Turtukayadagi jang - Battle of Turtucaia

Tutrakan jangi
Qismi Ruminiya kampaniyasi (Birinchi Jahon urushi)
Dimitar Giudjenovning "Tutrakan jangi"
Sana 1916 yil 2 sentyabr - 1916 yil 6 sentyabr Manzil Turtukayya, Ruminiya Qirolligi (hozir Tutrakan, Bolgariya ) Natija Bolgariya g'alabasi
Urushayotganlar
Bolgariya  Germaniya imperiyasi	Ruminiya
Qo'mondonlar va rahbarlar
Panteley Kiselov	Mixail Aslan [ro ] Konstantin Teodoresku [ro ]
Kuch
31 batalon: 55,000	19 batalyonlar (dastlab): 39,000 36 batalyon (yakuniy bosqich) 3 ta daryo monitorlari
Yo'qotishlar va yo'qotishlar
O'lik yoki yaradorlar: 9,205[1]	O'lik yoki yaradorlar: 7,500[2] Asirga olingan: 480 ofitser va 22000–28000 askar[3][4][5]

The Turtukayadagi jang (Rumin: Bătălia de la Turtucaia; Bolgar: Bitka pri Tutrakan, Bitka pri Tutrakan), shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan Tutrakan epopeysi (Bolgar: Tutrakanska epopeya, Tutrakanska epopeya) ichida Bolgariya, birinchisining ochilish jangi edi Markaziy kuchlar davomida tajovuzkor Ruminiya kampaniyasi ning Birinchi jahon urushi. Jang besh kun davom etdi va Turtukayya qal'asini egallab olish bilan yakunlandi (hozir) Tutrakan ) va uning taslim bo'lishi Rumin himoyachilar.

Fon

1916 yil avgustga kelib Markaziy kuchlar tobora qiyinlashib borayotgan harbiy vaziyatga duch kelishdi - G'arb G'arbida Nemis Verdunda hujum Sharqda qimmatbaho eskirish jangiga aylangan edi Brusilov hujumkor nogiron edi Avstriya-Vengriya armiyasi va janubda Italiya armiyasi Avstriya-vengerlarga bosimni kuchaytirar edi, general esa Moris Sarrail Shimoldagi Ittifoq ekspeditsiya kuchlari Gretsiya bir mayor uchun tayyor edi tajovuzkor qarshi Bolgariya armiyasi.

The Rumin hukumat ta'kidlashicha, mamlakat milliy ambitsiyalarini amalga oshirish uchun o'zini o'zi bilan uyg'unlashtirib qo'yish vaqti keldi Antanta va qarshi urush e'lon qildi Avstriya-Vengriya imperiyasi 1916 yil 27-avgustda. Uchta Ruminiya armiyasi Transilvaniyani bosib oldi orqali Karpat tog'lari, juda kichikroq orqaga surish Avstriya-venger Birinchi armiya. Qisqa vaqt ichida Ruminiya kuchlari bosib oldi Orsova, Petrozseniy va Brasso va etib bordi Nagyszeben daryoga ketayotganlarida Maros, hujumning asosiy maqsadi.

Bunga javoban Germaniya imperiyasi ga qarshi urush e'lon qildi Ruminiya Qirolligi 27 avgust kuni Bolgariya Qirolligi 1 sentyabr kuni quyidagi kostyum. Ertasi kuni bolgar Uchinchi armiya Markaziy kuchlarning birinchi yirik hujumini boshladi kampaniya bosqin qilish orqali Janubiy Dobruja.

Qal'aning kelib chiqishi va holati

Tutrakan dastlab a Rim qal'a. Imperator davrida Diokletian (284-305) u Danubiyaning eng yirik qal'alaridan biriga aylandi ohak. 7-asrda u tarkibiga kirdi Bolgariya imperiyasi, ikkinchisi tomonidan bo'ysundirilgunga qadar Usmonli imperiyasi 14-asr oxirida. Usmonli imperiyasi kirib kelganida uning pasayish davri, bu ga tayangan Dunay uning asosiy mudofaa to'sig'i sifatida Bolqon. Daryoning ulkan kengligi, ammo qo'shinlardan himoya qilish uchun etarli emas edi Rossiya imperiyasi ko'p sonli paytida uni pastki qismida bir necha marta kesib o'tgan Rossiya-Usmonli urushlari. Ushbu doimiy tahdidga qarshi turish uchun Usmonli harbiylari mustahkamlanganlarni yaratdilar to'rtburchak Ruse –Silistra –Varna –Shumen, har qanday bosqinchilarning o'tishini oldini olishga umid qilamiz Bolqon tog'lari va tahdid Istanbul. Tutrakan to'rtburchakning shimoliy tomonida, Tuna daryosi tor bo'lgan qismida, harakatlanuvchi og'zining qarshisida joylashgan edi. Argeș daryosi. Bu o'tish joyi uchun juda yaxshi joy bo'ldi va Usmonlilarni uni katta garnizon bilan mustahkamlashga undadi.

Ozodligi bilan Bolgariya keyin Rus-turk urushi (1877–1878) Tutrakan mamlakatning ajralmas qismiga aylandi, ammo bolgar milliy ambitsiyalari umuman olganda yo'naltirilgan edi Makedoniya va Frakiya va Dunay mudofaasi deyarli e'tibordan chetda qoldi. Natijada Ikkinchi Bolqon urushi, Tutrakan va butun Janubiy Dobruja viloyati 1913 yilda Ruminiyaga berilib, shahar Turtucaia deb o'zgartirildi.

Ruminiya Bosh shtabi zudlik bilan shaharni mudofaasini kuchaytirish choralarini ko'rdi, uni Bolgariya bilan urush bo'lgan taqdirda plyonet vazifasini o'tashi kerak edi. Rahbarligida intensiv qurilish ishlari ikki yildan ortiq davom etdi Belgiyalik harbiy muhandislar.^[6] Atrofdagi relyef plyaj uchun qulay edi, chunki shaharga qaragan balandliklar kengligi 7 dan 10 km gacha bo'lgan balandlikni tashkil qiladi, Dunay ustida 113 metrgacha ko'tarilgan va ko'plab keng jarliklar bilan o'ralgan.^[7]

Asosiy mudofaa daryoda langarga qo'yilgan uchta kontsentrik chiziqlardan iborat edi. Ularning eng oldinga yo'nalishi kuzatuv uchun mo'ljallangan kichik postlar edi. G'arbda, qishlog'i atrofida Staro Selo, tashqi istehkomlar yanada kengroq xarakterga ega edi.

Qal'a va uning atrofidagi hudud xaritasi.

