Nogironlar sportining tasnifi - Disability sport classification

Nogironlar uchun sport klassifikatsiyasi turli xil nogironligi bo'lgan odamlar o'rtasida adolatli raqobatni ta'minlashga imkon beradigan tizimdir.

Tarixiy jihatdan bu jarayon 2 guruhga bo'lingan: bir nechta sport turlarini qamrab oladigan nogironlik bo'yicha maxsus tashkilotlar va ko'plab nogironlik turlarini qamrab oladigan maxsus sport tashkilotlari, shu jumladan amputatsiya, miya yarim falaji, karlik, intellektual nuqsonlar, avtoulovlar va bo'yning pastligi, ko'rish qobiliyati, umurtqa pog'onasi. simlar shikastlanishi va ushbu guruhlar qamrab olmaydigan boshqa nogironlar. Nogironlikning ayrim turlari bo'yicha ba'zi bir yirik tashkilotlar quyidagilardir: miya yarim falaj va bosh jarohati bo'yicha CPISRA, o'murtqa shikastlanishlar uchun ISMWSF, ortopedik holatlar va amputantlar uchun ISOD, aqli zaif odamlar uchun INAS va ko'zi ojiz va ko'rish qobiliyati zaif sportchilar uchun IBSA.

Ampute sport klassifikatsiyasi - bu nogironlik bo'yicha sport turlari uchun ishlatiladigan, turli xil amputatsiyaga ega odamlar o'rtasida adolatli raqobatni ta'minlash uchun ishlatiladigan sport. Ushbu tasnif o'rnatildi Xalqaro nogironlar sport tashkiloti (ISOD), va hozirda ISOD bilan 2005 yilda birlashtirilgan IWAS tomonidan boshqariladi. Bir nechta sport turlari nogiron sportchilar uchun tasnifni boshqaradigan sportning o'ziga xos boshqaruv organlariga ega. ISODning amputant sport turlarini tasniflash tizimi uchun mashg'ulotlar A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 va A9. Birinchi to'rttasi pastki oyoq-qo'llari amputatsiyaga uchragan odamlar uchun. A5 dan A8 gacha yuqori oyoq-qo'llari amputatsiya qilingan odamlar uchun.

Miya falaji bo'yicha sport tasnifi - bu odamlar tomonidan ishlatiladigan sport turlari tomonidan ishlatiladigan tasniflash tizimi miya yarim falaj (CP) turli xil zo'ravonlik darajalariga ega bo'lib, bir-birlariga va turli xil nogironliklarga ega bo'lganlarga qarshi adolatli raqobatlashadilar. Umuman, Miya falaji - Xalqaro sport va dam olish assotsiatsiyasi (CP-ISRA) miya yarim palsi sportini tasniflash uchun mas'ul organ bo'lib xizmat qiladi, ammo ba'zi sport turlari CP sportchilariga tegishli bo'lgan o'zlarining tasniflash tizimlariga ega. CP-ISRA tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan tasniflash tizimi sakkizta sinfni o'z ichiga oladi: CP1, CP2, CP3, CP4, CP5, CP6, CP7 va CP8. Ushbu sinflarni odatda yuqori nogironlar aravachasi, nogironlar aravachasi va ambulatoriya sinflariga ajratish mumkin. CP1 yuqori nogironlar aravachasi uchun sinf, CP2, CP3 va CP4 - bu nogironlar aravachasining umumiy sinflari. CP5, CP6, CP7 va CP8 ambulatoriya mashg'ulotlari.

Les Autres nogironlar sinfi odatda ikkita sinfni qamrab oladi. Bular past bo'yli odamlar va passiv harakatlanish doirasi buzilgan odamlardir. Ikkinchisini ba'zan PROM deb atashadi. Les Autres sinflariga kiradigan odamlar uchun bir qator sport turlari mavjud, ammo ularning huquqlari ko'pincha past bo'yli yoki PROMga bog'liq. Tarixga ko'ra, nogironlik bo'yicha sport klassifikatsiyasi transplantatsiya, diabet va epileptik bilan og'rigan odamlarga maxsus ochilmagan. Buning sababi, nogironlik doimiy xarakterga ega bo'lishi kerak.

Nogironlik bo'yicha sport turlari bo'yicha tasnif odatda uch yoki to'rt bosqichdan iborat. Birinchi qadam, odatda, tibbiy tekshiruvdir. Ikkinchisi odatda funktsional bahodir. Bu ikki qismdan iborat bo'lishi mumkin: birinchi navbatda sportchilarni mashg'ulotlarda kuzatib borish, so'ngra sportchilarni musobaqada kuzatish. Ushbu jarayonda sportchidan tashqari bir qator odamlar ishtirok etadi, ular orasida alohida tasniflagichlar, tibbiy klassifikatorlar, texnik klassifikatorlar, bosh klassifikator, tasniflash boshlig'i, tasniflash paneli va tasniflash qo'mitasi mavjud.

Maqsad

Nogironlar sportini tasniflashning maqsadi - har xil turdagi nogironlar o'rtasidagi adolatli raqobatni ta'minlash.^[1]

Xalqaro paralimpiya qo'mitasi (IPC) o'z tasnifini ishlab chiqishda o'z rolini "barcha sportchilarning sport mahoratiga va Paralimpiya harakatidagi sport turlariga hissa qo'shishda va teng huquqli raqobatni ta'minlashda" deb biladi.^[2] U tasniflashning maqsadini "Musobaqa uchun tuzilmani taqdim etadi" deb hisoblaydi. Tasniflash sportchining qobiliyatsizligi sport ko'rsatkichlari bilan bog'liqligini ta'minlash va boshqa sportchilar bilan tengma-teng raqobatlashishini ta'minlash uchun amalga oshiriladi.^[2] IPC-ga ko'ra, tasniflash jarayoni ikkita rolni bajaradi. Birinchisi, kim munosibligini aniqlash, ikkinchisi - musobaqa maqsadida sportchilarni guruhlash.^[2] Tanlovning minimal darajasi - bu sportchining mashg'ulotda qatnashish imkoniyatini cheklaydigan buzilish.^[2]

Nogironlar uchun sport tasnifining maqsadi ayrim sport turlarida qo'llaniladigan selektiv tasnifga o'xshaydi. Bunday tanlov mezonlariga jinsi, jinsi, yoshi, vazni yoki kattaligi kiradi. Selektiv tasniflash samaradorlikni bashorat qiluvchi deb hisoblanadigan o'zgaruvchilarga asoslangan bo'lib, ushbu o'zgaruvchilarning natijaga ta'sirini minimallashtirish maqsadi, boshqa o'zgaruvchilar asosida ushbu tasnif ichida ishlash jihatidan juda katta diapazon mavjud. Nogironlik bo'yicha sport turlarini tasniflash, odatda, o'yinchilar mahorat darajasiga qarab guruhlangan ishlashga asoslangan tizim emas. Ushbu tizimlar assotsiatsiya futbolidagi turli darajadagi ligalarni va golfda nogironlikdan foydalanishni o'z ichiga oladi.^[3]

Tarix

1940-yillar

Stok Mandevil kasalxonasida Lyudvig Guttmann tibbiyotga asoslangan tizim yordamida 1940-yillarda umurtqa pog'onasi shikastlanishi sport tasniflash tizimlari bilan tajriba o'tkazishni boshladi.^[3]

