Norvud (Ogayo shtati) - Norwood, Ohio

Norvud (Ogayo shtati)
Shahar
Norvud politsiya bo'limi va Montgomeri yo'lidagi Norvud munitsipal binosi
Norvud politsiya boshqarmasi va Norvud munitsipal binosi Montgomeri yo'lida
Norvud bayrog'i (Ogayo shtati)
Bayroq
Norwood, Ogayo shtatining rasmiy muhri
Muhr
Taxallus (lar):
Tog'larning toshi
Hamilton okrugida va Ogayo shtatida joylashgan joy
Joylashuv: Xemilton okrugi va holati Ogayo shtati
Koordinatalari: 39 ° 9-36 ″ N 84 ° 27′18 ″ V / 39.16000 ° N 84.45500 ° Vt / 39.16000; -84.45500Koordinatalar: 39 ° 9-36 ″ N 84 ° 27′18 ″ V / 39.16000 ° N 84.45500 ° Vt / 39.16000; -84.45500
MamlakatQo'shma Shtatlar
ShtatOgayo shtati
TumanXemilton
Hukumat
• shahar hokimiViktor Shnayder (R )[1]
Maydon
• Jami3,14 kvadrat mil (8,14 km)2)
• er3,14 kvadrat mil (8,14 km)2)
• Suv0,00 kvadrat milya (0,00 km)2)
Balandlik656 fut (200 m)
Aholisi
 (2010 )[4]
• Jami19,207
• smeta
(2019)[5]
19,776
• zichlik6,292.08 / kvadrat milya (2,429,30 / km)2)
Vaqt zonasiUTC − 5 (Sharqiy (EST) )
• Yoz (DST )UTC − 4 (EDT)
Pochta kodlari
45212, 45207
Hudud kodi513
FIPS kodi39-57386[6]
GNIS xususiyat identifikatori1056460[3]
Veb-saythttp://www.norwood-ohio.com/

Norvud aholisi soni bo'yicha ikkinchi shahar Ogayo shtatidagi Xemilton okrugi, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va boshqalar anklav katta shaharning Sinsinnati.[7] Aholisi 19,207 edi 2010 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish. Dastlab shaharning shimolidagi o'rmonli qishloqda Sincinnatining erta chekkasida joylashgan bu hudud eski uylar va daraxtlar bilan o'ralgan ko'chalar bilan ajralib turadi.

Tarix

Panoramik ko'rinish Norvud Ogayo shtati 1894 yil
1894 yilgi Norvudning panoramali fotosurati, Hind tepaligi yaqinidagi Grandview joyidan janubi-g'arbga qarab. Ushbu fotosurat olingan paytda Norvudning ko'plab ko'chalari va mahallalari hali saylanmagan edi. Marion avenyudagi asl Shimoliy Norvud maktabi (1891 yilda qurilgan) fotosuratning markazida ko'rinadi. Maktab ortidagi oval yo'lakcha bo'lgan katta maydon - bu sobiq Norvud bog'i, u beysbol o'yinlari, ochiq havoda teatr va sayohat sirklari uchun ishlatilgan. Keyinchalik Norvud bog'i o'rnini General Motors Norvud yig'ish zavodi egalladi va bugungi kunda Grande Central Station savdo markazining joyi.

Dastlabki tarix

Norvud tepaligi prehistorik odamlar tomonidan qurilgan Adena madaniyati va ehtimol diniy marosimlar va tutun signallari uchun ishlatilgan

Hozirda Norvud nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan bu hududdagi eng qadimgi odamlar bo'lgan Kolumbiyadan oldingi davr odamlar Adena madaniyati.[8] Norvud tepaligi, tarixga oid tuproq ishlari tepalik Adena tomonidan qurilgan, Norvudda joylashgan va Tarixiy joylarning milliy reestri. Adena huddi Norvudning hozirgi suv minoralari bog'i joylashgan joyda qurdi, bu shaharning eng baland balandligi va Hamilton okrugidagi eng balandlaridan biri. Arxeologlar höyüğün balandligi tufayli ushbu joyda qurilgan va Adena tomonidan diniy marosimlarda foydalanilgan deb hisoblashadi. tutun haqida signal berish.