Asosiy mudofaa chizig'i dushman artilleriyasini Turtukayaga qurilishi mumkin bo'lgan har qanday ko'prikdan uzoqroq tutish uchun platoning eng chekkasida qurilgan. Chiziq deyarli 30 kilometrga cho'zilib, yuragi sifatida o'n beshta "qarshilik markazlari", bitta turdan 15 gacha bo'lgan va "Turtucaia", "Staro Selo", "Daydar", "Sarsanlar" va boshqalar kabi mahalliy aholi punktlari nomli qal'alarga ega edi. Ularning har biri 50 dan 70 nafargacha askarlarga mo'ljallangan ikkita boshpana bilan jihozlangan, ularning tomlari temir relslar yoki yog'och taxtalar bilan mustahkamlangan, ustiga ikki metrli er qatlami yotqizilgan. Ularning profili past bo'lib, atigi 60 santimetrga ko'tarildi va shu bilan dala artilleriya snaryadlaridan oqilona himoya ta'minlandi.^[7] Bir-biridan 1,2-2,2 kilometr masofada joylashgan alohida qal'alar sayoz xandaklar va avtomat uyalari bilan bog'langan bo'lib, ular o'z navbatida aloqa xandaqlari orqali asosiy mudofaa chizig'ining orqa qismiga bog'langan. Intervalgacha bo'shliqlar qal'alar yonbag'ridagi miltiq va pulemyot pozitsiyalari bilan qoplandi. "Qarshilik markazlari" tikanli sim to'siqlar bilan yaxshi saqlanib, 10-15 metr chuqurlikka etib bordi, ammo ularni o'q otish chizig'idan 50 metr uzoqlikda joylashtirdilar va shu bilan ularni qo'l granatalari bilan himoya qilishning iloji bo'lmadi. Ruminiyaliklar magistral chiziqdan yuz metr narida uchta qator tuzoqlarni va tikanli simlarni qurishgan, ular 15-qal'adan 3-qal'agacha uzluksiz o'tib borishgan.^[8] Artilleriyaning aksariyati asosiy mudofaa chizig'iga joylashtirildi, garchi bir nechta qismlar xandaklar va pulemyotlar bilan bir qatorda Dunay daryosining yaqinidagi orollarga Ruminiya Dunay flotiliyasini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun joylashtirilgan bo'lsa-da, bu erda artilleriya qopqog'ini ta'minlash vazifasi berilgan. qal'aga g'arbiy yondashuvlar.^[7]

Asosiy mudofaa chizig'idan to'rt kilometr uzoqlikda va Turtukayaning o'zida uch kilometr uzoqlikda qal'aning ikkinchi darajali mudofaa chizig'i yotar edi. U ozgina tayyorlangan pulemyot uyalari yoki to'siqlari bo'lmagan va hech qanday artilleriya bo'lmagan bitta xandaq chizig'idan iborat edi. Ularning e'tiborini deyarli to'liq asosiy himoya chizig'iga qaratgan holda, Ruminiya qo'mondonligi ushbu ikkinchi darajali chiziqni deyarli e'tiborsiz qoldirdi.

Qo'mondonlik maqsadida qal'aning butun maydoni uchta sektorga bo'lingan: I (g'arbiy), II (janubiy) va III (sharqiy), shuningdek mahalliy qishloqlar - Staro Selo, Daydar va Antimova nomlari bilan. Ularning har birining o'z qo'mondoni bor edi.^[6]

Garnizon

Dunayning mudofaasi va Dobruja chegaralari bosh qarorgohi bo'lgan general Mixail Aslan boshchiligida Ruminiya uchinchi armiyasiga topshirilgan. Buxarest. Turtukayya qal'asiga Ruminiya 17-piyoda diviziyasi boshlig'i general Konstantin Teodoresku qo'mondonlik qilgan, to'qnashuv boshlanganda uning ixtiyorida quyidagi kuchlar bo'lgan:

17-piyoda diviziyasi (Teodoresku)

18-piyoda brigadasi

• 36-piyoda polki
• 76-zaxira polki

39-piyoda brigadasi

• 40-piyoda polki
• 79-zaxira polki

• chegarachilarning bitta kompaniyasi
• bitta otliq otryad
• to'rt militsiya batalonlari
• bitta kashshof kompaniya

Ruminiyaning jangovar kuchi 19 ta batalonda, 20000 dan ortiq odam va 66 ta avtomat bilan ta'minlandi. Batalonlarning atigi uchtasi doimiy armiyadan edi, qolganlari zaxiradan olingan. Garnizon uchun qimmatbaho boylik Ruminiyalik Dunay flotiliyasining yordami bo'lib, asosan 2-monitor bo'linmasidan iborat edi: Brutianu, Koglniceanu va Katargi.^[9]

General Teodoresku avgust oyi oxiriga kelib 7,5 dan 21 santimetrgacha bo'lgan 157 ta quroldan iborat bo'lgan katta artilleriya parkiga ishonishi mumkin edi. ammo, ularning aksariyati zamonaviy, tez otish qobiliyatiga ega bo'lmagan sobit qurollar edi.^[3] Xandaq artilleriyasi ko'plab kichik kalibrli turret qurollaridan iborat edi, ko'chma otli artilleriyada 23 ta qurol bor edi, ulardan faqat sakkiztasi tez o'q otar edi.^[10] G'arbiy sektorda qo'shinlar Dunay flotiliyasining qurollaridan foydalanishdi. Deyarli barcha artilleriya asosiy mudofaa chizig'ida joylashtirilgan edi, ammo xususan turg'un artilleriya barcha qurollarning bir joyda o'q otishini qiyinlashtiradigan tarzda joylashtirilgan edi.^[8] To'p sektorlar o'rtasida teng miqdorda taqsimlanib, umuman zaxira qoldirmadi. Ushbu qiyinchiliklarni murakkablashtiradigan narsa shundaki, qurollar, aksariyat hollarda, platformalardan o'q otayotgan edi, bu ularning pozitsiyasini almashtirish mumkin emasligini anglatadi.^[8]

Turtukayya garnizoni ulangan edi Oltenita Dunay bo'ylab, suv osti telefon kabeli orqali va Buxarestdagi Uchinchi Armiya shtab-kvartirasiga simsiz telegraf stantsiyasi orqali uzatilgan; ammo, u Dobrujadagi eng yaqin Ruminiya birliklaridan nisbatan izolyatsiya qilingan bo'lib qoldi. 9-diviziya sharqda deyarli 60 kilometr uzoqlikda edi Silistra, 19-diviziya va 5-otliqlar brigadasi 100 km janubi-sharqda, Bazarjik atrofida (hozirda) Dobrich ).^[6] Ruminiyaning 16, 20, 18 piyoda qo'shinlari va 1-otliq diviziyalari hammasi Dunayning chap qirg'og'ida edi va agar kerak bo'lsa, qal'ani mustahkamlash uchun ishlatilishi mumkin edi.

Umuman olganda, ba'zi mudofaa nuqsonlariga qaramay, Ruminiya qo'mondonligi qal'aning mustahkamligiga ishonch hosil qildi va dushmanning yirik hujumlariga qarshi tura olishiga ishondi. Uni ko'pincha "ikkinchisi" deb atashgan Verdun ", yoki" Sharq Verdun ".^[7] Ushbu taqqoslash mutlaqo asossiz emas edi. Evropaning yirik qal'alarining aksariyati Turtukayaning atrofidagi 15 ta turga o'xshash qal'alarga ega edi; masalan. Liège 12, Premyśl 15 ta, Verdunning o'zi esa 23 ta edi.^[7]

Hujumchilar

Dunay chegaralarini himoya qilish uchun bolgarlar faollashdilar Uchinchi armiya 1915 yil sentyabr oyida o'z qo'mondoni general-leytenantga bergan Stefan Toshev, deyarli bir yil o'z qo'shinlarini tayyorlash va jihozlash uchun. 1916 yil o'rtalarida Ruminiyaning niyatlari aniq bo'lganda, Uchinchi armiyani kuchaytirish Bolgariya oliy qo'mondonligi uchun ustuvor vazifaga aylandi.

