Sui imperatori Yang - Emperor Yang of Sui

Ushbu maqola umumiy ro'yxatini o'z ichiga oladi ma'lumotnomalar, lekin bu asosan tasdiqlanmagan bo'lib qolmoqda, chunki unga mos keladigan etishmayapti satrda keltirilgan. Iltimos yordam bering yaxshilash tomonidan ushbu maqola tanishtirish aniqroq iqtiboslar. (2017 yil aprel) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Yang Guang
2-chi Suy sulolasi imperatori
Hukmronlik	21 avgust 604 - 11 aprel 618 yil
O'tmishdosh	Imperator Ven
Voris	Yang sen
Tug'ilgan	569
O'ldi	11 aprel 618 yil (49 yosh) Danyang, Sui China
Dafn	Tsziandu
Konsortsiyalar	Empress Min
Nashr	Yang Chjao Yang Szyan Yang Gao Malika Nanyang
To'liq ism Yang Guang 楊廣 Vafotidan keyingi ism Per Tang sulolasi: Yang 煬 "yalqov" Per Yang Tong: Ming 明 "tushunish" Per Dou Jiande: Min 閔 "ehtiyot" Ma'bad nomi Shizu 世祖
Uy	Suy sulolasi
Ota	Imperator Ven
Ona	Empress Vensian

Sui imperatori Yang (隋煬帝, 569 - 618 yil 11-aprel), shaxsiy ism Yang Guang (楊廣), muqobil ism Ying (英), Sianbei ism Amo (阿摩), shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan Imperator Ming (明帝) nabirasining qisqa hukmronligi davrida Yang Tong ), ning ikkinchi o'g'li edi Sui imperatori Ven va ikkinchisi Xitoy imperatori "s Sui sulolasi.

Imperator Yangning asl ismi Yang Ying edi, ammo otasi uni orkular bilan maslahatlashgandan so'ng Yang Guang deb o'zgartirdi. 581 yilda imperator Ven Suy sulolasini tashkil qilganidan keyin Yang Guang Jin shahzodasi bo'ldi. 588 yilda unga janubga bostirib kirgan beshta qo'shin qo'mondonligi berildi. Chen sulolasi va ushbu kampaniyaning muvaffaqiyati uchun keng maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi. Ushbu harbiy yutuqlar, shuningdek, uning akasiga qarshi hiyla-nayranglari Yang Yong, uning bo'lishiga olib keldi valiahd shahzoda 600 yilda otasi vafotidan keyin, odatda, aksariyat an'anaviy tarixchilar tomonidan tasdiqlanmagan, Yang Guang tomonidan buyurilgan qotillik deb hisoblangan, u imperator Yang sifatida taxtga o'tirgan.

604 yildan 618 yilgacha hukmronlik qilgan imperator Yang bir necha yirik qurilish loyihalarini amalga oshirishga, xususan, qurib bitkazishga majbur bo'ldi Katta kanal va qayta qurish Buyuk devor, olti millionga yaqin ishchining hayotiga zomin bo'lgan loyiha. U shuningdek, Suyni eng katta hududiy darajasiga etkazgan bir nechta harbiy ekspeditsiyalarga buyruq berdi, ulardan biri fath Champa hozirgi markaziy va janubiy hududlarda Vetnam, bezgak kasalligidan minglab Sui askarlari o'limiga sabab bo'ldi. Ushbu ekspeditsiyalar bir qator bilan birga halokatli kampaniyalar qarshi Goguryeo (ning uchta shohligidan biri Koreya ), imperiyani bankrot va xalqni qo'zg'olonda qoldirdi. Shimoliy Xitoy notinch bo'lganida, imperator Yang o'zining so'nggi kunlarini Tsziandu shahrida (江都, zamonaviy tarzda) o'tkazdi Yangzhou, Tszansu ), u oxir-oqibat qaerda edi bo'g'ib o'ldirilgan uning generali boshchiligidagi to'ntarishda Yuven Xuaji.

Uning yutuqlariga qaramay, imperator Yang odatda an'anaviy tarixchilar tomonidan Xitoy tarixidagi eng dahshatli zolimlardan biri va Suy sulolasi nisbatan qisqa muddat hukmronligi sababi deb hisoblanadi. Uning Goguryoga qarshi muvaffaqiyatsiz olib borgan kampaniyalari va ularga jalb qilingan harbiy xizmatlar, shu qatorda ushbu urushlarni moliyalashtirish uchun soliqni ko'paytirish va ushbu soliqqa tortish natijasida yuzaga kelgan fuqarolik tartibsizliklari oxir-oqibat sulolaning qulashiga olib keldi.

Fon

Yang Guang 569 yilda, hukmronlik davrida tug'ilgan Shimoliy Chjou imperatori Vu. Uning ota-onasi edi Yang Szyan, Suy knyazi va Yang Tszyanning rafiqasi Düşes Dugu Qieluo; uning onasi bobosi edi Dugu Sin, taniqli harbiy general va amaldor. U ota-onasining ikkinchi o'g'li edi Yang Yong va uning kamida bitta katta singlisi bor edi, Yang Lihua imperator Vuning xotini bo'lgan valiahd shahzoda Yuven Yun (keyinchalik imperator Xuan) 573 yilda. U yoshligida xushbichim va aqlli deb hisoblangan va Yang Tszyan va Dyusiny Dyugoning o'g'illari orasida ular unga ko'proq ustunlik berishgan. Biroz vaqt davomida Shimoliy Chjou, Yang Tszyan yutuqlari hisobiga u Dyuk yaratildi Yanmen.

580 yilda Yang Tszyan imperator Syuan vafotidan keyin regent sifatida hokimiyatni qo'lga kiritdi. 581 yilda u imperator Syuanning o'g'liga ega edi kanizak Zhu Manyue ), Imperator Jing, Shimoliy Chjuni tugatib, o'z taxtini unga topshiring Suy sulolasi uning imperatori Ven. Imperator Ven Yang Yong valiahd shahzodasini yaratdi va boshqa o'g'illarini imperator knyazlarini yaratdi. Yang Guang shu tariqa Jin shahzodasi unvonini oldi.

Jin shahzodasi sifatida

Shuningdek, 581 yilda imperator Ven Yang Guangni Bing provinsiyasida (并 made, deyarli zamonaviy) komendant qildi. Taiyuan, Shanxi ), shimolidagi viloyatlarga mas'ul Sariq daryo. 582 yilda imperator Ven o'z hukumati ijroiya byurosining bo'limini tashkil qildi (g尚書 省, Shangshu Sheng) Bing viloyatida va Yang Guangni boshiga aylantirdi. U rasmiy Vang Shao qildi (王韶) boshliq o'rinbosari va uni Yang Guangga yordam berishini so'radi. Keyinchalik 582 yilda imperator Ven a qizim uning vassalidan G'arbiy Liang imperatori Min (Xiao Kui) Yang Guangning rafiqasi va malika bo'lish. Aytishlaricha, Yang Guang uni yaxshi ko'rgan va hurmat qilgan.

584 yilda, ba'zi bir Sui harbiy va diplomatik g'alabalaridan so'ng, Tujue "s Shabo Xon Ashina Shetu Suiga bo'ysundi. Yang Guang imperator Venga Ashina Shetuning uverturasini rad etishni va Tujuega katta hujum uyushtirishni taklif qildi, ammo imperator Ven rad etdi. 585 yilda Ashina Shetu unga bo'ysunuvchi xonlardan birining hujumiga uchragan Datou Xon Ashina Dianjue, imperator Ven aslida Yang Guangni Ashina Shetuga yordam berish uchun yuborgan.

