoln va da Metz.^[88] The massive upper storey of the gate, supported by a gotika gable, was added by Bohemiyaning Ottokar II.

• Hardegg. Overlooks the river Taya on the Austrian border with Moraviya. The castle was built by the Counts of Plaien around 1200. Mentioned as a stadt with fifty houses in 1363. One gate-tower and a length of wall remain to-day.^[89]

• Gertsogenburg. Tomonidan tashkil etilgan Bavariyaliklar ostida Duke Tassilo III in the 9th century and divided into two parts with the earlier "Untere Markt" and the later "Obere Markt". The Vischer print of 1672 shows a walled town with a N gate and a W gate. The wall has largely disappeared and would have been on the line of the present day Schillerring. The gates have gone, but one of the two round towers between the gates is still there. To the north the ditch survives and there is one tower and remains of two further towers outside the precinct of the Monastery in the NE corner. To the E there seems to have been a ditch incorporating a rivulet, and later defences may have been moved further east to the line of the Auring.

• Shox.^[90] The original settlement was around St Stephen's Church on the W side of the Taffa river. It was first mentioned around 1050. Between 1150–1160 Count Kerold laid out a new town on the E side of the Taffa and by 1282 Horn had received a charter. The town has an internal H shaped road layout, similar to many Shtiriya towns, but unlike the Styrian towns in that there is a three sided market place ‘Dreiecksplatz. Horn castle, which includes a rectangular Bergfrid or fortified tower, lies on the SE of the town. No gate-towers survive and the main surviving lengths of walls are on the S, and N and W sides. On the N a long length of moat survives and from the evidence of GIS and property boundaries it appears that there was a secondary wall immediately in front of the original wall and an outer wall on the further side of the moat. There is a round tower still standing which is forward of the main wall and would have been set into the secondary wall. Merian (1649/79) shows Horn from the North and at this time there was a large ‘Teich’ or fishpond, placed there as part of the defences, in front of the moat. Also shown by Merian is a further defended area with a wall on the E side of Horn, joining the Mayerhof to a ‘Wehrkirche’ or defended church at the Ridenburg. This church has now disappeared, but a further view by Vischer in 1672, show Horn from the E, with a wall crossing the valley of the Taffa and an outer gate on the Wiener Strasse. Vischer also shows a large D shaped bastion on the SW of the main fortifications, which still survives. This bastion would have been used for mounting heavier artillery to cover the Taffa valley.^[91][92]

• Kirchschlag in der Buckligen Welt. Defences erected by the Kuenringer in 1240. Market in 1454. On the old border between Austria and Hungary.^[93]

• Klosterneuburg. Originally a rectangular Roman auxiliary fort site placed on a prominent bluff overlooking the Danube.^[94] This fort may have continued as a defensive work and settlement until Margraf Leopold III decided to move his main residence here in 1113 AD. In 1133 AD, he founded the Augustinian Abbey, which now lies over the site of the fort and dominates the City. Bogemiyalik King Ottakar II appears to have laid out a new town to the S and SE of the Abbey around 1250 and a Market charter was granted in 1256. This was the Oberstadt. Below this to the west the Church of St Martin had been founded around 1050. Archduke Albrect II then laid out a second town, the ‘Unterstadt’ that was walled, using St Martins as the parish church. In 1298 both towns were granted a joint charter. There is little evidence for the once extensive fortifications, but these can be reconstructed from the Vischer print of 1672 and the Merian print of 1649/79. The Vischer print looks from the town showing the wall of the ‘Unterstadt’ facing the Danube with a gate tower. The W wall of the Oberstadt is shown prominently, also with a gate-tower and there is also evidence for the massive 16th century iz qalasi, presumably designed by an Italian military architect to the NW of the Monastery. The Merian view is taken from the E looking W and shows corner towers and the E gate -tower to the Oberstadt and a rectangular tower or gate-tower on the S. All this evidence for the fortification has now largely disappeared but the NÖ GIS information with property boundaries shows evidence for a moat at the SW corner of the Oberstadt and the position of the trace bastion at the NW adjacent to the old course of the Danube.^[95]

• Korneuburg has an almost ovoid layout . The large rectangular grid plan layout with a large square in the centre has been compared with Sileziya town layouts and presumably represents a re-design of the internal layout at the start of the 14th century, within the older town defences. Bunga xos Sileziya layout is the Market Square with the ‘Ringplatz’, with an isolated ‘Rathhaus’ or Town Hall in the centre, which was surrounded by the market. Originally Klosterneuburg and Kornueburg were administered together as ‘Nivenburg’. Kornueberg had market rights by 1114 and was granted a charter in 1298 by Duke Albrecht I, which led to the formal separation of Kornueburg from Klosterneuburg. in 1298 by Duke AlbrechtI I. Also by this charter the town was to have ‘landesfürstliche Festung’, implying that the Emperor rather than the citizens were responsible for the maintenance of the wall. The main information for the defences comes from the plan of the defences published by Merian about 1650. This shows a double wall, and beyond this a water-filled moat circling the town. At various strategic points there were ravelinlar, which were moated. Three gates, the Kloster Tor, the Viener Tor and the Schiff Tor, each had a circular moated barbik in front of them, presumably with a drawbridge. The Schiff Tor, which survived into the late 19th century, would have been a Watergate, leading to the Danube, before the river moved its course. The other gates have disappeared, and the moat filled by a road that circles the inner town, The inner and outer wall are clearly discernable in modern property boundaries, as is a ravelin to the S of the site of the Schiff Tor. Some substantial lengths of wall survive in the NE of the circuit.^[96]

• Krems. Krems is first mentioned in 995, which indicates that it had become part of the German, or more specifically Bavariya hududni joylashtirish. The name Krems implies that it was Slavyan and may have been on the frontier of the Greater Moravian Empire, which occupied much of the territory of Quyi Avstriya to the N of the Danube prior to 907 AD. Furthermore, the plan of the medieval walled town suggests an ovoid layout with a citadel on the N side, typical of a Phase 2 Slavic settlements dating from the start of the 9th century.^[97] The Merian print of 1679 shows the town walls facing the Danube had a secondary wall and a number of round towers. Merian also provides a complete plan of the defences to illustrate the siege of Krems by the Swedes in 1646. There were ravelinlar between the walls and the Danube probably constructed by an Italian military engineer, in the 1550s. To-day the impressive barbik Steiner Tor forms the W gateway, further walls and the Pulverturm of 1477, survive on the N and east, together with fragments of wall and a tower adjacent to the Muhlgasse on the S^[98]

• Laa an der Thaya.^[99] First mentioned around 1150. This is presumably a reference to the Altstadt, which is the N of the planned town. The town was laid out in a rectangular plan by Duke Leopold VI and granted a charter in 1230^[100]

• Litschau. Litschau was first mentioned in 1215 and received a charter in 1386. Between 1237 and 1297 Litschau was a possession of the Kuenringer and it is possible that during this period the town was laid out and the walls built. The Vischer print of 1672 shows a simple wall with crenellations and gun casemates below. There was a gate-tower on the E. Some fragments of wall survive and there appears to have been a moat on the N side.