1950-yillar

Orqa miya jarohati bilan bog'liq sport tizimining tasnifi Xalqaro Stok Mandevil nogironlar aravachasi sport federatsiyasi (ISMWSF) tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan,^[4] birinchi tizim 1952 yilda Lyudvig Guttmann tomonidan Stok Mandevil kasalxonasida yaratilgan. Ushbu tizim Qoidalar qo'llanmasida chop etilgan bo'lib, u o'sha paytda paraplegik sport bilan shug'ullanadigan odamlarga, shu jumladan turli mamlakatlardagi murabbiylar, shifokorlar va fizioterapevtlarga tarqatilgan. O'sha paytda ushbu tasniflash tizimi tibbiy tasnif edi.^[5] Ampute sportining dastlabki tarixi bir-biriga o'xshash tarixga ega bo'lib, Evropada va Amerikada amputant sport turlari 1950 va 1960 yillarda bir-biridan mustaqil ravishda rivojlanib kelgan. Evropada bir tomonlama va ikki tomonlama pastki oyoq-qo'l amputantlari protez a'zolari yordamida sport bilan shug'ullanishgan. Qo'shma Shtatlarda bu turdagi nogironlar o'rniga nogironlar aravachasi sport turlari bilan shug'ullanishdi.^[6]

1960-yillar

Xalqaro nogironlar sport tashkiloti (ISOD) 1964 yilda yaratilgan va turli xil amputatsiyaga ega odamlar o'rtasida uyushgan sport musobaqalarini engillashtirish uchun birinchi rasmiylashtirilgan tasniflash tizimini yaratgan. Dastlab amputatsiya turlarining 27 xil sinflari mavjud edi. Sinflarning ko'pligi sababli ushbu tizimni isbotlab bo'lmaydi.^[7]

1970-yillar

1970-yillar davomida jismoniy nogironlik bo'yicha sport jamoalarida tibbiy va funktsional tasniflash tizimining afzalliklari to'g'risida munozara boshlandi. Bu davrda odamlar har ikkala yo'l bilan ham kuchli hissiyotlarga ega edilar, ammo mavjud tasniflash tizimlariga ozgina amaliy o'zgarishlar kiritildi.^[3]

Adaptiv eshkak eshish 1971 yilda Frantsiyada bo'lib o'tdi, dastlab eshkak eshuvchilarning ikkita klassi qatnashdi: ko'rish qobiliyati cheklanganlar va poliomiyelitdan xalos bo'lgan odamlar. Frantsiyada poliomiyelitdan xalos bo'lgan odamlar o'zlarining barqarorligini oshirish uchun pontonli qayiqlardan foydalanganlar. Qayiqda eshkak eshuvchilarning charchashiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun menteşe tizimini ishlab chiqish bilan boshqa o'zgarishlar kiritildi. Ko'zi ojiz eshkak eshuvchilar 1970 va 1980 yillarda o'zlarining mehnatga layoqatli hamkasblari bilan bir xil qayiqlardan foydalanganlar, ammo hakam tomonidan yo'nalishda harakat qilishgan.^[8] Ko'zi ojiz eshkak eshuvchilar, shuningdek, ko'r-ko'rona eshkak eshuvchilar bilan qayiqda bo'lishga da'vat etilib, ko'r eshkak eshuvchilar zarba vazifasini o'tashgan va kokslar ko'r-ko'rona eshkak eshuvchilarga yordam berishga alohida e'tibor berishgan. Tasniflash bu davrda Frantsiyada ishlab chiqilgan narsa emas edi, chunki eshkak eshuvchilarni muntazam eshkak eshish jamoasiga qo'shishga e'tibor berildi.^[9] 1976 yilda amputantlarning umumiy soni o'ndan ikkitasiga qisqartirildi 1976 yilgi Paralimpiya o'yinlari.^[7][10]

Niderlandiyada adaptiv eshkak eshish 1979 yilda tashkil etilganidan boshlangan Stichting Roeivalidatie. Dastlab tasniflashga ahamiyat berilmagan, balki eshkak eshish klublari ichida muntazam eshkak eshish bilan moslashuvchan eshkak eshishni birlashtirish. Keyinchalik uskunani nogironligi bilan bog'liq ravishda eshkak eshuvchilarning o'ziga xos ehtiyojlariga mos ravishda moslashtirishga harakat qilindi.^[11]

1980-yillar

Nogironlar kolyaskalari basketboli tibbiy nogironlar tizimi o'rniga funktsional tasniflash tizimidan foydalangan birinchi nogironlik sporti edi. Basketbolda ushbu turdagi tasniflash tizimi bo'yicha dastlabki tajribalar 1980-yillarda boshlangan, 1983 yilda Oltin kubok chempionatida ishlatilgan tizimning birinchi namoyishi. O'sha paytda ushbu sport turi bo'yicha to'rtta mashg'ulot mavjud edi.^[12][13] Musobaqa ISMGF tibbiy tasniflagichlarida o'yinchilarni o'zlarining qobiliyatini eng yaxshi ko'rsatadigan sinflarga to'g'ri joylashtirish bilan bog'liq muammolar mavjudligini ko'rsatdi. Yangi tizim futbolchilarning ishonchini oshirdi va tasniflash tizimiga nisbatan tanqidlarni kamaytirdi, chunki o'yinchilar noto'g'ri tasniflanganligi haqidagi ayblovlarga tegishli edi.^[12] 1983 yilgi Oltin kubok chempionatida ishlatiladigan funktsional tasniflash tizimi Kölnda ishlab chiqilgan Xorst Stroxkendl. Ushbu tizim shu vaqtdan beri xalqaro hamjamiyatda doimiy ravishda qo'llanilib kelinayotgan tizimdir.^[12][14] Keyinchalik u 1984 yilda Angliyada bo'lib o'tgan Butunjahon nogironlar o'yinlarida ishlatilgan.^[13] Funktsional tasniflash tizimining joriy etilishi, shuningdek, amputant futbolchilar birinchi marta ushbu sport turida ishtirok etishlari mumkin edi.^[12] 1984 va 1988 yilgi Yozgi Paralimpiya o'yinlari uchun tizim o'z vaqtida mavjud bo'lishiga qaramay, Paralimpiya o'yinlarida uni birinchi marta ishlatilgan 1992 yilgacha kechiktirish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi.^[12][13] Bu qisman kengroq ISMGF va nogironlar kolyaskalari basketboli kichik qo'mitasi o'rtasidagi ziddiyatning natijasi edi. ISMGF, biron bir tarzda, sportning funktsional tasniflash tizimiga to'liq o'tishga qarshi edi. Ushbu mojaro rasman 1986 yilga qadar o'z echimini topmaydi, agar Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari erkaklar va ayollar funktsional tizim to'liq tatbiq etilmasa, yirik musobaqalarni boykot qilish bilan tahdid qilgunga qadar.^[12]

Miya falajiga chalingan odamlar birinchi navbatda Paralimpiya o'yinlari 1980 yilda Niderlandiyaning Arnhem shahrida.^[15][16] O'sha paytda to'rtta sinf mavjud bo'lganida, dasturga faqat eng yuqori ishlaydigan ikkita sinf kiritilgan edi. To'rt sinf muvofiqlashtirish, miya yarim falaj turlari va funktsional qobiliyatlari atrofida aniqlandi.^[17]

