Mixtec tillarining tasnifi - Classification of Mixtec languages
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Ning ichki tasnifi Mixtec munozarali. Ko'p navlari bor o'zaro tushunarsiz va bu mezon bo'yicha alohida tillar. XVI asrda Ispaniya hukumati yarim o'nlab odamlarni tan oldi lengualar Mixtec tarkibiga kiradi lengua. (Qarang #Klassik Mixtec.) Ular o'sha paytda qay darajada aniq tillar bo'lganligi aniq emas. Nima bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar, Mixtec millatining mustamlakachilik parchalanishi va natijada mahalliy jamoalarning ajralib chiqishi mahalliy lahjalarni tez orada turli tillarda diversifikatsiyalashga olib keldi. Quyida turli olimlar tomonidan Mixtec tasnifiga ba'zi urinishlar keltirilgan.
Geografik bo'linmalar
Josserand (1983: 106) Mixtec-ning 5 ta asosiy geografik (tilshunos bo'lmagan) bo'linmalarini ro'yxatlaydi, ular jami 25000 kvadrat kilometrni tashkil etadi. Amuzgo, Trique, Cuicatec, Ixcatec va Chocho ma'ruzachilarining anklavlari yaqin atrofda tarqalgan.
- Puebla Mixtec
- Gerrero Mixtec
- Mixteca Baja
- Mixteca Alta
- Mixteca de la Costa
Mustamlaka bo'linishlari
De los Reyes, uning ichida Arte de Lengua Mixteca (1593), yarim o'nlab haqida gapirdi lengualar Mixtec-da lengua. Ularga zamondoshlari Gerrero shevalarini qo'shib qo'ydi:[1]
- The lengua ning Teposkolula, shu jumladan asosiy jamoalar Tamazulapan, Tilantongo, Texupa va Mitlatongo (Ximenes-Moreno: Tepozkolula –Tilantongo; de los Reyes tomonidan tanlangan obro'li dialekt)
- The lengua ning Yanxuitlan, shu jumladan. Coixtlahuaca, Xaltepec va Nochixtlán (Ximenes-Moreno: Yuanxitlan –Cuilapan )
- The lengua ning Tlakiako va Achiutla (Ernandes tomonidan tanlangan obro'li lahja)
- The lengua ning Mixteca Baja
- The lengua ning Cuilapa va Guaxolotitlan ichida Oaxaka vodiysi (Ximenes-Moreno: Cuauhxochpan –Kuyamekalko )
- The lengua ning Mixteca de la Costa
- Gerrero Mixtec
Josserand mustamlakachilik davridagi mahalliy dunyoviy yozuvlar de los Reysga yaxshi mos kelishini aniqladi; fonologik va orfografik izchillik asosida u shevalarni besh guruhga quyidagicha ajratadi:
- atrofida Baja maydoni Huajuapan (garchi Badada bir nechta navlari bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, de los Reyes tan olingan)
- The Oaxaka vodiysi atrofida Cuilapan, keyingisi bilan chambarchas bog'liq
- shimoliy-sharqiy Olta vodiysi atrofida Nochixtlan, shu jumladan Yanxuitlan va Coixtlahuaca
- vodiylari atrofida sharqiy Olta Teposkolula va Tamasulapa
- g'arbiy Olta vodiysi atrofida Tlakiako, Achiutla va Xalkatongo
Gollandiya (1959)
Joserand (1983: 134-135) da keltirilgan quyidagi tasnifni Uilyam R. Holland (1959) tomonidan berilgan. Ushbu dastlabki tasnif 22 Mixtec va 4 Cuicatec shaharlari dialektlarini glotoxronologik o'rganishdir.