• Maysau. First mentioned in 1114 and noted as town in 1380, but the placename suggests that it was of Slavyan origin ‘Missov’. Vertikal tasvirlar va mulk chegaralari taxminan NW ga qal'a qo'shilgan, taxminan tasvirlar shaklidagi qirrali va palisadli to'siqni taklif qiladi. SHda omon qolgan darvoza minorasi mavjud va u qal'aning mudofaasi bilan oldingi devor chizig'i bo'ylab devor bilan birlashtirilgan. Qal'aning darvozasi ham to'siq chizig'ida.^[101]

• Marchegg Avstriya chegarasida va Slovakiya, Vengriya bilan tarixiy chegarada, darhol mart daryosiga ulashgan. Bugungi kunda zamonaviy aholi punkti juda katta to'rtburchaklar maydonga qaraganda ancha kichik - 800x750 metr - Quyi Avstriyadagi eng katta o'rta asrlar rejalashtirilgan turar joyi, u yerda va mulk chegaralarida aniq belgilab qo'yilgan istehkomlar bilan qoplangan.^[102] Shahar arxeologik va uchun beqiyos imkoniyatlarni taqdim etadi geofizik ushbu davrdagi shaharlarning qanday qurilganligi va mustahkamlanganligini ko'rsatish uchun so'rov. Shaharcha tomonidan tashkil etilgan Bohem Shoh Ottakar II 1268 yilda u NW burchagida joylashgan Qal'ani barpo etdi. Yaqin atrofdagi jangdan so'ng Durnkrut 1278 yilda Ottaker o'ldirildi va uning hududlari Habsburgga o'tdi Dyuk Rudolf. Shaharning to'rtburchaklar shaklida joylashishi Ottakerdan ko'ra Dyuk Rudolf rejalashtirgan shaharlarga ko'proq mos keladi. Marchegg Moraviya va Vengriya chegaralarini xavfsizligini ta'minlash va transchegaraviy savdoni rag'batlantirish uchun mo'ljallangan. Qo'rg'onlar haqida ba'zi fikrlarni olish mumkin Vischer 1672 yildagi bosma nashrida dumaloq minoraga va boshqa kvadrat burchakli minoraga tutashgan shlyuzli devorli shaharcha ko'rsatilgan. Vienertor va Ungartor, ikkita devor va bitta dumaloq minoradan iborat ikkita eshikning qismlari saqlanib qolgan.^[103][20]

• Mautern "Favianis" ning Rim yordamchi lageri joylashgan.^[6] O'rta asrlarda Rim devorlari mudofaa sxemasi sifatida qayta ishlatilgan. Dastlabki to'rtburchaklar yordamchi lager O'rta asr devorlari bilan taqqoslaganda kichikroq edi - bu joy darhol cherkovning S ga qadar Al-Fridhofstrassega qadar joylashgan. 3/4-asr oxirlarida Mauternda "legio I Noricorum" ning bir qismi joylashtirilgan va Rim devorlari bilan o'ralgan shimolga Tuna tomon qarab kengaytirilgan. 1463 yilda Mauternga Dunay ustidan devor bilan o'ralgan shaharchaga ko'prik qo'shildi Shteyn. Merian nashrida (1679) Mautern S-dan to'rtburchaklar bilan o'ralgan shaharcha sifatida darvoza minorasi va xandaq ustidagi ko'prik mavjud. Devorning SE burchagi kavisli bo'lib, u Rim qarorgohi mudofaasi chizig'ida ekanligidan dalolat beradi. Ushbu burchakda zamonaviy mulk chegaralari ham egilgan va demi-lune qal'asining qoldiqlari saqlanib qolgan. Merian chop etish. Missongassse va Alte Fridhofstrasse tutashgan joyidagi SW burchagida, Merian ushbu pozitsiyada hozirgi uy sifatida tiklanganga o'xshagan baland burchak minorasini namoyish etadi. Shimolda Rim devorining Mautern muzeyiga tutashgan Rim minorasiga cho'zilgan Rim devorining tiklangan uzunliklari bor.

^[11]

• Melk. Monastirning janubida joylashgan shahar o'z nizomini 1227 yilda qabul qilgan, ammo ancha oldinroq yashagan. Hozirda cherkovga yaqin minoradan tashqari shahar devorlari haqida ozgina dalillar mavjud. Ammo Merian 1679 yildagi ko'rinish shaharning sharqiy va g'arbiy tomonlarida ikkita eshiklari va janubiy devorida to'rtta minoralari bo'lgan devorlarning holatini ko'rsatadi. Shuningdek, monastirning SE qismida devorlarga qo'shiladigan katta dumaloq minora ko'rsatilgan.

^[104]

• Poxlarn. Dastlab "Arelape" Rim qal'asi.^[9] Birinchi marta 832 yilda eslatilgan va Nibelungenlied (1200 atrofida) afsonaviy Margreyv Ryudigerning "Bechelâren" o'rindig'i sifatida. 1130 yilda bozor va 1267 yilda nizom bergan Regensburg episkopi. Merianning Pochlarn nashri a-ni ko'rsatadi jazolangan Dunay bo'ylab ikkita dumaloq minoralar bilan o'ralgan devor, ulardan biri - Velserturn 1482 yilda qurilgan. E & W tomonlarida ikkita eshik minoralari bor edi va Qal'a SE burchagida edi. S-da to'rtburchaklar Pfeiferturm saqlanib qoladi. Pochlarn qisman ma'qullanganga o'xshaydi.

• Raabs an der Thaya

• Retz.^[105] Retz haqida birinchi marta 1180 yilda eslatib o'tilgan va yangi shaharga Dyuk Bechhtold I tomonidan 1300 yilda asos solingan.^[106][107]

• Sankt-Polten. Tomonidan "Aelium Cetium" ning "munitsipiyasi" sifatida tashkil etilgan Imperator Hadrian milodiy 122 yilda. Rim turar-joyining panjara rejasi O'rta asrlar tartibida saqlanib qolgan va Rim mudofaasi O'rta asrlar shahar devorlari bilan bir xil holatidadir.^[108] Birinchi marta 799 yilda "Treisma" nomi bilan tilga olingan. Egalik qilish Passau yepiskopi u Xabsburgga berilgunga qadar Imperator Maksimilian 1490 yilda. 1058 yilda bozor huquqi va 1338 yilda ustav berilgan. 1250 yil atrofida devor bilan o'ralgan.^[109] Bor Braun va Xogenburg panoramali nashr 1600, va shunga o'xshash 1649/1679 nashr Merian. Ushbu nashrlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, devor muntazam ravishda avtomat kassetalarni joylashtirgan va uning oldida dumaloq minoralar bilan past krenellangan devor bo'lgan. Katta shakldagi artilleriya mavjud bastion. Darvoza minorasi bilan ko'rsatilgan barbik mudofaa oldida ishlaydi.^[110]

• Scheibbs. Shahar Erlauf daryosi oldida. Qadimgi aholi punkti Qal'aning hududida joylashgan bo'lib, u 1120 yil atrofida shimolga cho'zilgan. 1160 yilda shaharni Peilshteynning Graf Konradidan Otto de Shibis egallagan. Otto de Shibis Oberer Markt maydonini yaratdi. 1218 yildan boshlab shahar Kartfiziya abbatligiga berilgan O'yin, bu shaharni yanada rivojlantirgan va N ni Ginningbax daryosiga qadar kengaytirgan. 1218 yildan boshlab shahar shaharni yanada rivojlantirgan va Ginningbax yo'nalishini o'zgartirib, uzun to'rtburchaklar shaklidagi "Unterer Markt" ni yotqizgan N-ni kengaytirgan Kartuziya O'yin Abbeyiga berildi. 1338 yilda bozor xartiyasi berildi va 1349-1342 yillarda Abbey shaharni devor bilan o'rab oldi. 1352 yilda Dyuk Albrecht II shaharga nizom bergan. Dastlab devorda beshta darvoza minorasi va o'n uchta minoralar bor edi. Pulverturm bo'lgan eng qadimgi minora 1360 yilda qurilgan va ehtimol artilleriya o'rnatish uchun to'siq bo'lgan. Uchta darvoza minorasi va bir qator dumaloq minoralar omon qolgan. Shahar Turkiyaning qamaliga qarshilik ko'rsatdi? 1523 yilda.^[111]

• Shrattenthal birinchi marta 1220 yilda zikr qilingan. Qamalga olingan va Gussitlar 1445 yilda Ulrich Eitszing 1438 yilda bozor va 1472 yilda ustavga ega bo'lgan shaharni qayta mustahkamlaganga o'xshaydi. Uzun to'rtburchaklar bozor joyi. Minora va devorlarning bo'laklari N tomonda qoladi va SH.Stadt Tor shlyuzi SE da saqlanib qoladi.