Avgust oyi oxirida armiya bo'ysundirildi Armiya guruhi Makkensen, Feldmarshalning umumiy qo'mondonligi ostida Avgust fon Makensen, uning shtab-kvartirasini Makedoniya jabhasi Ruminiyaga qarshi hujumni muvofiqlashtirishning aniq maqsadi uchun.^[6] 1 sentyabrga qadar Uchinchi armiya Dobruja chegarasida 62 piyoda batalyoni, 55 artilleriya batareyasi va 23 otliq eskadrilyasini to'plagan edi.^[11] Turtucaia qal'asiga qarshi operatsiyalar uchun general Toshev o'z qo'shinining chap qanotidan foydalanishni rejalashtirgan, tarkibiga quyidagilar kiradi:

4-Preslav piyoda diviziyasi (Kiselov )

1-piyoda brigadasi (Ikonomov )

• 7-Preslav piyoda polki (4)
• 31-Varna piyoda polk (4)

3-piyoda brigadasi (Kmetov )

• 19-Shumen piyoda polk (4)
• 48-piyoda polki (3)
• 47-piyoda polki (2)

4-artilleriya brigadasi (Kukureshkov )

• 15-artilleriya polki (6)
• 5-artilleriya polki (6)
• 2-chi og'ir artilleriya polki (2)
• 3-gachasi gubitsa polki (2)

• 4-kashshof batalyoni

1/1 piyoda brigadasi (Nedialkov )

• 1-Sofiya piyoda polk (4)
• 6-Turnovo piyoda polk (4)
• 4-artilleriya polki (6)
• 1-gachasi gubitsa polki (3)
• 1-kashshof batalyoni

Nemis-bolgar bo'limi (fon Hammerstayn 4 sentyabrdan)

• 1/21 nemis piyoda batalyoni
• 5 mart polki (3)
• 5-Opalchenie polk (2)
• 6-Uhlan polki
• 105-chi Germaniyaning og'ir gabaritli batareyasi
• 1/2011 Germaniya Field Batareyasi
• 8,7 sm uzunlikdagi ikkita batareyani

General-mayor Panteley Kiselov uning shtab boshlig'i podpolkovnik Stefan Noykov bilan.

Ushbu kuchlarning jangovar kuchi 31 ta piyoda va zaxira batalyonlari, 29 ta akkumulyator va 7 ta eskadron yoki jami 55000 kishidan iborat bo'lib, 132 ta artilleriya va 53 ta avtomat bilan jihozlangan.^[12][13] Bu hujumchilarning erkaklar va o'q otish kuchlari bo'yicha dastlabki son ustunligini ta'minladi, ammo bolgariya bo'linmalarining aksariyati, birinchi Sofiya piyoda diviziyasining 1-brigadasi bundan mustasno, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri jangovar tajribaga ega emas edilar, chunki ular ishtirok etmadilar. ichida Serbiya kampaniyasi. Biroq, ular so'nggi yaxshilanishlardan foyda ko'rishdi Bolgariya armiyasi ko'proq avtomat ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniyalar va og'ir artilleriya qo'shilishi, shuningdek, aloqa va moddiy-texnik ta'minot yaxshilandi.^[6]

Bolgariya va Germaniya artilleriyasi 7,5 dan 15 santimetrgacha o'zgaruvchan zamonaviy tez otiladigan gubitsa, dala yoki uzun qurollardan iborat edi. Ruminlardan farqli o'laroq, bolgarlar va nemislar o'z ittifoqdoshlarining olovini qo'llab-quvvatlashga ishonishlari mumkin emas edi Dunay monitorlari chunki Avstriya-Vengriya Dunay flotiliyasi Persina kanalida passiv va faol Ruminiya choralari.^[6] Artilleriya olovini razvedka qilish, kuzatish va boshqarish uchun bosqinchi kuchlar shar va bir nechta samolyotlarni ham joylashtirgan.

Dastlab general Toshev o'z armiyasining chap qanoti ustidan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri boshqaruvni saqlab qoldi, ammo jang davom etar ekan, jang maydonida o'zi uchun umumiy qo'mondonlik zarurligi va umumiy Panteley Kiselov, 4-Preslav diviziyasining qo'mondoni, Turtukayaga qarshi harakat qilayotgan barcha kuchlarga mas'ul etib tayinlandi. Uning bo'linmasi ustidan nazoratni saqlab qolgan holda, u qo'shimcha xodimlarni olmadi, bu esa kuchlarni muvofiqlashtirish bilan bog'liq muammolarni keltirib chiqardi. Shunga qaramay general Kiselov va uning shtab boshlig'i podpolkovnik Stefan Noykov nemislar tomonidan zo'r ofitserlar deb baholandi va Uchinchi armiyada yuqori divizion rahbariyatini namoyish etdi.^[6]

Bolgariya hukumati operatsiyalarni tayyorlashga yordam berishda juda ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qildi va Germaniya hukumatidan besh kun o'tib, 1 sentyabrda Ruminiyaga urush e'lon qildi, bu dastlab Germaniya oliy qo'mondonligida katta tashvish tug'dirdi.

Strategik rejalashtirish

Bolgariya rejasi

Generalfeldmarschall Avgust fon Makensen

28 avgust kuni feldmarshal Makkensen Bolgariya Uchinchi armiyasiga o'zining birinchi yo'riqnomasini berdi va Janubiy Dobrujadagi Dunay daryosidagi muhim o'tish punktlarini egallab olishga qaratilgan qat'iy avansga tayyorgarlik ko'rishni buyurdi. Bu bir vaqtning o'zida Turtucaia va Silistra 4 va 1-bo'limlar tomonidan.^[14] Umumiy bo'lsa ham Toshev Feldmarshal talabiga binoan o'z kuchlarini joylashtira boshladi, ularni ikkiga bo'lishga va ikkala qal'aga hujum qilishga keskin qarshi edi. 31 avgust kuni ikki kishi uchrashdi Gorna Oryahovitsa operatsiya to'g'risida fikr almashish uchun temir yo'l stantsiyasi. Dobrujadagi Ruminiya kuchlari va ularning istehkomlari holati to'g'risida yaxshiroq ma'lumotga tayanib, general feldmarshalni Turtukayani qo'lga olishni Silistradan ustun qo'yishga ishontirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi va mavjud kuchlarni faqat shu maqsadda birlashtirdi. O'sha kuni Toshev hujumning batafsil rejasini taqdim etdi, unga ko'ra armiya 2 sentyabr kuni chap qanotini plyaj maydoniga qarshi oldinga siljitdi, 3/1 piyoda brigadasi esa o'z qanotini qoplash uchun Silistra tomon harakatlanardi. 6-piyoda diviziyasi va Varna garnizonidan tashkil topgan qo'shinning o'ng qanoti Bazarjik va Balcic uni chap qanotga bog'lab turgan 1-otliq diviziyasi bilan. Ertasi kuni fon Mackensen rejani kichik tuzatishlar bilan tasdiqladi, masalan, 2/1 piyoda brigadasi Turtukayaga hujum qilayotgan kuchlarning o'ng qanotini himoya qilish uchun zaxirada qolishini talab qildi. Uchinchi armiya shtab-kvartirasi marshalining sanktsiyasini olgandan so'ng, ko'chib o'tdi Razgrad, qaerdan hujumga so'nggi tayyorgarlikni muvofiqlashtira boshladi.^[14]

1 sentyabrda fon Makensen yangisidan telegramma oldi Germaniya Bosh shtabi boshlig'i fon Xindenburg Germaniya va Avstriya-Vengriyaning Transilvaniyada qurilishi sentyabr oyining ikkinchi yarmidan tezroq tugashi haqida xabar berar ekan, allaqachon joylashtirilgan kuchlar faqat o'z pozitsiyalarini olg'a siljib borayotgan ruminlarga qarshi himoya qila oladilar. Fon Xindenburg va Bolgariya bosh qo'mondoni Jekov so'ngra ikkalasi ham Ruminiya va Rossiya kuchlarini iloji boricha ko'proq jalb qilish va mag'lub etish uchun Bolgariya Uchinchi armiyasining Dobrujaga o'tish buyrug'ini tasdiqladilar va butun Ruminiya kampaniyasi uchun tezkor muvaffaqiyat muhimligini ta'kidladilar.^[14]