- 1-zona: Ixtayutla, Mexoakan, Jamiltepec, Huazolotitlan, Pinotepa Nacional
- 2-zona: Ixtayutla, Mexoakan, Jamiltepec, Pinotepa de Don Luis, Pinotepa Nacional, Atoyak, Tlakamama[2]
- 3-zona: Santo Tomas Ocotepec, Santa Lucia Monte Verde, San-Migel el-Grande, San-Esteban Atatlahuka
- 4-zona: San-Rafael Gerrero
- 5-zona: Juxtlahuaca
- 6-zona: Santa-Mariya-Penoles, Huitepec
- 7-zona: Peñoles
- 8-zona: Jocoticpac / Jokotipak
- 9 zona: Kuyamekalko
- 10-zona: San-Xuan-Katsospan
- 11-zona: Chigmecatitlan, Santa Katarina Tlaltempan
Gollandiya (1959), shuningdek, ushbu zonalar uchun uchta guruh guruhini taqdim etadi.
- Kosta: 1, 2 zonalar
- Alta: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 zonalar
- Baja: 8, 9, 10, 11 zonalar
Biroq, Josserand (1983) ushbu guruhlashlar noto'g'ri metodologiyalarga, shu jumladan Mixteca geografik joylashuvining noto'g'ri tushunchasiga asoslanganligini ta'kidlamoqda. Gollandiya ro'yxatiga kiritilgan ko'plab shaharlar Baja aslida Altava aksincha.
Arana (1960)
Joserand (1983: 137) da keltirilgan Evangelina Arana-Osnaya (1960: 257) tomonidan quyidagi tasnif berilgan.
- 1-guruh: Chigmecatitlan, Tlaltempan
- 2-guruh: Kuyamekalko, San-Xuan-Katsospan
- 3a guruh: Huitepec, Peñoles, Santa-Mariya-Penoles, San-Xuan Tamazola
- 3b guruh: Cuilapan; ehtimol ham Xoxocotla va boshqa shaharlarda - hozirda Mixtec gapirilmaydi
- 4a guruh: San-Migel el-Grande, San-Esteban Atatlahuka, Santo Tomas Ocotepec, Jocoticpac; San-Rafael Gerrero
- 4b guruh: Mexoakan, Jamiltepec, Pinotepa de Don Luis, Ixtayutla, Huazolotitlan, Tlakamama, Pinotepa Nacional, Atoyak
Mak & Longacre (1960)
Korneliya Mak va Robert Longakr (1960) - bu Proto-Mixtec-ning birinchi rekonstruksiyasi, bu Mixtecan-dan farqli o'laroq Mixtec-ning ajdodi hisoblanadi. Quyida Josserand (1983: 142) tomonidan Mak & Longacre (1960) dan olingan tasnif mavjud. 9 ta guruh va jami 28 ta shaharcha berilgan.
- Markaziy Mixteca Alta: San-Migel el-Grande, San-Esteban Atatlahuka
- Janubiy Mixteca Alta: Santyago Yosondua, Santa Cruz Itundujia, San-Mateo Santigui,[3] San-Pedro el-Alto, San-Fernando Yucucundo[4]
- G'arbiy Mixteca Alta: Santo Tomas Ocotepec
- Pasttekislik Mixteca (Mixteca de la Costa): Jicaltepec, Pinotepa de Don Luis, Mexoakan, Tlakamama, Atoyak
- Mixteca Baja: San-Xuan-Mixtepek[ajratish kerak ], Juxtlahuaca
- Gerrero: Metlatonok
- Puebla: Tonahuixtla, Xayatsatlan[ajratish kerak ], Chigmecatitlan
- Sharqiy Mixteca Alta: Estetla, Tilantongo, Tidaa, San-Xuan Diuxi, Santyago Mitlatongo, Nuxaa, San-Xuan Tamazola
- Shimoliy-sharqiy Mixteca Alta: San-Xuan-Katsospan, Kuyamekalko
Sporlar (1967)
"Miksteka doirasidagi o'zaro ta'sir doiralarini chegaralashda arxeologik, etnistorik va zamonaviy ma'lumotlarga" asoslangan quyidagi tasnif,[5] yilda Richard Spores tomonidan berilgan Mixtec shohlari va ularning odamlari (1967), Josserandda keltirilgan (1983: 128). Hammasi bo'lib 18 ta lahjalar berilgan.