Dastlab keng tashkilotning bir qismi bo'lgan CP-ISRA 1981 yilda mustaqil tashkilotga aylandi.^[18] Milliy darajadagi miya yarim falaj va miya yarim falaj sport tashkilotlari bir vaqtning o'zida tan olindi.^[19] 1982 yilda tasniflash tizimi to'rt sinfdan sakkiz sinfgacha kengaytirildi. U to'rtta ambulatoriya mashg'ulotlari va to'rtta nogironlar aravachasi sinflarini o'z ichiga olgan va funktsional tasniflash tizimidan foydalangan.^[17] 1983 yilda CP-ISRA tomonidan miya yarim falaji bo'yicha raqobatchilar uchun tasnif turli xil sport turlari, shu jumladan boccia va engil atletika uchun qabul qilingan.^[20] Tasniflash yengil atletika musobaqalari uchun mo'ljallangan, ammo kamondan o'q otish va boccia kabi ko'plab sport turlarida qo'llaniladigan tizimga asoslangan.^[21] Dastlab tizim beshta tasnif bilan ishlab chiqilgan.^[21] Tizim boshqa ikkita xalqaro sport tashkilotlari, ISOD va ICPS tibbiyot mutaxassislari bilan maslahatlashgandan so'ng ishlab chiqilgan.^[22] Ular miya yarim falajini zaiflashuvga olib keladigan progressiv bo'lmagan miya legioni deb ta'rifladilar. Miya falajiga chalingan yoki miyaning progressiv bo'lmagan shikastlanishi bo'lgan odamlar ular tomonidan tasniflanishi mumkin edi. Tashkilot shu kabi nogironligi bo'lgan odamlarni tasniflash bilan ham shug'ullangan. Ularning tasniflash tizimi uchun odamlar umurtqa pog'onasi lokomotorlarning buzilishi to'g'risida tibbiy ma'lumotlarga ega bo'lmaguncha, tegishli emas edi. Miya falajiga chalingan odamlar va epilepsiya ushbu shart ularning raqobatlashish qobiliyatiga xalaqit bermasa, munosib edi. Qon tomirlari bo'lgan odamlar tibbiy rasmiylashtirilgandan so'ng tasniflash huquqiga ega edilar. Bilan raqobatchilar skleroz, mushak distrofiyasi va artrogripoz tomonidan tasniflanishi mumkin emas edi CP-ISRA, lekin tomonidan tasniflanishi mumkin edi Xalqaro nogironlar sport tashkiloti uchun Les Autres o'yinlari.^[23] 1984 yilgi yozgi paralimpiada dasturga CP futbol va boccia qo'shilgan holda birinchi miya falaji faqat sport turlari qo'shildi.^[24]

1980-yillar davomida tibbiy tasniflash tizimidan funktsional tizimga o'tish boshlandi, ISMWSF ushbu o'zgarishni nogironlar aravachasi sportida boshqaradigan tashkilotlardan biri bo'ldi.^[5] Ushbu davrda nogironlar nogironlar kolyaskalari sportining o'ziga xos tasniflash tizimlari, shu jumladan nogironlar aravachasi qilichbozligi, IWF tasniflash tizimi 1988 yilda Seulda bo'lib o'tgan yozgi paralimpiya o'yinlari uchun joriy qilingan. Birinchi marta 1987 yilda Glazgoda bo'lib o'tgan Evropa chempionatida ishlatilgan va 1988 yilgi o'yinlarda ishlatilishidan oldin ushbu tizimga kichik o'zgarishlar kiritilgan.^[25]

1990-yillar

1990-yillardan boshlab tasniflash tizimidagi o'zgarishlar yengil atletika va suzishda amputatsiya qilingan sportchilar miya falaji kabi nogiron sportchilarga qarshi kurash olib borishini anglatadi.^[26] Tarixiy jihatdan shu vaqtgacha nogironlik sporti to'rt xil sport tashkilotlari tomonidan boshqarilib kelinmoqda: Serebral Palsy-International Sport and Recreation Association (CP-ISRA;), International Stoke Mandeville nogironlar aravachasi sport federatsiyasi (ISMWSF) va ISOD.^[27]

1991 yilda Xalqaro funktsional tasniflash simpoziumi 1991 yilgi Xalqaro Stok Mandevil o'yinlari bilan bir vaqtda o'tkazildi. 1992 yil Barselonada bo'lib o'tgan yozgi Paralimpiya o'yinlari uchun rasmiy ravishda tatbiq etilgan tasniflash tizimiga o'zgartirishlar kiritildi. Ushbu tizim 1950 yillar davomida Guttmann tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan asl tizimning yanada takomillashtirilgan shakli edi.^[5] 1991 yilga kelib, Qo'shma Shtatlardagi ichki musobaqalar uchun eshkak eshish usulida tasniflash tizimi joriy qilingan edi, ammo u hali ham ishlab chiqilmoqda. Ushbu davrda ko'plab eshkak eshuvchilar ham mehnatga yaroqli hamkasblariga qarshi bellashdilar.^[28] FISA tomonidan tan olingan adaptiv eshkak eshish bo'yicha Jahon kubogi musobaqasi 1991 yilda bo'lib o'tgan va Gollandiyada bo'lib o'tgan.^[29] 1991 yilga kelib, adaptiv eshkak eshish uchun xalqaro tasniflash tizimini ishlab chiqishga harakat qilindi.^[30] Ushbu sinflar quyidagilardir: Q1: C4-C6, Q2: C7-T1, P1: T2-T9, P2: T10-L4, A1: bitta amputatsiya, A2: er-xotin amputatsiya va A3: nafas olish muammolari.^[30] Garchi bu nominal ravishda funktsional tasniflash tizimi bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, odamlar bu borada juda ko'p munozaralarni olib borishdi, chunki odamlar uni amalga oshirishda kelisha olmadilar va u keng qo'llanilmadi.^[31] Shu bilan birga, adaptiv eshkak eshish ham intellektual imkoniyati cheklangan kishilarni o'zlarining sport turlariga jalb qilish borasida bahslashayotgan edi.^[31]

1992 yilda Xalqaro paralimpiya qo'mitasi rasmiy ravishda nogironlik sportini boshqarishni o'z qo'liga oldi va IPC tomonidan tan olinadigan har qanday sport turini ko'rib chiqish doirasida tasniflash tizimlarini nazorat qildi.^[32]

1992 yilda, Barselonada o'tkaziladigan Paralimpiya o'yinlari oldidan, amputant sport turlarini tasniflash tizimi yana o'zgartirildi va hozirgi kunda mavjud bo'lgan to'qqiztaga qisqartirildi.^[7][33] Shunga qaramay, ba'zida turli darajadagi ko'rsatkichlarga ega bo'lgan sinflar bir xil musobaqada Paralimpiya darajasidagi medal uchun o'zaro raqobatlashadilar.^[27] Ampute sport turlarini tasniflash bo'yicha kichik o'zgarishlar 1993 yilda rasmiylashtirildi.^[27]

Nogironlar nogironlar kolyaskalari regbi sportning boshlanishiga yaqin IWAS tomonidan 1992 yildan beri boshqarib kelinmoqda. IWAS shuningdek, sportning tasniflash tomonlarini boshqargan.^[34]

Raqobatchilarni mehnatga layoqatli musobaqalarga qo'shish haqidagi munozaralarni Horst Stroxkendl kabi nogironlik bo'yicha ba'zi sport tarafdorlari mehnatga yaroqli sport qoidalariga asoslanmagan mustaqil tasniflash tizimini ishlab chiqishga to'sqinlik qilish deb hisoblashdi. Ushbu harakatlar 1993 yilga qadar tugadi Xalqaro paralimpiya qo'mitasi o'ziga xosligini aniqlashga urinib ko'rdi va nogironlik sportini Olimpiya dasturiga kiritish bo'yicha harakatlarni deyarli to'xtatdi.^[35] O'yinlar birinchi bo'lib nogironlik bo'yicha basketbolchilar o'zaro kuch sinashdi, basketbolchilar o'z tasnifiga shikoyat qilish huquqini kafolatlashdi.^[36]