588 yilda imperator Ven Yang Guangning bosh qarorgohini Shouchun (壽春, zamonaviy) ga ko'chirdi Lu'an, Anxuiy ), uni komendant va shu erda tashkil etilgan ijro byurosining boshlig'i qildi. 588 yil qishida imperator Ven raqibiga qarshi katta hujum boshladi Chen sulolasi. Uning akasi Yang Guang Yang Jun va umumiy Yang Su operatsiyaning uchta asosiy yo'nalishiga qo'mondonlik qilgan, Yang Guang esa sharqiy qismga va umumiy operatsiyani boshqargan. Asosiy rasmiy Gao Jiong Yang Guangning yordamchisi bo'lib xizmat qilgan. 589 yil bahorda generallar Xan Tsinxu (韓擒虎) va Heruo Bi (賀若弼), ikkalasi ham Yang Guang ostida, kesib o'tgan Yangtsi daryosi va Chen poytaxtiga yaqinlashdi Jiankang. Ko'p o'tmay, Heruo Chen generalini mag'lubiyatga uchratganidan keyin Xiao Mohe, Jiankang yiqilib, Chen imperatori Chen Shubao qo'lga olindi. Yang Guang, aftidan Chen Shuboning sevimli kanizagidan hayratga tushgan Chjan Lihua konsortsiumi, Gao Jiongning o'g'li Gao Dehongni yubordi (高 德 弘) Gao Jiongga Consort Zhangni ushlab turishni buyurdi. Buning o'rniga Gao Jiong, Consort Zhang bilan taqqoslaganda Daji (yovuz xotin Shanx qiroli Chjou ), uning boshini kesib tashladi. Shundan so'ng Yang Guang Gaodan qattiq norozi bo'lib, kinoyali tarzda shunday dedi: "" Sizga qilingan har bir yaxshilikni qaytarishingiz kerak "deyilgan. Men Dyuk Gaoning pulini keyinroq beraman. " Yang Guangning buyrug'i bilan Chen Shuboning eng sevimli amaldorlari, Chenning qulashining sabablari deb hisoblangan, shu jumladan Shi Ventsin (施文慶), Shen Keqing (沈 客卿), Yang Xuilang (陽 慧 朗), Xu Xi (徐 析) va Dji Xuijing (暨 慧 景), ijro etildi. Aytishlaricha, odamlar Yang Guangni uning qilmishlari uchun maqtashgan. Chen Shubao va uning klan a'zolariga nisbatan mehr-oqibat ko'rsatildi va Yang Guangning iltimosiga binoan Chen Shubao hali ham taslim bo'lmagan Chen generallariga ularni bunga ishontirish uchun maktublar yubordi va ular asosan shunday qilishdi. O'sha yili Yang Guangning qo'shinlari ularni poytaxtga kuzatib borishdi Chang'an. Chen Shubaoni imperator Venga sovg'a qilish marosimida Yang Guang saroyga birinchi bo'lib kirib keldi va imperator Ven Yang Guangga bezatilgan vagonlar, otlar, kiyim-kechak va nefrit sovg'a qildi. Keyinchalik, Yang Djunga sovg'a berildi Yang viloyati (keyin zamonaviyga ko'chirildi Yangzhou, Tszansu ) komendant lavozimi va Yang Guang Bing viloyatiga qaytarilgan. 590 yilda imperator Ven Yang Jun va Yang Guangning mudofaa postlarini almashtirib, Yang Guangni Yang viloyatiga qaytaradi.

594 yilda Yang Guang imperator Venni qurbonliklar keltirishga undadi Tai tog'i - imperatorlar uchun an'anaviy marosim, ammo kamdan-kam hollarda o'tkaziladigan marosim. Imperator Wen an’anaviy marosimlarni rad etdi, ammo Tai tog'ida qisqartirilgan marosimni o'tkazdi.

600 yil bahorida, Tujue xoniga aylangan Ashina Dianjyu bilan chegaralarga hujum qilib, imperator Ven Yang Guangning ukasi, Yue knyazi Yang Suangni yubordi. Yang Liang Xan shahzodasi va Shi Vansui (史 萬歲) Taypin gersogi, Tujyuga qarshi va ular Ashina Dianjyuga qarshi muvaffaqiyat qozonib, Qimin Xon Sui qo'llab-quvvatlagan Ashina Rangan, Ashina Dianjuning hujumidan.

600 yilga kelib, Yang Guangning akasi Yang Yong o'zining isrofgarchiligidan (bu imperator Venni norozi bo'lgan) va uning ko'pchiligidan Imperator Ven va Empress Duganing foydasini yo'qotdi. kanizaklar (bu Empress Duguni norozi qilgan). Yang Guang, aksincha, o'zini faqat malika Syaoni tejamkor va sevadigan qilib ko'rsatdi. (Yang Guangning kanizaklari bor edi, deb yozgan edi, lekin u o'zini yo'q deb ko'rsatdi va agar u homilador bo'lsa, kanizaklarini abort qilishga majbur qildi.) Yang Guang imperator Dugani Yang Yong ekanligiga ishonishini aytib, uni yanada qizdirdi. oxir-oqibat uni o'ldirishga qaror qildi. Empress Yang shu tariqa Yang Yongni olib tashlashga qaror qildi. Yan Guangning sherigi bor edi Yuven Shu Yang Suning ukasi Yang Yueni ishontirish (楊 約) Yang Su bilan Yang Yongning munosabatlari yaxshi bo'lmaganligi sababli, agar Yang Yong imperator Vendan keyin taxtga o'tsa, ularning oilasi xavf ostida bo'ladi. Nihoyat, Yang Guangda Yang Yongning sherigi Ji Vey ham bor edi (姬 威) Yang Yongni xiyonat qilishda ayblamoqda. Imperator Ven Yang Su ustidan tergov o'tkazgan va Yang Guang va Yang Su Yang Yongga qarshi dalillarni ishlab chiqarishgan. Imperator Ven Yang Yongni lavozimidan bo'shatdi va uning o'rniga Yang Guangni tayinladi va Yang Yongni Yang Guangning qo'riqlashi ostida uy qamog'iga oldi. Keyinchalik Yang Guang Yang Yongni ota-onasini yana ko'rishga urinishlarning oldini oldi.

Valiahd shahzoda sifatida

Yang Guang ham valiahd shahzoda maqomini olish uchun rejalarini tuzishda davom etgan degan fikr keng tarqalgan. Bunday keng tarqalgan ertaklarga quyidagilar kiradi.

602 yilga kelib uning ukasi, Yang Syu komendant bo'lgan Shu shahzodasi Yi viloyati (taxminan zamonaviy Chengdu, Sichuan ), va uning ixtiyorida katta resurslarga ega edi. Yang Guang Yang Syuening noqonuniy xatti-harakatlari, xususan isrofgarligi to'g'risida dalillarni yig'di va Yang Su ularni imperator Venga topshirdi. Imperator Ven Yang Syuni poytaxtga chaqirib, Yang Su ustidan tekshiruv o'tkazdi va Yang Guang ham, Yang Su ham Yang Syuga qarshi dalillarni ishlab chiqdilar. Imperator Ven Yang Xiuni oddiy darajaga tushirdi va uni uy qamog'iga oldi.

Shuningdek, 602 yilda Empress Dugu vafot etdi. Aytishlaricha, Yang Guang aksariyat ovqatlardan bosh tortib, o'zini juda motam tutgandek tutgan, ammo shaxsiy sharoitda odatdagidek ovqatlanishni davom ettirgan.

604 yilda imperator Ven o'zining dam olish saroyida bo'lgan Renshou saroyida (仁壽 宮, zamonaviy tarzda) Baoji, Shensi ), u kasal bo'lib qoldi va keyin vafot etdi - ammo o'lim, ammo an'anaviy tarixchilar to'g'ridan-to'g'ri dalillar yo'qligini tan olib, Yang Guang tomonidan buyurilgan qotillik deb hisoblashgan (pastga qarang). Yang Guang, Yang Yue'ni Yang Yongni o'ldirish uchun yuborganidan so'ng, imperator Venning o'limi haqida e'lon qildi va taxtni imperator Yang sifatida oldi.