Ruminiya rejasi

Ruminiya rejasi yoki "Gipoteza Z" deb nomlangan mamlakat kuchlarining ko'p qismini bosib olishlarini talab qildi Transilvaniya uning deyarli 150 ming kishilik Uchinchi armiyasi o'n kun davomida Dunay va Dobruja chegaralari bo'ylab mudofaa pozitsiyasini egalladi. Keyinchalik, janubiy kuchlar generalning kutilgan yordami bilan Dobrujadan Bolgariyaga hujum qilishadi Zayonchkovskiy Rossiya armiyasi korpusi va Ruse –Shumen –Varna chiziq, shu bilan shimoliy qo'shinlarga operatsion erkinlikni taqdim etadi.^[13]

Ruslar belgilangan tartibda Dunaydan o'tib, atrofga jamlanishdi Kobadin. 31 avgustda general Aslan Bazarjikda joylashtirilgan 19-Ruminiya piyoda diviziyasiga bo'ysundi va general Zayonchkovskiy qo'mondonligida Sharqiy operatsiyalar guruhini tuzdi. Ruminiyaliklar kelajakda Bolgariyaga kirib kelishlari uchun o'zlariga tegishli sharoitlarni ta'minlash uchun Turtukayani va Silistrani butun Dobruja chegarasi bilan birga himoya qilishga qaror qilishdi. General Aslan bu vazifani bajarish uchun uning kuchlari juda tarqoqligini tushundi va ruslarga qal'alarga yaqinroq joylashishni buyurdi, ammo general Zayonchkovski avval o'z korpusini Bazarjikda to'plashi kerak, keyin esa shartlar Turtukaya va Silistraga qarab siljish kerak deb o'ylardi. Shunday qilib, ushbu savolni hal qilishda qimmatli vaqt yo'qotildi va rus korpusi 3 sentyabrdan janubga qarab harakatlana boshladi.^[15]

Jang

Turtucaia qurshovi (2–4 sentyabr)

Turtucaia garnizoni uchun yong'inni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi ruminiyalik monitorlar

2-sentyabr kuni erta tongda Bolgariya Uchinchi armiyasi butun uzunligi bo'ylab Ruminiya chegarasini kesib o'tdi va chap qanoti qal'ada yopila boshladi. Polkovnik Kaufmanning Germaniya-Bolgariya otryadi qal'aning I sektoriga (G'arbiy) qarshi yurib, kuchsiz ruminiyalik avangardlarni orqaga surib, qishloq qishlog'ining sharqiy qismida joylashgan. Turksmil, bu erda ular Dunay flotiliyasi va daryo orollaridagi akkumulyatorlardan Ruminiyaning kuchli artilleriya otishmasi bilan to'xtatilgan. II Sektorda (Janubiy) asosiy hujumni amalga oshirgan 4-Preslav diviziyasi tezda Ruminiya zaxiralarini bosib oldi, Ruminiya askarlari shunchalik orqaga chekindiki, hech kim qo'lga olinmadi.^[6] Diviziya 15 dan 23 km gacha ilgarilab, asosiy mudofaa chizig'idan 2,7 kilometr uzoqlikda, old qismini esa 20 kilometrdan 10 kilometrgacha qisqartirgan.^[16] Ayni paytda, III sektorda (Sharqda) Bolgariya 1/1 piyoda brigadasi umuman qarshilik ko'rmadi, chunki Ruminiya qo'mondoni hujumga o'tishdan oldin o'z qo'shinlarini asosiy mudofaa chizig'i orqasiga tortib olgan edi.^[6]

Birinchi kunning oqshomiga kelib ruminlar deyarli barcha dastlabki himoya chizig'ini asosiy (ikkinchi) himoya chizig'i foydasiga tark etishdi. U erdan ular doimiy ravishda miltiq o'q otishdi, vaqti-vaqti bilan artilleriya olovi bilan qo'llab-quvvatlandi, 2/3 sentyabr kechasi - ehtimol tartibsizlik va asabiylashish bilan,^[6] chunki bolgar birliklari hali ham chegaradan tashqarida edi.^[17] Ruminiya qo'mondonligi rivojlanayotgan vaziyatga munosabat bildirishda shoshilmay, general Aslan ichida qoldi Buxarest. U general Zayonchkovskiga o'z kuchlari bilan Bolgariya chegarasiga yaqinlashishni buyurdi, ammo buyruq faqat katta kechikishlardan so'ng amalga oshirildi. Shuningdek, poytaxt atrofidagi qo'riqxonalardan qo'shimcha kuchlarni yuborishga urinishgan, ammo Ruminiya safarbarligi bilan bog'liq bo'lgan umumiy chalkashlik va tirbandlik tufayli bu ham kechiktirilgan.^[6]

3 sentyabrda bolgarlar o'z pozitsiyalarini mustahkamlashga kirishdilar. Buni yanada samarali bajarish uchun Germaniya-Bolgariya otryadiga Staro Selo g'arbiy qismida 131 balandlikni ko'tarish buyurilgan, u erda I sektorda (G'arbiy) Ruminiya qal'alariga hujum uyushtirilgan. Bu erdagi himoyachilar nisbatan yaxshi joylashtirilgan va qatorlar bilan tikanli simlar bilan himoyalangan, hujumchilar esa Ruminiya monitorlari va ba'zi bir xandaklar tomonidan olovga duchor bo'lgan qanotlari bilan ochiq maydon orqali o'tishlari kerak edi.^[18] Ruminiyaliklar janubda, Senovo qishlog'i atrofida, piyoda qo'shinlarni ilgarilab ketishi mumkin bo'lgan past tepaliklar oldida edilar, bu esa polkovnik Kaufmanni o'z otryadini uchta ustunga bo'lishiga turtki berdi (polkovnik Vlahov, mayor von Hamershteyn va polkovnik Drajkov buyrug'i bilan) va ulardan birini Senovo tomon hujum qilish uchun ishlating, qolgan ikkitasi esa uni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Polkovnik Vlahovning kuchi taxminan ertalab soat 5 da oldinga siljib, dastlab kichik qarshilikka duch keldi; ammo, Ruminiya olovi asta-sekin kuchayib bordi va Bolgariya kolonnasi asosiy mudofaa chizig'idan yonma-yon olovga duch keldi. Ba'zi askarlar tikanli simga etib kelishdi, lekin ular orqali o'tolmay qolishdi. Tushda bo'linmalarga etib kelgan pozitsiyalarni qazish buyurildi. Polkovnik Vlahovning kuchaytirish haqidagi iltimosi rad etildi. Ruminiyalik qarshi hujumlar polkovnikni qo'shinlarni tikanli simlardan 300 metr narida nafaqaga chiqib qazishni buyurishga majbur qildi.^[19] Kuchli miltiq va o'q otish bilan uchrashgan mayor von Xamershteynning oldinga siljishi kam yutuqlarga erishdi. Bu orada polkovnik Drajkov Ruminiyaning yonma-yon hujumlarini qaytarib berdi, ammo Ruminiyaning tikanli simidan taxminan 50 metr narida kuchli artilleriya otilishi uning harakatini to'xtatdi. Umuman olganda, ushbu sohadagi tajovuzkorlar 300 ga yaqin yo'qotishlarga duch kelishdi.^[20] Ular maqsadlariga erisha olmadilar va ertasi kuni kutishlariga to'g'ri keldi, chunki jang maydonida zulmat hukm surmoqda.

