Arlingtondagi Texas universiteti tarixi (1917-1965) - History of the University of Texas at Arlington (1917–1965) - Wikipedia

Kollej shaharchasidagi binolarning aerofotosurati
Arlington shtat kolleji kampusining havodan ko'rinishi, taxminan 1950–51 yillar

The tarixi Arlington shahridagi Texas universiteti 1917 yildan 1965 yilgacha ning a'zosi sifatida mavjud bo'lgan davri edi Texas A&M universiteti tizimi. 1917 yil mart oyida u Grubbs kasb-hunar kolleji (GVC), a kichik kollej bu edi filiallar shaharchasi ning Texas qishloq xo'jaligi va mexanika kolleji (AMC), keyinchalik Texas A&M universiteti bo'ldi. Faqat oq tanli talabalar uchun ochiq, GVC-da o'quv dasturi qishloq xo'jaligi, sanoat va mexanik savdolar atrofida joylashgan. 1923 yil may oyida kollejning tez kengayishi sababli kollej Shimoliy Texas qishloq xo'jaligi kolleji (NTAC) deb nomlandi liberal san'at o'quv dasturi, bu endi shunchaki kasb-hunar muassasasi emasligi va uning tez o'sib borayotgan qamrab olinishi. Davomida Katta depressiya va Ikkinchi jahon urushi, NTAC ro'yxatdan o'tishdagi katta pasayishlardan va davlat hukumati tomonidan uni yopish uchun qilingan ko'plab urinishlardan omon qoldi. 1937 yildan boshlab, Arlingtonda NTACni to'rt yillik kollej maqomiga ko'tarish harakati boshlandi, ammo bu maqsad yigirma yildan ko'proq vaqt davomida amalga oshirilmadi. NTAC davridagi talabalik hayoti jonli edi, garchi talabalar shaharchasida yashagan va darsga kelganlar o'rtasida madaniy bo'linish bo'lgan.

1949 yil sentyabr oyida kollej Arlington shtat kolleji (ASC) deb o'zgartirildi, chunki qisman qishloq xo'jaligi endi asosiy o'quv kursi emas edi. 1950 yillar davomida u eng yirik davlat o'spirin kolleji edi Janubi-g'arbiy va 1959 yilga kelib Texasdagi davlat tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan 5-eng yirik kollej yoki universitetga aylandi. 1950 yillar davomida san'at va fan, biznes va muhandislik kurslariga yozilish sezilarli darajada o'sdi, kollej 1957 yilda qishloq xo'jaligi dasturini tugatdi. 1950 yildan 1965 yilgacha ASC yirik qurilish kampaniyasini o'tkazdi, buning natijasida talabalar shaharchasida 14 million 225 million dollar qiymatiga 18 ta yangi binolar yaratildi. 1959 yil 27 aprelda gubernator Daniel narxi ASCni to'rt yillik kollejga aylantirgan qonun loyihasini imzoladi. 1959 yil kuzida kichik darajadagi kurslar va 1960 yilning kuzida yuqori darajadagi kurslar qo'shilgandan so'ng, ASC 1961 yilda birinchi 23 ta bakalavr darajasiga ega bo'ldi.

O'zining segregatsion qabul siyosatiga oid qonuniy da'voga javoban, ASC 1962 yil iyul oyida o'zining integratsiyasini e'lon qildi va sentyabr oyida birinchi afroamerikalik talabalarni qabul qildi. ASC Texas A&M University System tizimidan tushkunlikni kuchaytirdi, chunki tarafdorlarning Texas A&M ASC manfaatlarini bo'ysundirganligi, ma'muriy uslubda o'ta qat'iy bo'lganligi va Arlington kollejiga etarlicha sarmoya kiritmagani sababli tez o'sib borayotgani sababli. ASC A & M dan ajralib chiqish va oxir-oqibat unga kirish uchun lobbi qildi Texas tizimi universiteti Texas shtati gubernatori bo'lganida sodir bo'lgan John Connally 1965 yil 23 aprelda Senatning 401-sonli qonunini imzoladi. ASC-da yengil atletika hukmronlik qildi futbol jamoasi, bu ketma-ket g'alaba qozondi Junior atirgul kosalari 1956 va 1957 yillarda kollejni birinchi marta milliy e'tirofga olib keldi. ASC 1960-yillarning o'rtalarida erkaklar suzish dasturini ham yaratdi Dag Rassel, oltin medalni qo'lga kiritish uchun davom etadigan kollej milliy chempioni 1968 yil yozgi Olimpiya o'yinlari.

Grubbs kasb-hunar kolleji (1917–1923)

Ko'zoynak taqqan keksa odamning qora va oq portret fotosurati
Vinsent V. Grubbs, Grubbs kasb-hunar kollejining hamkasbi

Grubbs kasb-hunar kolleji (GVC) a sifatida tashkil etilgan kichik kollej 1917 yil mart oyida tashkil etilgan filiallar shaharchasi ning Texas qishloq xo'jaligi va mexanika kolleji (AMC), keyinchalik Texas A&M universiteti bo'ldi.[1][2][3] GVC-ning ism-sharifi Vinsent V. Grubbs edi Grinvill kollejni yaratilishida kim katta rol o'ynagan.[3][4] Grubbs davlatning kuchli tarafdori edi qishloq xo'jaligi, sanoat va mexanika maktablari u "Texasning kambag'al o'g'il va qizlari uchun" tanqidiy ta'lim beradi deb ishongan.[4] U davlatda mavjud bo'lgan oliy ma'lumot tizimining kambag'al va qishloq bolalari, ayniqsa fermer xo'jaliklarida o'sayotgan bolalar uchun adolatsiz ekanligiga amin edi. Grubbsning o'zi tug'ilgan Kentukki bolaligida Texasga ko'chib o'tgan va oxir-oqibat advokat bo'lib, gazetaning hammuallifi va hammuallifi bo'lgan. 1902 yilda u tashkil topishda muhim rol o'ynadi Sanoat san'ati kolleji (keyinchalik Texas Ayollar Universiteti deb o'zgartirildi) yilda Denton.[4]

1917 yil bahorida Grubbs 35-chi qonunchilik sessiyasini lobbi qildi Ostin GVCga aylanadigan narsaning o'rnatilishini 656-sonli Bill va Senatning 449-sonli Billlari orqali ta'minlash. U kapitoliyda bo'lganida, uning do'sti A. D. Jekson maktab uchun "Grubbs kasb-hunar kolleji" nomini tavsiya qildi.[5] 20 mart kuni parallel veksellar ikkala tomonidan qabul qilindi Texas Senati va Vakillar palatasi va 25 mart kuni Texas gubernatori Jeyms E. Fergyuson ularni qonun bilan imzoladi. Qonun loyihalari GVCning missiyasini Texasdagi "oq tanli o'g'il va qiz bolalarga ta'lim berish" vazifasini belgilab berdi. Ular ham tashkil etishdi Jon Tarleton qishloq xo'jaligi kolleji (JTAC) ichida Stivenvill, xuddi shunday AMC tizimining bir qismi sifatida.[2]

GVC o'zining "mahalliy menejerlar kengashi" bilan tashkil etilgan, ammo bu organ AMC da direktorlar kengashining rahbarligi va yakuniy vakolati ostida joylashtirilgan. Kollej stantsiyasi. Grubbsning o'zi hech qachon GVC dekani sifatida tanlanmagan, bu uning doimiy g'azabiga sabab bo'lgan.[2] 1917 yilda tashkil etilganidan 1925 yilgacha (kollej nomi o'zgartirilgandan so'ng), Miron L. Uilyams shu vazifani bajargan dekan GVC.[1][3][6] U AMC prezidentining hamkasbi va do'sti edi Uilyam Bizzell va unga prezident o'rniga dekan unvoni berildi, chunki GVC kollej stantsiyasidagi maktabning filial kampusi edi.[6] Uilyams Texas shtatining Oenavil shahrida tug'ilgan va o'qigan Sem Xyuston normal instituti, Ostindagi Texas universiteti va Kolumbiya universiteti. U o'qituvchilik tajribasiga ega edi Amarillo, Klarendon va Mayami shuningdek, Dentondagi sanoat san'ati kollejida.[7]

GVC-da o'quv dasturi qishloq xo'jaligi, sanoat va mexanik hunarmandchilik atrofida joylashgan. Sinflar buxgalteriya hisobi, tijorat huquqi, uy iqtisodiyoti va stenografiya shuningdek o'qitildi.[3] Kollej o'z o'quvchilariga ikki yillik o'rta va ikki yillik kollej darajasida ta'lim berdi.[3][8] GVC birinchi marta ochilganda kollej darajasida erkak talabalar uchun qishloq xo'jaligi kurslari va qiz talabalar uchun uy san'ati kurslari taklif qilingan.[8][9] O'quv dasturi AMC-ga o'xshash edi, shuning uchun erkak talabalar Kollej stantsiyasiga osonlikcha o'tishlari mumkin edi.[8][9] Ro'yxatdan o'tish uchun talabalar 14 yoshda bo'lishi kerak edi.[3][8]