Dastlabki hukmronlik

Imperator Yangning zudlik bilan boshdan kechirgan vazifasi generallar Van Kui tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan Bing viloyatining komendanti bo'lgan ukasi Yang Liangning isyoni edi (王 頍) va Xiao Mohe. Yang Liang 19 provinsiyadan qo'llab-quvvatlandi, ammo imperator Yangga butun imperiyani boshqarish uchun yoki faqat shimoliy hududni boshqarishga qarshi kurashish bo'yicha biron bir rejaga ega emas edi. Sariq daryo. Dastlabki muvaffaqiyatlardan so'ng, Yang Liangning huquqbuzarliklari to'xtab qoldi. Imperator Yang unga qarshi Su Suni yubordi va Yang Su tezda Szinoni qo'lga kiritib, Yang Lianni taslim bo'lishga majbur qilib, Bing viloyatidagi Yang Liangning shtab-kvartirasiga bordi. Imperator Yang Yang Liangni qatl qilmadi, balki uni oddiy darajaga tushirdi va umrining oxirigacha qamab qo'ydi.

604-yil qishida, sehrgar Zhangchou Taiyi so'zlariga ishonib (章 仇 太 翼) Chang'an geografiyasi uning sog'lig'i uchun foydali emasligini, imperator Yang bunga bordi Luoyang, uni sharqiy poytaxt deb belgilagan va bundan keyin kamdan-kam hollarda Chang'anga qaytgan. U katta qurilish loyihalarini Luoyangda amalga oshirishni buyurdi, bu uning haqiqiy kapital bo'lishi zaruriyatiga mos keldi va u o'zining to'ng'ich o'g'lini tashlab ketdi, Yang Chjao Jin shahzodasi, Chang'an uchun mas'ul. U bir necha yuz minglab yigitlarni Luoyang mintaqasini himoya qilish uchun atrofni o'rab olish uchun uzun xandaq qazishga majbur qildi. Shuningdek, u ayollar va xizmatkorlardan ozod qilinishini buyurdi bosh soliqlar Va erkaklar faqat 21 yoshga to'lganlarida kattalar (ya'ni chaqirilishga majbur) deb hisoblanadilar.

605 yil bahorida imperator Yang o'z rafiqasi valiahd malika Syaoni yaratdi imperator va Yang Zhao valiahd shahzoda sifatida. Shuningdek, u harbiy komendantlarning idoralarini bekor qildi. U, hozirgi paytda, Empress Syaoning ukasiga ishongan Xiao Kong Ju gertsogi (G'arbiy Liang oxirgi imperator) va uni, shuningdek boshqa ko'plab qarindoshlarini muhim amaldorlar qilib, unga Liang Dyukining katta unvonini yaratdi.

605 yildan boshlab, imperator Yang juda ko'p qurilish loyihalarini boshladi, shu jumladan Luoyangdagi imperator saroyi, ayniqsa hashamatli deb ta'riflangan. Bundan tashqari, u Tongji kanalini qurish uchun ko'plab odamlarni chaqirdi (通 濟 渠), Luoyangni Sariq daryo va Sariq daryoni Xuay daryosi, shuningdek Xan kanalini qayta qurish (邗 溝), Xuay daryosi va Yangtze daryosini birlashtirgan. Oxir-oqibat qismlarga aylanadigan ikkita kanal Xitoyning katta kanali, besh oy ichida qurilishi mumkinligi aytilgan, ammo hayotning katta xarajati evaziga ish bilan band bo'lgan erkaklarning 40% dan 50% gacha. Shuningdek, imperator Yang imperatorlik sharoitida 40 yilga qadar ikkilamchi saroylar qurishni buyurdi, shuning uchun u turli viloyatlarga tashrif buyurishi mumkin edi, chunki u imperiyani sharoitlarini ko'rish uchun uni samarali boshqarish uchun kerak edi.

605 yilning kuzida, Tongji va Xan kanallari qurib bo'lingandan so'ng, imperator Yang 11-turdan birinchisini (harbiy yurishlarni hisobga olgan holda) amalga oshirdi va u oxir-oqibat imperiyaning turli qismlarini o'z zimmasiga oladi va Tszangduga - poytaxtga boradi. Yang viloyati, u ilgari komendant bo'lgan joyda - suzuvchi saroy sifatida xizmat qilish uchun etarlicha katta va hashamatli deb aytilgan imperatorlik kemasida.

Shuningdek, 605 yilda, qachon Kidan qabilalar Ying provinsiyasiga hujum qildi (營 營, taxminan zamonaviy) Zhaoyang, Liaoning ), Imperator Yang rasmiy Vey Yunqiga ega edi (韋 雲 起) Kitanga hujum qilish uchun Ashina Rangan boshchiligidagi Tujue qo'shinlarini rekvizitsiya qilish. Kidan kuchlari kutilmaganda ushlanib, mag'lubiyatga uchradi.

606 yil yozida Yang Zhao valiahd shahzodasi Luoyangga tashrif buyurganida kasal bo'lib qoldi va tez orada vafot etdi. Imperator Yang o'z hukmronligining qolgan davrida Yang Zhaoning o'g'illari Yang Tanni yaratib, boshqa bir valiahd shahzodasini yaratmaydi (楊 倓), Yang Tong va Yang sen dastlab imperator knyazlari, ikkinchidan, jimgina uning ikkinchi o'g'lini o'ylayotgan bo'lsa-da, Yang Szyan Tsi shahzodasi (imperator Vendan farqli belgini ko'rsating) amalda voris bo'lib, Luoyangni qachon Luoyangdan uzoqlashishini istasa, uni Tszyan Tszyan boshqaradi. Imperator Yang o'zini hurmat qilganidek ko'rsatgan, lekin aslida qo'rqqan Yang Su ham 606 yil yozida vafot etdi.

Shuningdek, 606 yilda imperator Yang ikkita katta oziq-ovqat omborini - Luokou omborini (洛 口 倉) va Huiluo saqlash (回 洛 倉) - Luoyang yaqinida qurilishi kerak.

607 yil bahorida Ashina Rangan Luoyangda imperator Yangga tashrif buyurdi. Shuningdek, 607 yil bahorida Yuven Shu tashabbusi bilan Yang Yangning sakkiz o'g'li o'ldirilgan edi.

607 yil yozida imperator Yang viloyatlarni bekor qildi va ularni qo'mondonliklarga o'zgartirdi. Shu bilan birga, u o'zining to'rtta asosiy byurosini - ijroiya byurosini ushlab turadigan beshta asosiy byuroga ega bo'lgan otasining hukumat tizimini qayta tuzdi (bh, Shangshu Sheng), imtihon byurosi (門下 省, Menxia Sheng), qonunchilik byurosi (內 史 省, Neishi Sheng), the Saroy kutubxonasi - yahudiy byurosini tugatib, uni saroy byurosiga almashtirish (殿內 殿內, Diannei Sheng). U uchta qo'shimcha mustaqil agentlik va beshta mustaqil bo'limni tashkil etdi. Shuningdek, u imperator armiyasini 16 korpusga uyushtirgan. U faqat knyazlar, knyazlar va markenlarni ushlab turuvchi graflar, vizonlar va baronlar - uchta oliy darajadagi unvonlarni bekor qildi.