- Apoala, Apasko, Sosola; Chinantec, Cuicatec va Zapotec bilan sharqiy chegara
- Coixtlahuaca, Huautla[ajratish kerak ], Tequixixtepec
- Tonala, Chila[ajratish kerak ], Petlalcingo, Mariskala, Acatlan[ajratish kerak ]; Nahuatl va Tlapanec bilan shimoliy chegaradagi shaharlar
- Huajuapan
- Silacayoapan; gerrero chegarasidagi ranchos
- Tekomaxtlahuaka, Juxtlahuaca
- Tlakiako, va uning ranchoslari Kuila, Íumí, Mixtepec
- Teposkolula va uning ranchoslari; Tayata[ajratish kerak ], Achiutla, va taxminan 8 ta boshqa jamoalar, ularning barchasi Teposkolula bozor
- Tilantongo va uning ranchoslari; Mitlatongo
- Xalkatongo, San-Migel el-Grande
- Yucuañe va atrofdagi 9 yoki 10 ta jamoalar
- Teozakoalko, Peñoles
- Putla
- Zakatepek
- Tututepec, Jamiltepec
- Yolotepec
- Yanxuitlan, Chikaxua, Soyaltepec, Kantaros, Coyotepec, Nochixtlán, Tonaltepec
- Tamazulapan, Tejutla, Teotongo, Chilapa de Diaz
Bredli (1968, 1970)
Joserandda (1983: 132) aytilganidek, quyidagi tasnif C. Genri Bredli (1970) tomonidan berilgan. Hammasi bo'lib 11 ta dialekt berilgan. Uning tasnifi, ehtimol, asoslangan edi SIL International o'zaro tushunarli anketalar.
- Shimoliy: Xayatsatlan, Huajuapan, Chigmecatitlan
- Shimoli-sharqiy: Apoala, Coatzospan, Kuyamekalko
- Sharqiy: Peñoles, Tilantongo, Huitepec
- Sharqiy-markaziy: Amoltepec
- Markaziy: Yosondua, San-Migel, Molinolar, San-Esteban (Atatlahuka), Santo Tomas (Ocotepec), Mixtepec
- Janubiy-markaziy: Nuyoo –Yucuite, Itundujiya
- G'arbiy-markaziy: Silacayoapan –Juxtlahuaca
- G'arbiy: Metlatonok, Coicoyán
- Janubi-g'arbiy: Ayutla
- Janubiy: Jicaltepec, Chayuko, Zakatepek
- Janubi-sharqiy: Tututepec
Biroq, Bredli (1968) faqat 7 ta dialektni o'z ichiga olgan boshqa tasnifni bergan.
- Shimoli-sharq: Apoala, Kuyamekalko
- Shimoli g'arbiy: Chigmecatitlan, Xayatsatlan –Chazumba, Kakalokstepek
- Mixteca Baja: Mixtepec, Juxtlahuaca –Silacayoapan, Coicoyán
- Gerrero: Coatzingo, Malinaltepec, Yolosochitl, Ayutla
- Mixteca de la Costa: Zakatepek, Pinotepa, Ixtayutla, Jamiltepec, Tututepec
- G'arbiy Mixteca Alta: Íumí, Xalkatongo, Yosondua, Itundujiya, Atatlahuka
- Sharqiy Mixteca Alta: Peñoles, Tilantongo
Egland va Bartolomew (1983)
Egland va Bartolomew 29 guruhni 70% o'zaro tushunarli darajada topishadi. Ular sinovdan o'tgan shaharlar quyidagilar: 60% tushunarli darajada guruhlangan; savol belgisi shuni ko'rsatadiki, tushunarsizlik testi qo'shni bo'lmagan navlar bilan o'tkazilmagan.