1996 yilda Atlanta shahrida bo'lib o'tgan Yozgi Paralimpiya o'yinlari suzish funktsional nogironlik asosida to'la birlashtirilgan birinchi musobaqalar bo'lib, endi ko'rish qobiliyati, miya yarim falaj, nogiron va nogironlar kolyaskalari bo'yicha to'rtta nogironlik turiga qarab sinflarga ajratilmagan. Mamlakatlarda endi nogironlik turiga qarab suzish bo'yicha bir nechta milliy jamoalar mavjud emas, aksincha bitta nogironlik bo'yicha terma jamoalar mavjud edi.^[15] 1996 yil oxirida CP-ISRA 22 ta xalqaro tasniflagichga ega edi.^[37] Xalqaro stol tennisi federatsiyasi tomonidan chop etilgan stol tennisi bo'yicha birinchi tasniflash qoidalari 1996 yil sentyabr oyida nashr etilgan.^[38]

2000-yillar

2000 yilgi Yozgi Paralimpiya o'yinlaridan so'ng, nogironlar uchun keng sport jamoatchiligida nogironlikning o'ziga xos tasniflash tizimlaridan voz kechish uchun bir nechta nogironlik turlarini o'z ichiga olgan birlashtirilgan tasniflash tizimiga o'tishga intilish paydo bo'ldi. 2000 yilga kelib suzish, stol tennisi va chavandozlik amputantlarga ushbu sport turlari bo'yicha o'ziga xos tasniflarni berish bilan allaqachon amalga oshirilgan. Ushbu integratsiya bilan shug'ullanadigan sport turlarini ko'paytirish istagi bor edi.^[27]

Qisman qisman Barselona o'yinlaridan keyin yuzaga kelgan funktsional imkoniyatlarni aniqlashdagi muammolar tufayli IPC 2003 yilda yangi tasniflash tizimini ishlab chiqish rejalarini e'lon qildi.^[39] Ushbu tasniflash tizimi 2007 yilda kuchga kirdi, kuchsizlanishni, oyoq-qo'llarning etishmovchiligini, oyoq uzunliklari farqlarini va bo'yni aniqlashga asoslangan standartlarga asoslangan. Shuningdek, u ko'rish qobiliyatini va intellektual zaiflikni baholash usullarini o'z ichiga olgan.^[39]

Nogironlar kolyaskalari va nogironlar sportini tasniflash bo'yicha boshqaruv IWAS tomonidan 2005 yilda ISMWSF va ISOD birlashgandan so'ng qabul qilindi.^[4] 2009 yilda kengash tomonidan tasdiqlangan tavsiyalar natijasida IPC Athletics tasniflash qoidalari engil atletika uchun o'zgartirildi. Ushbu o'zgarishlar CP sportchilariga ta'sir qiladi.^[40] CP-ISRA 2009 yilda ularning tasniflash tizimining yangilangan versiyasini chiqardi.^[41]

2010 yil

2010 yilda Xalqaro nogironlar kolyaskalari regbi federatsiyasi IWASdan rasman ajralib chiqdi va o'zlarining sport turlari tasnifini boshqarishni o'z zimmalariga oldi.^[34] 2010 yilda IPC yangi jismoniy yengilliklar bilan shug'ullanadigan yengil atletika tasnifining yangi qo'llanmasini chiqarilishini e'lon qildi. Ushbu tasnif qo'llanmasi yopilish marosimidan so'ng kuchga kiradi 2012 Yozgi Paralimpiya.^[42] 2011 yilda IWAS va CPISRA umurtqa pog'onasi shikastlangan odamlarga CPISRA poyga musobaqalarida qatnashish imkoniyatini beradigan o'zaro anglashuv memorandumini imzoladilar.^[43] Butunjahon taekvondo federatsiyasi dastlab o'z sportining paragrafini boshlaganida, ular CP-ISRA tasniflash tizimidan foydalangan, ammo 2015 yilda CP-ISRA bilan kelishgan holda o'z kodlariga o'tishgan.^[44]

Boshqaruv

Nogironlar sporti tasnifini boshqarish tarixan ikki guruh tomonidan nazorat qilingan: bir nechta sport turlarini qamrab oladigan nogironlikning o'ziga xos sport tashkilotlari va bir nechta nogironlik turlarini qamrab oladigan maxsus sport tashkilotlari.^[1]

Muayyan nogironlik bo'yicha sport tashkilotlari (IF) bo'yicha, tarixiy ravishda tasnifni boshqaradigan oltita yirik tashkilot mavjud edi. Ular CPISRA - miya yarim falaji va bosh jarohatlari, ISMWSF - umurtqa pog'onasi, ISOD - ortopedik holat va amputantlar, INAS - intellektual imkoniyati cheklanganlar, ko'zi ojiz va ko'rish qobiliyati zaif sportchilar uchun IBSA.^[1][45] IPC a'zolari sifatida, ular IPC tomonidan tasniflash tizimini qanday yaratish va saqlash to'g'risida yozilgan tasnif kodiga rioya qilishlari shart.^[2]

Xalqaro sport federatsiyalari (ISF) 1990-yillarda o'zlarining sport turlari bo'yicha tasniflash roliga o'tishni boshladilar.^[25] ISFlar nogironlikning ayrim turlari bo'yicha tasniflash bilan shug'ullanadigan sport turlari orasida engil atletika, tog 'chang'isi, nogironlar aravachasida regbi va maysazor kosalari mavjud.^[34][46]

Nogironlik guruhlari

Nogironlar uchun sport klassifikatsiyasi nogironlikning muayyan turlariga ega bo'lgan turli xil turli guruhlar uchun ochiqdir. Ushbu nogironlar doimiy xarakterga ega bo'lishi kerak.^[1] Tarixiy jihatdan nogironlikning bir necha xil guruhlari bo'lgan. Ular orasida ko'rish qobiliyati, jismoniy, aqliy zaifligi bo'lgan odamlar bor. Jismoniy nogironlik ko'pincha bir nechta pastki toifalarga bo'linadi, shu jumladan o'murtqa jarohatlar, miya yarim falaj, amputatsiya va Les Autres.^[1]

Amputatsiyalar va boshqa ortopedik holatlar

Ampute sport klassifikatsiyasi - bu nogironlik bo'yicha sport turlari uchun ishlatiladigan, turli xil amputatsiyaga ega bo'lgan odamlar o'rtasida adolatli raqobatni ta'minlash uchun ishlatiladigan sport turlari.^[59][27] Ushbu tasnif o'rnatildi Xalqaro nogironlar sport tashkiloti (ISOD) va hozirda ISOD 2005 yilda birlashtirilgan IWAS tomonidan boshqariladi.^[60] Bir nechta sport turlari nogiron sportchilar uchun tasnifni boshqaradigan sportning o'ziga xos boshqaruv organlariga ega.^[61]

Ampute sportchilar uchun tasnif 1950 va 1960 yillarda boshlangan. 1970-yillarning boshlarida u 27 xil sinflar bilan rasmiylashtirildi. 1976 yilda Barselona Paralimpiya o'yinlari oldidan bu ko'rsatkich 12 ga, 1992 yilda 9 ga kamaygan. 1990-yillarga kelib, bir qator sport turlari o'zlarining tasniflash tizimini ishlab chiqdilar, ular ba'zi hollarda ISOD tizimiga mos kelmadi. Bunga suzish, stol tennisi va ot sporti kiradi, chunki ular nogironlikning bir nechta turlarini o'z sportlariga qo'shishga harakat qilishgan. Ampute sportchilarida boshqa nogironlik sportchilaridan farq qiluvchi o'ziga xos muammolar mavjud.