Shuningdek, 607 yil yozida imperator Yang Shimoliy provinsiyalar bo'ylab sayohatni boshladi, Chang'dan Jinyanggacha (Bing viloyati poytaxti)) imperatorlik yo'lini qurdi. Keyin u Ashina Ranganing imperatorlik chodiriga shaxsan tashrif buyurdi, uning itoatkorligi va sadoqati namoyishi imperator Yangni unga katta sharaf va boylik bag'ishlagan. Katta amaldorlar Gao Jiong, Yuven Bi (宇文 弼), va Heruo Bi xususiy ravishda noroziligini bildirdi, imperator Yang ularning tanqidlarini aniqladi va barchasini o'limga mahkum etdi Su Vey, shuningdek, uni o'z lavozimidan Ashina Ranganga haddan tashqari mukofot berishdan qaytargan. (An'anaviy tarixchilar Gaoning o'limini 589 yilda Gao Chen Shubaoning Consort Zhangni tirik qoldirishdan bosh tortganligi bilan izohlashadi.) Syao Kong Heruo Bi bilan chuqur do'stona munosabatda bo'lganligi sababli va Xiaos yana ko'tarilishi haqida mish-mishlar tarqalgan edi, xurofotchi imperator Yang ham Syaoni olib tashladi O'z lavozimidan Cong.

Qimin Yangindiga Yulinga tashrif buyurdi.^[1]

Shuningdek, 607 yilda Pei Ju, Imperator Yang bilan munosabatlarni qayta tikladi Xiyu davlatlar.

608 yil bahorida Yongji kanalini qurish uchun imperator Yang milliondan ortiq odamni chaqirdi (永濟 渠), Sariq daryodan to Zhuo qo'mondonligi (涿郡, taxminan zamonaviy Pekin ). Erkaklar kam deyishdi va u ayollarni ham chaqira boshladi.

608 yilda, Sui rasmiysi Cui Junsu tomonidan ishontirilgandan so'ng (崔君 肅), the G'arbiy Tujue xon (Ashina Ranganning g'arbiy raqibi), Heshana Xon Onasi bo'lgan Ashina Daman Xon, Suiga vassal sifatida topshirilgan. Ammo, shuningdek, 608 yilda imperator Yang Yaponiya qiroli Duolisibigudan (h多利思ng ph比ng) o'zini da'vo qilgan maktub oldi, hozirda u odatda ishoniladi Shahzoda Shotoku ), "The Osmon O'g'li Quyosh chiqadigan joyda, quyosh botadigan Osmon O'g'liga, sog'ligingiz yaxshi bo'lsin. "O'zining beparvoligi deb ko'rganidan norozi bo'lib, kelajakda boshqa shtatlardan" bemaza "xatlar unga topshirilmasligini buyurdi. .

Shuningdek, 608 yilda dastlab ayollar (Yang Tszyan imperator Yangning o'zi xohlagan kanizakni olib ketgan) va ov qilish (Yang Tszyan qo'riqchilari ov qilishda imperator Yangning qo'riqchilariga qaraganda ancha muvaffaqiyatli bo'lgan) nizolari sababli, imperator Yangning Yang Tszyan bilan munosabatlari yomonlasha boshladi. . U Yang Tszyan qonunlarini buzganligi bo'yicha tergov o'tkazishni buyurdi va Yang Tszyan sehrgarlikni ishlatib, Yang Chjaoning uch o'g'lini la'natladi. G'azablanib, imperator Yang Yang Tszyanning bir qator sheriklarini qatl qildi va surgun qildi, ammo u Yang Tszyanni taxtdan tushirmadi, garchi shu vaqtdan boshlab Yan Tszyan siyosiy sahnaga katta ta'sir ko'rsatmagan bo'lsa ham.

608 yilda ham Pei Ju ularni ishontirdi Tiele hujum qilish uchun qabilalar Tuyuhun, Tuyuhunning Busabuo Xonni majburlash Murong Fuyun qochmoq. Murong Fuyun dastlab Suyga bo'ysunishni o'ylagan va imperator Yang uni kutib olish uchun qo'shin bilan Yuvenni yuborgan. Ammo, Murong Fuyun fikridan qaytganida, Yuven unga hujum qildi va Tuyuhunning ko'plab odamlarini egallab oldi. Murong Fuyun uzoqroqqa qochib ketganda, imperator Yang o'z kuchlari bilan to'rtta qo'mondonlik tashkil etib, Tuyuhun hududini egallab olib, surgunlarda yashashi kerak edi.

O'rta hukmronlik

609 yil bahorida Ashina Rangan imperator Yangga yana bir bor tashrif buyurdi va imperator Yang uni yana juda ko'p xazina bilan mukofotladi.

Shuningdek, 609 yil bahorida imperator Yang imperiya bo'ylab dehqonchilik erlarini qayta taqsimlashni buyurdi.

Keyinchalik 609 yil bahorda imperator Yang yangi bosib olingan Tuyuhun hududiga ekskursiya o'tkazdi va Murong Fuyunni ta'qib qilish uchun bir nechta generallarni yubordi. Sui kuchlari Murong Fuyunning qolgan kuchlarini jalb qilishdi va bu muvaffaqiyat bilan o'tdi, ammo Murong Fuyun qochishga majbur bo'ldi Dangxiang qabilalar. Imperator Yang Murong Fuyun o'g'lini majburlamoqchi bo'ldi Murong Shun Murong Fuyun ilgari Tuyuhunning yangi xoni sifatida Suyga garovga yuborgan edi, ammo Tuyuhun xalqi uni qabul qilmadi va Murong Shun yana Suy hududiga qaytishga majbur bo'ldi. Shuningdek, imperator Yang Tszyanyedagi (in, zamonaviy) tinglovchilar qatorida Xiyu qirolliklarining 27 hukmdorini qabul qildi. Chjanye, Gansu ).

Keyinchalik, Ashina Rangan vafot etdi va uning o'rnini o'g'li egalladi Shibi Xon Ashina Duojishi. Tujue urf-odatlariga binoan Ashina Duojishi imperator Yangdan Ashina Ranganning rafiqasi malika Yichengga uylanish uchun ruxsat so'radi (義 成 公主) (imperator Yangning klansining qizi). Imperator Yang bunga rozi bo'ldi. Shuningdek, 609 yilda imperator Yang rasmiy Syu Daohengning adabiy iste'dodiga hasad qilgan (薛道衡), u Syueni imperatorni sharmanda qilganlikda yolg'on aybladi va Syuni bo'g'ib o'ldirdi.

Bu vaqtga kelib, imperator Yangning turmush tarzi ayniqsa isrofgarchilikka aylangani va u endi o'zini axloqiy tamoyillar bilan bog'liqligini his qilmasligi aytilgan edi.

610 yilda imperator Yang Tszyanduga yana tashrif buyurdi va bu safar Tszianuning ahamiyatini yanada oshirdi, shunda u uchinchi poytaxtga aylandi.

607 yilda imperator Yang Ashina Ranganga tashrif buyurganida, uning xabarchisi Goguryeo Qirol Qirol Yeong-yang Ashina Ranganga hozir bo'lgan va Ashina Rangan uni imperator Yang bilan tanishtirgan. Imperator Yang shoh Yeong-yangni unga tashrif buyurishni buyurdi, agar u buni qilgan bo'lsa, uni mukofotlashni va agar u bunday qilmasa jazolashni taklif qildi. Qirol Yeong-yang bunga javob bermadi va 611 yilga kelib, imperator Yang javobsizligidan haqoratlanib, Goguryoga qarshi kampaniya tayyorladi. Sui eng yaxshi davrga kirganida, hukumat amaldorlari ham, odamlar ham dastlab Goguryoni bosib olish kampaniyasini qo'llab-quvvatladilar. 611 yil bahorda imperator Yang Zhuo qo'mondonligiga borib, Goguryoga qarshi kampaniya e'lon qildi. Bir necha yuz kishi harbiy xizmatga chaqirilgan va ular Chjuo qo'mondonligiga etib borishdan oldin ham, kasallik va charchoq allaqachon ko'p odam halok bo'lganligi aytilgan. Bunga javoban, bir qator chaqirilgan askarlar tashlandilar va agrar isyonchilarga aylanishdi.