Kollejning kadet dasturi barcha erkak talabalar uchun majburiy bo'lgan va to'rtta rota va sakkizta vzvoddan iborat bitta batalyondan iborat edi.[10] 1918 yilda GVC o'zining asosini yaratdi Talabalar armiyasini tayyorlash korpusi (SATC), bu talabalarni o'qishga undagan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi kabi oddiy askarlar.[11][12] SATCda jami 62 nafar erkak GVC talabalari ishtirok etishdi, ammo ilgari ularning hech biri Evropada faol vazifani ko'rmagan edi Sulh kuni 1918 yil noyabrda. Talabalar shaharchasi xayriya qilish orqali urush harakatlarini yanada kengroq qo'llab-quvvatladi Amerika Qizil Xoch va United War Work Fund, sotib olish Ozodlik majburiyatlari va urush jamg'armalari va ovqatni tejash.[13] 1919-20 yillarda GVC qaytib kelgan nogiron askarlar uchun butun dasturni yaratdi Birinchi jahon urushi.[14] 1921 yil kuzida kollej o'zining asosini yaratdi Zaxiradagi ofitserlar tayyorlash korpusi (ROTC), unga Urush bo'limi tayinlangan kapitan Karl A. Bishop va leytenant L. V. Keyn.[15] Kapitan Bishop shuningdek a tashkil etdi miltiq jamoasi GVC-da.[15]

Tikuv mashinalari va stollarda yosh ayollar
GVC-da tikuv laboratoriyasi, sanasi belgilanmagan

Ayol talabalar o'zlarini tikishlari kerak edi gingham barcha talabalar talabalar shaharchasida bo'lgan vaqtlarida va maktab-internat o'quvchilari har doim o'zlarining formasini kiyishlari kerak bo'lgan paytda, ularning formasi tarkibidagi liboslar.[15][16] Talabalar shaharchasida yashagan talaba qizlar ham o'z ovqatlarini tayyorlashlari va yotoqxonalarini tozalashlari kerak edi.[17] Talabalarga forma tashqarisida bo'lganligi uchun kamchiliklar berildi kechikkan sinfga borish yoki GVCning har qanday qoidalarini buzish.[18] 1919 yilda GVC talabasi Rozemari Ribbon "siz qilgan har bir ishingiz uchun va qilmaydigan narsalaringiz uchun kamchiliklarni olasiz" deb shikoyat qildi.[18]

1918 yil boshida GVC shtatning Markaziy Qonunchilik Tergov qo'mitasining uni yo'q qilish yoki uning kollej xo'jaligini tugatish to'g'risidagi taklifidan omon qoldi, bu asosan Arlingtonda erlarning yuqori narxiga bog'liq edi. Taklif amalga oshmagan bo'lsa-da, GVC tahdidga javoban avtomobillarni ta'mirlash kurslarini va qishloq xo'jaligi o'quv dasturidan tashqari o'zini diversifikatsiya qilish uchun qo'shimcha tijorat kurslarini tashkil etdi.[19] GVC 1921 va 1923 yillarda uni bekor qilish bo'yicha shtat qonun chiqaruvchi organining qo'shimcha takliflaridan omon qoldi.[20][21]

Avvaliga GVC o'z o'quvchilaridan to'lov olmagan o'qish,[8][16] esa xona va taxta talabalarga oyiga 20 dollar, darsliklar esa yiliga taxminan 15-20 dollar turadi.[8] To'lovlar 1920-yillarning boshlarida sezilarli darajada oshdi, bir semestr uchun texnik to'lovlar 86,40 dollarga etdi.[22] Talabalar talabalar turar joyidagi yotoqxonalarda, uyda yoki tasdiqlangan pansionatlarda yashashlari mumkin edi, ammo 1922 yilga kelib Din Uilyams yotoqxonalarning ahvoli yomonligini va ularni almashtirish zarurligini tan oldi.[18]

1917 yildagi birinchi semestrda GVCga ro'yxatdan o'tish atigi 66 talabadan iborat edi: 40 ayol va 26 erkak.[3][8] Erkaklarning ro'yxatga olinishi Amerikaning Birinchi jahon urushidagi ishtiroki tufayli ayniqsa past edi.[23] 1918-19 o'quv yili davomida ularning soni 192 ga o'sdi: 143 erkak va 49 ayol.[13][11] 1919–20 yillarga kelib bu raqam 444 taga etdi,[3][14] 54 ning vakili bo'lgan talabalar bilan Texas shtatlari.[14] 1920-21 o'quv yili davomida GVKda 411 o'quvchi bor edi, 1921-22 yillarda u 680 kishini,[14] 1922–23 yillarda esa u 808 o'quvchiga etib bordi.[3] 1918 yilda GVKni tugatganlar yo'q edi, 1919 yilda sakkizta va 1920 yilda besh nafar edi.[24] Bitiruvchilar soni sekin o'sib, 1921 yilda 12 taga, 1922 yilda 13 taga, nihoyat 1923 yilda 23 taga etdi.[24][25]

Qora va oq guruh portreti tik turgan erkaklar va ayollar
GVC fakultetining sana ko'rsatilmagan guruh fotosurati

1917 yilda birinchi mashg'ulot kunida GVC 14 o'qituvchidan iborat fakultetga ega edi.[9][26] 1920 yilga kelib bu raqam ikki baravarga ko'payib, 28 taga etdi. Fakultet yosh va etarlicha tajribasiz bo'lishga moyil edi va kollej raqobatbardosh bo'lmagan ish haqi ko'lami tufayli ularni saqlab qolishda qiynaldi. Ushbu muammo, 1917 va 1923 yillar oralig'ida, uning talabalar soni sezilarli darajada oshganiga qaramay, davlatning GVC mablag'larini 30 foizga kamaytirishi bilan murakkablashdi.[22] Shunga qaramay, GVCni davlat tomonidan moliyalashtirish tarixchi va muallif Jerald Sakson tomonidan "nisbatan barqaror" deb ta'riflanib, uning "asosiy qo'llab-quvvatlash darajasi" mavjudligini ta'kidladi.[27]

1923 yilga kelib, Din Uilyams AMC-dan uning nomidagi "professional" so'zini kelajakdagi o'sishi bilan cheklashi uchun kelgan GVC-ning nomini o'zgartirishni so'radi. Bundan tashqari, "Grubbs" deb nomlanish uning shaxsiy maktab ekanligini noto'g'ri anglaganga o'xshaydi.[3][24] 1923 yil iyulda Texas qonun chiqaruvchisi maktab nomini Shimoliy Texas Junior qishloq xo'jaligi kolleji deb o'zgartirdi, u tez orada rasman Shimoliy Texas qishloq xo'jaligi kolleji (NTAC) deb qisqartirildi.[24] Shu paytgacha Arlington aholisi va etakchi fuqarolari kollejga katta yordam ko'rsatdilar.[27] Saksonning ta'kidlashicha, 1923 yilda kollej "tarixida birinchi marta" "kelajak porloq ko'rinardi".[27]

Binoni rivojlantirish

Bino barpo etilmoqda, iskala bilan
Taxminan 1918–19 yillarda Ma'muriy bino qurilishi

GVC bekor qilingan talabalar shaharchasini meros qilib oldi Arlington harbiy akademiyasi. A yaratish uchun Jeyms Filderdan qo'shimcha ravishda 100 gektar (40 ga) dehqonchilik erlarini sotib oldi namoyish fermasi.[3][6] Fielderning erlari qaerda Maverick stadioni va keyinchalik J. D. Vetsel xizmat ko'rsatish markazi qurildi.[28] Fielderning qishloq xo'jaligi maydonlaridan tashqari, GVC yotoqxonasi 1922 yilda atigi 12 gektar maydonni (4,9 ga) o'lchagan.[29] 1917 yilda talabalar shaharchasiga kelganida Din Uilyams uning ahvoli "juda beparvo qilingan" va "chirigan holatda" bo'lganligini yozgan.[7] O'sha paytda, jami etti bino bor edi: o'quv binosi, ikkitasi barak, ayollar yotoqxonasi, a tartibsizlik zali, gimnaziya va dekanning uyi.[30]

1919 yilda GVC o'zining yangi ma'muriy binosini qurib bitkazdi $ 112,500.[3][13][28] Ma'muriy idoralardan tashqari, u erda auditoriya, o'quv xonalari, laboratoriyalar va kutubxona joylashgan.[28][31] Keyinchalik Ransom Hall deb nomlandi, u hali ham talabalar shaharchasida turibdi.[3][13] 1919–20 o'quv yili davomida Din Uilyams shuningdek avtomobilsozlik do'koni, mashinasozlik do'koni va tartibsizliklar zalini qurdi.[14][11] 1922 yil dekabr oyida beshta shtat qonunchilari GVCda ovqatlanish xonasi bo'lgan yotoqxona uchun 150 ming dollar va ilmiy bino uchun 100 ming dollar ajratadigan amalga oshirilmagan qurilish dasturini qo'llab-quvvatlashga va'da berishdi.[32]