- Coatzospan – Cuyamecalco
- Santa Ana Cuauhtémoc [E16 uchun Cuyamecalco], Coatzospan [miz]
- Kuyamekalko [xtu]
- Apoala, Jokotipak, Ixtaltepec, Chikaxua [mip]
- San Bartolo Soyaltepec [vmq]
- Santyago Chazumba [xtb], Tonahuixtla, Cosoltepec [xtb], Xayatsatlan de Bravo [mit], Tepejillo, Zapotitlan Palmas [mit]; Petlalcingo [mit, xtb ikkalasi ham shaharda]
- [65% Xayacatlán boshqa yo'nalishda]
- Chigmecatitlan [mii]
- Nuxaá [mxy]
- Estetla, Peñoles [mil]; Huitepec [mxs, mil]; Tlazoyaltepec [mqh, mil]; San-Xuan Tamazola [vmx]
- Tidaá [mtx] (60 w Peñoles)
- San-Migel Pyedras [xtp]
- Tilantongo [xtd]
- ? Ñumí – Tlacotepec
- Íumí, Nunduchi, Nikananduta, San-Antonio Monteverde [xtn], Sto. Tomas Ocotepec [mie]; Yucuañe [mvg]
- Tlacotepec [xtm] (69 w Atatláhuca)
- Yucunicoco [vmc], San-Xuan-Mixtepek [mix] (bir tomonlama tushunarli)
- Nuyoo, Yucuhiti [meh]
- San-Esteban Atatlahuca (68 yosondua) [mib], Santa Lucia Monteverde [mdv]; Molinolar; Itundujiya [mce]
- Yosondua (70 w Atatláhuca) [mpm], San-Migel el-Grande, Xalkatongo [mig]; Yolotepec; Teyta [xtj]
- Santa Mariya Sindihui [xts]
- Silacayopan guruhi
- Kakalokstepek [miu]
- Silacayoapan, San-Xorxe Nuchita [mks], Ixpantepec Nieves, Santyago Tamazola, San-Simon-Zaxuatlan, Atenango, Yucuñuti [mxb], San-Migel Ahuexuetitlan;
Juxtlahuaka: Tekomastlahuaka, San Rafael Tepejillo, Juxtlahuaca, Tindu [vmc]; Kaxuatache [mim]; Metlatonok [mxv] - Coicoyán, S. M. Peras [jmx]
- Guadalupe Portezuelo [mxa w Zahuatlán]
- ?Kuatsokitengo [mim] (Cahuatache yaqinida emas)
- Ayutla [miy] (har xil)
- Amoltepec [mbz]
- Tututepec (61 v Ixtayutla), Acatepec [mtu]
- Chayuco-Zacatepec
- San-Kristobal (60 w Jicaltepec) [mxt], Mexoakan, Chayuko [mih] (69 Coicoyán)
- ?Ixtayutla [vmj] (80 ta San-Kristobal, 79/63% Amoltepec, 59 Chayuko)
- Zakatepek [mza]
- Jicaltepec [mio] (Ixtayutla bilan 74 ta), Kolorado [mjc], Tepetlapa, Sayultepec, Don Luis, [G'arbiy] Jamiltepec, Jicayán, San-Lorenso, Atoyak; Huazolotitlan [E16 uchun Sharqiy Jamiltepec]
Etnolog
Ning tasnifi Etnolog asosan Egland & Bartolomewga asoslangan. Hech qanday pastki tasnif yo'q, faqat 52 navning ro'yxati mavjud, ammo ularning ko'pi tushunarli bo'lib, asosan 85 foizgacha tushunarli.