• Shteyn milodiy 9-asrda paydo bo'lgan ko'rinadi. XI asrdan boshlab Shtayn ostidagi Dunayda bojxona yig'ish markazi sifatida rivojlandi Babenberglar. 1305 yilda unga qo'shma nizom berildi Krems - bu darhol E ga - va 1463 yilda Tuna bo'ylab unga qo'shiladigan ko'prik qurilgan Mautern. Shtayn - E dagi Alaun daryosidan Vgacha bo'lgan Dunay ko'prigigacha cho'zilgan uzoq aholi punkti. Merian 1679 yildagi bosma nashrida deyarli to'rtburchaklar bilan o'ralgan turar-joy bor, lekin N ga doiraviy kengaytmasi bilan asl yashash joyi bo'lgan Frauenburgni olish uchun. Merian devorga o'rnatilgan ko'plab dumaloq minoralarni namoyish etadi va ulardan ikkitasining bo'laklari Rataus Platz hududida saqlanib qolishi mumkin. Dunay ko'prigi qurilganda va Merian yo'lga ikkita eshik minorasini ko'rsatganda devorlar kengaytirilgan edi Vaxu W-darvozalardan birida Wachau Tor omon qoladi. XIX asrda buzib tashlangan devor kengaytmasida o'rnatilgan Mauterner Tor plyaj minorasi bor edi. Devorning tirgaklari N va g'arbda qolmoqda va bir qator kvadrat minoralar mavjud, yana bir darvoza minorasi, Kremser Tor E.da saqlanib qolgan.^[98]

• Traismauer. Rimning "Augustinianis" yordamchi qal'asi sifatida tashkil etilgan va tomonidan garniton qilingan Ala Trakum I taxminan 90-yildan boshlab. Mudofaalar taxminan xuddi shu holatda, 3-4-asrning oxirlarida, 'Augustinianis' 'equmies Dalmartae' 'otliq bo'limi tomonidan garnizonga olinganida, keng miqyosda yangilandi. Sharqiy darvoza minoralari; Wienertor yoki "Romertor"; mavjud Hungerturm va qal'aga kiritilgan qal'aning barchasi ushbu bosqichdan omon qoladi.^[7] Rimliklarga milodiy 488 yilda ketgan va bu mudofaadan foydalanishda davom etgan deb taxmin qilinadi. VIII asrda Traismuer muhim ahamiyatga ega edi Karolingian orasidagi hudud uchun ma'muriy markaz Enns va Vena. V asrning boy dafn marosimi. Milodiy 800 yil cherkov cherkovida topilgan Markgrafen Kadalokniki bo'lishi mumkin. 833 yilda slavyan malikasi Privina bu erda suvga cho'mdirilgan va Traismauer bu erda eslatib o'tilgan Nibelungen saga). Milodiy 860 yilda Traismauer King tomonidan berilgan yirik yer egaligining bir qismi edi Lui nemis uchun Zalsburg arxiyepiskopligi. O'rta asr qal'asi mustahkamlangan maydonning NW burchagiga o'rnatildi. O'rta asrlar davrida shahar bir oz ahamiyatini yo'qotdi va 1458 yilgachagina unga bozor huquqi berildi. 1500 atrofida, Zalsburg arxiyepiskopi Leonhard shaharni g'isht devorlari bilan qayta mustahkamladi va uni suv bilan to'ldirilgan xandaq bilan o'rab oldi. S va E devorlari Rim mudofaasidan 5 metr narida joylashgan. Vayner Tor qurilgan ko'prik bilan qayta tiklandi va yana ikkita "SentPoeltner Tor" darvozasi bor edi - 1861 yil buzilgan va "Fleischturm" 1877 yilda buzilgan. Xandaq 1772 yilda to'ldirilgan edi. Vischer Traismauer-ning 1672 yildagi bosma nusxasi, devorlari dumaloq minoralar va to'rtburchaklar eshikli minora bilan tasvirlangan.

• Tulln an der Donau. Dastlab O'rta asrlar shaharchasining NE qismini egallagan "Comagenis" ning Rim ohaklari qal'asi. Dunay daryosining old tomonida joylashgan va milodiy 300 yillarga oid Rim devorining katta qismida joylashgan "Salzerturm" katta Rim minorasi hanuzgacha saqlanib qolgan. Rim qal'asi S-dan Wienergasgacha cho'zilgan.^[8] Tulln Buyuk Karl uchun 791 yilda avarlarga qarshi olib borgan kampaniyasida to'xtash joyi bo'lgan va 985 yilga kelib joylashtirilgan. Bu shahar ma'muriy markaz bo'lgan. Babenberglar 1158 yilda ustav berildi. Taxminan shu vaqtda shahar g'arb tomon kengaytirilgan va bozorning yirik to'rtburchaklar tarmog'i rejasiga kiritilgan. Vischer 1672 yilda janubdan Tullnning ko'rinishi shaharning dumaloq minoralari va xandaqqa ega bo'lgan ikkinchi darajali devorga ega ekanligini ko'rsatadi. Minoraning bir qismi va xandaqqa oid dalillar SW burchagida omon qoladi.

^[112][113]

• Waidhofen an der Thaya.^[114] Uchburchak shakldagi shaharcha, uchburchak bozor va mudofaaning oxirida E qal'asi. Dastlabki turar joy Olt Vaydhofendagi E ga qadar bo'lgan. Birinchi marta 1171 yilda eslatib o'tilgan va tegishli Dyuk Leopold VI 1220 yilda, 1230 yilda Xartiya qabul qilingan. Devorlari asosan omon qolgan, ammo darvoza minoralari g'oyib bo'lgan. N devorida markazlashtirilgan holda joylashtirilgan katta artilleriya bastioni mavjud va mulk chegaralari Vaydhofenni N va V tomonlarga bog'lab qo'yilganligini taxmin qilmoqda. The Vischer 1672 yildagi bosma rasm, devorlarning SW burchagida katta burchakli qal'ani ko'rsatadi.^[115]

• Waidhofen an der Ybbs ga o'tish joyida o'tiradi Ybbs Ambax Bruk bilan va daryolar qo'shiladigan tepada Qal'a bilan uchburchak shaklga ega. Bu birinchi marta 1171 yilda Frayzing episkoplari va 127 yilda "civitas" sifatida eslatib o'tilganmi ?. Devor qurilishi bundan oldin 1274 yilda boshlangan va 1390-1410 yillar orasida devorlar juda mustahkamlangan Frayzing episkopi, O'sha paytda Avstriyaning kansleri bo'lgan Bertold fon Vayningen. Berthol devorga 13 ta minorani qo'shgani aytilgan, ammo Merian 1692 yildagi batafsil tasvirida faqat ettita to'rtburchaklar minoralar va to'rtta darvoza minoralari ko'rsatilgan bo'lib, ular o'zlarining mustahkamlangan maydonida o'rnatilgan Spiral Kirchga qo'shni bo'lib, Sgacha Ybbs Tor va SW ga qadar Spital Torni o'z ichiga oladi. Merian devorlarni kranellatsiz, lekin muntazam ravishda artilleriya teshiklari bilan namoyish etadi. Ambax soyiga parallel ravishda Sda suv bilan to'ldirilgan xandaq bor edi. Merian, shuningdek, S.Vaydhofen atrofidagi to'rtburchaklar panjara qal'adan Ybbs Torgacha etakchi uzun va shpindel shaklidagi "Ober Markplatz" va undan kengroq bo'lgan "Unter Markplatz" ning ikkita bozoriga ega ekanligini ko'rsatadi. uch tomonlama. Tartibga solish, Ober Markplatzning oldingi bosqichga tegishli ekanligini ko'rsatadi.^[116]

• Wiener Noyshtadt. Babenberg tomonidan 1192 yilda qurilgan yangi shaharcha Dyuk Leopold V Avstriya, uning knyazligini olganidan keyin Shtiriya, kumushdan foydalangan holda (120,000 Mark)^[117] ning to'lovidan Lionxart Richard devorlarni to'lash uchun. Himoyalar 600 dan 680 metrgacha bo'lgan to'rtburchaklar shaklida. Shaharga 1210 yilda nizom berildi. Shahar shahar bilan tarixiy chegarada joylashgan Shtiriya gersogligi va Vengriya. Qal'a - SE burchagi - imperatorning qarorgohi edi Freidrix III va tug'ilgan joyi Imperator Maksimilian I. Merian 1679 yildagi bosma nashr shaharning burchaklaridagi pastdan yasalgan katta dumaloq bastionlarni aks ettiradi, ammo ular o'sha paytga italiyalik uslubda sivri bastionlar bilan almashtirilgan bo'lar edi. Ikkinchi Jahon urushida bombardimon qilish natijasida devorlarga katta zarar yetgan. Bastionlar endi omon qolmasa-da, uzunligi bor jazolangan Eckturm yashaydigan NWdagi devor, minora bilan V uzunlik, Sda tiklangan uzunlik va E ustidagi yana minora va devor uzunligi.^[118]