Ogayo shtatida tub amerikalik moundlar kamdan-kam uchraydi va ularning bir nechtasi joylashgan Sincinnati markazi birinchi oq ko'chmanchilar kelgan paytda.[9] Biroq, 1895 yilga kelib, Norvud Mound Sincinnati yaqinida qolgan yagona tepalik edi ".[10] Höyük hech qachon qazilmagan, ammo 1800-yillarda Norvudning dastlabki ko'chmanchilari tomonidan ushbu hududdan topilgan ko'plab eksponatlar mahalliy Amerika san'at kollektsiyasining asl yadrosi bo'lganligi haqida xabar berilgan. Cincinnati san'at muzeyi.[11] 20-asrning boshlarida, Norvud o'rta maktabi Amerikalik mahalliy mahalliy meros sharafiga o'zlarining sport jamoasi maskotini hindular deb atashdi.

Sharpsburg turar joyi

1787 yilda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi Shimoliy-g'arbiy hudud va John Cleves Symmes, Nyu-Jersi shtatidan kongressmen, 311,682 gektar maydonni (126,133 ga) sotib oldi Symmes sotib olish ), kelajakda Norvud joylashgan. Bir yil o'tgach, Ogayo daryosi bo'yida, keyinchalik Sinsinnatiga aylanadigan birinchi doimiy aholi punkti tashkil etildi. 1793 yilda, Umumiy "telba Entoni" bir nechta qo'shinlarni olib keldi Vashington Fort Sincinnatida, yaqin atrofdagi qirg'oqda joylashgan amerikaliklarning dushman qabilasiga qarshi harakat qilish Millcreek hozirda Sankt-Bernard. Tarixchilarning fikriga ko'ra, general Ueyn boshchiligidagi bir guruh qo'shinlar ushbu kampaniya davomida Norvud orqali o'tib, eskisini kengaytirgan Tug'ma amerikalik izi, hozirgi Smit yo'li, Montgomeri yo'li va Karfagen avenyu yo'li bo'ylab yurgan.[12] 1859 yilda Jozef G. Langdon ismli erta Norvud kashshofi 66 yil oldin Entoni Ueyn qo'shinlari qoldirgan Norvud mulkidan eman daraxtining ko'milgan o'qni topganini da'vo qildi.[13]

1794 yilda Piter Smit ismli kashshof, Norvudning hozirgi joylashgan joyida yoki unga yaqin joyda joylashgan Duck Creek-ga joylashdi. Uning ishonishicha, u Norvudning eng qadimgi ko'chmanchilaridan biri, agar birinchisi bo'lmasa.[14] Ko'p o'tmay, Ogayo daryosidagi Kolumbiyaning dastlabki aholi punktini bog'laydigan yo'l qurildi Kichik Mayami daryosi bilan hisob-kitob qilish bilan Karfagen, Sincinnatining shimolida. Ushbu yo'l General Veynning qo'shinlari tomonidan kengaytirilgan eski Hind yo'li bo'ylab Norvudni kesib o'tgan (Smit yo'li, Montgomeri yo'li va Karfagen avenyu).[14] Entoni Ueynning hindular ustidan g'alabasi Yiqilgan yog'ochlar jangi o'sha yili oxiriga ishora qildi Shimoliy-g'arbiy Hindiston urushi bu kashshoflarga kelajakdagi Norvud singari dushman erlarni joylashtirishni boshlashiga imkon berdi. 1795 yilda hozirgi yo'l bo'ylab yana bir yo'l qurildi Montgomeri yo'li, Cincinnati bilan bog'langan Montgomeri (Ogayo shtati) va undan tashqarida.[14] Montgomeri yo'li "shtat yo'li" deb tanilgan va Smit yo'li / Karfagen avenyusi "okrug yo'li" deb nomlangan.[15]

1809 yilda Semuel D. Bowman ismli ko'chmanchi shtat yo'li va okrug yo'lining kesishmasi yaqinida er sotib olib, u erda taverna va sayohatchilar uchun murabbiylar to'xtash joyini tashkil qildi. Tez orada unga Jon Sharp qo'shildi, u chorrahaning qarama-qarshi tomonida idishni va kichkina qishloq do'konini qurdi. Yarim o'nta uydan iborat jamoa tez orada janob Sharpdan keyin "Sharpsburg" nomi bilan mashhur bo'ldi.[12] Keyingi yarim asr davomida Sinsinnati va Kolumb o'rtasidagi yo'l bo'ylab kichik murabbiy to'xtab turishi dunyoda katta shov-shuvga sabab bo'lmadi.[13]

Norvud, birinchi marta paydo bo'lganidek, v. 1888 yil shahar qishloq sifatida qabul qilinganda. Birlashtirilishidan oldin "Norvud" faqat erkin tashkil etilgan bo'linmalar to'plami edi (Norvud Heights, East Norwood, South Norwood, Elsmere va boshqalar). Ushbu xaritani tuzishda shaharning katta qismi hali ishlab chiqilmagan edi.