Talabalik hayoti

GVC-dagi erkak talabalar "Star Literary" yoki "Wilsonian" munozarali jamiyatlari, "Glee Club" yoki " Yosh erkaklar nasroniylar uyushmasi. Ayol talabalar Chorus Club, Gro-Voco Club va Roundup Club-dan birini tanlashlari mumkin edi. Dramatik klub erkak va qiz talabalar uchun ochiq edi.[13][33] Shothorn, talaba gazetasi, 1919 yil aprelda a bo'lishdan oldin oylik jurnal sifatida boshlangan haftalik gazeta 1922 yilda.[34][35]

Talabalar ishtirok etishlari shart edi cherkov xizmatlar haftasiga uch yoki to'rt marta,[18] Din Uilyams davrida kampusda raqs va chekish taqiqlangan.[24] GVC talabalari uchun mashhur mashg'ulotlar piknik va ekskursiyalarni o'z ichiga olgan, shu jumladan yo'nalishlar Kamp Boui yilda Fort-Uort, Fort Worth Fat Stock Show, va Texas shtatining yarmarkasi yilda Dallas.[18] 1995 yilda GVC ning eng keksa tirik bitiruvchisi Franklin Douell o'ynashni esladi Frantsuz shoxi kollej guruhida, uchun yozish Shothornva tomoshalarni tomosha qilish uchun borish Majest teatri u 1921 yilda bitirguniga qadar Dallasda.[36]

Yengil atletika

GVC o'z o'quvchilaridan, jinsidan qat'i nazar, har kuni bir soatlik jismoniy mashqlarda qatnashishni talab qildi.[17] Maktab homiysi basketbol bo'yicha ayollar jamoasi.[17][22] Erkaklar ishtirok etishi mumkin edi beysbol, basketbol, futbol, tennis va yengil atletika.[22][33] Maktab ranglari ko'k va oq rangga ega edi va GVC guruhlari 1917 yildan 1921 yilgacha Xornets deb o'zgartirilganiga qadar Grubbworms laqabini oldi. GVC kollejlararo yengil atletika jamoalari Texas o'smirlar kolleji atletik assotsiatsiyasida bahslashdi.[22]

Shimoliy Texas qishloq xo'jaligi kolleji (1923-1949)

1923 yil may oyida GVC nomi o'zgartirildi Shimoliy Texas qishloq xo'jaligi kolleji (NTAC) tufayli uning tez kengayishi liberal san'at o'quv dasturi, bu endi shunchaki kasb-hunar muassasasi emasligi va uning tez o'sib borayotgan qamrab olinishi.[1] GVC dekani Mayron L. Uilyams 1925 yilgacha NTAC uchun xuddi shu lavozimda ishlashni davom ettirdi.[1][3][6] O'sha yili Edvard Everett Devis uning o'rnini egalladi va Devis oxir-oqibat 1946 yilgacha kollejda dekan bo'lib xizmat qildi.[1][37] U 1881 yilda tug'ilgan Uilyamsburg, Missuri, 1885 yilda bolaligida Texasga ko'chib o'tgan va JTAC va Ostindagi Texas universitetini tugatgan.[37] NTAC dekani lavozimiga tayinlanishidan oldin u direktor bo'lgan Lingleville davlat maktabi va keyinchalik ta'lim bo'limida ishlagan Stiven F. Ostin davlat o'qituvchilar kolleji yilda Nacogdoches.[38] 1925 yilda dekan lavozimida ish boshlaganidan so'ng, Devis talabalar soni kam bo'lgan va etarli bo'lmagan fakultetga ega bo'lgan jismoniy holati yomon bo'lgan kampusni meros qilib oldi. "Fakultetda yoki talabalar tarkibida hech qanday o'lim yo'q" shiori qabul qilingandan so'ng, NTAC Devisning birinchi yilida (1925-26) 456 talabadan 102 nafarini ishdan bo'shatgan yoki chetlatilganiga guvoh bo'lgan, 1927-28 yillarda esa 40 nafar professor-o'qituvchilardan atigi 17 nafari u 1925 yilda meros bo'lib qolgan, hali ham NTAC tomonidan ishlagan.[39][40] Yangi fakultetni ishga qabul qilishda Devis yosh, baquvvat va qobiliyatli o'qituvchilarga ustunligini namoyish etdi.[39]

1925 yilda NTAC ikki xil ta'lim treklarini taklif qildi: talabalarni a ga o'tishga tayyorlash uchun mo'ljallangan kollej trassasi katta kollej talabalarni qishloq xo'jaligi, avtomobillarni ta'mirlash, elektrotexnika va stenografiya kabi sohalarda ishlashga o'rgatish uchun mo'ljallangan kasblar yoki kasb-hunar yo'llari.[41] 1933 yilga kelib bo'limga yozilish tushib ketganligi sababli, NTAC GVC davridan boshlangan o'rta maktab darajasidagi kollej bo'limini to'xtatdi.[1][42] Ilgari, u asosan "qishloq jamiyatlaridan imtiyozli o'g'il-qizlarga" xizmat ko'rsatgan Markaziy Texas va G'arbiy Texas, va ularning yoshi, o'rtacha, kollej yo'lidagi talabalardan kattaroq edi.[43] Devis kelganidan ko'p o'tmay NTAC tomonidan o'tkazilgan so'rovnoma aniqlandi Shimoliy Texas chorvachilik, aviatsiya, sutchilik, elektrotexnika va mashinasozlik kabi sohalarda malakali ishchilarga alohida ehtiyoj bor. Ushbu so'rovga javoban kollej ushbu yo'nalishlar bo'yicha kurslarni qo'shdi. NTAC yozgi mashg'ulotlar va tungi darslarning katta qismida, shuningdek, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri turmush qurgan va katta yoshdagi talabalarga marketingni o'tkazishda innovatsion edi.[43] 1925 yil kuzida kollejning 15 ta cho'chqasi bo'lib o'tgan davlat yarmarkalarida jami 75 ta lentani qo'lga kiritdi Alabama, Arkanzas va Luiziana bundan tashqari, Texasdagi uchta yarmarkada.[44] NTAC-ning 1926 yil bitiruvchi sinfining 40% dan ortig'i darhol shtatdagi katta kollejlarga o'qishga kirgan, shu jumladan Janubiy metodist universiteti, Texas A&M va Texas universiteti.[45]

NTAC-ga ro'yxatdan o'tish 1925-26 yillarda 451 dan 1929-30 yillarda 821 gacha o'sdi, garchi Devis ko'plab abituriyentlarning sifatidan xavotir bildirdi. Uning ta'kidlashicha, a o'rta maktab to'g'risidagi diplom etarli emas edi va bu kirish imtihoni barcha potentsial talabalar uchun talab qilinishi kerak.[46] U hatto Texasdagi oliy ma'lumot uchun ajratilgan mablag'larning 25% "past darajadagi talabalarga sarf qilingan" deb da'vo qilishga qadar bordi.[46] Ushbu davrda NTAC-dagi to'lovlar nisbatan past edi, 1926–27 yillarda xona va pansionat narxi 125 dollarni, qolgan sakkiztasining narxi esa 10 dollardan kam bo'lgan.[43] 1931 yilda NTAC o'zini "Bepul o'qitish, keng o'quv dasturlari, yuqori standartlar, qulay foydalanish" shiori ostida reklama qildi, ikkinchisida Dallas va Fort-Uort o'rtasida joylashganligi va ham avtomobil, ham temir yo'l transporti orqali kirish imkoniyati ta'kidlangan.[47]

1930–31 yillarda ro'yxatga olish 657 o'quvchiga to'g'ri keldi Katta depressiya. 1933-34 yillarda talabalar soni 954 ga etguniga qadar NTAC 1929-30 o'quvchilarining ro'yxatidan oshib ketmas edi. Depressiya, ayniqsa, NTAC ning kasbiy dasturiga, ayniqsa qishloq xo'jaligi, uy xo'jaligi, savdo va sanoat bo'limlariga zarar etkazdi. Bundan tashqari, NTAC dastur asosida ishlab chiqqan mahalliy sanoat korxonalari bilan hamkorlik qiluvchi innovatsion kooperativ dastur Cincinnati universiteti va Antioxiya kolleji mavjud ish joylari etishmasligi sababli 1933 yilda to'xtatilgan.[42] Uning kasb-hunar dasturi asos solingan paytda NTAC kolleji dasturi juda o'sib bordi, 1930 yildagi 308 o'quvchidan 1933 yildagi 603 o'quvchiga. Devis bu o'sish oqim oqimi bilan bog'liq deb taxmin qildi. talabalarni ko'chirish arzonroq bo'lgan xususiy maktablardan va depressiya davrida liberal san'at ta'limi ko'proq ixtisoslashgan kasb-hunar ta'limi bilan taqqoslaganda ko'proq moslashuvchan va shuning uchun bozorga mos bo'lgan degan munosabat o'zgargan.[42]