^{[6][7][10][27]}

ISOD amputant sport tasniflash tizimi uchun darslar A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 va A9. Birinchi to'rttasi pastki oyoq-qo'llari amputatsiyaga uchragan odamlar uchun. A5 dan A8 gacha yuqori oyoq-qo'llari amputatsiyalangan odamlar uchun. A9 - yuqori va pastki oyoq-qo'l amputatsiyalari kombinatsiyasiga ega odamlar uchun. Tasniflash tizimi asosan tibbiyotga tegishli bo'lib, odatda to'rt bosqichga ega. Birinchisi, tibbiy ko'rik. Ikkinchisi - amaliyotda yoki mashg'ulotda kuzatuv. Uchinchisi - raqobat paytida kuzatuv. Final tasniflash guruhiga kiritilmoqda. Sportning o'ziga xos ehtiyojlaridan kelib chiqqan holda, bu erda bir nechta farq bor.^{[6][7][10][62][63]}

Miya falaji va boshqa asab kasalliklari

Miya falajining sport tasnifi odamlar tomonidan o'z ichiga olgan sport tomonidan ishlatiladigan tasniflash tizimidir miya yarim falaj (CP) bir-birlariga va har xil nogironliklarga ega bo'lganlarga qarshi adolatli raqobatlashish uchun har xil og'irlik darajalariga ega. Umuman, Miya falaji - Xalqaro sport va dam olish assotsiatsiyasi (CP-ISRA) miya yarim palsi sportini tasniflash uchun mas'ul organ bo'lib xizmat qiladi, ammo ba'zi sport turlari CP sportchilariga tegishli bo'lgan o'zlarining tasniflash tizimlariga ega.^{[22][71][72][73][74]}

Miya falajiga chalingan odamlar birinchi navbatda Paralimpiya o'yinlari 1980 yilda Gollandiyaning Arnhem shahrida faqat to'rtta CP sinflari bo'lgan paytda.^[15][16] Keyingi bir necha yil ichida CP sportiga xos xalqaro tashkilot CP-ISRA tashkil topdi va tasnifni boshqarish vazifasini o'z zimmasiga oldi. Keyinchalik tizim tibbiy asoslangan tasniflash tizimidan funktsional tasniflash tizimiga o'tishni boshladi.^[22][71][72] Bu tortishuvlardan holi emas edi, chunki bu har xil turdagi nogironlarning bir-biriga raqobatlashishiga imkon beradigan harakatni anglatadi va natijada orqaga qaytish yuz berdi. 2000-yillarda tasnifni tubdan qayta qurish amalga oshirildi. Shu bilan birga, individual sport turlari o'ziga xos tasniflash tizimlarini rivojlantira boshladi.^{[16][72][74][75][76][77]}

CP-ISRA tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan tasniflash tizimi sakkizta sinfni o'z ichiga oladi: CP1, CP2, CP3, CP4, CP5, CP6, CP7 va CP8. Ushbu sinflarni odatda yuqori nogironlar aravachasi, nogironlar aravachasi va ambulatoriya sinflariga ajratish mumkin. CP1 yuqori nogironlar aravachasi uchun sinf, CP2, CP3 va CP4 - bu nogironlar aravachasining umumiy sinflari. CP5, CP6, CP7 va CP8 ambulatoriya mashg'ulotlari.^{[18][64][78][79]}

• 

  CP1 tasniflangan sportchilar uchun nogironlik turi

• 

  CP2 tasniflangan sportchilar uchun nogironlik turi

• 

  CP3 tasniflangan sportchilar uchun nogironlik turi

• 

  CP4 tasniflangan sportchilar uchun nogironlik turi

• 

  CP5 tasniflangan sportchilar uchun nogironlik turi

• 

  CP6 tasniflangan sportchilar uchun nogironlik turi

• 

  CP7 tasniflangan sportchilar uchun nogironlik turi

• 

  CP8 tasniflangan sportchilar uchun nogironlik turi

Ba'zi sport turlari tarixiy ravishda ushbu toifalarni ko'pgina sport turlari bo'yicha tasniflashsiz ishlatgan. Bu CP futboliga tegishli bo'lib, u CP5, CP6, CP7 va CP8 sinflaridan foydalanadi va ulardan foydalanishi mumkin.^[80] CP futbolida ba'zan turli xil tasniflash nomlari ishlatiladi, FT5 aks ettiruvchi CP5, FT6 aks ettiruvchi CP6, FT7 aks ettiruvchi CP7 va FT8 aks ettiruvchi CP8.^[81] Sport bilan shug'ullanish qoidalari har bir daqiqada kamida bitta CP5 yoki CP6 o'yinchisini maydonda bo'lishini talab qiladi va agar jamoa bunga qodir bo'lmasa, ular bir erkakni o'ynashadi.^[33]

Turli xil sport turlari turli xil sinflardan foydalanadi, bu tizimlarning bir qismi CP-ISRA tomonidan qo'llaniladigan sinflarni aks ettiradi va shu bilan birga sportchilarga o'xshash funktsional nogironlarga qarshi kurashishga imkon beradi. Yengil atletika shunday tizimga ega: trek voqealari uchun T31 dan T38 gacha bo'lgan oynalar CP1 dan CP8 gacha, dala musobaqalari uchun F31 dan F38 gacha.^[64] Bu har doim ham shunday emas, va ba'zi bir CP sportchilari nogironlar aravachasidan foydalanadigan odamlar uchun 50-yillarda T va F sinflarida to'planishi mumkin. CP2 sportchilari F52 yoki F53 guruhlarida to'planishi mumkin. CP3 sportchilari F53, F54 yoki F55 deb tasniflanishi mumkin. CP4 sportchilari F54, F55 yoki F56 deb tasniflanishi mumkin. CP5 sportchilari F56 deb tasniflanishi mumkin.^[82][83][84]

UCI tomonidan qo'llaniladigan tasnif CP-ISRA tomonidan ishlatiladigan tizimni aks ettirmaydi. Buning o'rniga, tegishli sinflar kiradi T1, T2, H1, C3 va C4. CP1, CP2, CP3 va CP4 bilan kasallangan odamlar T1 deb tasniflanadi va uch g'ildirakli velosipeddan foydalanadilar.^[85][86] CP5 va CP6 raqobatchilari C3 velosiped sinfida qatnashish huquqiga ega.^[86] CP7 va CP8 C4 sinfida velosipedda raqobatlashishi mumkin.^[85][86] CP3 H1 qo'l mototsiklida qatnashish huquqiga ega.^[86]

Suzishda CP-ISRA bilan bog'liq darslardan foydalanilmaydi. Miya falajining hemiplejik shakllari bo'lgan odamlar gemiplejiyaning og'irligiga qarab S8, S9 yoki S10 deb tasniflanadi.^[87] Stol tennisi bir xil, darslar CP raqobatchilari uchun ochiq, ammo CP-ISRA tizimidan stol tennisi o'yinchilarini tasniflash bo'yicha qo'llanma sifatida foydalanilmaydi. Stol tennisi bo'yicha 6, 7, 8 va 9-sinflar miya falajiga chalingan odamlar uchun mavjud bo'lib, ularning qaysi sinfga mansubligini ko'pincha boshqa sport turlariga qaraganda ko'proq qo'l va qo'l funktsiyalari asosida aniqlaydigan sportga xos tasniflash jarayoni mavjud.^[79]

Pauerlifting kabi ba'zi sport turlari har xil sinflarga ega emas. Aksincha, har bir kishi nogironlikning minimal va maksimal talablari mavjud bo'lgan vaznga qarab mashg'ulotlarda qatnashadi. CP3, CP4, CP5, CP6, CP7 va CP8 ning CP-ISRA sinflari pauerliftingda qatnashish huquqiga ega.^[80][88][89] Nogironlar kolyaskalarini kıvırmak bir xil, CP-ISRA CP3, CP4 va CP5 sinflari barcha sport bilan shug'ullanish huquqiga ega.^[80][88][89] Sled xokkey va nogironlar aravachasi raqsi o'xshash, qatnashchilarning eng munosib darajasi - CP7.^[79][89] Turli xil nogironligi bo'lgan odamlar uchun ochiq turadigan voleybol ham o'xshash, ammo faqat CP7 va CP8 raqiblari bilan cheklangan.^[79]