• Vaytra.^[114] 1201 dan 1208 yilgacha Kuenringer Hadmar II. Erning E ga qadar balandroq qismida joylashgan Lainsitz daryo, orasidagi chegarada Bohemiya va Avstriya. 1321 yilda xartiya bergan. Shaharning devori Sharqda omon qolgan XVI asrning "Obere Tor" darvozasi bilan deyarli buzilmagan. Devorlarning SE tomonida qurilgan Uyg'onish qal'asi avvalgi O'rta asr qal'asi o'rnida bo'lishi mumkin.^[119]

• Wilhelmsburg. 850 yilgacha Bavariyaliklar tomonidan joylashtirilgan. 1209 yilda Babenberg Dyuk gertsogi Leopold VI, Vilgelmsbergga berilgan Stift Lilienfeld. Shahar devori 1330 yildan keyin qurilgan.^[120]

• Ybbs an der Donau. Ybbs tomonidan Sarlingda dastlabki yog'och cherkov 8/9-asrda qurilgan. 788 yilda. O'rtasida jang bo'lib o'tdi Bavariyaliklar va Avarlar Ybbsda. Ybbs Dunay chegarasi bo'ylab devor bilan o'ralgan edi, shimoliy sharqda to'rtburchak minora va SE da omon qolgan yumaloq minora bilan. Dunay daryosi oldidagi mudofaalar yaxshi tasvirlangan Merian 1679 yildagi bosma nashr. Quruqlik tomonida shahar xandaq bilan yarim dumaloq yoy bilan o'ralgan edi. Darvozalar omon qolmaydi, lekin devorlar hali ham ba'zi uylarga kiritilgan bo'lishi mumkin.^[121][122]
• Zeiselmauer. Qattiq devorli shahar emas. Dunayda. Rim yordamchi qal'asi tomonidan qayta mustahkamlandi Babenberglar 10-asrda, lekin hech qachon bozor yoki nizom bermagan.^[123]
• Zistersdorf. Birinchi marta 1160 yilda egalik huquqida qayd etilgan Albero III fon Kuenring -c1115-1182AD. Quyi Avstriyadagi Kuenringerlar oilasiga mansub beshta devor bilan o'ralgan shaharlardan biri. Himoya davri deyarli yumaloq shaklga ega va dastlab banklangan va palisadlangan edi. Shahar 1284 yilda o'z ustavini olgan payt bilan bir vaqtda devor bilan o'ralgan edi. Keyinchalik qal'a SW ga qo'shilib, katta to'rtburchaklar bozor joyi paydo bo'ldi. Barcha eshiklar g'oyib bo'ldi, ammo ko'plab devorlar omon qoldi, ko'pincha uylarning orqa qismida, ayniqsa Stadtgrabengasseda joylashgan. The Vischer shaharning janubiy tomonida pastki qurol portlari va E darvoza minorasi bo'lgan oddiy kranellalangan devor bo'lganligi haqida 1672-yilgi nashr. N-Stadtgrabengasse-ning mulk chegaralari, bu tomonda keng xandaq yoki xandaqni taklif qiladi.

• Tsvetl.^[79] Tsvetl Tsvetl Avstriyaning eng qadimiy shaharlaridan biri bo'lgan ko'rinadi. Fuqarolarga Dyuk Leopold tomonidan 1200-yil 28-dekabrda stadtrext berildi. Shahar 1158 yilda yaqin atrofdagi Tsvetl monastiriga asos solgan Kuenringerlarning asosi bo'lgan. Bu ism slavyanlardan olingan joy nomi va slavyanlarning dastlabki turar joyi darhol Propsteyburg bo'lar edi. ShKning SW-ga. Bu dastlab 12-asrning boshlarida Kuenringer tomonidan hal qilingan bo'lar edi. Romanesk cherkovi va unga aloqador Karner (Kanal uyi) taxminan 1150 yilda tashkil topgan.^[124]

Zaltsburg shtati (Zaltsburg quruqligi)^[12]

• Hallein 1198 yilda birinchi bo'lib tuz ishlab chiqarishning yirik markazi bo'lgan. Shahar devorlari 1300 yilgacha qurilgan va deyarli to'rtburchaklar shaklidagi shaharcha daryo o'rtasida joylashgan. Salzak sharqqa esa balandroq er. Tartibni hozirda 1792 yilgi model aniq ko'rsatib turibdi Zaltsburg muzeyi. Devorlarning aksariyati g'oyib bo'ldi. Greistor darvozasi, shuningdek devorning uzunliklari

• Neumarkt am Wallersee. Arxiyepiskop uchun rejalashtirilgan shaharcha sifatida qurilgan Zaltsburglik Eberxard II 1240 atrofida va "Novum forumi" deb nomlangan. Bu Archdiocese ning NW chegarasida strategik muhim mavqega ega edi va dastlab tijorat jihatdan muvaffaqiyatli bo'lganga o'xshaydi, ammo O'rta asrlarning tuzilishi saqlanib qolmaganga o'xshaydi, 1638 yilda Zalsburg sobori me'mori Santino Solari tomonidan saytni mustahkamlash yoki qayta mustahkamlash uchun topshiriq berilgan Arxiyepiskop Parij Graf fon Lodron. Erdagi omon qolgan dalillar ozgina. Cherkovning N ga, boshqasiga esa S ga ikki yoki uchta italiyalik iz qoldiruvchilar bor ko'rinadi. Bu qandaydir shakl bo'lishi mumkin. yulduz qal'asi, ammo, ehtimol, qo'rg'onlar hech qachon qurib bitkazilmagan.
• Radstadt. Avstriyadagi eng yaxshi saqlanib qolgan devorlardan iborat shaharlardan biri. Hudud dastlab VII asrda tomonidan joylashtirilgan Bavariyaliklar va 13-asrda Zalsburg arxiyepiskopi qisman eski aholi punktining o'rnini bosadigan yangi shaharchaga asos solgan Altenmarkt. Bu arxiyepiskopning hududlari bilan chegarasida muhim strategik pozitsiyada edi Karintiya gersogligi. 1289 yil 27-iyulda, Arxiyepiskop fon Xohenegg Radstadt fuqarolariga - 'Rastattdagi shaharlar' - shaharga Zalsburg tomonidan berilgan shahar huquqlari, imtiyozlari va erkinliklarini beradigan nizomni chiqardi va ularni o'n yillik muddatga barcha soliq va bojlardan ozod qildi, bu xarajatlar bundan mustasno. shaharni mustahkamlash va himoya qilish uchun zarur bo'lgan. Bu shundan dalolat beradiki, shahar devorlari ayni paytda qurilgan. Aholi punkti dastlab E va W eshiklari va to'rtburchaklar shaklidagi N-S bozori bilan jihozlangan. XVI asrda arxiyepiskop ko'zda tutilgan turk tahdidiga qarshi turish uchun shaharni qayta jihozladi. Ulardan uchtasi tirik qolgan N va V dagi keng xandaqqa qo'shilgan katta dumaloq minoralar. 18-asrning boshlarida surat devorni tirgaklar bilan mustahkamlanganligi, parapet yo'lakchasiga va pastki kassaga qo'shilgan qurol-yarog 'joylarini aks ettirgan. qurol pozitsiyalari uchun uyalar. Shahar hanuzgacha "Burgergarde" militsiyasini saqlab kelmoqda.^[125][126]