NTAC depressiyaga javoban har bir fakultet a'zosiga ajratilgan kurslarning o'rtacha sonini ko'paytirish, professor-o'qituvchilarning umumiy sonini kamaytirish va ish haqini 25 foizga kamaytirish orqali javob berdi.[42] Biroq, 1932 yil dekabrda Griffenhagen va Associates firmasi shtat qonunchilik organi uchun NTAC operatsiyalari to'g'risida hisobot e'lon qildi va Devis ma'muriyati depressiya sharoitida etarli ish qilmadi degan xulosaga keldi.[48] Hisobotda kollejning katta qismi a shahar atrofidagi maktab va davlatga "voz kechishni" va uni moliyalashtirishni to'xtatishni tavsiya qildi, aksincha buni taklif qildi Dallas okrugi va Tarrant okrugi uni kichik kollej sifatida birgalikda boshqaring.[49] Hisobotda NTAC-ga ko'plab qishloq xo'jaligi va ta'lim kurslarini to'xtatib qo'yishdan tortib, 14 ta fakultet, dekan o'rinbosari va aksariyat talabalar yordamchilarining lavozimlarini bekor qilishgacha bo'lgan boshqa takliflar berildi. Bundan tashqari, Devisga NTAC-ni haddan tashqari reklama qilish uchun maslahat berildi. Biroq, Griffenhagen va Associatesning xulosalari oxir-oqibat shtat bo'ylab mashhur bo'lmagan va kollejga juda oz ta'sir ko'rsatgan.[50] 1932 yilgi hisobotning samaralaridan biri, NTAC o'qitiladigan 10 yoki undan kam talaba bilan o'qitiladigan darslar sonini kamaytirish edi. 1932 yilda, hisobot e'lon qilinganida, kollejning 36,1% darslari ushbu toifaga kirgan, ammo 1940 yilga kelib atigi 7% bu Texasdagi har qanday davlat kolleji yoki universitetida eng past ko'rsatkich edi.[51] 1935 yilda shtatning qonun chiqaruvchi organida maktabni yopish uchun to'xtatilgan urinish paydo bo'lganidan so'ng, NTAC boshqa hech qachon davlat ko'magi yopilishi yoki tugatilishi bilan jiddiy tahdidga duch kelmaydi.[52]

NTAC 1930-yillarning o'rtalariga kelib, ro'yxatga olish o'sishi bilan depressiyadan asta-sekin qutuldi. 1935–36 yillarda ro'yxatga olish 1007 kishini tashkil qildi, birinchi marta u 1000 marta tutildi va 1939–40 yillarga kelib jami 1632 o'quvchi bor edi. Saksonning ta'kidlashicha, ro'yxatdan o'tishning o'sishining ikkita asosiy sababi NTAC-ning Dallas va Fort-Uort o'rtasida joylashgan joyi va uning davlat tomonidan moliyaviy ko'magi bo'lgan. Oxir-oqibat, NTAC o'quv dasturi hali ham umumiy va kasb-hunar ta'limi asoslari bilan depressiyadan chiqdi.[51] 1937 yil yozida NTAC shtatdagi to'rtta kollej yoki universitetdan biri bo'lgan Milliy yoshlar ma'muriyati JTAC-ga qo'shilib, ehtiyojmand yoshlar uchun qishloq xo'jaligi ta'lim dasturi, Prairie View A&M, va Texas A&M.[53] Shuningdek, 1937 yilda Xovard Joyner NTAC-ga kelgan Janubiy Dakota universiteti badiiy bo'limni tashkil etish. Da o'qitilgan Ecole des Beaux-Art Parijda Joyner Texas Universitetida mavjud bo'lganidan oldin NTAC san'at bo'limini tashkil etdi.[54] 1939 yilda Denton rekord-xronikasi NTAC-ni asosan "katta kollejga borishdan oldin, ta'limning bir qismini uyiga yaqin joyda olishni istagan Dallas va Fort-Uort talabalarining kichik kolleji" deb ta'riflagan.[55]

Oldinda mashinalari va orqa fonda odamlar bo'lgan elektr do'konining ichki qismi
Taxminan 1940 yillarda NTAC da elektr do'kon

Qo'shma Shtatlar kirgandan keyin Ikkinchi jahon urushi 1941 yilda NTAC ro'yxatdan o'tishda katta pasayish yuz berdi va ko'plab professor-o'qituvchilar urushda xizmat qilish uchun ketib qolishdi, bu esa kollejni o'z kurslarini qayta tiklashga majbur qildi.[56] Urush davomida ayollar ro'yxatga olinishi yiliga 300 ga yaqin talabada saqlanib turganda, 1941-1945 yillarda erkaklar soni 47% ga kamaydi. 1944–45 yillar davomida umumiy ro'yxatga olish 1041 nafar o'quvchiga kamaydi, bu avvalgi to'rt yilga nisbatan 782 taga kamaydi. Devis ma'muriyati ko'proq qiz talabalar va 18 yoshga to'lmagan erkak talabalarni jalb qilish orqali talabalar sonining pasayishini sekinlashtirmoqchi edi. Urush paytida kunduzgi fakultet 77 dan 53 gacha tushdi, talabalar shaharchasida qolganlar esa talabalik kursini olishlari kerak edi sadoqat qasamyodi.[57] Kurslar urush tufayli ham o'zgarib, kabi mavzularda yangi takliflar bilan ta'minlandi havodan suratga olish va kamuflyaj yangi bilan birga parvozlarni tayyorlash dastur,[57] tomonidan olib borilgan kollej yoki universitetlardagi 13tadan bittasi Fuqarolik aviatsiyasi boshqarmasi.[58] NTAC-ning ROTC kursantlari o'rgangan paytda 1943 yildan boshlab ayollarga birinchi marta muhandislik mashg'ulotlariga qatnashishga ruxsat berildi komando texnikalar, Yapon va jujutsu.[57] 1943 yilda NTAC a Navy V-12 o'quv markazi va 1944 va 1945 yillarda to'rttasi bor edi Dengiz kuchlari va uchta Dengiz talabalar shaharchasiga tayinlangan vzvodlar.[59] Urush yillarida ayollar miltiqlari jamoasi ham tuzilgan.[60]

1945 yil aprel oyida Devis Texas A & M prezidenti va boshqaruv kengashi uchun hisobot tayyorladi, unda NTAC kelajagi haqida optimistik rasm chizilgan, ayniqsa urush tugaganidan ko'p o'tmay, 2500 kishi ro'yxatga olinishi mumkin edi.[59] Devis 1946 yil 1-iyunda 65 yoshida nafaqaga chiqdi va 1946–47 yillarda NTAC-ning ro'yxatga olinishi 2500 kishiga etdi.[40][59] Qaytib kelgan askarlar G.I. Bill, bu o'sishning katta qismini tashkil etdi va butun talabalar tarkibining 46% tashkil etdi.[61] Talabalar shaharchasida Devisning merosiga Devis ko'chasi, unga nomi berilgan va u o'zi ekkan Devis ko'chasi va Park Row Drive burchagidagi qarag'ay daraxtlari kiradi.[40]

1946 yilda, Ernest H. Hereford Devisning o'rnida NTAC dekani etib tayinlandi va u kollejni qayta tashkil etguniga qadar va Texasdagi boshqa A & M-ga qarashli maktablar uni NTAC-ning birinchi bo'lishiga qadar xizmat qildi. Prezident 1948 yil oktyabrda.[1][61][62] Qayta tashkil etish rasmiy ravishda yaratdi Texas A&M universiteti tizimi 1948 yil 1-sentyabrda yangi lavozimni o'rnatdi kantsler tizim rahbari sifatida. Shu bilan birga, uning tarkibiga kiruvchi to'rtta maktabning (A&M, JTAC, NTAC va Prairie View A&M) bosh ma'murlari prezidentlar etib tayinlandi. Qayta tashkil etish A&M prezidentini qo'shimcha vazifalardan ozod qildi amalda tizimning kantsleri, amalda tizim o'zining qattiq ma'muriy tuzilishini va kollej stantsiyasidagi asosiy kampusga bo'ysunadigan uchta filial kampusini saqlab qolish majburiyatini saqlab qoldi.[61]