Shuningdek, 611 yilda G'arbiy Tujuening xoni Ashina Daman nomzodga bo'ysungan holda, unga tashrif buyurishdan bosh tortganidan g'azablanib, imperator Yang Pei Ju tomonidan Ashina Damanning bo'ysunuvchi xoni Ashina Shegui (阿 史 那 射 匱) Ashina Damanga isyon ko'tarib, unga Sui malikasini turmushga berishni va'da qildi. Shunday qilib Ashina Shegui Ashina Damanga qarshi chiqdi va Ashina Damanni qochishga majbur qildi Gaochang, keyin Suiga. Imperator Yang Ashina Damanning bo'ysunishini qabul qildi va keyinchalik o'z xalqini uch guruhga ajratdi, Ashina Damanni titulli xon sifatida qoldirdi, garchi u hech qachon Ashina Damanning o'z xalqiga qaytishiga yo'l qo'ymasa ham.

612 yilga kelib, askarlar Zhuo Commandery-da to'plandilar va imperator Yang o'z hujumini boshladi, Goguryeo hududidagi bir qator shaharlarga hujum qildi, lekin asosan Liaodong (遼東, zamonaviy) Lyaoyang, Liaoning ) va Goguryoning poytaxti Pxenyan. Biroq, generallarning xohish-istaklaridan farqli o'laroq, imperator Yang ularning taktik qarorlari bajarilishidan oldin avval unga topshirilishi va tasdiqlanishi kerakligini buyurdi. Shunday qilib, Goguryoning barcha qal'alari va shaharlari Sui kuchlariga qarshi tura olishdi va shuning uchun Manjuriyani muvaffaqiyatli bosib olish imkoniyati katta bo'lmagan. Ammo imperator Yang boshqa harbiy qo'shin yuborib, dengiz kuchlari bilan bir qatorda Goguryeo qal'alarini chetlab o'tish uchun yangi reja tuzdi. Goguryo poytaxtini qamal qilish. Birinchi navbatda dengiz floti keldi va shoshilinch buyruq bilan dengiz floti poytaxtga hujum qildi, ammo pistirmada mag'lub bo'ldi. Keyin dengiz floti quruqlik armiyasining kelishini kutdi. Oziq-ovqat ta'minoti ham juda kechiktirildi va ko'plab Suy askarlari ochlikdan vafot etdi. Keyin Goguryeo generali Eulji Meundeok Goguryeo kuchlarini to'plab, ularni doimo pistirmalar va bezovta chekinishlar bilan ta'qib qildi. Suy armiyasi Salsu daryosiga kelgan, ammo Eulji va Goguryo kuchlari pistirmada kutib turishgan. Salsu daryosida sayoz tuyulishi uchun to'g'on qurilgan. Suy armiyasi Daryoning o'rtasida bo'lganida, to'g'on ochilib, ko'plab Suy askarlari g'arq bo'ldilar. Daryoga kirgan 305 ming kishidan faqat 2700 askar o'limdan qutulib qoldi. Shu tariqa Suy qo'shini yoki undan qolgan narsa Suyga qaytib ketdi. Biroq, bu urush Sui uchun askarlar, pul va odamlarning yordami jihatidan halokatli yo'qotishlarga olib keldi.

612 yil qishida imperator Yang malika Huarongni yaratgan klanning qizini unga berdi. Qu Boya (麴 伯雅) (qiroli Gaochang ) nikohda

613 yil bahorda imperator Yang yana Jogo qo'mondonligiga askarlarni yig'ishni buyurdi, chunki u Goguryoga qarshi ikkinchi yurishni tayyorladi. Shuningdek, u askarlarning eng elitasini ixtisoslashgan korpusga - Syaoguo armiyasiga tanladi (zhāng y果, ya'ni "kuchli va jasur"). Keyinchalik, Syaoguo armiyasi o'zining shaxsiy qo'riqchilariga aylandi. Harbiy xizmatga chaqirish buyrug'iga javoban, hatto undan ham ko'proq odam qochib, agrar isyonchilarga qo'shilib, imperiyaning shimoliy markaziy qismini chalkashlik holatiga tashladilar. Qo'mondonlik amaldorlari ozgina harbiy tayyorgarlikka ega bo'lganliklari sababli, isyonchilar deyarli nazoratsiz qolishdi. E'tiborli istisnolardan biri umumiy edi Chjan Xutuo (張 須 陀), ba'zi isyonchilarni mag'lubiyatga uchratgan, ammo hatto ularni bostirishda ham muvaffaqiyat qozona olmagan.

613 yil yozida imperator Yang yana Liao daryosidan o'tib, Manjuriyani qamal ostiga oldi. Biroq, bu vaqtda Yang Su o'g'li haqida xabar keldi Yang Xuangan Luoyang yaqinida isyon ko'targan edi. Goguryoning yurishlaridan norozi bo'lgan odamlar bilan Yang Xuangan ko'plab xalq tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi va Luoyangga tahdid qildi. Imperator Yang qo'rqib, Liaodong qamalini olib tashladi va janubiy hujumni tugatishni buyurdi, Yuvenni yuborib, Chjuo qo'mondonligiga qaytdi. Qutu Tong (屈 突 通) Luoyangga yordam berish uchun janub. Chang'anni himoya qilishga mas'ul general Vey Vensheng (衛 文 昇), shuningdek, Luoyangga yordamga kelgan. Bu kuchlar birgalikda Yang Syuangannikidan ustun bo'lib, unga bir nechta mag'lubiyatlar keltirdi. Yang Xuangan operatsiya bazasi sifatida Chang'anni egallab olish uchun g'arbga borishga harakat qilishga qaror qildi, ammo yo'lda yana mag'lubiyatga uchradi va uning ukasi Yang Jishan (楊 積善) qo'lga tushmaslik uchun uni o'ldiring. Imperator Yangning buyrug'i bilan amaldorlar Fan Zigai (樊 子 蓋) va Pei Yun (裴 蘊) Yang Syuanganga ergashgan ko'plab odamlarni qatl etib, ommaviy ravishda qatag'onlarni amalga oshirdi. Taxminan 614 yilda, imperator Yangning buyrug'i bilan Yang Jishan va Yang Syuanganning strategisti Vey Fusi (韋福嗣) nihoyatda shafqatsiz odob-axloq bilan qatl qilingan - amaldorlar ularga o'q otishgan, keyin esa ular yanada ko'proq chizilgan va to'rtburchak va keyin ularning jasadlari yoqib yuborilgan va kullar sochilgan.

Xuddi shu davrda, Yangtsi daryosining janubida ham isyonlar bo'lib, imperator Yang amaldorni yubordi Vang Shichong isyonchilarga qarshi. Vang asosan isyonlarni bostirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi va keyinchalik imperator Yang saroyida obro'-e'tibor qozondi. Ayni paytda, imperator Yang isyonchilarning mol-mulkini o'z xohishiga ko'ra musodara qilish to'g'risida buyruq berdi. Ammo mahalliy amaldorlar buni yoqtirmagan narsalarini olib qo'yish va musodara qilish uchun bahona sifatida ishlatishdi.