• Zaltsburg munitsipaliteti. Zaltsburgning rivojlanishi dastlabki nashrlar bilan yaxshi hujjatlashtirilgan. Xartmann Shedel ichida Liber Chronicarum 1493 ning devor bilan o'ralganligini ko'rsatadi Altstadt Quyida (Eski shahar) Hohenzalsburg qo‘rg‘oni. The Altstadt bo'ylab ko'prik bilan birlashtiriladi Salzak daryo Platzl atrofidagi kichikroq aholi punktigacha. Tegishli bo'lgan 1565 yilda Zalsburgning yana bir ko'rinishi Piter Abbeysi, ko'rsatadi Altstadt dan Kapuzinerberg Salzakning narigi tomonida. Bu shuni ko'rsatadiki, endi eski devor oldida Quay bo'ylab uylar qurilgan. NWda 11-12 asrlarga oid eski devor Niederlegturm qal'asidan boshlanib, keyin Platz muzeyi yaqinidagi Shleifertor yoki Westertor Gatehouse-ga, orqaga burilishdan oldin boshlangan. Monxsberg. Monchsberg tepaligiga qadar qo'riqchi minorasi, shu jumladan, qal'alar ko'rsatilgan Hohenzalsburg qo‘rg‘oni. Quay dengizining SE tomonida devor atrofidagi Hohenzalsburg qal'asiga qaytguncha Kumpfmulhltor suv darvozasi va Nonntaltor darvozasi mavjud. Nonnberg abbatligi. Hohensalzburg qal'asi ostida Melk va Kufshteyndagilarga o'xshash katta dumaloq minora ko'rsatilgan. Ushbu ko'rinish nashr etilgan unchalik batafsil bo'lmagan ko'rinishga juda o'xshash Braun va Xogenberg 1572 yilda, bu Platzl atrofida daryoning narigi tomonida uchta qo'shimcha eshik minoralarini ko'rsatadi. Shahar devorlari 1465–1480 yillarda Platzlning N. qismiga burchakli minoralari bo'lgan to'rtburchaklar shaklidagi mustahkam maydon qo'shilganda o'zgartirilgan. Keyin 1620–1640 yillarda Santino Solari uchun mudofaani keng ko'lamli qayta qurishni o'z zimmasiga oldi Arxiyepiskop Parij fon Lodron daryoning ikki tomonida. Atrofidagi himoya Altstadt butun Zalzak bo'ylab va Ngacha cho'zilgan devor va butun Monxsbergni o'z ichiga olgan. Daryoning narigi tomonida, Platzl va Mirabell saroyi, odatiy italyancha uslubda to'rtta kaltak va ravelinlar qurilgan. Bugungi kunda bu Mirabell bog'laridagi bastion bundan mustasno.^[127]

Shtiriya (Steiermark)^[128][129]

• Bruck an der Mur. Ning quyilish joyida Mur va Murz daryolar, 1263 yilda Bohemiya qiroli Ottaker II tomonidan tashkil etilgan deyarli to'rtburchaklar shaharcha, u "Novella Plantatio" deb nomlangan. Shaharda tarmoq rejasi va to'rtburchaklar shaklida katta bozor joylashgan. Eski "Ruine Landskron" NE burchagida. Devorlar N tomonda va daryo bo'yida omon qoladi. N devorida ikkita dumaloq minoralar mavjud, ammo avvalgi darvozalar - Leobnertor, Grazertor va Vienertor g'oyib bo'ldi.

• Feldbax. Felbaxda "Tabor" 16-asrning boshlarida Felbach cherkov cherkovi atrofida qurilgan to'rtburchaklar shaklidagi mustahkam uylar guruhi edi. Bular Hayduklar - venger dehqon qaroqchilarining hujumiga muvaffaqiyatli qarshilik ko'rsatdilar. Bozor joyining SW burchagidan omon qolgan Grazer Tor - bu uyning eshigi. "Tabor" ning saqlanib qolgan uylari muzey majmuasi sifatida saqlanib qolgan.

• Fridberg. Quyi Avstriya, Shtiriya va Vengriya bilan tarixiy chegara chegarasi o'rtasida. Tasvirlangan Dehio "Städtchen" sifatida shahar va qal'a 1170 yildan keyin "Vechel Strasse" yoki Savdo yo'lini himoya qilish uchun qurilgan. Wiener Noyshtadt va Gleysdorf. Himoyalar xarajatlarining bir qismi 1194 yilda to'langan to'lov evaziga qoplandi Arslon yuragi Richard . Bugungi kunda mudofaa va qal'a g'oyib bo'ldi, ammo GIS va mulk chegaralari devor bilan o'ralgan idishni holatini ko'rsatadi.
• Furstenfeld orasidagi tarixiy chegaraga yaqin joylashgan Shtiriya gersogligi va Vengriya. Uning strategik pozitsiyasi XVI asr o'rtalarida turklarga qarshi qayta mustahkamlanishi bilan ta'kidlangan. Shahar uzun to'rtburchaklar shaklida bo'lsa-da, mulk chegaralari va vertikal havo fotosuratlari uning ikkita alohida qism yoki shaharchadan iborat ekanligini ko'rsatadi. SE qismida qiyshiq ko'cha rejasi mavjud, u Y shaklidagi bozor joyi bo'lib, unga 1200 ga yaqin cherkov asos solgan Sent-Jonning ritsarlari jihozlangan va Pheilburg qal'asi. Shahar taxminan 1170 yilda tashkil etilgan Ottokar IV, Shtiriya gersogi. 1215 va 1220 yillar orasida Babenberg Leopold VI Ehtimol, boshqa shaharga biriktirilgan gridli ko'chalar rejasi bilan deyarli kvadrat shaharni qurgan. Ikkinchi shahar to'rtburchak chegara shaharlariga juda o'xshaydi Quyi Avstriya, lekin boshqasida ko'rinadigan H ko'cha rejasiga ega bo'lganligi sababli farq qiladi Shtiriya shaharlar. Ushbu reja ikkita asosiy parallel ko'chadan iborat bo'lib, ular bozor bo'ylab keng maydon bilan birlashib, X uchun barni tashkil etadi 1232 yilda Furstenfeld ham bozor huquqlarini, ham nizomni oldi. XVI asr o'rtalarida italiyalik harbiy me'mor tomonidan mudofaani keng qayta qurish Domeniko dell'Allio (1505-1563) O'rta asr devorlariga oid ko'plab dalillar yo'qolgan degan ma'noni anglatadi. Shaharning burchaklarida to'rtta katta burchakli burjlar qoldiqlari mavjud. Qal'ani qayta qurish 1581 yilda tugatilgan.^[130]

• Graz. Graz nomi erta slavyan aholi punktini nazarda tutadi va ko'cha rejasi ovoid shaklidagi ilova-Vtdagi Sackstrasse va SHning egri Vikenburggasse-Glacisstrasse - degan ma'noni anglatadi. Shlossberg erta shaharlarda hukmronlik qilgan qal'a sifatida NWda. Ammo avvalroq 1115 yilda eslatib o'tilgan avvalgi devorlar shahar S va V ga tegishli bo'lib, Mur daryosiga borgan. 1544 yildan italiyalik harbiy me'mor tomonidan Grazning qayta jihozlanishi boshlandi Domeniko dell'Allio O'rta asr mudofaasini yashirish uchun juda ko'p ish qildi. Merian 1679 yilda Grazning S dan olingan nusxasi Grazni 10 ta katta burchakli bastionlar bilan himoya qilingan, ularning oldida suv bilan to'ldirilgan xandaq bor. Ushbu nashrda O'rta asr darvozalarining ayrim minoralari tan olinishi mumkin va Eyzen Tor va janubiy O'rta asr devorlari parda devori dell'Allio himoyasining. Shuningdek, Y shaklidagi yoki "Driecksform" bozorining N tomonida Sackgasse-da uchta eshik bor edi va 1837 yilda buzib tashlangan Bruchentor va Murtor, ko'prik ustida va unga qo'shni edi. Mur. Bugungi kunda Shlossbergga tutashgan Burgtor va keyingi mudofaaning bir qismini tashkil etgan Eda Aussere Paulustor qolgan.^[131][132]

• Xartberg. Avstriya va Vengriya o'rtasidagi tarixiy chegara yaqinida joylashgan Xartberg Margreyv Leopold I 1125 yildan 1128 yilgacha bo'lgan Shtiriya "Kuchli". Birinchi marta 1286 yilda "Shtadt" shaharchasi sifatida tilga olingan. Bugungi kunda devorlarning qismlari va ikkita minorasi Reckturm va Shölbingerturm saqlanib qolgan.^[133]