Yomg'irli kechadan so'ng 4-Preslav diviziyasi 3-sentabr kuni II Sektordagi asosiy mudofaa chizig'ining tikanli simlariga yaqinlashib, Ruminiya patrullarini haydab, Daydarni (hozirgi Shentsi) olib borib, uning og'ir artilleriyasini qayta joylashtirdi. Jarayon davomida bo'linma bir qancha ruminiyaliklarning qarshi hujumlarini qaytarib, engil yo'qotishlarga olib keldi. III sektorda 1/1 piyoda brigadasi asosiy himoya chizig'ini qarshiliksiz yopishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.

Ruminiyaning mavqei asta-sekin yomonlashib bordi. General Teodoresku I va III sektorlar qo'mondonlarining qo'shimcha zaxiralarini yuborish orqali iltimoslariga javob berishga majbur bo'ldi (bu befoyda bo'ladi, chunki asosiy bolgariyalik hujum II sektorda amalga oshirilishi kerak edi). Teodoreskuning pessimistik hisobotlariga qaramay, Ruminiya oliy qo'mondonligi sharqdan ilgarilab boruvchi Ruminiya va Rossiya kuchlari ozod bo'lguncha qal'ani ushlab turishi yoki garnizon qamalni buzib Silistraga chekinishi mumkin degan umidni saqlab qoldi.^[6] 3 sentyabrda Turtukayaga yordam berish uchun birinchi urinishlar Bolgariya Uchinchi armiyasining o'ng qanotidagi ruminiyalik askarlar tomonidan qilingan, ammo ular Bolgariya 1-otliq diviziyasi tomonidan qishloqlarda mag'lubiyatga uchragan. Cociumar va Karapelit, bu erda Ruminiya 19-diviziyasining brigadasi quyidagi yo'qotishlarga duch keldi: 654 kishi o'ldirilgan yoki yaralangan va kamida 700 kishi asirga olingan.^[21]

3 sentyabr kuni soat taxminan 11 da general Toshev general Kiselov bilan fikr almashib, ertasi kuni Turtukayaga hujum qilish uchun 17-sonli buyruq chiqardi. Dastlabki artilleriya o'qi etarlicha zarar etkazganidan so'ng, 4-diviziya qo'mondoni qal'aga qarshi harakat qilayotgan barcha kuchlar ustidan nazoratni o'z zimmasiga olishi va piyoda askarlar hujumining aniq soatini belgilashi kerak edi. Major fon Xammerstayn va uning guruhi I sektorda (G'arbiy) hujum qilib, 2-qal'ani egallashi kerak edi, asosiy hujum 4-bo'lim tomonidan II sektoridagi 5 va 6-qal'alarga qarshi (Janubiy) va nihoyat 1/1 ga etkazilishi kerak edi. Brigada III sektorda (Sharqda) 8-qal'ani egallashi kerak edi. Ushbu kuchlarning o'ng qanotini himoya qilish uchun general Toshev 1-Sofiya piyoda diviziyasining qolgan ikkita brigadasiga Silistrada Ruminiya faoliyatini kuzatishni topshirdi.^[22] Kiselov ushbu buyruqni olgach, rejaga bir nechta o'zgartirishlar kiritish uchun yangi tezkor qo'mondon lavozimidan foydalangan. 5 va 6-qal'alarga endi faqat Kmetov brigadasi hujum qilishi kerak edi, Ikonomov brigadasi 7-qal'aga qarshi yo'naltirilgan edi. Barcha og'ir artilleriya 2-og'ir polk komandiri polkovnik Angelovning qo'liga topshirildi, u rejalashtirilgan artilleriyani bajarishi kerak edi. ertalab soat 9 dan boshlab to'siq. Piyoda askarlar 150 metrga yaqinlashib, baraj tugashini kutishlari kerak edi. Angelov, ammo Ruminiya pozitsiyalari bo'yicha ma'lumot yetarli emasligini va Bolgariya batareyalari yaxshiroq joylashishni talab qilayotganini sezdi, shuning uchun u hujumni bir kunga qoldirishni iltimos qildi. Bundan tashqari, fon Hammershteyn guruhi bilan aloqa sust edi va ikkala nemis minenwerfer ushbu sohada rivojlanish uchun juda muhim bo'lgan kompaniyalar o'zlarini joylashtirish uchun ko'proq vaqt talab qilishdi. Bu general Kiselovni hujumni kechiktirishga ishontirdi.

4 sentyabr hujumga qo'shimcha tayyorgarlikda o'tkazildi. Faol janglar faqat I sektorda davom etdi, u erda fon Kaufmanning otryadi avvalgi kuni boshlagan 131 balandlikda hujumni yakunlashi va qal'a 2 ga hujum qilish uchun zamin yaratishi kerak edi. Ushbu maqsadga erta tongda erishilgan nisbiy osonlik, ruminiyalik himoyachilarning aksariyati asosiy mudofaa chizig'iga chiqishdi. O'sha kuni feldmarshal Makensen fon Kaufmanni esladi Byala va Germaniya-Bolgariya otryadi mayor fon Xammerstayn qo'mondonligi ostida joylashtirilgan.^[23]

General Teodoresku Ruminiya oliy qo'mondonligiga pessimistik va hatto umidsiz hisobotlarni yuborishda va qo'shimcha kuchlarni so'rashda davom etdi. Bu safar u e'tibordan chetda qolmadi: armiyaning strategik zaxirasini ifodalovchi 10 va 15-diviziyalarga janub tomon harakatlanishga buyruq berildi. Oltenita - birinchi bo'lib daryo qirg'og'ini qo'riqlaydi, ikkinchisi esa Dunaydan o'tishga va Turtukayadagi garnizonga yordam berishga tayyorgarlik ko'radi. Bular Ruminiyaning 34, 74, 75, 80-polklaridan o'n etti batalyonlari va 84-polkning bitta bataloni va 2-chegara polkidan 6 ta artilleriya batareyalari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan 2 ta batalyonlari edi.^[13] Ushbu yangi va yangi qo'shinlar ruminlarga bolgarlarga nisbatan son jihatdan ustun bo'lishiga imkon berdi, ammo ular yana bir bor kechikdilar va jang maydoniga asta-sekin etib kelib, jangning umumiy jarayoniga ta'sirini kamaytirdilar.^[13] Birinchi qo'shimcha kuchlar 4 sentyabr kuni kechqurun va tunda Dunaydan o'tib ketishdi. Ular janubiy qirg'oqqa chiqqanlarida, darhol Bolgariyaning asosiy hujumi yo'nalishini va etarlicha zaxira zaxirasini hisobga olmagan holda, turli sohalarni kuchaytirish uchun uydan chiqib ketishdi.

Qal'aning qulashi (5-6 sentyabr)

5 sentyabrga kelib, garnizon yangi kelgan qo'shimcha kuchlar yordamida asosiy mudofaa chizig'ining ayrim qismlarini mustahkamladi. I sektorda 1 dan 5 gacha bo'lgan qal'alarni asosan Ruminiyaning 36-piyoda polkidan to'qqiz yarim batalyon qo'riqlagan, 40, 75 va 80 piyoda polklarining batalyonlari bilan mustahkamlangan, shuningdek 48 va 72 militsiya batalonlaridan to'rtta rota. II sektor 74 va 75-polklarning 4 ta batalyonlari bilan jami 8 ta batalonlar bilan kuchaytirildi, ammo hujum boshlangandan keyingina. III sektor, shuningdek, 14 ta batalyonga ega bo'lgunga qadar turli piyoda askarlar, militsiya va chegara bo'linmalari tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan hujum sifatida kuchaytirildi. Qal'aning dastlabki zaxirasi chiziqlarni mustahkamlashga sarflangan va faqat 5 sentyabrda yangi kelgan mustahkamlovchilarning kichik zaxirasi tashkil etilgan. Uning tarkibiga bitta piyoda batalyoni, bitta chegara bataloni va bitta piyoda askarlari rotasi kirgan.