Kech hukmronlik

614 yil bahorda imperator Yang yana Goguryoga qarshi yana bir kampaniya o'tkazishni taklif qildi. Amaldorlari buni ma'qullamagan bo'lsada, hech kim unga qarshi chiqishga jur'at etmadi. Ko'plab askarlar Zhuo Commandery-ga xabar berishlarini buyurdilar. Imperator Yang qochib ketganlarni qatl etish orqali qochishni to'xtatishga urindi, ammo baribir qochqinlar oqimini to'xtata olmadi. Goguryeo kuchlari Sui armiyasi va Sui ta'minot liniyasini doimiy ravishda poylab turishgan. Goguryo tinchlikni taklif qildi, chunki Goguryo ham charchagan edi. Goguryeo shuningdek, Yang Syuanganning sherigi Xusi Chjenni qaytarib berdi (斛斯 政), Yang Xuangan bilan aloqasi aniqlangandan keyin Goguryoga qochib ketgan. Lai dastlab kampaniyani tugatishga qarshi edi, ammo imperator Yuanning buyrug'i bilan nihoyat chiqib ketdi. Imperator Yang Xusini Yang Tsishan va Vey Fusiga qarshi ishlatgan shafqatsizlikdan foydalanib qatl etdi, ammo keyin yana Goguryoning qiroli Yeong-yangni kutib olishga chaqirganda, qirol Yeong-Yang yana uni e'tiborsiz qoldirdi. Imperator Yang Goguryoga qarshi to'rtinchi kampaniyani e'lon qildi, ammo u hech qachon uni boshlamagan. Ayni paytda agrar isyonlar ko'tarila boshladi. Chjan Xutuo va Vang Sichong kabi generallar bu erda va u erda g'alaba qozongan bo'lsalar-da, umuman Suy davlatining farovonligi uchun vaziyat yomonlashmoqda edi.

615 yil bahorda Yuven Shu tomonidan rasmiy Li Xunning ayblovlariga ishonib (李 渾) imperator Yangni jiyani Li Min (imperator Yangning singlisi Yang Lihua malika Lepingning kuyovi) bilan almashtirish uchun to'ntarish uyushtirmoqchi bo'lgan va Li ismli kishining keyingi imperator bo'lishiga oid bashoratlardan xavotirda edi, Imperator Yang Li Xun, Li Min va ularning klanlarini qatl etgan va Yang Lihuaning qizi Yuven Eyingni zaharlagan (宇文 娥 英).

Keyinchalik 615 yilda imperator Yang imperator Xiao va imperator saroyining ko'p qismi bilan shimoliy viloyatlarga sayohat uyushtirdi. Shibi Xon, imperator maslahatchisi g'azablandi Pei Ju ukasi Ashina Chijiga malika va'da qilgan edi (阿 史 那 叱 吉) va uning yaqin maslahatchisi Shishu Xuxini qatl etgan (史 蜀 胡 悉) soxta da'volar bilan kutilmagan hujum uyushtirdi Yanmen qo'mondonligi. Turkiya urf-odatlariga ko'ra, malika Yicheng erining vorisi sifatida unga uylangan; oldingi tashrifi paytida imperator tomonidan yaxshi muomala qilingan bo'lsa-da, u imperator va uning xotiniga rejalari to'g'risida yashirin ogohlantirish yubordi. Imperiya poyezdi bugungi kunda qo'mondonlik joyidan panoh topdi Dayxian, Shanxi,^[2] 11 sentyabr kuni Shibi Xon va uning qo'shini qamalga olingan.^[3][4] Aytishlaricha, imperator Yang shu qadar qo'rqib ketganki, eng kichkina o'g'lini ushlab kun bo'yi yig'lagan Yang Gao, Chjaoning shahzodasi. Yuven Shu imperator Yangga eng taniqli soqchilarni olib, qamaldan chiqib ketishga harakat qilishni taklif qildi, ammo Su Vey va Fan Zigai bunga qarshi chiqdi. Empress Xiaoning ukasi Xiao Yu malika Yichengdan qo'shimcha yordam so'rashni taklif qildi va imperator Yang buni qildi. Ayni paytda, da Yu Shiji Imperator Yang shahri himoya qilayotgan askarlarga shaxsan tashrif buyurib, ruhini ko'tarib, Goguryoga qarshi kampaniyani tugatishga va ularni sharaf va xazina bilan mukofotlashga va'da berdi. Malika Yicheng Shibi Xonga yolg'on xabar bergan Turklar shimol tomonidan hujumga uchradi va Luoyangdan yordam qo'shinlari va boshqa qo'mondonliklar kela boshladi, shuning uchun xon qamalni bekor qildi. Xavf o'tib, kredit chalkashib ketganda, imperator Yang Su va Yuvenning va'dalarining aksariyatidan voz kechish bo'yicha maslahatiga amal qildi: u poytaxt Chang'anga qaytmadi, aksincha Luoyangga bordi; u Goguryoga qarshi kampaniya tayyorlashni davom ettirdi; u garnizonga yoki uning qo'shimcha qismlariga pul mukofotlari bermagan; va u jalb qilingan ofitserlarning lavozimini ko'tarishda tejamkor edi. Fan va Syao Yu unga va'dalarni eslatganda, imperator Yang Fanni tanbeh qilib, Syao Yu ni lavozimidan tushirgan.

Imperator Yang faqat isyonchilar haqida qayg'urishni boshladi qamariy yangi yil 616 yilda imperatorlar yig'ilishi, 20 ta g'alati qo'mondonlik xabarchilari kelmadilar, chunki ular isyonchilar qo'liga tushib qolishganmi yoki ularning xabarchilari yo'lda ushlangan yoki o'ldirilgan edilar. Shundan keyingina imperator Yang isyonchilarni bostirish haqida gapira boshladi. Yangtsi daryosidan janubga evakuatsiya qilish g'oyasini ko'rib chiqayotganga o'xshab, u qoziq qo'mondonligida katta qasr qurishni buyurdi (g, taxminan zamonaviy Chanchjou, Tszansu ) va yana bir saroy qurilishi kerak Kuaiji qo'mondonligi. Biroq, u isyonchilar haqidagi yangiliklarni eshitishni yoqtirmasdi va Su isyonchilar haqida xavotir bildirganda, imperator Yang Suga jinoyatlarda ayblanib, dastlab uni qatl etishga tayyor edi, aksincha uni oddiy darajaga tushirdi.

616 yilning kuziga kelib, imperator Yang Yuven Shu taklifiga binoan Tszianduga borishga qaror qildi. Bir qator amaldorlar, agar u Luoyangni tark etsa, Luoyang dushman qo'liga tushib qoladi deb o'ylab, qarshi chiqishdi; Imperator Yang barchasini, ba'zilarini qatl bilan jazoladi va Tszianuga yo'l oldi. U Luoyangda kutib turgan xonimlar bilan xayrlashuv she'rini yozdi va unda quyidagi satrlar bor edi:

Jiangdu go'zalligini orzu qilaman;

Va men vaqti-vaqti bilan Liao daryosidan o'tib ketdim.

Bir paytlar imperator Yang Yang Syuanganning sobiq strategisti bo'lgan Luoyangni tark etdi Li Mi, bu vaqtda isyonchi generalga maslahat bergan Chay Rang, Tszayga Luoyang mintaqasiga bevosita hujum qilishni maslahat berdi. Chjay rozi bo'lib, jangda Chjan Xutuni o'ldirdi; bundan keyin Sui qo'shinlarining ruhiy holatiga katta zarar etkazildi. Chay, keyingi imperator Li bo'lganligi haqidagi bashoratlarga ishonib, Li Mi ni uning rahbari sifatida hurmat qila boshladi. Shu bilan birga, Sui generali Yang Yichen Xuan-daryoning shimolidagi qo'zg'olonchilarga qarshi muvaffaqiyatga erishib, Chjan Tszinhenni o'ldirdi (張 金 稱) va Gao Shida (高 士達), ammo imperator Yang va uning bosh vaziri Yu Shiji Yang Yichenning iste'dodidan qo'rqib, go'yo Yang Yichenni targ'ib qildi va uni vazirligini esladi. Ko'p o'tmay Yang Yichen vafot etdi va Sariq daryoning shimolidagi isyonchilar o'zlarini yana kuchaytirdilar Dou Jiande. 617 yilga kelib yana bir qancha yirik isyonchilar paydo bo'ldi, shu jumladan:

• Du Fuvei, zamonaviy janubni egallagan agrar isyonchi Anxuiy mintaqa.
• Gao Kaidao, zamonaviy o'ta shimolni egallagan agrar isyonchi Xebey mintaqa.
• Liang Shidu, zamonaviy markazni egallagan agrar isyonchi Ichki Mo'g'uliston o'zini Liang imperatori deb e'lon qildi.
• Li Guy, ilgari Sui rasmiysi, zamonaviy markaziy va g'arbni egallab olgan Gansu o'zini Liang shahzodasi deb e'lon qildi.
• Li Yuan, ilgari Sui amaldori (va imperator Yangning amakivachchasi), zamonaviy markazni egallagan Shanxi Imperator Yangning nabirasi Yangni Sizni Day shahzodasi, keyin Chang'an shahrida imperator qilishni xohlaganligini e'lon qildi.
• Lin Shihong, zamonaviyni egallagan agrar isyonchi Tszansi va Guandun o'zini Chu imperatori deb e'lon qildi.
• Lyu Vujou, zamonaviy shimoliy Shanxi mintaqasini egallab olgan agrar isyonchi, o'zini Dingyan xoni deb e'lon qildi.
• Luo Yi, ilgari Sui generali, zamonaviyni egallaydi Pekin mintaqa.
• Xiao Xi, ilgari Sui rasmiysi, nabirasi G'arbiy Liang imperatori Xuan, zamonaviyni egallaydi Xubey, Xunan va Guansi o'zini Liang imperatori deb e'lon qildi.
• Xue Ju, zamonaviy sharqiy Gansu va g'arbni egallagan agrar isyonchi Shensi o'zini G'arbiy Qinning gegemon shahzodasi deb e'lon qildi.
• Chju Can, formerly a Sui official, roving with his army in the modern southern Xenan and southeastern Shaanxi region, first declaring himself the Prince of Jialuolou, and then the Emperor of Chu.

By spring 617, Li Mi and Zhai had captured Emperor Yang's main food storages near Luoyang, the Luokou and Huiluo Storages, thus keeping their army well-supplied while making the Sui forces at Luoyang beginning to lack food. Li Mi took the title of Duke of Wei, while creating Zhai the Duke of Dong Commandery (although Li soon, fearful of Zhai, killed him and seized Zhai's army). A number of other agrarian rebels at least nominally submitted to Li Mi, including Dou and Li Yuan, and it was often thought at the time that Li Mi would soon be able to become emperor. Emperor Yang sent Wang to Luoyang to aid in its defenses, and Li's offensives stalled. Meanwhile, Li Yuan advanced southwest and captured Chang'an in winter 617. He declared Yang You emperor (as Emperor Gong) while honoring Emperor Yang as Taishang Xuang (retired emperor), and he himself wielded actual authority over the western Sui commanderies under the title of Prince of Tang.

Meanwhile, at Jiangdu, it was said that Emperor Yang's lifestyle grew increasingly decadent. His palace contained over 100 chambers, each exceedingly luxurious and full of beautiful women.^[5] The women of each chamber would serve as hostesses for a feast each day, and Emperor Yang, Empress Xiao, and Emperor Yang's favored concubines would be their guests. Emperor Yang began to come to the realization that his fall was near, but still commented as if he did not care. It was said that on one occasion, he told Empress Xiao, "There must be many people who want to hurt me. However, I will at least be the Duke of Changcheng [i.e., be like Chen Shubao], and you will at least be like Empress Shen [(Chen Shubao's wife)]. Xavotir olmang, xavotirlanmang. Let us drink and be merry." It was also said that on another occasion, when he was looking in the mirror, he told Empress Xiao, "I have a good neck, and I'm waiting for someone to sever it." Empress Xiao, surprised and distressed by his comment, asked him why he was saying so, and he responded and smiled, "Honor and wealth and poverty and dishonor, as well as pain and pleasure, all come in cycles. Why be distressed?" Meanwhile, not wanting to return to the turbulent north, he discussed with his officials about moving the capital to Danyang (丹楊, in modern Nankin, Tszansu ). His elite Xiaoguo Army guards, missing their families in the north and realizing that Emperor Yang did not intend to return north, began to desert. Their commanders Sima Dekan (司馬德勘), Yuan Li (元禮), and Pei Qiantong (裴虔通), worried that Emperor Yang would punish them, began considering rebelling and taking the Xiaoguo Army north themselves instead. They associated with a number of other officers and officials, discussing so publicly that even the ladies in waiting began to hear about it. When one reported to Empress Xiao, Empress Xiao had her report to Emperor Yang—but Emperor Yang, not wishing to hear about the bad news, beheaded her. When another reported to Empress Xiao, Empress Xiao no longer permitted her to report to Emperor Yang, figuring that it was too late.

Meanwhile, the Xiaoguo Army officers planning the mutiny had by this time decided on supporting Yuwen Shu's son Yuven Xuaji ularning rahbari sifatida. In late spring 618, they launched the coup. They entered the palace and surrounded Emperor Yang, accusing him of crimes. Emperor Yang admitted his faults, but pointed out that he had always treated them well—drawing the response from Sima: "All of the earth is angry at you. It does not stop at just one man." They killed Yang Gao on the spot to show him that they were serious. Emperor Yang offered to swallow poison, but none could be found quickly. He then took off his scarf, and the soldier Linghu Xingda (令狐行達) strangled him with it. The coup participants also killed a number of high-level officials and relatives of Emperor Yang, including Emperor Yang's brother Yang Xiu and his sons, son Yang Jian and his sons, grandson Yang Tan the Prince of Yan, Yu Shiji, Pei Yun, Lai Hu'er, Yuan Chong (袁充), Yuwen Xie (宇文協), Yuwen Jiong (宇文皛), and Xiao Ju (蕭鉅) the Duke of Liang (Empress Xiao's nephew). The only close relative to Emperor Yang who was spared was his nephew Yang Xao, the prince of Qin, who was friendly with Yuwen Huaji's brother Yuwen Zhiji (宇文 智 及). Yuwen Huaji thereafter declared Yang Hao emperor. Empress Xiao and the ladies in waiting, with no one else to help them, were forced to make makeshift caskets for Emperor Yang and Yang Gao using headboards from their beds. It was not until Yuwen Huaji left Jiangdu that the Sui official Chen Leng (陳 稜) buried Emperor Yang with reduced ceremony. In 622, after Li Yuan had established the Tang sulolasi, becoming Emperor Gaozu, and had somewhat reunified the empire, he reburied Emperor Yang with honors. The tomb was moved several times, and it was said that because of his immoral behaviour lightning struck the tomb wherever it was relocated.^[6]

Patricide controversy

While no allegations were made at the time that Emperor Wen's death was anything other than the result of illness, starting from the time of the succeeding Tang sulolasi, it was generally assumed that Emperor Wen was killed on Emperor Yang's orders—although more neutral historians generally assumed it to be true while stating that there was no direct evidence. Bunga misol Song Dynasty tarixchi Sima Guang "s Tszhi Tongjian, generally considered one of the most reliable, albeit secondary, sources in Chinese history, which, after mentioning Emperor Wen's death and giving a commentary on Emperor Wen's reign, then gave this account:^[7]