• Judenburg. Daryo oralig'ida joylashgan Mur va Purbach irqi, Judenburg 1075 yilda savdo aholi punkti sifatida tashkil etilgan. 1224 yilda ustav bergan, birinchi bo'lib 1259 yilda eslatib o'tilgan devorlar asosan bir qancha minoralar bilan omon qolgan. Shaharga yettita darvoza buzib tashlandi. W va SW da mudofaaga xandaq va ikkilamchi devor qo'shildi. Shahar ko'pgina Stiriya shaharlari uchun odatiy H rejasiga ega bo'lib, bozor bo'ylab bir-biriga bog'langan ikkita parallel asosiy ko'chalar joylashgan.^[134][135]

• Knittelfeld tomonidan hozirgi holatida tashkil etilgan bo'lishi mumkin Shoh Ottaker II 1265 yil atrofida Bohemiya. 1302 yilda Dyuk Rudolf II Knittelfeldga "hozirda Judenburg tomonidan qo'llaniladigan barcha huquqlar" bilan nizom berildi. 17-asrda nashr etilgan nashrda Knittelfeld S-dan devor bilan o'ralgan shahar sifatida tasvirlangan bo'lib, uchta dumaloq bastion, ikkita burchak minorasi va W darvoza minorasi mavjud. NE daryosi bilan chegaralangan devorlarning kichik qoldiqlari. Shimol tarafdagi cherkov cherkovi atrofida devor yubka izlari. Bir burchak minorasi qisman omon qoldi. N-S ishlaydigan to'rtburchaklar bozor joyi mavjud^[136]
• Leoben daryoning burilish qismida hozirgi joyiga ko'chirildi Mur, 1262 yilda, tomonidan Shoh Ottaker II Bohemiya. Shaharning tartibi deyarli to'rtburchak bo'lib, daryoda cho'zilgan burilishning "bo'yini" kesib o'tdi. Shaharning E va V tomonlarida ham Mur bo'ylab ko'priklar bor edi. Dumaloq yoki to'rtburchaklar burchakli minoralar va to'rt-beshta darvoza minoralari mavjud edi. W -‘Mautturm yoki "Shvammerlturm" dagi darvoza minorasi hali ham qayta tiklangan shaklda turibdi. Shahar uzoq to'rtburchaklar bozor joyi bilan tarmoq rejasiga muvofiq qurilgan. S tomonda "Alle Glacis" devorning S ga qadar himoya maydonini saqlab qoladi. Massenberg qal'asi bunga asoslanadi. The Vischer shaharning V tomonidagi 1681 yildagi bosma rasmda devor qisman mustahkamlangan uylardan iborat bo'lganligi va qo'shimcha muzliklar, ayniqsa muzliklar hududiga qo'shilganligi ko'rsatilgan.^[137][138]

• Murzzuschlag. Birinchi marta 1227 yilda eslatib o'tilgan va temir qazib olish va qayta ishlash uchun "Eyzenrext" xartiyasi berilgan Dyuk Rudolf IV 1360 yilda Avstriya. Devorlari 1483 yildan 1487 yilgacha ikkita darvoza va uchta mudofaa minoralari bilan qurilgan. Himoyalar asosan 1830 va 1903 yillarda bir minoradan tashqari vayron qilingan. Maket to'rtburchaklar shaklida bo'lib, shpindel shaklidagi bozor joylashgan.

• Murau birinchi bo'lib 1250 yilda tug'ilgan joyi sifatida tilga olingan Ulrix fon Lixtenshteyn, qayd etildi Shtiriya shoir va rahbar. Shaharga Otto de Alte von Lixtenshteyn tomonidan 1298 yilda nizom berildi. Sayt juda murakkab bo'lib, Mur daryosining ikkala tomonida ikkita devor bilan o'ralgan bo'lib, ular ko'prik bilan birlashtirilgan. N shaharchasi balandlikdagi Qal'adan va bir-biriga bog'langan ikkita turar-joydan iborat. E aholi punkti Y tipidagi bozor joyiga ega va V aholi punkti daryoga parallel ravishda deyarli shpindel shaklidagi bozorga ega. Tirik qolgan devorlar qo'shilishadi Mur kichikroq gumbazga, N tomonidagi Rantenbaxga. Bu devorlarda g'oyib bo'lgan ikkita darvoza minorasi bor edi. S ga boradigan ko'prikdan tashqari yana ikkita darvoza minorasi bo'lgan ko'prik bor edi - biri Mur, ikkinchisi Rantenbax ustidan. Vischer Ehtimol, 1689 yildagi bosma nashrida, zich o'ralgan uylar, ehtimol o'zlari mudofaa chizig'ini hosil qilib, Mur daryosi bo'yida, S devorlari bilan o'ralgan shaharchaga olib boradigan darvoza minorasi bor. Ushbu janubiy aholi punkti to'rtburchaklar shaklida joylashgan. Sobiq Grünfels qal'asi va St Leonardning mustahkam cherkovi balandroq joyda joylashgan va devor bilan o'ralgan devorning S chegarasini tashkil etadi. Ushbu devorlar asosan omon qolgan va E da Frizaxtor darvoza minorasi joylashgan. Formada Burgergard, XIII asrda tashkil etilgan, hali ham mavjud.

• Neumarkt. Himoyaning NW burchagida joylashgan Forchtenstayn qal'asi bo'lgan to'rtburchaklar bilan o'ralgan shaharcha. Forchtenstein qal'asi 1224 yilgacha, ehtimol Zaltsburg arxiyepiskopi tomonidan qurilgan, shahar haqida birinchi marta 1394 yilda eslatib o'tilgan. Shahar deyarli to'rtburchaklar shaklida bo'lib, deyarli har bir uchida darvoza minoralari bo'lgan uzun, deyarli to'rtburchaklar bozor bor edi. The Joseph Landesaufn map of 1786 shows three towers on the NE and SE corners, another tower set between these towere on the E side and another tower at the SW. Today the Marburger Strasse skirts the outside of the town on the E and there is a length of wall and the NE tower surviving, as well as the towers on the SE and SW.

• Obervolz. One of the best preserved Austrian walled towns. The Murtal valley was granted to the Frayzing episkopi in 1007 and the Bishop established the Rotenfels Castle uning yashash joyi sifatida. The town was laid out to the W of the Castle. 1298 yilda Duke Albrecht I gave the Bishop a market and the right to surround it with a wall. The town was granted a charter in 1305. The walls were originally 10 metres high and were completed in 1317. There were 5 Gate-towers, of which three survive, and 8 towers on the circuit. The Schöttlbach stream runs on the W side and the Hintereggertor gate has slots for the provision of a drawbridge. The town has a long rectangular marketplace with the Schöttltor gate to the N.^[139]

• Obdach.

• Radkersburg is the only Austrian town to have extensive remains of Uyg'onish davri Italian style defences. The town is strategically positioned on an island in the river Mur. It was first mentioned in 1282, the year in which Albrecht I, Duke of Austria (1255–1308) became Duke of Shtiriya. The town seems to have gained a charter in 1299. The new town appears to have been part of the Habsburg scheme for defended trading towns along the Hungarian border of the Duchy of Styria. The Medieval walls survive in part and were incorporated into the later defences, while the tower of the parish church was originally a tower on the wall. In 1520 Martino dell’Allio from Skariya was appointed `Maurermeister` in Radkersburg, but it was his son Domenico dell’Allio, later the Habsburg Master of Works for Inner Austria, who started the construction of the new defences with a deep moat and four pointed bastions at the corner and ravelinlar on the E, S and W sides. The work of D’Allio was continued by Francesco Theobaldi and completed in 1591. In 1582 Radkersburg was elevated to an imperial fortress at the Reyxstag Augsburg. However the defences were far from successful and were devastated by floods and fires. Further alterations took place in the 17th century under Martin Stier and Michael Possaenner, which were completed in 1644. After the abandonment of the fortress in 1773, the fortress lands were given to the town, and were then split up and sold to the inhabitants. The town was made accessible and both the town gates -Grazertor and Ungartor-were removed. However, in 1842, the town was re-garrisoned. Systematic repair and conservation of the defences started in the 1920s.^[140]

• Rottenmann. The original settlement, mentioned in 927, was two miles to the east. New town laid out in the 12th century. Probably granted a Charter by Duke Rudolf I in 1280. Walls constructed in the 13th century with five gate towers. Today only the S gate survives with long lengths of wall to the SE and SW, together with evidence for a moat.^[141][142]

• Shladming, a mining town, was first mentioned in 1180 and a charter granted in 1322. Following the Farmers’ uprising in the 1520s Schladming's walls were partly levelled and the town deprived of its charter. However, the walls were re-instated in 1629. Now the W gateway ‘Salzburgertor’ and one of four towers remain.^[143]

• Stainach

• Voytsberg An almost rectangular planned town, probably laid out as a new town around 1200, with a long axial market place. The ruined castle of Obervoitsberg is to the N and is connected to the town with walls and rectangular towers. Little survives of the walls of the town itself, apart from a round tower at the SE corner. Some evidence that there were moats on the E and W sides.