Shunday qilib, II hal qiluvchi sohada bolgarlar hujumning dastlabki bosqichida katta son ustunligini ta'minladilar:

Ertalab soat 5: 30da bolgariyaliklar kuzatib turgan havo sharida rejalashtirilgan barajni yo'naltirish uchun osmonga ko'tarilgan. To'liq bir soatdan keyin polkovnik Angelov dastlabki artilleriya bombardimonini boshlash uchun buyruq berdi. To'plar olovni ular orasidagi qo'rg'onlarga va to'siqlarga qaratdi va ertalab soat 7:40 da Daydardagi kuzatuv punkti Ruminiya askarlari 5 va 6-qal'alarni tark etib, orqa tomonga olib boruvchi aloqa xandaqlari orqali yo'l olishayotgani haqida xabar berishdi. Ruminiya batareyalari javob berishga harakat qilishdi, ammo harakatlar yaxshi muvofiqlashtirilmadi; ularning vaqti-vaqti bilan o'q otishi (kam o'q-dorilar zaxirasini ko'rsatgan holda) hujum qiluvchilarning og'ir batareyalariga qaratilmagan va bolgarlar ularga qarata o'q uzgandan keyin darhol ularning otishmasi to'xtagan. Bolgariya barajining kuchi hatto general Teodoreskuni 30,5 santimetrlik zambaraklar tomonidan bajarilgan deb aldadi, aslida esa yo'q edi. Ertalab soat 8:00 ga qadar II Sektordagi to'rtta qal'a batareyalaridan uchtasida yong'in o'chirildi yoki yo'q qilindi, bu Teodoreskuni Govitsaning 1/5 qismini ushbu hududga yuborishga majbur qildi. Bolgarlar tomonidan sezilmasdan u 8-qal'aning orqasida joylashgan.

Taxminan soat 8:00 da polkovnik Angelov general Kiselov va podpolkovnik Noykovga uning fikriga ko'ra artilleriya piyoda qo'shinlari o'z harakatlarini boshlashlari uchun etarli natijalarga erishganligi to'g'risida xabar berishdi. General to'liq ishonmagan, ammo piyoda askarlar safga yaqinlashganda artilleriya otishmasi davom etishi kerak edi, u 3/4, 1/4 va 1/1 piyoda brigadalari komandirlariga hujumni boshlashni buyurdi va hammasi zobitlar o'zlarining shaxslarini hujumga shaxsan boshchilik qilishlari bilan namuna bo'lishlari uchun. Keyinchalik bu buyruq fon Hammerstayn va 47 piyoda polk qo'mondoni tomonidan ham qabul qilindi.

Rejaga ko'ra, polkovnik Kmetov brigadasi Ruminiyaning 79-piyoda polki tomonidan himoya qilingan 5 va 6-qal'alarga hujum qildi. Ikki guruhga bo'lingan va 48-polk tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan 19-Shumen polki, Daydar qishlog'i oldidagi jarlik tubiga Ruminiya istehkomlariga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri qaragan nishab bo'ylab tushishga tayyorgarlik ko'rdi. Piyoda yurishni boshlash bilanoq, u omon qolgan kichik kalibrli ruminiyalik turret qurollari tomonidan quvvatlangan kuchli miltiq va pulemyot o'qi bilan kutib olindi. Hali ham mudofaa chizig'i orqasida Ruminiya batareyalarida to'plangan Bolgariya dala va og'ir artilleriyasi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri qo'llab-quvvatlamagan. Pulemyotlardan olovni qoplashda yordam berib, brigada ertalab soat 10: 30gacha asosiy mudofaa chizig'i oldidagi birinchi to'siqlarga erishishga muvaffaq bo'ldi va piyoda askarlar ularni va tikanli simni shoshilinch ravishda o'tib ketishdi. kashshoflar kuchli olov ostida. Yarim soatdan keyin brigadaning o'ng guruhiga kirgan 1/19 batalon va 3/48 batalionning bir qismi 6-qal'ani va undan sharqdagi xandaqlarni egallab oldi.^[25] Chap guruh vaqtincha Ruminiya otashida ushlab turilgan, ammo soat 12: 30gacha Ruminiyaliklarni xandaqlaridan haydab chiqargan va sektorning o'sha qismida asosiy mudofaa chizig'ini boshqarishga erishgan. 5 va 6-qal'alar qulagandan keyin bolgarlar chekinayotgan himoyachilarni soat 16: 00gacha ta'qib qilib, asosiy mudofaa chizig'idan ikki kilometr shimol tomon oldinga siljishdi. Kmetov brigadasi 250 askarni, 4 ta og'ir batareyani, oltita 53 mm turretli qurolni va ko'plab miltiqlarni asirga oldi. Uning artilleriyasi 2606 ta o'q otgan edi. Ruminiya ham, Bolgariya ham piyoda askarlarning yo'qotishlari og'ir edi, 19-Shumen polkida 1652 kishi halok bo'ldi.^[26]

3/4 brigadasining sharqida 7-qal'ani egallash vazifasi yuklatilgan Ikonomov brigadasi bor edi. Kecha davomida uning 7-Preslav va 31-Varna piyoda polklari chiziqning sun'iy to'siqlaridan 600 metr uzoqlikda edilar. Ular hujumni 5 sentyabr kuni ertalab soat 8:00 da boshladilar, ammo, artilleriyalaridan o't o'chirilganiga qaramay, Ruminiyaning kuchli qarshiliklariga duch kelishdi. 9: 30da oldinga siljish to'xtab, to'siqlardan 200 metr masofani bosib o'tishga majbur bo'ldi. Bu qisman Bolgariya artilleriyasining pozitsiyalarining o'zgarishi natijasida yuzaga keldi, chunki 1/15 artilleriya bo'limi oldinga siljigan piyodalarni bevosita qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun oldinga siljish buyurilgan edi. Bo'lim Daydarning sharqiy tizmasida yangi pozitsiyalarni egallab oldi va darhol 6 va 7-qal'alar atrofidagi xandaqlarga qarata o't ochdi. 10:30 da 31-polk to'siqlarni yugurdi va kuchli olov ostida 7-qal'aga olib boruvchi nishabni kattalashtira boshladi. Bolgarlar qal'a va unga qo'shni xandaqlarga kirishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi, u erda ular qimmatga tushadigan narsalar bilan shug'ullanishdi yaqin chorak jang o'zlarining artilleriyasidan olovga duchor bo'lishganda. By 11:20 the Romanians had been completely expelled, but with its commander wounded and its units disorganized the 31st Regiment did not pursue, and was content with firing on the retreating defenders from the trenches.

The 7th Preslav Regiment meanwhile had been faced with even stronger Romanian fire, and was able to advance only at about 12:00, when its commander, Colonel Dobrev, personally led the assault against a fortification thought by the Bulgarians to be fort 8, but which was actually one of the so-called subcenters of defense that were situated in the gaps between the forts. Many of the defenders had retreated from the line, and those who remained were captured. Parts of the regiment continued to pursue beyond the main defensive line until 13:35, when Colonel Dobrev ordered them to halt. When it was realized that this was not fort 8 he ordered his infantry to cut the retreat routes of that fort, but the Romanians managed to prevent this with artillery fire.