- Alacatlatzala Mixtec mim
- Alcozauca Mixtec xta
- Amoltepec Mixtec mbz
- Apasko-Apoala Mixtec mil
- Atatlahuca Mixtec mib
- Ayutla Mixtec miy
- Cacaloxtepec Mixtec miu
- Chayuco Mixtec mih
- Chazumba Mixtec xtb
- Chigmecatitlan Mixtec mii
- Coatzospan Mixtec miz
- Cuyamecalco Mixtec xtu
- Diuxi-Tilantongo Mixtec xtd
- Huitepec Mixtec mxs
- Itundujia Mixtec mce
- Ixtayutla Mixtec vmj
- Jamiltepec Mixtec mxt
- Juxtlahuaca Mixtec vmc
- Magdalena Peñasco Mixtec xtm
- Metlatónoc Mixtec mxv
- Mitlatongo Mixtec vmm
- Mixtepec Mixtec aralashtiramiz
- Shimoliy Tlaxiaco Mixtec xtn
- Shimoli-g'arbiy Oaxaka Mixtec mxa
- Ocotepec Mixtec mie
- Peñoles Mixtec mil
- Pinotepa Nacional Mixtec mio
- San-Xuan Kolorado Mixtec mjc
- San-Xuan Teita Mixtec xtj
- San-Migel el Grande Mixtec mig
- San-Migel Piedras Mixtec xtp
- Santa Lucia Monteverde Mixtec mdv
- Santa-Mariya Zakatepec Mixtec mza
- Silacayoapan Mixtec mks
- Sindihui Mixtec xts
- Sinicahua Mixtec xti
- Janubi-sharqiy Nochixtlán Mixtec mxy
- Janubiy Puebla Mixtec mit
- Janubi-g'arbiy Tlaxiaco Mixtec meh
- Soyaltepec Mixtec vmq
- Tacahua Mixtec xtt
- Tamazola Mixtec vmx
- Tezoatlan Mixtec mxb
- Tidaá Mixtec mtx
- Tijaltepec Mixtec xtl
- Tlazoyaltepec Mixtec mqh
- Tututepec Mixtec mtu
- G'arbiy Juxtlahuaca Mixtec jmx
- Yoloxóchitl Mixtec xty
- Yosondúa Mixtec MPM
- Yucuañe Mixtec mvg
- Yutanduchi Mixtec mab
Shuningdek qarang
- Oaxaka munitsipalitetlari
- Gerrero munitsipalitetlari
- Oto-mangue tillari ro'yxati
- Oto-mangue tillari
- Amerika qit'asining mahalliy tillari uchun tasniflash sxemalari
Izohlar va ma'lumotnomalar
- ^ Xosez-Moreno (1962), Jozerand (1983: 125) va Terraciano (2004) da keltirilgan.
- ^ 1 va 2 zonalar bir-birini istisno qilmaydi, aksincha qirg'oq bo'ylab cho'zilgan kengaytirilgan dialekt zanjirining ikkita yadrosidir.
- ^ Josserand (1983) bu shahar aslida ekanligiga ishonadi San-Mateo Sindihui yilda Nochixtlán tumani, lekin Mak & Longacre (1960) da noto'g'ri nomlangan.
- ^ Josserand (1983) bu shahar aslida ekanligiga ishonadi San-Fransisko Yucucundo yaqin Huitepec yilda Zaachila Tuman, ammo Mak & Longacre (1960) da noto'g'ri nomlangan.
- ^ Josserand, J. Ketrin (1983). Mixtec dialekt tarixi. OCLC 896426442.
- Egland, Stiven, Doris Bartolomey va Saul Kruz Ramos. 1983 yil. La inteligibilidad interdialectal en Mexico: Resultados de algunos sondeos. Meksika, D.F: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano .: https://web.archive.org/web/20151122014320/http://www-01.sil.org/mexico/sondeos/G038a-SondeosInteligibilidad.htm - Izoh: 1983 yil faqat qayta nashr qilingan sana. Haqiqiy nashr etilgan sana 1978 yil.
- Josserand, Judi Ketrin. 1983 yil. Mixtec dialekt tarixi. Ph.D. Dissertatsiya, Tulane universiteti.