Voytsberg^{[144][145][146]}

Yuqori Avstriya "Oberösterreich"

^[147][148]

• Braunau am Inn. Originally an oval defended area similar to Shvanenstadt (ÖÖ), but in the early 14th century the southern part of the enclosure was transected by a straight wall and a ditch and to the north the town was laid out on a grid pattern. A long rectangular market place stretches between the site of the Wassertor (demolished 1892), which faced the river Inn, and the surviving Salzburger Tor in the south wall.

• Eferding. Founded 1067AD, Charter 1222. This was the Roman Auxiliary Fort site of ‘Ad Mauros’ but there is no evidence as to how this fort relates to the existing remains of the walled town.^[149] Lengths of the wall survive but none of the gate towers. There was a double wall and ditch fortification to the east, and possibly a triple system to north of the castle, which was part of the defended enclosure.^[150]

• Enns. The Ennsegg castle was founded on the Georgenburg around 900AD as a fortress against the Magyarlar. A market followed and when Enns passed in 1192 to the Habsburgs, a fortified town was laid out with a grid plan and a rectangular marketplace. A charter was granted in 1212 by Leopold VI. The walls largely survive with the Frauenturm by the N gate, the Judenturm on the NW, the Backerturm and Pfaffenturm on the SW and the Ledererturm near the SE corner. The gate towers have disappeared -demolished 1844-6- apart from the former Linzertores, which now forms part of the Torwarterhaus on the west. The Vischer print of 1672 shows that on the NW and W there was a secondary wall with separate gates, but this wall has now largely disappeared.^[151]

• Freistadt. An almost four-sided fortified town with a large rectangular market place. Outside the main wall there is a secondary wall or ‘mantelmauern’. It is one of the best-preserved walled towns in Austria. Founded in 1241. There are two gate towers, the Bohmertor (N) and the Linzer Tor (S) and round-towers at the corners (Scheiblingturm, Heimatbundturm, and Pfefferbuchsturm with the Castle at the NE corner. There is also a fortified mill.^[152]

• Gmunden. Today only fragments of the wall survive, with a round tower at the NE corner. The Vischer print of the town in 1672 shows two square towers, and the quay fronting the Traunsee was defended with vertical palisading, with a gateway on the SW, a watergate onto the Traunsee, and a tower by the bridge across the river Traum. There was a gatetower set into in the North wall.^[153]

• Haslach an der Muhl. A market town fortified in the 14th century. Three gate-towers are shown on the Kaiser Franz I map (post 1817) but only one survives in the N W corner, adjacent to a round tower, with another tower on the SW. The walls survive on the W and S mainly incorporated into existing buildings.^[154]

• Leonfelden First mentioned in 1146 and granted a market in 1356. In the Gussiya urushlari, Leonfelden formed a frontier position with Bohemiya and was burnt in 1422, 1426 and 1427. Ovoid defended enclosure with long rectangular market place, which would initially have been defended by a bank with palisade, but around 1470 this was replaced by a wall 891 metres in circuit and moat 9–12 meters wide. The Franz II Kastater (1836- ?) shows that there were two gateways (Böhmer– and Linzertor).

• Linz. Rim qal'asi ‘Lentia’ was established early in the 1st century to the S of Linz Castle and probably between the Romergasse and the Baumbach strasse. The Bavariyaliklar established themselves here in the 8th century or earlier and the surviving church of St Martin (W.of Castle) was first mentioned in 799. A market was mentioned in 844 (?) and this probably refers to the ‘Alte Stadt’, a settlement with a Y ‘Dreiech’ market place, which grew up to the E of the Castle. In 1240 Linz was granted a charter and it may have been at this time that the new town with a long rectangular market place and a grid plan was laid out to the E of the Alte Stadt. Both this new town and the Alte Stadt were now enclosed in a rectangular defensive system, presumably walled, which was joined to the Castle on the W side.^[155] The Braun va Xogenberg print of 1594 gives a good idea of how the Medieval town developed. There were square towers on the four corners of the walled town, a gate-tower leading to the bridge, built in 1497 across the Danube on the N and a tall watch tower on the gate leading from the market place in the S. This view looking across the Danube from the N was copied with modification by Merian 1679 yilda va Vischer in 1672, but Merian in 1679 adds a completely new view (from the E) of Linz showing that it had been extensively re-fortified with three large dumaloq added on the E and S and two roundells to the W of the Castle. The Roundels were joined by a massive curtain wall and a wide inner moat or ditch. There were no additional defences on the N (Danube). This defensive work seems to be more likely to be 16th, rather than 17th century in date. The walls were demolished by the French from 1800 onwards. The Franz II Kataster (Map - post 1817) shows only one Roundell and the two gate-towers remaining and these had been demolished by the 1830s. Today only parts of the moat survive in the Theater Platz and Oberes Graben.^[156]

• Ottensxaym. On the evidence of property boundaries Ottensheim would appear to have been a walled town and the town's coat of arms shows a gate-tower with walls. Also The Franz II Kataster (Map - post 1817) shows a gate-tower on the N of town. The town, first mentioned in 1146, is bordered by the Danube on the S, with the castle on the W. The town is enclosed by an inner graben and an aussere graben to the N and E suggesting a double wall system rather than a bank and ditch enclosure. There is a rectangular N-S market place.

• Peuerbax. First mentioned in 1120 and originally in the Bavariya gersogligi lekin ga o'tkazildi Avstriya gersogligi 12-asrda. The original settlement is likely to have been ovoid, but was extended to the NE to include the church. A fragment of wall may survive to the S of the church and The Franz II Kataster (Map - post 1817) shows that two gateways were still in place in the 1830s. Besieged in the Farmers’ Wars of 1625/26, and by French troops in the Napoleonic Wars. The Merian print of 1679 shows the Castle in the SW, the E wall with moat in front, the S gate and the extension of the defences around the church.

• Ried im Innkreis. Reid has an almost rectangular layout with a grid pattern of squares and streets. The original settlement, first mentioned around 1160 was probably ‘Alt Reid’ to the north of the present site. The move seems to have been made in the mid 14th century and Reid was granted a market in 1364. There were four gates - of these the Braunauer and Schardinger survive, but the Münsterer Tor and the Linzer Tor have disappeared. The town walls were demolished and the moat filled in the 18th century.

• Schärding First recorded in 804 AD as a possession of Passau sobori. In the 13th centuery the Wittelsbax family built a castle adjacent to the river karvonsaroy and the town developed around the castle. A charter was granted in 1316. The walls with demi-lune bastions survive on the E side and had an earthen rampart to the rear and a wide ditch in front. Parts of the walls were pulled down by French troops in 1809. On the W, the Wassertor of 1427, survives, to the N the Passau Tor and on the E is the double bastioned Linzer Tor. In the 17th century the fortifications were extended to the S to include the Kurhaus Kirke. Merian ’s view of 1644 -in ‘Topographia Bavariae’- is looking across the river Inn showing the western defences and the extent to which the town was dominated by the Witelsbach castle^[157]

• Shvanenstadt. Birinchi sifatida Bavariya settlement ‘Suanse’ c790’ and as a market in 1361. An ovoid settlement with a long rectangular market place stretching almost from a gate-tower in the NE to almost the gate-tower in the SE. The Vischer print of 1674 shows the settlement surrounded by a bank, surmounted by wooden palisade, with only a short length of wall adjacent to the S. gate. Some of these details can also be seen on Merian ’s print of 1679. The only surviving evidence for the fortifications is the re-built Stadtturm (SW gate-tower).