By the afternoon of 5 September the forts of the main defensive line in Sector II had all fallen into the hands of the attackers.^[13] The Romanian 79th Regiment which had defended the sector was practically destroyed. It was left with only 400 effectives,^[6] having suffered 46 officers and 3,000 soldiers killed or wounded.^[13] The newly arriving Romanian battalions were unable to prevent the Bulgarian breakthrough, and, with the remnants of the 79th Regiment, tried to prepare the secondary defensive line. In this they were helped by the thick forest behind the main defensive line, which made it hard for the Bulgarian units - intermixed, disorganized, and unprepared for their own success - to advance.

In Sector III the artillery bombardment began at 6:55, and by 8:15 had achieved considerable success in damaging the Romanian fortifications, forcing some of the defenders to flee to the rear and the Danube.^[13][27] The 1st and 6th Bulgarian regiments advanced through a large corn field that made their movement almost undetectable and by 11:30 reached the plateau north of Antimova. Only now did the Romanians in forts 8 and 9 spot them and open fire, temporarily halting the Bulgarian advance. Colonel Nedialkov, who was with the supporting units, immediately ordered part of the artillery to move forward and directly support the infantry. Following this the 1st Sofia Regiment and the neighboring 4/6 battalion rushed the barbed wire and crossed it without difficulty. This and the breakthrough achieved by the 4th Preslav Division to the west caused the wavering Romanian soldiers to abandon their trenches and retreat to the rear, and by 13:30 the surrounding trenches of fort 8 had fallen. The fort itself was taken simultaneously by parts of the 1st and 7th regiments.^[28] After these successes the brigade was directed to conquer the remaining parts of the Eastern Sector, including forts 9, 10, 11 and 12. Meeting little resistance, as the arriving Romanian reinforcements were often caught up by retreating units and compelled to join them, the Bulgarians accomplished this task and by 21:30 reached the shore of the Danube, completing the isolation of the fortress.^[6]

The attack in Sector I was delayed considerably as Major Hammerstein gave orders to the three groups of his detachment for the attack on fort 2;^[29] he also demanded a prolonged artillery bombardment to better secure the advance of the infantry. So it was only at 14:30, when the guns concentrated their fire on the fort itself, that the major gave the order for the first and second groups to attack. Despite the artillery fire they faced, the Bulgarians and Germans advanced with relative ease as the Romanians, despite their large number, began retreating and even fleeing in panic to Turtucaia. Around 13:00 general Teodorescu ordered the commander of the sector to abandon forts 2, 3, 4 and 5.^[13] By the end of the day only fort 1 was still in Romanian hands, as it had powerful artillery cover from the Danube monitors and batteries on the left bank of the river.

By the evening of 5 September the entire main defensive line (save two forts) had been taken, along with all of the Romanian fixed artillery and part of the mobile artillery. The Romanian units were so disorganized that a planned counterattack with the new reinforcements from the 15th Division had to be postponed for the next day.^[13] The Bulgarian units, especially those of the 4th Infantry Division, had also suffered heavy casualties and needed the night for reorganization and better positioning of their artillery.

General Kiselov was visited by both General Toshev and Colonel Tappen, Mackensen's chief of staff. Both men were pleased with the day's events, and, despite the heavy casualties, urged him to carry on with the attack.^[6][30]

Resumption of the attack

During the night of 5 September the Romanians established themselves as best they could on their much weaker secondary defensive position. General Teodorescu ordered a redeployment of forces so that 9 battalions were to defend Sector I, 12 battalions Sector II, 2 battalions Sector III and 5 battalions Sector IV, while an additional 7 battalions remained in reserve. This order, however, reached the troops only in the morning and the units were not able to execute it.

At around 4:30 am on 6 September the Bulgarian artillery again opened fire in sectors I and III. Men of the Bulgarian 4th division began crossing the large forest that separated the two main and secondary defensive lines. Aided by the powerful artillery preparation, the Bulgarian 7th and 31st infantry regiments advanced rapidly. By 12:30 they had passed through the trenches that had been abandoned by their defenders earlier in the day. At around 15:00 the two regiments of the 1/4 Brigade gathered on the hill overlooking Turtucaia itself. Meanwhile, the Kmetov Brigade also advanced, though not as quickly and with greater disorganization. Parts of it reached the northern end of the forest at 13:00 and immediately attacked the Romanian trenches, but it was only at 15:30 that the trenches were occupied, most of the defenders having already pulled out due to the success of the 1/4 Brigade and the artillery bombardment. By 17:30 the brigade reached the hill overlooking the town.

The 1/1 Infantry Brigade was ordered to coordinate its actions with the 4th Division and advance against the right flank of the defensive line. At about 6:50, while still waiting to go forward, the units came under attack from several Romanian battalions which threatened to envelop their flank, but who were stopped by Bulgarian reinforcements. After this both the 1st and 6th regiments advanced, and by 11:30 had come within 800 meters of the line. The Romanian defenders, believing that a Russian column was advancing from the east to help the encircled fortress, put up stout resistance;^[6] however, once they realized the "relief column" was in fact Bulgarian, they started retreating in panic.^[13] So the 1/1 Brigade was allowed to reach the vicinity of the town at 17:00.

In Sector I, Major Hammerstein's detachment entered the forest at 10:00, where it met very weak Romanian vanguards that were swiftly pushed back. During the afternoon it took fort 1 in the face of more determined Romanian resistance, then continued advancing until it was lined up next to the 4th Division.

The only way the garrison could now be saved was with help from outside forces, and as early as 5 September General Aslan ordered the commander of the 9th Division, General Ioan Basarabescu [ro ], to advance decisively from Silistra and relieve the besieged town.^[13] The commander executed this order by leaving 4 battalions in Silistra and sending the remaining 5 battalions, 4 batteries and 2 squadrons to break the siege. On 6 September these forces were met and defeated by the Bulgarian 3/1 Infantry Brigade, which had been ordered to protect the flank of the army, at the village of Sarsânlar (now Zafirovo ), some 18 kilometers to the east of Turtucaia.^[6][13] This sealed the fate of the garrison.

With the situation deteriorating rapidly, General Teodorescu ordered his men to retreat and if possible try to break the encirclement in the direction of Silistra. At 13:40 he himself boarded a boat to cross the Danube, leaving behind thousands of panicked soldiers, some of whom tried to follow his example but ended drowning in the river or being hit by artillery fire.^[6] Romanian attempts to break out and escape towards Silistra also proved largely unsuccessful in the face of the Bulgarian artillery. As the Bulgarians entered the town the defenders began surrendering in large groups. At 15:30 colonel Mărășescu, who was now in charge of the garrison, and his senior officers wrote a note to general Kiselov in German and dispatched it to three of the sectors, offering the unconditional surrender of the fortress together with all its men and material.^[31] At 16:30 one of the truce-bearers reached the Bulgarian 1/31 battalion and was immediately dispatched to Colonel Ikonomov, who at 17:30, via telephone, informed General Kiselov of the note and its contents.^[31] Kiselov accepted the surrender on the condition that all military personnel be gathered on the plateau south of the town's barracks before 18:30.^[31]

Natijada

Dead Bulgarian soldiers along the Danube after the battle^[32]