Kar va eshitish qobiliyatiga ega bo'lganlar

Xalqaro karlar sport qo'mitasi tomonidan boshqariladigan kar sportlari ichida kar sportchilar kamida 55 desibelgacha eshitish qobiliyatini yo'qotadigan boshqa odamlarga qarshi kurashadilar.^[94]

Ba'zida kar sportchilar boshqa nogiron va nogiron bo'lmagan sportchilar ishtirokidagi musobaqalarga qo'shilishadi. Ular kar bo'lganligini ko'rsatib, o'zlarining tasnifi bo'yicha raqobatlashadilar.^[64] Karlar sporti IPC bilan integratsiyalashmaganligi sababli, ushbu tasniflar faqat milliy miqyosda qo'llanilishi mumkin. Masalan, T01 nafaqat Avstraliyada kar sportchilar uchun ishlatiladi.^[95][96]

Suzish - bu ba'zan turli xil milliy sinflar bilan milliy darajadagi integratsiyaga ega bo'lgan yana bir sport turi. Avstraliyada karlar suzuvchilar S15 deb tasniflanadi.^[97] Shotlandiyada uni GB Deaf Sport orqali GB karlar suzish klubi va xalqaro miqyosda ICSD boshqaradi.^[98]

FA orqali Angliyada karlar sinfiga qatnashish huquqi UK Deaf Sports-ga a'zoligi, ICSD identifikatsiya kartasi yoki audiolog, GP yoki mutaxassis maslahatchisi tomonidan sportchining eshitish qobiliyati 41 dB yoki undan yuqori bo'lganligi to'g'risidagi xatiga asoslanadi. .^[56] Buyuk Britaniyadagi ligalar ko'pincha to'rtta alohida sinfga bo'linadi: 41 dan 55 dB gacha bo'lgan eshitish qobiliyatini yo'qotadigan, 56 dan 70 dB gacha bo'lgan darajada zaif, 71 dan 90 dB gacha bo'lgan eshitish qobiliyatini yo'qotadigan va chuqurroq eshitish qobiliyatiga ega 91 dB.^[56]

Avstraliyada velosiped ikki sinfdan iborat. AU1 karlar velosipedchilarining ichki musobaqalari uchun mo'ljallangan. AU2 chet elda musobaqalashmoqchi bo'lgan avstraliyalik karlar velosipedchilariga mo'ljallangan. Tasniflash bilan mamlakat ichkarisidagi Deaf Sports Australia, xalqaro miqyosda esa ICSD shug'ullanadi.^[99]

Intellektual nogironlar

Xalqaro intellektual nogironlar sport federatsiyasi (INAS) intellektual nogironligi bo'lgan odamlar uchun raqobatbardosh sport turlari bo'yicha boshqaruv organidir.^{[101][102][103][104][105]} Paralimpiya o'yinlarida tegishli xalqaro sport tashkiloti tasnifni o'z zimmasiga oladi.^[105] Avstraliyada milliy darajadagi tasnif Avstraliya Paralimpiya Qo'mitasi va Integratsiyalashga Qiyin Odamlar uchun Avstraliyaning Sport va Dam olish Uyushmasi tomonidan boshqariladi.^{[97][104][105]} Avstraliyada milliy tasniflangan sportchilarga xalqaro tasniflash standartlariga javob berishlari kafolatlanmagan.^[105] Mahalliy ravishda, Avstraliyaning munosibligi Lifestream Australia tomonidan ham hal qilinishi mumkin.^[106] Avstraliyadagi sportning o'ziga xos tasnifi bilan bog'liq holda, Avstraliyada suzish tegishli tasniflash agentliklarini tasniflashni baholashda qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.^[97] Yangi Zelandiyada ID sportchilari tasnifi Yangi Zelandiya Paralimpiya o'yinlari bilan shug'ullanadi.^[107] Buyuk Britaniyada tasnifni Buyuk Britaniyaning Sport Assotsiatsiyasi bilan hamkorlikda sportga xos asosda ko'rib chiqish mumkin. Yengil atletika uchun buni Britaniya yengil atletikasi boshqaradi.^[108][109] For swimming in Scotland, it is handled by Scottish Disability Sport in partnership with British Para-Swimming.^[98]

Testing has shown that people with intellectual disabilities often have less strength, endurance, agility, flexibility, balance and slower running speeds than the non-disabled. They also lower peak heart rates and lower peak oxygen uptake.^[110] Many people with intellectual disabilities also have hearing or vision related disabilities.^[110] People with Down syndrome often have a condition called ligamentli bo'shliq, which results in increased flexibility in their joints of their neck. 15% of people with Down syndrome have atlantoaxial instability and causes decreases in muscle tone.^[110][111] This places them at increased risk of orqa miya shikastlanishi.

Intellectual disabilities cause issues with sport performance because of issues with reaction time and processing speed, attention and concentration, working memory, executive function, reasoning and visual-spatial perception. These things are all important components of sports intelligence.^[112] Successful coaching strategies differ from other sports. Coaches need to be more effusive with praise, not assume that athletes will understand and retain what they are told, focusing on improving overall physical ability to improve competition performance, focus more skills while playing rather than as independent drills removed from the sport, and revisit concepts often.^[113] People with mild levels of mental retardation have performance levels similar to non-disabled sportspeople.^[110]

Sometimes, sportspeople with intellectual disabilities are integrated into competitions with other disability and non-disability sportspeople. They compete in their own classification indicating they have such a disability.^[64]

Some sports are not open via their IFs to people with intellectual disabilities on the elite level. This includes cycling.^[52] It is also true for lawn bowls and sailing.^[121][122] Some sports are deliberately not supported by INAS-FID because of concerns about safety for sportspeople. These sports including pole vaulting, platform diving, boxing, ski jumping, American football, rugby, wrestling, karate, javelin, discus, hammer throw, and trampolining.^[111] Sports supported by the Special Olympics including track and field, soccer, basketball, ten-pin bowling, and aquatics.^[110] Many of these sports have local and national organizations that have signed memorandums of understanding with their national Special Olympics organizations, with Gymnastics Australia being an example in Australia.^[123] Classification for Special Olympics often uses groupings based on performance times or performance levels. This is different than the Paralympics where classification is done based on function or medical definitions.^[110]

Les autres

The purpose of Les Autres sport classification is to allow for fair competition between people of different disability types.^[1] Les Autres sport classification is handled by International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD).^[124] The Les Autres class of disabilities generally covers two classes. These are people with short stature and people with impaired passive range of movement. The latter is sometimes referred to as PROM.^[125] People with short stature have this issue as a result of congenital issues.^[125] PROM includes people with joint disorders including arthrogryposis and thalidomide. Most of the included specific conditions are for congential disorders.^[125] It also includes people with multiple sclerosis. This grouping does not include people with dislocated muscles or arthritis.^[125]

There are a number of sports open to people who fit into Les Autres classes, though their eligibility often depends on if they have short stature or PROM. For people with short stature, these sports include equestrian, powerlifting, swimming, table tennis and track and field.^[125] For people with PROM, these sports include archery, boccia, cycling, equestrian, paracanoe, paratriathlon, powerlifting, rowing, sailing, shooting, swimming, table tennis, track and field, wheelchair basketball, wheelchair fencing and wheelchair tennis.^[125]