Hereford tahsil olgan Shimoliy Texas shtati o'qituvchilar kolleji, Baylor universiteti, Janubi-g'arbiy universiteti va Ostindagi Texas universiteti. U maktablarning noziri bo'lib xizmat qilgan Korpus Kristi, Corpus Christi Junior kolleji prezidenti, davlat kolleji imtihonchisi va o'quv rejissyori Texas Ta'lim Departamenti, va Dallasning dekani Xokadey maktabi NTAC-ga kelishdan oldin. Arlingtonda bo'lganida, u Devisning o'rnini egallagan va 1943 yilda dekan etib tayinlanmasdan oldin, 1943 yilda ro'yxatga oluvchidan dekan yordamchisi lavozimiga ko'tarilgan.[61] Devisga o'xshab, Herefordni ham ba'zi fakultetlar "avtokratik" va "xudbin" deb tanqid qilishgan, boshqa fakultet uni "sofist" deb maqtagan va doktorlik dissertatsiyasini talab qilishini ko'pchilik yangi fakultetlar uchun zaruriy shartlar sifatida tan olgan.[61]

To'rt yillik kollej maqomi

1937 yildan boshlab, Arlingtonda NTACni to'rt yillik kollej maqomiga ko'tarish va kollej nomini o'zgartirish harakati boshlandi. Devis bu harakatni 1938 yilda qo'llab-quvvatlashni boshladi. U NTAC-ning Shimoliy Texasda joylashganligi, katta talabalar jamoasi va kredit soatiga nisbatan arzonligi uni yuqori sinf maqomi uchun kuchli nomzodga aylantirdi.[63] 1940-yillar davomida NTAC ma'muriyati Texas A&M universiteti direktorlar kengashi va shtat hukumatiga uni muvaffaqiyatga erishmagan bo'lsada, katta kollejga ko'tarishni so'rab murojaat qildi. Qarshilik nafaqat Texas A&M tomonidan bo'lib o'tdi, ko'pgina NTAC bitiruvchilari va tarafdorlari Arlington filiali kampusi uni obro'si va hajmi bo'yicha uni egallab olishidan qo'rqishdi, shuningdek, Janubiy Metodist Universitetining mahalliy xususiy maktablari va Texas xristian universiteti.[64] To'rt yillik kollej maqomini olishda darhol muvaffaqiyatga erisha olmagan bo'lsada, NTAC tarafdorlari A&M tizimi va shtat hukumatini maktab nomini o'zgartirishga ishontirishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Ko'plab tarafdorlar "Shimoliy Texas qishloq xo'jaligi kolleji" nomi "qishloq xo'jaligi" so'zi sababli cheklangan va chalkash deb o'ylashdi va Arlington shtat kollejining tanlangan tanlovi rasmiy yangi nom 1949 yil yozida qilingan. Uning ko'plab tarafdorlari bunday harakat kollejning obro'sini va darajalarining baholanadigan qiymatini oshirishi mumkin edi.[65]

Binoni rivojlantirish

Oldinda ko'chasi va mashinalari bo'lgan binoning uzoq ko'rinishi
NTAC da ma'muriy bino, taxminan 1935 yil

Yangi binolarni qurish bo'yicha ko'plab takliflariga qaramay, oxir-oqibat shtat hukumati tomonidan tasdiqlanmagan yoki moliyalashtirilmagan, NTAC 1926 yilda yangi kutubxona (keyinchalik kollej zali deb o'zgartirilgan) va yangi ilmiy bino (keyinchalik Preston Hall deb o'zgartirilgan) qurish uchun mablag 'oldi.[40][41] O'zining taqqoslash uchun 1926 yilgi byudjet taklifida NTAC to'rtta yangi bino va jami 830 ming dollardan ortiq mablag 'ajratilishini so'radi.[66] Kollej zalida kutubxonani joylashtirishdan tashqari, aksessuarlar, harbiy kiyimlar va o'quv qurollari sotiladigan NTAC Exchange Store (PX) do'koni ham bo'lgan. Ko'p o'tmay, u Arlington (UTA) ning faxriylar kollejidagi Texas Universitetining uyiga aylanadi.[54] 1928 yilda Preston Xollning janubiy perimetrida aylana shaklidagi bino ham qurilgan. Bir necha yillar davomida u mollar ko'rgazmasi xonasi, badiiy studiya, Tarix bo'limi ofislari, badiiy matbaa laboratoriyasi va UTA planetariysi bo'lib xizmat qiladi.[67]

1930-yillarda talabalar shaharchasida ikkita yangi bino qurildi. Birinchisi, 1934 yilda ochilgan ma'muriyat binosi yonida joylashgan g'ishtli gimnaziya va auditoriya. Ikkinchisi - federal bino bilan qurilgan erkaklar yotoqxonasi. Jamoat ishlarini boshqarish 1936 yilda ochilgan va oxir-oqibat Brazos uyi deb o'zgartirilgan Devis Xoll nomi bilan tanilgan mablag '.[60][68] Keyinchalik bu bino Texasdagi birinchi o'quv yurtiga aylandi.[60] 1940-yillarning boshlarida NTAC sinflar, idoralar va ustaxonalar uchun joy ajratadigan Mexanika san'ati binosini qurdi.[68] 1940-yillarning oxiriga kelib, talabalar shaharchasi sakkizta shahar blokiga aylandi.[69]

Talabalik hayoti

NTAC davridagi talabalik hayoti jonli edi, garchi talabalar shaharchasida yashagan va darsga kelganlar o'rtasida madaniy bo'linish bo'lgan. Shothorn talabalar gazetasi sifatida davom etdi, 1923 yilda kollejning birinchi nashri yilnoma, Junior Aggi, bosilgan.[65] NTAC-da birinchi kurs talabasi, "baliq ", bo'ysundirildi hazing ikkinchi kurs talabalari tomonidan. Dekan Devisning buni taqiqlash va aybdor deb topilganlarni chiqarib yuborish bo'yicha harakatlariga qaramay, hazing davom etdi.[70] Talabalar jamoasi cheerlederlarni, sinf rahbarlarini, talabalar-fakultet qo'mitasidagi vakillarni va qirol, malika, malika va eskortlardan iborat uy sudini sayladi.[71]

Diqqatga sazovor bo'lgan harbiy mashq guruhi a'zolarining guruh fotosurati
Sem Xyuston miltiqlari, 1939 yil

Oilali yoki 30 yoshdan oshganlardan tashqari, barcha talaba qizlar ROTC kadetlar korpusining a'zolari edilar,[65] 1923 yil avgustda yaratilgan.[72] 1933 yilda u a burg'ulash jamoasi,[65] 1937 yilda Sem Xyuston miltiqlariga ("Jodi" laqabli) aylandi.[65][72] Sam Xyuston miltiqlari oxir-oqibat ROTC dasturidagi eng qadimiy tashkilotga aylandi,[65] va ijro etish uchun davom etdi 1957 yil prezident Duayt D. Eyzenxauerning inauguratsiyasi.[73] 1939 yilda NTAC ning 34 kishidan iborat kollej guruhi polkovnik Erl D. Irons rahbarligida G'arbiy Texas shtatining 14 ta shaharlarini aylanib chiqdi.[74]

Talabalarning xatti-harakatlari NTAC da qat'iy nazorat qilingan: a komendantlik soati har kuni kechqurun soat 19: 20da boshlangan, raqsga tushish taqiqlangan, o'qotar qurollar taqiqlangan va qoidalarni buzganlik uchun kamchiliklar berilgan.[71] NTAC-da mashg'ulotlar haftada besh kun bo'lib o'tdi, ma'ruzalar odatda ertalab, laboratoriyalar esa tushdan keyin bo'lib o'tdi. Talabalar shaharchasi klublari va tashkilotlari odatda payshanba kuni tushdan keyin yig'ilishadi, ijtimoiy vazifalar esa odatda juma va shanba kunlari rejalashtirilgan edi.[75]

NTAC davrida talabalar klublari ham mashhur bo'lgan va 1933 yilga kelib talabalar shaharchasida 25 ta bunday klub mavjud edi. Ular tarkibiga geografik kelib chiqishi (Dallas okrugi, Tarrant okrugi va G'arbiy Texas kabi) klublari, faoliyati va mavzulari, sharafli jamiyat (Phi Kappa Theta ), musiqa klublari va talaba qizlar uchun ijtimoiy klublar.[76] Bu davrda talabalarning boshqa faoliyati talabalar kengashi, raqslar, sahna ko'rinishlari va ma'ruzalarni o'z ichiga olgan. Ushbu davrda talabalar shaharchasida taniqli mehmonlar orasida Texas folklorshunosi ham bor edi J. Frank Dobi, Texas gubernatori Beauford H. Jester, AQSh Mehnat vaziri Frensis Perkins va tarixchilar Arnold Toynbi va Uolter Preskott Uebb.[77] Grand Ole Opry Yulduz Minni Pearl 1947 yilda NTAC talabalarini ham xushnud etdi.[78]