Dead Romanian soldier

Zarar ko'rgan narsalar

The Romanians committed around 39,000 men for the defense of the Turtucaia fortress, and over 34,000 of them became casualties. Only between 3,500 and 4,000 managed to cross the Danube or make their way to Silistra.^[13] These were the troops of the 9th Infantry Division, safely evacuated by the three river monitors.^[9] While the number of killed and wounded rose to between six and seven thousand men, the vast majority of the garrison - some 480 officers and 28,000 soldiers - surrendered or were captured by the Bulgarians.^[1][33] The attackers also captured all the military material of the fortress, including 62 machine guns and around 150 cannons, among them two Bulgarian batteries captured by Romania during the Ikkinchi Bolqon urushi. The heaviest fighting was in Sector II where the 79th Regiment, which in general was the unit that resisted the attacks the most, suffered 76% losses - out of 4,659 men some 3,576 were killed or wounded.^[34]

Bulgarian casualties were heavy. From 2 to 6 September they totaled 1,517 killed, 7,407 wounded and 247 missing.^[1] Of these, only 93 were killed and 479 wounded between 2 and 4 September.^[1] Around 82% of the total losses - 1,249 killed and 6,069 wounded - occurred on 5 September during the attack of the main defensive line.^[35] The heaviest fighting was in Sector II where, in one example, the 7th Preslav Infantry Regiment had 50% of its officers and 39.7% of its soldiers killed or wounded. Characteristically, almost all of casualties were suffered by the infantry, the heavy artillery having only 2 killed and 7 wounded.^[1] German casualties were 5 killed and 29 wounded.

Impact on the campaign

The rapid fall of Turtucaia and the loss of two infantry divisions was a surprise with crucial consequences for the entire Romanian Campaign. Most importantly, it unnerved the Romanian High Command and severely affected the morale of the army and the people. The scale of the defeat forced Romania to detach several divisions from its armies in Transylvania, greatly reducing the impetus of the advance there. On 7 September that advance was restricted by the Romanian high command, and on 15 September it was halted altogether, even before the armies had linked up on a defensible front.^[6] Major changes were made in the command structure of the forces operating against the Bulgarian Uchinchi armiya. General Aslan and his chief of staff were sacked. Command of the Romanian Third Army was taken over by General Averescu, and the Russo-Romanian forces in Dobruja were reorganized as the Dobruja armiyasi under General Zayonchkovski.

The speed with which the victory was achieved was so unexpected by the Central Powers that even Field Marshal Mackensen, who was usually present on the site of important battles, hadn't planned to arrive on the battlefield until several days after the actual capitulation of the fortress. It boosted the morale of the Bulgarians and their allies as far away as the Makedoniya jabhasi, as well as in political circles in Berlin and Vienna. Kaiser Wilhelm, who had been particularly depressed by Romania's entry into the war, celebrated with a champagne party for the Bulgarian representative at the headquarters of the German High Command.^[6] The suspension of the Romanian offensive in Transylvania, which had threatened to overrun the province, gave General Falkenhayn enough time to concentrate his force and go on the offensive by the end of September.

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

• Ministerstvo na voynata, Щab na voyskata (1939). Българската армия въ Световната война 1915–1918. Томъ 8: Войната срещу Ромъния презъ 1916 година 1915–1918, Vol. VIII. Drjavna pechatitsa, Sofiya.
• Glenn E. Torrey, "The Battle of Turtucaia (Tutrakan) (2–6 September 1916): Romania's Grief, Bulgaria's Glory".East European Quarterly, Vol. 37, 2003 yil
• Boychev, Petar (2009). "The Tutrakan Epic" (PDF) (bolgar tilida). Voennistorycheski sbornik / HARBIY TARIXIY TO'PLAM. 3-14 betlar. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2018-01-13 kunlari. Olingan 2010-09-13.
• Тошев, Стефан (2007). Действията на III армия в Добруджа през 1916 год. Захарий Стоянов. ISBN  954-739-976-4.
• Stefanov, Stefan (5 September 2006). "'Impregnable' fortress falls after 33 hours" (in Bulgarian). Dneven Trud. p. 18.
• Konstantin Kiretesku, "Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României: 1916–1919", 1922
• Тутраканската епопея
• The Battle of Turtucaia at Radio Romania

Birinchi jahon urushi davrida Bolgariya
Prelude	Janubi-g'arbiy front Serbiya kampaniyasi, Makedoniya jabhasi	Ruminiya fronti • Natija • Boshqalar	Muhim shaxslar
Bolqon urushlari 1912–1913 Birinchi Bolqon urushi 1913 London shartnomasi Ikkinchi Bolqon urushi Buxarest shartnomasi Konstantinopol shartnomasi Neytrallik 1914 Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance 1915 Bolgariyaning Markaziy kuchlar va Antanta bilan muzokaralari Bolgariya-Germaniya shartnomasi Yashirin Bolgariya-Germaniya shartnomasi Germaniya, Avstriya-Vengriya va Bolgariya o'rtasidagi harbiy anjuman Bolgariya-Usmonli qurultoyi Mobilizatsiya	Qo'mondonlar  Bolgariya Nikola Jekov • Kliment Boyadjiyev • Dimitar Geshov • Georgi Todorov • Ivan Lukov • Stefan Nerezov • Vladimir Vazov Antanta:  Serbiya:Radomir Putnik • Zivojin Mishich • Stepa Stepanovich • Petar Bojovich • Pavle Yurisich SHturm;  Frantsiya: Maurice Sarrail • Adolphe Guillaumat • Lui Franshet d'Esperi;  Birlashgan Qirollik: Bryan Mahon • Jorj Milne;  Yunoniston Qirolligi: Panagiotis Danglis Dala armiyalari + Eleventh Army Birinchi armiya Ikkinchi armiya To'rtinchi armiya Janglar 1915 Morava tajovuzkor • Ovche Pole Offensive • Kosovo tajovuzkor (1915) • Krivolak jangi 1916 Doiranning birinchi jangi • Florina jangi (Lerin) • Struma operatsiyasi • Monastir tajovuzkor 1917 Doiranning ikkinchi jangi • Ikkinchi Crna Bend • Monastirning ikkinchi jangi 1918 Skra-di-Legen jangi • Dobro qutbidagi jang • Third battle of Doiran	Qo'mondonlar  Bolgariya Nikola Jekov • Panteley Kiselov • Stefan Toshev • Todor Kantardjiev • Ivan Kolev Antanta:  Ruminiya:Konstantin Prezan • Alexandru Averescu;  Rossiya: Andrey Zayonchkovskiy • Vladimir Saxarov Dala armiyalari Uchinchi armiya Janglar 1916 Turtukayadagi jang • Bazarjik jang • Birinchi kobadin • Flămanda Hujumkor • Ikkinchi kobadin • Battle of Bucharest Natija 1918Brest-Litovsk shartnomasi • Focșani sulh • Buxarest shartnomasi • Berlin protokoli Natija Salonika sulh Vladaya qo'zg'oloni Noyilli-sur-Seyn shartnomasi Boshqalar Bolgariya ma'muriyati Kosovoda Harbiylarga qarshi tashviqot	Ferdinand Vasil Radoslavov Aleksandar Malinov Aleksandar Stamboliyskiy Aleksandar Protogerov Avgust fon Makensen Boris Drangov Vladimir Vazov Georgi Todorov (general) Ivan Kolev Kliment Boyadjiyev Dimitar Geshov Ivan Lukov Konstantin Jostov Krastyu Zlatarev Nikola Jekov Panteley Kiselov Stefan Toshev Stefan Nerezov Todor Kantardjiev

Koordinatalar: 44°03′00″N 26°37′00″E / 44.0500°N 26.6167°E / 44.0500; 26.6167