LAF1, LAF2 and LAF3 are wheelchair classes, while LAF4, LAF5 and LAF6 are ambulant classes.^[67]

There are a number of sports open to people who fit into Les Autres classes, though their eligibility often depends on if they have short stature or PROM. For people with short stature, these sports include equestrian, powerlifting, swimming, table tennis and track and field.^[125] For people with PROM, these sports include archery, boccia, cycling, equestrian, paracanoe, paratriathlon, powerlifting, rowing, sailing, shooting, swimming, table tennis, track and field, wheelchair American football, wheelchair basketball, wheelchair fencing, wheelchair softball and wheelchair tennis.^{[125][127][136]} Historically, a number of sports were closed internationally to LA sportspeople including boccia, CP football, wheelchair fencing, wheelchair rugby and wheelchair tennis.^[137]

Some sports have open classification, with all Les Autres and short stature classes able to participate so long as they meet the minimal definition of having a disability. This was true for powerlifting.^{[133][138][139]} In athletics, the T40s and F40s classes include Les Autres classes.^{[133][139][140]} Les Autres competitors can also participate in sitting volleyball. In the past, the sport had a classification system and they were assigned to one of these classes. The rules were later changed to be inclusive of anyone, including Les Autres players, who meet the minimum disability requirement.^[129][139] In Nordic and alpine skiing, Les Autres competitors participate in different classes depending on their type of disability and what is effected.^[126] Wheelchair softball uses a point system similar to wheelchair basketball.^[127] Wheelchair American football requires at least one of the six football players on the field be a tetraplegic or woman with a disability.^[127] In CP soccer, rules requiring a CP5 player on the field led to wider adoption of Les Autres classes into the CP classification system to facilitate comparable participation.^[133]

Orqa miya shikastlanishi

Wheelchair sport classification includes a number of disabilities that cause problems with the spinal cord. These include paraplegia, quadriplegia, muscular dystrophy, post-polio syndrome and spina bifida.^[125]

In general, classification for spinal cord injuries and wheelchair sport is overseen by IWAS.^[45][141] Some sports have classification managed by other organizations. In the case of athletics, classification is handled by IPC Athletics.^[51] Wheelchair rugby classification has been managed by the International Wheelchair Rugby Federation since 2010.^[34] Lawn bowls is handled by International Bowls for the Disabled.^[46] Wheelchair fencing is governed by IWAS Wheelchair Fencing (IWF).^[25] The International Paralympic Committee manages classification for a number of spinal cord injury and wheelchair sports including alpine skiing, biathlon, cross country skiing, ice sledge hockey, powerlifting, shooting, swimming, and wheelchair dance.^[45]

• 

  Profile of an F1 sportsperson

• 

  Profile of an F2 sportsperson

• 

  Profile of an F3 sportsperson

• 

  Profile of an F4 sportsperson

• 

  Profile of an F5 sportsperson

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  Profile of an F6 sportsperson

• 

  Profile of an F7 sportsperson

• 

  Profile of an F8 sportsperson

• 

  Athletics specific classification for wheelchair sport athletes showing T51, T52, T53 and T54 spinal injury locations.

Vision impaired

The classification system for blind and vision impaired sport often has comparable classes in other sports.^[64]

• 

  Visualisation of functional vision for a B1 raqib

• 

  Visualisation of functional vision for a B2 raqib

• 

  Visualisation of functional vision for a B3 raqib

Transplants, diabetics, epileptics and other groups with disabilities

Historically, disability sports classification has not been open specifically to people with transplants, diabetics and epileptics. This is because disabilities need to be permanent in nature.^[1] On the Paralympic level, this also extends to people with disabilities related to tactile sensation, impaired thermoregulatory and cardiac function. Some of this is because while these may affect sport performance, they are not covered by the culture of the Paralympic Movement.^[3]

Some competitions are open to people with these disability types. Special classifications may be used to allow them to compete in some events.^[64] Some sports had classifications for people with these types of disabilities, but phased them out. For example, rowing's first classification system in 1991 had an A3 class for people with respiratory problems.^[30] Classification for transplantees in Australia is handled by Transplant Australia.^[96]

Funktsional tasnif

Since the 1990s, there has been a move away from many of these sport specific disability type classifications and into a more functional classification system that allows sportspeople with different types of disabilities to compete fairly against each other. This classification system tends to use a number of measures to classify sportspeople including muscle strength, range of joint movement (ROM), co-ordination, amputation, body height and balance.^[1] The importance of these various measures then changes based on sport specific needs.^[1]

Classification process

Athlete evaluation

Classification generally has three or four step. The first step is generally a medical assessment. The second is generally a functional assessment. This may involve two parts: first observing a sportspeople in training and then involving observing sportspeople in competition. The last step is the sportsperson being put into a class and being given a classification status.^{[52][148][149][25][53]}

Tibbiy tasnif

A sample medical classification form. Sportspeople would need some form of this sent to a classification panel.

The type of medical information required may be sport specific or disability type specific. Medical classification for wheelchair sport can consist of medical records being sent to medical classifiers at the international sports federation. The sportsperson's physician may be asked to provide extensive medical information including medical diagnosis and any loss of function related to their condition. This includes if the condition is progressive or stable, if it is an acquired or congenital condition. It may include a request for information on any future anticipated medical care. It may also include a request for any medications the person is taking. Documentation that may be required my include x-rays, ASIA scale results, or Modified Ashworth Scale scores.^[150]

For amputees, the medical classification stage can often done on site at a sports training facility or competition.^[151] Sometimes the health examination may not be done on site because the nature of the amputation could cause not physically visible alterations to the body. This is especially true for lower limb amputees as it relates to how their limbs align with their hips and the effect this has on their spine and how their skull sits on their spine.^[113]

Funktsional tasnif

Functional classification often involves experts familiar with a person's specific medical disability. If a person has multiple disabilities, they may be evaluated by multiple experts, one for each of their disability types. These multiple types are only disability types covered by the classification rules. For example, if a person applying is blind, is deaf and has an intellectual disability and is seeking classification for a sport for the blind, they will not require experts for intellectual disabilities or deafness as these disabilities are not generally covered by the classification for those sports.^[152]

Cerebral palsy sports

One of the standard means of assessing functional classification is the bench test, which is used in swimming, lawn bowls and wheelchair fencing.^{[149][148][25]} Using the Adapted Research Council (MRC) measurements, muscle strength is tested using the bench press for a variety of disabilities a muscle being assessed on a scale of 1 to 5 for people with cerebral palsy and other issues with muscle spasticity. A 1 is for no functional movement of the muscle or where there is no motor coordination. A 2 is for normal muscle movement range not exceeding 25% or where the movement can only take place with great difficult and, even then, very slowly. A 3 is where normal muscle movement range does not exceed 50%. A 4 is when normal muscle movement range does not exceed 75% and or there is slight in-coordination of muscle movement. A 5 is for normal muscle movement.^[149][25]

As a general rule, CP1 to CP4 sportspeople attend classification in a wheelchair. Failure to do so could result in them being classified as an ambulatory CP class competitor such as CP5 or CP6, or a related sport specific class.^[18]

CP footballers functional classification involves the classifiers observing the footballer practicing their sport specific skills in a non-competitive setting, and then the classifiers observing the player in competition for at least 30 minutes.^[153]

A standard bench press form used to for functional classification for wheelchair sportspeople.