Yengil atletika

Basketbolchilarning guruh surati, ba'zilari tik turgan va ba'zilari o'tirgan
NTAC basketbol erkaklar jamoasi, 1944 yil

NTAC "Hornets" taxallusidan foydalangan holda kollejlararo yengil atletika jamoalarini maydonga tushirdi. Uning futbol jamoasi doimiy ravishda eng katta olomonni va eng katta yordamni jalb qildi.[77][78] NTAC Hornets boshqa o'spirin kollejlari hamda katta yoshdagi kollejlarning o'smirlar jamoalariga qarshi o'ynadi. Umumiy raqiblar kiritilgan Dekatur Baptistlar kolleji, Hillsboro Junior kolleji, Parij Junior kolleji, Texarkana Junior kolleji va NTAC-ning asosiy raqibi Stivenvildagi Jon Tarleton qishloq xo'jaligi kolleji (JTAC).[79] 1943 yilda NTAC futbol o'ynash uchun yollangan dengiz piyodalari kontingenti tufayli juda kuchli futbol jamoasini maydonga tushirdi. SMU va TCU o'sha yili Arlington kollejiga xabar berish buyurilgan. 1943 yil "Xornets" SMUni 20-6 mag'lubiyatga uchratdi Texas Tech 34-14 va o'ynadi Texas A&M hisobsiz taqish uchun. Taxminiy ravishda Fort-Uert Star-Telegram yozuvchi Dik Mur, u o'sha mavsumda "janubi-g'arbiy qismidagi eng kuchli futbol jamoalaridan biri" bo'lgan.[80]

NTAC va JTAC odatda bir-birlarini o'ynaydilar uyga qaytish va ikkalasi ham Aggi Bonfire va a pep mitingi o'yindan oldin. Qadimgi an'anaga ko'ra, har ikkala talaba tanasi ham vaqtincha bir-birining gulxanini yoqishga harakat qilishgan, 1939 yilda NTAC-ning ikkita talabasi beparvolik bilan uni tashlamoqchi bo'lishgan. fosfor bombasi samolyotdan chiqqan JTAC gulxanida JTAC talabalari avtohalokat qo'nish va hazing bilan yakun topdi. Ushbu tadbirdan so'ng Din Devis har yili o'tkaziladigan NTAC olovini tugatdi.[81] Ushbu davrda maktabning jang qo'shig'i "Northaggieland" edi, musiqasi NTAC guruhining direktori Earl D. Irons va so'zlari Enid Eastland tomonidan.[78][81]

Shuningdek, NTAC kollejlararo basketbol, ​​tennis va yengil atletikani erkak talabalar uchun taklif qildi.[71] 1938 yilda tennis bo'yicha erkaklar jamoasi Hillsboro Junior kolleji, JTAC va Weatherford kolleji.[82] 1927 yildan keyin Ayollar atletika assotsiatsiyasi basketbolni taklif qildi, yopiq beysbol, NTAC da talaba qizlar uchun gimnastika, tennis va voleybol. Biroq, ular uchun kollejlararo darajada raqobatlashish uchun imkoniyat yo'q edi.[71]

Arlington shtat kolleji (1949-1965)

Teatrda sahnada o'tirgan kollej bitiruvchilari birinchi o'rindagi marosimni kuzatayotgan tomoshabinlar bilan
Arlington shtat kollejining bitiruv marosimi, taxminan 50-yillar

1949 yil sentyabrda NTAC nomi o'zgartirildi Arlington shtat kolleji (ASC),[1][83] qisman qishloq xo'jaligi endi kollejda o'qishning asosiy yo'nalishi bo'lmagani sababli.[62] 1950 yillar davomida u eng yirik davlat o'spirin kolleji edi Janubi-g'arbiy.[62] 1951 yilda Texas shtatidagi 14-yirik davlat tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan kollej yoki universitetdan 1959 yilda 5-o'ringa ko'tarildi. Xuddi shunday Arlingtonning o'zi 1950 yildan 1960 yilgacha 6000 kishidan 45000 kishiga o'sdi.[83]

1950 yillar davomida ASC talabalari ommaviy ravishda san'at va fan, biznes va muhandislik kurslariga yozila boshladilar. 1953-1956 yillarda muhandislik yo'nalishlari 445 dan 1635 gacha qariyb to'rt baravar oshdi. Shuningdek, 1950-yillarda qishloq xo'jaligi va uy xo'jaligi dasturlari talabalarda sezilarli darajada pasaygan.[83] Kollej ma'muriyati buni milliy tendentsiyaning bir qismi ekanligini tushunib etgach, 1957 yilda qishloq xo'jaligi dasturini va 1959 yilda uy iqtisodiyoti dasturini tugatdi. 1950 yillar davomida ASC talabalarga birinchi ikki yil davomida o'qish imkoniyatini taqdim etdi. San'at bakalavri yoki fanlar bo'yicha bakalavr turli xil mavzular bo'yicha diplom yoki ikki yillik o'qish dotsentlik darajasi umumiy ishlarda.[84]

1958 yil 24-noyabrda Prezident Hereford kutilmagan tarzda vafot etdi yurak xuruji 63 yoshida[62][85][86] Uning faoliyati davomida kollejga o'qishga kirish deyarli to'rt baravar oshdi. Xerfordford talabalar markazi va uning Rozebud teatri (Xerfordning "Qadimgi Rozbud" laqabi bilan atalgan) uning xotirasida nomlangan.[67] Texas A&M direktorlari ASC dekani etib tayinlandilar Jek Vulf 1959 yil iyun oyida prezident vazifasini bajaruvchi va oxir-oqibat doimiy prezident sifatida.[85][87][88] Vulf tug'ilib o'sgan Trinidad yilda Sharqiy Texas, Texas A&M va Purdue universiteti va ishlagan Ishonch 1956 yilda o'qituvchilik qilish uchun A&M ga qaytib kelguniga qadar besh yil davomida. 1957 yilda u ASC dekani etib tayinlangan.[85][88] 1958 yilda ASC boshlandi targ'ibot dasturlari, shu jumladan chet tili bo'limini o'z ichiga olgan kooperatsion dastur Yozgi tilshunoslik instituti Dallas okrugida.[1]

1959 yilda nihoyat katta kollej maqomi berilgan vaqtga kelib,[1][89] ASC talabalarini ro'yxatga olish 6388 edi.[1][90] O'sha yilga qadar u bakalavr darajalarini ham berdi san'at, Biznes boshqaruv, fanlar va muhandislik.[1] From fall 1959, ASC billed itself as a regional institution that offered degrees in business, engineering, liberal arts, and the sciences.[91] According to Samuel B. Hamlett, the growth of Arlington as well as the larger Dallas - Fort-Uort metro kompleksi pushed the rapid development of ASC after 1959.[1] Enrollment grew to 7,444 in fall 1960 and to 9,116 in fall 1963, which made ASC larger than Texas A&M. During this period, ASC was overwhelmingly a commuter school; in 1962, just 338 male students and 144 female students lived in dormitories on campus. Roughly 20% of students were part-time students and 30% were enrolled in evening classes that year.[90]

From 1959 through 1965, ASC was composed of two constituent schools. The first was the School of Arts and Sciences, which was home to its business, liberal arts, and science programs. The second was the School of Engineering, home to five different engineering programs. Upon the establishment of the schools in 1959, S. T. Keim, Jr. was hired as the Dean of Arts and Sciences while Vendell Nedderman was hired as the Dean of Engineering.[92] In 1959, ASC's total budget was $3.1 million.[93] 1963 yil Dallas ertalabki yangiliklari article opined that the college was "geared to the space age and also to the North Texas business and cultural community".[92]

In 1960, various departments at ASC began offering lecture series and short courses. Similarly, in 1964 the ASC History Department commenced the annual Walter Prescott Webb Memorial Lectures for the purpose of attracting leading American history scholars to campus.[1] In 1964, ASC was accredited fully by the Kollejlar va maktablarning janubiy assotsiatsiyasi (SACS). ASC was also similarly accredited by the Texas Association of Colleges and Universities in 1962 as well as subject-specific associations for its undergraduate programs in buxgalteriya hisobi, me'morchilik, business administration, engineering, hamshiralik va ijtimoiy ish.[1][93][94]

By the mid-1960s, the number of faculty members at ASC had grown to approximately 400. At that time, about 50% of engineering faculty held Falsafa fanlari doktori degrees and over 40% of liberal arts and science faculty did likewise. Among the greatest complaints of faculty members at the time were the low academic level and lack of intellectual engagement of many students. Faculty attempted to remedy this by improving faculty-student communication. Faculty also advocated for greater opportunities to research and write, graduate-level programs, a faculty forum, and a policy on akademik erkinlik. In 1965, the A&M board approved ASC's request to divide the School of Arts and Sciences into separate schools for its three major programs, resulting in the creation of the School of Business, the School of Liberal Arts, and the School of Science.[94]