• Steyr. Situatuated at the confluences of the Enns and Steyr rivers, with a ridge of higher ground, the ‘Styraberg’; at the end of which, by the confluence, is the Lamberg castle. The Lamberg was the original settlement and together with the Ennsberg, was fortified around 900AD to resist the Magyarlar. The site of the medieval walled town, with its spindel shaped market place, was placed on a narrow strip between the ridge and the river Enns. The town was first mentioned in 1170 and there is one surviving gatetower- the Neutor.^[158]

• Steyregg was mentioned in 885 as ‘Tabersheim’ and there is the first mention of a castle in 1150, held between 1238 and 1280 by the Kuenringer family, who founded towns in Lower Austria. The town, which was granted a charter in 1482, was roughly rectangular and was laid out below the castle, with the Danube to the S. Prints by Merian va Vischer show three gate-towers and a long rectangular market place. The gate-towers have been demolished and only fragments of the walls survive.

• Voklablabuk was first mentioned in 1134 as ‘Pons Veckelahe’. The surviving gate tower leads to the bridge over the river Vokla. The wall enclosed a long rectangular market place, which almost extended to the western gatetower.^[159]
• Wels. Originally a Roman ‘Munitsipiya ’ ‘Ovilava ’ founded by Hadrian and given ‘Koloniya ’ status by Karakalla.^[160] VI asrda Bavariyaliklar had established themselves in the area and in 726 a ‘castrum uueles’ is mentioned. The fortified settlement was in the southern portion of the Roman defences, but a suburb developed to the North with the ‘oberes markt’ a long rectangular market place, and this was still within the area of the Roman enclosure. Matthaus Merian produced a detailed print of Wels in 1649, and a slightly altered copy of this was included in Vischer ’s Upper Austria in 1674. Two towers still exist, the Wasserturm, which faces the river Traun, and the Ledererturm to the west, which was first mentioned in 1326. Both these towers are on the line of the Roman wall.^[161][162]

Tirol "Tirol"^[163]

• Zal The town is sited to N of the river karvonsaroy with the Burg Hasegg and the Munzertor between the town and the river. The original defended site appears to have been ovoid in shape. Merian (1679) shows a walled town with gates and towers and additional walls leading to a bridge over the Inn. Now only lengths of wall survive with a tower and ditch on the SE^[164]
• Insbruk.
  

  Watercolur of Innsbruck by Durer of c1496
  . Little remains of the medieval defences of Innsbruck. The ‘Altstadt’ was defended by a wall on five sides and a tall gate tower facing the bridge crossing the river karvonsaroy. Next to the tower was the Ottoburg, a late medieval palace, that still survives. The Karlsburg with the Kolberturm served as the southern gate. The large, almost rectangular, market place is built over, but is still faced by the ‘Altes Rathaus’ with the tall 14th century ‘Stadtturm’. A low secondary wall ran along the quayside on the NW. The defences are well shown in the ‘Schwazer Burgbuch’ watercolour of 1561 and in the Braun va Xogenberg print of 1630^[165]
• Kitsbuhel consists of two sites: the older Burg on a hill, now occupied by the parish church and Liebfrauen church. This was probably the ‘Chizbuhel’ mentioned around 1165. To the S of this was the walled town, probably the ‘Nueue Seidlung’ or new settlement mentioned in 1271 and granted a charter by King Louis of Bavaria in 1336. This walled town, of which only the S gate-tower - the Jochentor now survives, had two parallel market places. Aerial views indicate that the walled enclosure was moated. Kitzbuhel and Kufshteyn were both conquered by the Habsburg Imperator Maksimilian I in 1504, but unlike at Kufstein, Maximilian does not appear to have re-fortified Kitzbuhel.^[166]
• Kufshteyn. A market was granted in 1393 and Kufstein was given a charter in 1393. The town is over shadowed by the castle. Dastlab Bavariya gersoglari, it was taken by the Habsburg Imperator Maksimilian I in 1504, who proceeded to re-fortify both the town and the castle. This process continued under Ferdinand I between 1552 and 1562, around 1675, and then from 1730 to 1759 by the architects J H Gumpp the Older and Younger. The result is that it is not possible to clearly recognise the medieval fortifications, but Merian print of 1649/1679 shows that a wide rampart had been built on the N side of the town. A watercolour of the siege of Kustein appears to show that the houses along the waterfront were fortified and there was a circular tower below the castle. There was a gate tower on the W facing the river karvonsaroy and on the other side of the bridge over the Inn a trace bastioned bridgehead had been built.^[167][168]

• Lienz lies between the rivers Isel and Drau and received its charter in 1242. Parts of the wall remain on the N fronting the Isel, with the Iselturm at the NW corner and further fragments of the wall in the SW and NE.^[169]

• Radfeld

Kundler Tor

• Rattenberg. An almost triangular town sandwiched between the river karvonsaroy and the ruins of Rattennburg Castle. Granted a charter in 1393. Now little evidence of the walls. There was a moat on the NE side.
• Vils – First mentioned in 1200 and given a charter by Ludvig of Bavaria. Now no evidence for the walls and gates that existed.

Vena

• The development of the City defences of Vena are exceptionally well documented although there is little left of the defences today.^[170] Asl Rim legionary fort is a rectangular block to the NW of St Stephens Cathedral and is completely enclosed by the much larger Medieval defensive circuit.^[10] The town walls as they existed before the Turkish siege of 1529 ko'rsatilgan Xartmann Shedel ’s print of Vienna in 1493 published in Liber Chronicarum. After the Turkish siege and particularly after the fall of Buda in 1541, the Vienna City Council started refortifying the city with bastions in the Italian manner. In 1547 Augustin Xirshvogel of Nuremberg was employed to draw up a plan of the new fortifications and this was published in 1552. At the same time Boniface Wolmuet, a Master Mason from Uberlingen am Bodensee, who was probably the real architect of the alterations, also draw up his own detailed plan, which additionally provides much information about the Medieval defences^[171] Alterations to the defences must have started earlier because Sebastyan Munster ’s print of 1548 shows that a new bastion was already in place. The two large prints of Vienna in Braun va Xogenberg ’s Civitates Orbis Terrarum (Vol I) published in 1572 shows the defences as substantially complete. It was these defences that were to prove successful in largely withstanding the second Turkish siege in 1683.^{[172][173][174]}

Voralburg^[175]

• Bludenz. The defences with seven towers and three gates are shown by Matthäus Merian print in ‘Topographia Sueviae’ (Schwaben) 1643/1656, but only two gates and the Pulverturm survive. Shaharcha tomonidan tashkil etilgan Werdenberger family in 1265, and the Charter was granted through Hugo I. von Werdenberg in 1274

• Bregenz. The ‘Obere Stadt’ is a small defended settlement on a plateau overlooking modern Bregenz and Lake Constance. The town was laid out with two parallel streets around 1220. The walls largely survive, together with the massive Martinsturm and the adjacent N gateway. The E gate-tower has disappeared.^[176]

• Feldkirch Sited on the river Kasal, the town's defences, were remarkably well recorded in Sebastyan Munster ’s Cosmographia of 1550. The town is almost a rectangle with a grid street layout. The Shattenburg castle occupies the SE corner. Two gate-towers, the Wasserturm and Muhletor are on the river frontage, to the N the wide ditch is now filled in by the Hirschgraben, but the Churertor gate and the Katzenturm survive.^[177]

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

1. http://www.burgenkunde.at/index2.htm Qasrlar va Avstriyadagi ba'zi devorlari bo'lgan shaharlar
2. https://web.archive.org/web/20140223042209/http://walledtowns.com/category/towns/austria/
3. de: Vikipediya: WikiProjekt Denkmalpflege / Österreich / Projekt Dehio
4. de: Vikipediya: WikiProjekt Denkmalpflege / Österreich
5. http://www.stadtmauerstaedte.at Quyi Avstriyadagi devorli shaharchalar
6. http://geschichte.landesmuseum.net/ Tarixiy aholi punktlari va Quyi Avstriya uchun dastlabki rasmlarning arxivi.
7. http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html Tarixiy shaharlarning dastlabki xaritalari
8. Topographia Austriae superioris modernae: das ist Contrafee und Abbildung aller Stätt, Clöster ... des Ertz-Herzogthumbs Österreich ob der Ennß: Elektron kitob Vena universiteti kutubxonasi. Vischerning Yuqori va Quyi Avstriya uchun rasmlari.