Nogironlar kolyaskalari bo'yicha sport turlari

One of the standard means of assessing functional classification is the bench test, which is used in swimming, lawn bowls and wheelchair fencing.^{[148][149][25]} Using the Adapted Research Council (MRC) measurements, muscle strength is tested using the bench press for a variety of spinal cord related injuries with a muscle being assessed on a scale of 0 to 5. A 0 is for no muscle contraction. A 1 is for a flicker or trace of contraction in a muscle. A 2 is for active movement in a muscle with gravity eliminated. A 3 is for movement against gravity. A 4 is for active movement against gravity with some resistance. A 5 is for normal muscle movement.^[149]

Wheelchair fencing classification has 6 test for functionality during classification, along with a bench test. Each test gives 0 to 3 points. A 0 is for no function. A 1 is for minimum movement. A 2 is for fair movement but weak execution. A 3 is for normal execution. The first test is an extension of the dorsal musculature. The second test is for lateral balance of the upper limbs. The third test measures trunk extension of the lumbar muscles. The fourth test measures lateral balance while holding a weapon. The fifth test measures the trunk movement in a position between that recorded in tests one and three, and tests two and four. The sixth test measures the trunk extension involving the lumbar and dorsal muscles while leaning forward at a 45 degree angle. In addition, a bench test is required to be performed.^[25]

Electric wheelchair hockey's functional classification test includes cone navigation, hitting and slalom.^[53]

Intellectual disability sports

Sample form for use for medical classification for ID sports.

INAS classification is a two step process on the international level. The first step is to contact INAS in coordination with the national sports federation to determine if the person meets minimum eligibility requirements.^{[154][155][112]} Sportspeople can either be directed to provide more evidence of an intellectual disability, rejected outright by INAS or referred to sport specific classifiers.^[112] Tests that are eligible to document the disability include Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales, Raven Progressive Matrices, Stanford Binet, Wechsler Intelligence Scales, ABAS Adaptive Behavior Scales, AAMR Adaptive Behaviour Scales, HAWIE, SSAIS and MAWIE.^[156] In Australia, documents that may be submitted in support of classification include documentation of attending a specialized school for people with intellectual disabilities, an IQ test conducted by a psychologist or specialist who works with people with intellectual disabilities, or getting government assistance because of their disability.^[155] In New Zealand, documentation may include evidence that students are part of Ongoing Resourcing Scheme because of their intellectual disability.^[157]

After this is done, a second step is done involving sport specific classification by technical experts familiar with the sport. Cognitive and sport specific tests are conducted to determine if minimum eligible requirements are met.^[154][155] Their participation eligibility is either then confirmed or rejected.^[112] Sportspeople can be classified as Provisional International Eligibility, which allows them to compete internationally in development events. They can also be classified as Full Primary Eligibility. This allows them to participate in all INAS sanction international events The third eligibility class is Sport Specific Classification. This classification is required for participation at the Paralympic Games.^[155] The third eligibility type is governed by the sport specific organization, while the first two are handled by INAS.^[155]

Part of the sport specific testing for includes the Sport Cognition Test Battery. This involves psychometric tests that can be administered non-verbally using large touchscreen computers and are sometimes coupled with other tests conducted without a computer at a desk.^[112] This is then coupled with TSAL-Q, a questionnaire that explains total time training and experience with the sport. It also includes in competition observation. In swimming, after the competition, the race will likely be reviewed using video analysis to look at stroke speed in the pool.^[112] This information is then compared to create a sportsperson profile which is compared to a baseline of non-disabled sportspeople to determine Paralympic eligibility.^[112]

Swimming uses a number of sport specific tests for eligibility. The Corsi test is one. It tests memory capacity, with a cut-off score of 6.69. The Tower of London test is used to check executive function. It has a cut-off score of 12.43. Block design is used for visual spatial ability, with a cut-off score of 58.31.^[112]

Part of sport specific classification for athletics is a pacing test.^[115] Sport specific classification is handled internationally by classifiers from the International Table Tennis Federation.^[158] In table tennis, players are asked to demonstrate several types of serves as part of sport specific testing.^[115]

Eligibility and class assignment

The final stage of classification is having eligibility determined and then being put into a class.^[2] There are several status and classes, of which one is "Ineligible".^[2] Other classification statuses include New, Review, Confirmed, and Fixed Review Date.^[52] Following being put into a class or being ruled ineligible, the next step is to inform the sportsperson of this decision.^[2][52] Another potential status is Non-Cooperative. This occurs when the sportsperson did not, according to the Classification Panel, cooperate during the classification process. When this occurs, sportspeople need to wait three or more months before being eligible to apply for classification again.^[2][52] If a sportsperson is determined to be eligible for more than one class in the same sport, the sportsperson must make a decision as to which class they want to compete in as they cannot be classified into two different classes in the same sport at the same time.^[152] They may opt to change classes at the end of the sporting season or at after the Paralympic Games depending on the rules for the sport.^[152]

If during this process, the Classification Panel determines that the sportsperson or personnel around the sportsperson attempted to manipulate classification results to get an incorrect and beneficial class assignment, the sportsperson could be banned from participating in the sport for two or more years. They may also be required to pay a fine. Support personal cheating classification for sportspeople are also subject to sanction and fines.^[2][52]

Protests and appeals

An important component of the classification process is protests regarding classification assignment and eligibility, and the process to appeal these decisions.^[2][52] IFs and ISFs are expected to have the procedure for protesting and appealing written into their classification process if they are signatories to the IPC Classification Code.^[2] Protests involve the class for which a person is assigned. An appeal is a procedural objection to actions taken during the classification process. Protests go to the governing body for that classification. For example, cycling classification protests would be submitted to the UCI.^[2][52] Sportsperson confidentiality is to be insured so that the public is not aware of who has protests someone's classification or appealed their own classification until after a decision has been made.^[2]

Protests made need to be submitted by a sportsperson's national federation.^[52]

Ishtirok etgan odamlar

Beyond the sportspeople getting classified, there are a number of parties involved with the classification process. They include classifiers, head classifier, chief classifier, the classification panel and the classification committee.^[2][25] The need for these people is spelled out by the IPC Classification Code.^[2]

Tasniflagichlar

Classifiers play a critical role in the classification process. Their role is to ensure that sportspeople are placed into the correct class.^[159]

In general, a classifier is trained specifically to classify by an ISF or disability type sporting organization to determine a sportsperson's class and classification status. Their skill sets often include medical knowledge, sport specific knowledge and other technical qualifications. They go through a certification process to demonstrate competency as a classifier, generally first on a national level before moving on to international classification.^[2][52][25]

Head of Classification

Each ISF and IF has a Head of Classification. The person in this role is responsible for direction, administration, co-ordination and implementation of classification for their sport organization.^[2][52]

Chief Classifier

A Chief Classifier is appointed to handle each event. As it relates to the event, their role is similar to that of Head of Classification. They are in charge direction, administration, co-ordination and implementation of classification during that sporting event.^[2] If a sportsperson misses their classification procedure or is non-cooperative, it is up to the Chief Classifier to determine if the sportsperson had a valid reason and to reschedule their classification if they accept said reason.^[2][52]

Classification Panel

During the classification process, sportspeople deal with multiple classifiers who are assessing different things. Following their assessment, this panel, appointed by the ISF or the IF, gets together to discuss which class a sportsperson should be put into and what their classification status should be.^[2][52][25] Each panel requires a minimum of two members.^[2] Some sports designate that at least one member be a medical classifier and at least one member be a technical classifier.^[52]

Classification Committee

Most ISFs or disability type sporting organization have a classification committee. This committee deals with a number of things, including assessing the latest research related to classification, examining their classification criteria against the latest research and reports from the field, appointing classifiers, keeping a master list of all sportspeople's classification and classification status, liaise with all relevant parties, insuring all private medical information and other data remains secure, organizing classifier training, and otherwise overseeing the classification system.^[25]

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