Binoni rivojlantirish

Shisha ichki devorlari va lyuminestsent yoritgichlari bo'lgan zamonaviy ichki xonadagi stol va stullar
Interior of the Arlington State College Library, circa 1963

Between 1950 and 1965, ASC conducted a major building campaign that resulted in the creation of 18 new buildings on campus at a cost of $14.225 million.[1] This followed eight years of no construction whatsoever and a 30-year period since the construction of the college's last permanent classroom building.[83] With $6.5 million in funding from the Doimiy universitet jamg'armasi via the Texas A&M University System, ASC built a men's dormitory (Pachl Hall), a women's dormitory (Lipscomb Hall), an engineering building, a science hall, a student center, and a football stadium (Memorial Stadium) between 1949 and 1957.[95] By the late 1950s, with the support of A&M system chancellor M. T. Harrington and the City of Arlington, President Hereford began acquiring land on both sides of Cooper Street for a proposed ten-year, $10-million building program. The Texas Bosh prokurori 's office used taniqli domen to force landowners who did not wish to part with their property to sell it to the college.[89]

In November 1960, ASC released a master plan that proposed acquiring more land both east and south of campus. The plan also effectively controlled placement of buildings on campus through the 1990s.[89] In quick succession in the early 1960s, ASC built a new engineering building for $2.25 million (in 1960), a new science building for $2.1 million (in 1961), and a new library for $1.5 million (in 1964).[96] The two-story library was designed by Jorj Dal to later be expanded to six stories, which ultimately occurred in 1967.[97] ASC also built an addition to its student center in 1961, expanded its football stadium and built a new gymnasium in 1962, and augmented dormitory capacity for both men (with the new Trinity House) and women (with an expansion to Lipscomb Hall).[96] After the completion of the addition to the Hereford Student Center in 1961, the total value of ASC's buildings reached $9 million.[98] In 1965, ASC opened its new Arlington State College Multipurpose Auditorium (renamed Texas zali in 1968) with a performance by jazz musician Lui Armstrong.[99] It served as a multi-purpose venue for athletics, concerts, and theater.[100]

During the 1960s ASC also became one of the first institutions of higher education in Texas to build facilities with "revenue financing", which was funded by both income from room and board payments and building-use fees included in tuition payments.[96] Rapid growth of the campus by the mid-1960s was fueled by ASC's senior-college status, its developing graduate programs, and its frequent acquisition of land.[101]

Four-year college status

Throughout the 1950s, President Hereford and ASC supporters, including Arlington mayor Tom Vandergrif, tried without success to have ASC elevated to four-year college status. Three bills proposing such a change all failed to be voted upon by the state legislature in 1951, 1955, and 1957.[102][103] The A&M board of directors was also reluctant to support ASC's aspirations to be a four-year school until 1958, when it committed to funding campus expansion in Arlington by selling the college's farm, which was located east of campus.[104] In February 1957, Metroplex business leaders and Vandergriff addressed the Texasning Oliy ta'lim bo'yicha komissiyasi (TCHE) in support of four-year status for ASC. However, the TCHE only committed to further consideration of the proposal and postponed making a decision before an in-depth study that could take up to 15 months was conducted, effectively delaying ASC's senior-college ambitions.[105] The TCHE released its findings in December 1958, recommending to the Texas Legislature that ASC be made a senior college starting in September 1959 with baccalaureate-level degree programs in business administration as well as for numerous liberal arts and science programs. The location and size of ASC were particular reasons for the TCHE's decision.[106]

Despite opposition from Alonzo Jamison of Denton, which was home to North Texas State College (NTSC) and Texas Woman's University, and Uilyam T. Mur ning Bryan, home to Texas A&M, ASC's four-year bill passed the house on March 4, 1959. Its counterpart passed the Senate on April 20, 1959.[107] Uchun yozish Denton rekord-xronikasi, Tom Kirkland noted many NTSC supporters believed four-year status for ASC would have a considerable negative effect on their school, but NTSC president J. C. Matthews downplayed these concerns.[108] On April 27, Governor Daniel narxi signed the bill that made ASC a four-year college in the presence of ASC president Woolf, Arlington mayor Vandergriff, and other dignitaries.[103][109] When the news reached the ASC campus, classes were abruptly canceled and spontaneous celebrations erupted. The headline in Shothorn on April 28, the next day, was simply "Made it at Last".[103] Vandergriff later described ASC's attainment of four-year college status as "one of the most satisfying moments of my life".[110] Implementation of senior-college courses began in fall 1959 with the addition of junior-level courses and concluded in fall 1960 with the addition of senior-level courses at ASC.[110] In 1961, ASC awarded its first bachelor's degrees,[111] granting degrees to 23 students in electrical and mechanical engineering.[112]

Integratsiya

Laboratoriya talabalari stol ustiga shisha solingan peshtaxta oldida turishgan
One of the first African American students accepted to Arlington State College in 1962 (name of the student not noted)

In 1959, when it became a four-year college, ASC remained open only to white students. At the time this was the policy of all Texas A&M-affiliated colleges and universities except for Prairie View A&M, which was then the only state-supported college for people of color in Texas.[109] In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the ASC administration refused to accept African American students, referring them to Prairie View A&M instead.[113] In 1997, Dallas native Jesse Oliver recalled being offended at being referred to Prairie View when he applied for admission to ASC in spring 1962. He noted that ASC was a 20-minute drive from his home in Dallas, compared to Prairie View's campus being four hours distant.[114] As early as 1956 a poll conducted by Shothorn revealed a clear majority of polled ASC students (72 of 96) responded that they would be willing to attend classes with African American students.[113]

In 1962, after Ernest Hooper, Jerry Hanes, and Leaston Chase III were denied admission to ASC on account of race, they sought legal representation. They were represented by the Legal Redress Committee of the Dallas branch of the NAACP and Dallas attorney Fred J. Finch, Jr. Not willing to go to court to defend segregation at ASC, the A&M system board of directors and Chancellor Harrington allowed ASC president Woolf to change the admission policy immediately and become the first A&M system school to integrate.[62][113] ASC announced its integration on July 10, 1962, and admitted its first African American students in September, becoming the 9th out of 19 state-supported Texas colleges and universities to integrate.[115]

The majority of both students and faculty supported integration at ASC, as did both Arlington newspapers, the Daily News Texan va Arlington Citizen-Journal. However, President Woolf received angry letters and hate mail from segregationists in the area. Approximately 25–30 students at ASC were African Americans in fall 1962, out of a student body of over 9,000.[116] One of those first African American students was Jesse Oliver, who had been denied admission on account of race just the previous spring.[114] By the late 1960s, African American students accounted for about 1–2% of enrollment every year. Not all components of ASC were fully integrated in September 1962, however. Athletics teams were integrated in 1963 and dormitories were not integrated until 1965, at which point ASC was deemed "fully integrated".[116] However, even after "full" integration of the college, only 14 of ASC's 61 academic clubs, social clubs, fraternities, and other organizations had been integrated. Similarly, ASC did not prioritize hiring African American faculty or administrators during the mid-1960s.[90] Unlike at some other Southern schools, such as the Missisipi universiteti, integration at ASC occurred peacefully.[114][117] In August 1965, Oscar K. Chambers became ASC's first African American ROTC graduate.[118]

Move to the University of Texas System

Namoyish paytida olomon talabalar bir-biriga mahkam o'rnashib oldilar, aksariyati oldilarida
Students at Arlington State College during the Texas A&M controversy, 1965

The major underlying factors in ASC's growing disillusionment with the Texas A&M University System were ASC supporters' belief that the college's interests were subjugated to those of A&M in College Station, the A&M administrative style was too rigid and provided too few opportunities for faculty engagement and influence, and A&M's lack of adequate investment into ASC while it was growing quickly.[93] In particular, A&M's lack of support for a graduate program at ASC and its unwillingness to construct new buildings on the campus in Arlington were among the largest points of contention.[119]

In December 1964, these long-standing tensions between ASC and the Texas A&M board of directors reached a fever pitch, as many supporters of the Arlington college believed that their interests were being neglected when A&M proposed a reorganization of its system inspired by the University of California System.[93] A proposal made by four members of the A&M board of directors would have renamed ASC "Texas A&M University at Arlington", more closely integrated it into the A&M system, created master's programs in eleven fields (including seven in engineering) that would be directed by the College Station graduate school dean, and shared A&M facilities and faculty with the graduate programs at ASC. In the words of Saxon, A&M administrators and board of directors members "were unprepared–and totally surprised–at the firestorm of protests and hostility these proposals generated".[120] The proposed name change alone provoked furor from members of the community, including the Arlington Citizen-Journal and state representative Howard Green.[121]