After Empress Wenxian [(i.e., Empress Dugu)] died, Emperor Wen greatly favored both Consort Chen (the Lady Xuanhua) and Consort Cai (the Lady Ronghua). Consort Chen was the daughter of Chen imperatori Syuan. Consort Cai was from Danyang [(丹楊, in modern Nankin, Tszansu )]. The Emperor grew ill at Renshou Palace, and was bedridden. Yang Su, the left head of the Shangshu Sheng, Liu Shu [(柳述)], the minister of defense [(Emperor Wen's son-in-law as the husband of his daughter Yang Awu (楊阿五) the Princess Lanling)], and Yuan Yan [(元巖)] the court administrator, were all attending to him. The Emperor ordered the Crown Prince to enter the palace to stay at Dabao Hall [(大寶殿)]. The Crown Prince thought that precautions needed to be taken in case of the Emperor's death, and therefore he personally wrote a secret note to inquire of Yang Su what precautions to take. Yang Su wrote a return note detailing his security precautions, but by error the palace attendants delivered it to the Emperor. The Emperor was greatly displeased. Further, one morning, Consort Chen was going to the latrine. Yang Guang could not resist her beauty, and grabbed her, wanting to have sexual relations with her. She resisted and fled back to the Emperor. The Emperor was surprised by her anxiety and asked her; she shed tears and stated, "The Crown Prince was being indecent to me." The Emperor was shocked and angry, pounding the bed and stating, "Animal! How can I give him the important affairs? Dugu destroyed me!" He then summoned Liu and Yuan, telling them, "Summon my son!" They were about to summon the Crown Prince when he clarified, "Yang Yong!" Liu and Yuan left the palace to write the edict. When Yang Su heard this, he reported to the Crown Prince, and thereafter an edict of the Emperor was forged to arrest Liu and Yuan and detain them at the jail at the Supreme Court. The guards of the Eastern Palace [(i.e., the Crown Prince's guards)] were summoned to take over security from the Renshou Palace guards. Security measures were instituted to disallow entry into or exit out of the palace. Yuwen Shu and Guo Yan [(郭衍)] were put in command. Further, the deputy chief of staff for the Crown Prince's palace, Zhang Heng [(張衡)] entered the Emperor's palace to attend to his medical needs. Zhang expelled all of the kutayotgan ayollar va xizmatkorlar. Soon thereafter, the Emperor died. Thereafter, there were different views as to how he died. When Consort Chen and the other women of the palace heard of this, they stared at each other in fear and shook with fear. At dusk, the Crown Prince sent a eunuch with a small gold box, personally sealed by the Crown Prince, to be delivered to Consort Chen. When Consort Chen saw it, she, believing that there was poison inside, was very fearful, and did not dare to open it. Only after the eunuch urged her did she open it. Instead, the box contained several tongxin knots [(同心結, a decoration showing love)]. Her ladies in waiting were relieved and became happy, stating to each other, "Finally, death is avoided." Consort Chen, in shame and anger, sat down and refused to accept the box. The ladies in waiting forced her to bow to the eunuch. That night, the Crown Prince ordered Consort Chen to have sexual relations with him.

More detailed versions of the story largely alleged that Zhang Heng personally killed Emperor Wen by pounding his chest and breaking his ribs. The advocates for the theory that Emperor Wen was killed on Emperor Yang's orders also pointed to other circumstantial evidence, including how immediately after Emperor Wen's death Emperor Yang took Consorts Chen and Cai as his concubines. Further, after Zhang lost Emperor Yang's favors and eventually was executed in 612, Zhang lamented at the execution field, "What did I do for him that I can expect to live long?" The warden, apparently believing in the murder theory himself, immediately covered his ears to avoid hearing any details and had Zhang immediately executed. They further pointed out how Liu Shu and Yuan Yan were exiled and Yang Yong executed immediately following Emperor Wen's death.

However, particularly in more recent times, some historians have questioned this theory. They pointed out that in the most official histories written not long after (the Sui kitobi va Shimoliy sulolalar tarixi ), no allegations of patricide was levied against Emperor Yang in either Emperor Wen's or Emperor Yang's biographies, or Zhang's, even though many other accusations were made of Emperor Yang's misrule. Indeed, they pointed out the origin of the murder theory appeared to come from the Daye Lüeji (大業略記) by the early Tang author Zhao Yi (趙毅), in whose version of the story, Consort Cai, not Consort Chen, was the concubine involved. They also pointed out that all of the circumstantial evidence had other plausible explanations—and that, indeed, why were Liu and Yuan not killed if they knew the truth?^[a] However, the idea that Emperor Wen was killed on Emperor Yang's orders has become ingrained in the traditional Chinese mindset, although the truth might never be known.

Qabr

In April 2013 the tomb of Emperor Yang was discovered in Yangzhou. Two brick-lined tombs were discovered in the Xantszyan tumani of Yangzhou during work on a housing development. A stone epitaph found in the western tomb was inscribed with the title "Tomb epitaph of the late Emperor Yang of Sui" (隨故煬帝墓誌), indicating that the tomb was that of Emperor Yang. It is thought that the other tomb may be that of the emperor's consort, but it has not been properly excavated yet.^[10][11]

The tomb is 4.98 × 5.88 meters in dimension, which is smaller than many non-royal tombs of the period. The reason for the tomb's small size according to Chinese archaeologists is that the emperor died suddenly when he escaped to Yangzhou during a coup, and there was no time to build a grand tomb.^[10]

The top of the tomb had been damaged by later buildings built on top of it, and the tomb had been robbed in antiquity. No coffin or human remains have been found in the tomb, but a number of artefacts have been recovered, including a pair of lion-shaped gold-inlaid iron door-knockers and a jade belt with gold decoration.^[10]

San'at

Emperor Yang was also a patron of the arts, having expanded the number of foreign orchestras (from across Asia) at the Sui court from seven to nine. He was, in fact, quite a gifted artist himself, but one prone to horrible fits of jealousy and stubbornness, who seldom listened to the advice of more talented individuals. He was a talented poet but killed two poets after he found their stanzas to be superior to his own.^[12]

Era nomi

• Daye (大業 dà yè) 605–618

Oila

• Ota-onalar:
  • Yang Szyan, Ven imperatori (文皇帝 楊堅; 541–604)
  • Empress Vensian, of the Dugu clan of Henan (文獻皇后 河南獨孤氏; 544–602), personal name Jialuo (伽羅)
• Konsortsium va nashr:
  • Empress Min, of the Xiao clan of Lanling (愍皇后 蘭陵蕭氏; 567–647)
    • Yang Zhao, Emperor Xiaocheng (孝成皇帝 楊昭; 584–606), first son
    • Yang Szyan, Prince of Qi (齊王 楊暕; 585–618), second son
    • Princess Nanyang (南陽 公主; 586–630), first daughter
      • Uylangan Yuven Shiji, Duke Xincheng (572–642) in 599, and had issue (one son)
  • PIN-kod, Syao klanidan (嬪 蕭氏)
    • Yang Gao, Prince of Zhao (趙王 楊杲; 607–618), fourth son
  • Noma'lum
    • Uylangan qiz Li Shimin of Longxi (隴西; 598–649), and had issue (two sons including Li Ke )

Avlodlar

Ommaviy madaniyat

• Tomonidan tasvirlangan Kim Kap-Su 2006-2007 yillarda SBS TV seriallar Yeon Gaesomun.

Shuningdek qarang

• Goguryeo–Sui Wars

Adabiyotlar

• Sui kitobi, vol. 3, 4.[2]
• Shimoliy sulolalar tarixi, vol. 12.[3]
• Xiong, Viktor Kunrui (2006), Suy sulolasi imperatori Yang: uning hayoti, davri va merosi, Albani: Nyu-York shtati universiteti Press, ISBN  9780791482681.
• Tszhi Tongjian, vol. 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186.
• Rayt, Artur F. (1979). "Sui sulolasi (581–617)". Yilda Twitchett, Dennis (tahrir). Xitoyning Kembrij tarixi, 3-jild: Suy va Tang Xitoy, milodiy 589-906, 1-qism. Kembrij: Kembrij universiteti matbuoti. 48–149 betlar. ISBN  978-0-521-21446-9.