President Woolf observed that the A&M board did not ask for feedback or input from ASC administrators on the proposal, Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce member Marvin C. Nichols deemed it a public relations failure, and the reaction of the ASC community and Arlington residents was largely negative. The ASC student government passed a resolution against the A&M system proposal and formed a "Save Our School Committee" to oppose it. The Ex-Students Association similarly organized a campaign to encourage alumni to contact A&M board members and legislators to voice their opposition to the proposal.[122] At an emergency meeting of the Dallas and Fort Worth chambers of commerce on December 22, 1964, the majority of those in attendance supported remaining in the A&M system if College Station committed to developing ASC into a doctoral university.[123] Of those in attendance, only Vandergriff was clearly in favor of separation, although the chamber members floated the idea of forming a regional university system with North Texas State University and Texas Woman's University (both located in Denton) if ASC did separate from A&M.[124]

Texas A&M president Jeyms Earl Rudder himself became a key factor, as his disapproval of ASC gaining four-year college status, his unhappiness with spending system money on building construction at ASC, and his insistence that ASC's name would be changed regardless of what its supporters thought alienated many ASC administrators, faculty, students, and alumni.[125] In 1994, Vandergriff recalled Rudder telling him, "You were one of the best junior colleges anywhere. You can never be anything but a run of the mill senior college."[126]

On January 6, 1965, Rudder met with key ASC officials and student government officers as well as Vandergriff, Tarrant County state senator Don Kennard, and members of the Dallas and Fort Worth chambers of commerce in an attempt to alleviate their fears. However, Rudder failed to commit to resolve any of ASC's three biggest concerns: how quickly it could offer graduate programs, its need for additional funds for building construction, and its role and level of autonomy in a restructured A&M system. Rudder did promise that neither he nor the A&M board would prevent ASC from leaving the system if it desired.[126] This meeting served to polarize the increasingly divided two factions on the ASC campus. The first favored remaining in a modified A&M system, which was supported by President Woolf, the deans at ASC, and many Dallas savdo palatasi a'zolar. The second preferred to leave the system entirely, which was supported by most of the students, alumni, and faculty as well as Vandergriff, the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce, and state legislators representing the region.[127]

Shortly after the meeting with Rudder, a group of key ASC supporters (including Vandergriff and Kennard) met with Texas governor John Connally to lobby for his support of ASC leaving the A&M system.[128][110] After learning that Rudder did not oppose such a move, Connally agreed to assist ASC. A few weeks later, he unveiled a major plan for reorganizing all 22 public colleges and universities in the state into three "super systems". This plan proposed placing ASC into the Texas tizimi universiteti with North Texas State, the Xyuston universiteti va Texas Western University (ichida.) El-Paso ).[128] Buoyed by Connally's proposed reorganization, Kennard assembled and managed a "wrecking crew" of ASC faculty members who met in secret to strategize how to separate ASC from the A&M system. Ultimately, they created a position paper that Kennard would use to lobby state legislators to support ASC's goal of separation.[129]

Senate Bill 401 met with little opposition in either the Texas House of Representatives or Senate, and it was signed into law by Connally on April 23.[119][130][131] It ended ASC's 48 years of affiliation with Texas A&M, for which President Woolf expressed gratitude.[132] ASC and Woolf were warmly welcomed to the UT System by chancellor Garri to'lovi and UT Board of Regents chairman Uilyam Vomak Xit, who celebrated by hosting a luncheon at the Commodore Perry Hotel in Austin. Upon hearing the news in Arlington, ASC students spontaneously celebrated by firing the school cannon and listening to speeches commemorating the occasion.[130] In recognition of his contributions to the school, what would become the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA) ultimately named Vandergriff Hall at College Park after Mayor Vandergriff.[110]

In the immediate aftermath of the marriage between ASC and the UT System, the system held a board meeting on the ASC campus as a gesture of good will, emphasized that the Arlington school would be an equal of the other five UT System institutions and not a branch campus, and committed to supporting ASC's growth and development. All of this contributed positively to the outlook of both students and faculty at ASC.[133] On the eve of the signing of Senate Bill 401, President Woolf commented, "Arlington State College now becomes associated with a great university."[132] In the assessment of Saxon, "the break between A&M and ASC was over money and status".[133] The split between the two was ultimately satisfactory to both sides, underscored by an editorial in Shothorn that opined that it was "probably the first divorce in history where everybody concerned lived happily ever after".[133]

Talabalik hayoti

To'pda jilmaygan to'rtta yosh ayol suratga tushdi
Miss Dixie Belle candidates, 1962

Student life evolved rapidly during the ASC era. However, social and political issues were not a major part of the campus culture at the time. During the ASC era, the college encouraged the creation of student clubs and societies based on interest as well as professional and social organizations, which grew rapidly in number between the late 1950s and mid-1960s.[134] In 1954, ASC made its cadet corps optional instead of mandatory for the first time in its history.[72][84] Shothorn continued to serve as the student newspaper on campus while the Arlington Review was created in 1962 as a adabiy jurnal publishing the works of students.[135]

In 1961, ASC created the Student Activities Program, which organized activities, dances, guest speaker appearances, and the screening of films at the Hereford Student Center. In fall 1965, its events were attended by over 5,000 people at a time when just 970 students lived in dormitories on campus. Featured performers included jazz musician Lionel Xempton, klassik gitarachi Andres Segovia, va Vena o'g'il bolalar xori.[135] Among the most popular student events on campus during the mid-1960s were dances, Western Day, and the Winter Olympics, which featured oddball events such as tricycle-pulled chariot races and pogo-stick sakrash.[136]

Student government became more prominent and effective during the ASC era. In the 1950s, ASC had a 20-member Student Council whose members were all appointed by the college president. In 1962, the Student Council was enlarged to 30 members, 16 of whom were elected by ASC students and the remaining 14 of whom were appointed by the president. The Student Council's main aims were to improve services to students, facilitate better overall communications on campus, make the college's grounds safer and more aesthetically pleasing, and discuss issues of concern to the student body.[135]

Yengil atletika

To'rtta ayol va to'rtta erkak cheerlederlar yangi ASC kutubxonasi oldida chizilgan kozok kiyib, koreografiya holatini yaratmoqdalar.
ASC cheerleaders, circa 1964

After construction began during the NTAC era in 1946, in September 1951 ASC opened its new $60,000, all-steel War Memorial Stadium. It was dedicated to the 207 NTAC students who were killed in World War II.[137]

In 1956 and 1957, the ASC Rebels football team won back-to-back Junior Rose Bowls, which brought the college national recognition for the first time.[135][62] In 1956, the football team finished the regular season 8–1–1 and as Pioneer Conference co-champions under the direction of head coach Chena Gilstrap.[135] They were invited to play in the Junior Rose Bowl in front of 35,000 spectators against California's Kompton kolleji, entering the game as a substantial underdog. Behind the performance of running back Calvin Lee, ASC won the game 20–13.[138][139]

In 1957, ASC returned to the Junior Rose Bowl with an undefeated record and as the heavy favorite against California's Cerritos Junior College, which had only existed for a year.[139][140] ASC won 21–12 with a team that consisted of eight Barcha amerikaliklar.[139][140][141] In the estimation of Saxon, the 1957 ASC football team was "perhaps the best football squad in the school's history".[140] Collectively outscoring its opponents 425–62 and winning four games with shutouts, it was the first team in school history to finish with a mukammal mavsum.[142]

The back-to-back Junior Rose Bowl victories would be the greatest accomplishments of the ASC football program. After it became a four-year college in 1959, ASC was competing against stronger opponents. In 1963, the college began integrating its athletics teams with African American players for the first time while also joining the newly formed Southland konferentsiyasi. Although not emphasized by college presidents, the football program was heavily subsidized, as were other athletics programs at ASC.[140] Fan support at football games was considerable through the end of the 1960s, with capacity crowds of 10,000 being common until the on-campus stadium was demolished and home games were moved to Turnpike stadioni.[143]

During the ASC era, the college's men's basketball team achieved only moderate success, competing in zone playoffs and post-season tournaments in both the Pioneer Conference and the Southland Conference but struggling to win the competitions. ASC also competed in intercollegiate men's golf, tennis, and track during this period. However, the college still did not have any women's intercollegiate team sports through the mid- to late 1960s.[143]

ASC also created a men's swimming program under head coach Don Easterling during the mid-1960s. Most notable among its athletes were Dag Rassel, a collegiate national champion who would go on to win a gold medal at the 1968 yil yozgi Olimpiya o'yinlari, and Dashell Maines, who became the first woman to earn a varsity letter swimming on a men's collegiate team in Texas.[143][144] Both a park and a street on the school's campus are named in honor of Russell.[144] The mid-1960s additionally saw the creation of an intramural sports program at ASC, which included sports such as basketbol, bouling, teginadigan futbol va arqon tortish o'yini.[143]

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