Sharpsburg Norvudga aylanadi

1866 yilda birinchi treklar Marietta va Cincinnati temir yo'li Loveland va Sincinnati bilan bog'langan holda yakunlandi. Yo'llar Sharpsburgdan sharqdan g'arbga Sharpsburg orqali o'tdi va bugungi kunda ham xuddi shu joyda, parallel ravishda mavjud Norwood Lateral Expressway va Montgomery Road estakadasi ostidan o'tish. Qishloqda temir yo'l ochilganda dastlab temir yo'l stantsiyasi yo'q edi, ammo Sinsinnati shahriga yo'lovchilarga temir yo'l orqali kirish imkoniyati yaqin atrofda turar-joy bo'linmasini rivojlantirishga qiziqish uyg'otdi.[16] 1868 yilda temir yo'lning shimolida joylashgan ikkita dastlabki rivojlanish - Montgomeri yo'lining sharqiy qismida Sharpsburgdagi Jozef G. Langdon bo'linmasi va g'arbiy qismida Sharpsburgga Beyker qo'shimchasi qo'yildi. Birinchi temir yo'l stantsiyasi 1868 yilda Langdonning Sharpsburg qurilishida ochilgan.

1869 yilda Silvestr H. Parvin, polkovnik Filander P. Leyn va Lemuel Bolles Marietta va Sincinnati temir yo'llari shimolida joylashgan Uilyam Fergyuson fermasini sotib oldilar va sakson bir akrlik bo'linmani ular Norvud Xayts deb atashdi. Bu hududda Norvud ismining birinchi qayd etilgan ishlatilishi edi. Odatda bu ismni Lemuel Bollesning rafiqasi Sara Bolles bo'lgan deb o'ylashadi. 1894 yilgi kitobda, Norvud, uning uylari va uning odamlari, "Sharpsburg" nomi "bunday joy uchun etarlicha yaxshi deb hisoblanmaganligi va janob va xonim Bollesning uni Norvud (Nortvudning qisqartmasi) deb atash haqidagi taklifi ma'qullanganligi va shu sababli shunday bo'lganligi shahar atrofi yangidan suvga cho'mdirildi. "[17]

Biroq, Norvud ismining kelib chiqishi odatda tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ladi. Shuningdek, Bolles xonimning 1869 yil Norvud Xayts bo'linmasi uchun nomi ilhomlantirganligi aytilgan Genri Uord Beecher mashhur 1869-yilgi roman Norvud: yoki, Yangi Angliyadagi qishloq hayoti. Boshqalar, Bolles xonim bu nomga "Shimoliy Vuds" ni birlashtirib kelgan deb da'vo qilmoqda, chunki Norvud Sinsinnatining shimolidagi o'rmonli maydon.[18] Qanday bo'lmasin, Norvudning yangi nomi etarlicha mashhur edi Cincinnati Enquirer 1870 yilda "Sharpsburgning eski shahri Norvudga o'zgartirilgani" haqida xabar bergan va shu yili Sharpsburg pochtasi rasman Norvud deb o'zgartirilgan.[19] 1873 yilga kelib, "Norvudning yuragi" nomli Norvud nomidan foydalanilgan ikkinchi bo'linma Montgomeri yo'lidan g'arbiy 50 gektarga Maple va Elm prospektlarida joylashtirildi. Keyinchalik Norwood nomidan foydalanilgan yangi bo'linmalar qurilganidan keyin "Old Norwood" deb nomlangan.[19]

Temir yo'llar va bo'linmalar

Norvudning kelib chiqishi natijasida paydo bo'lgan dastlabki qiziqishga qaramay Marietta va Cincinnati temir yo'li, yangi bo'linmalar muddatidan oldin bo'lgan va darhol ko'tarila olmagan. Faqat bitta uy, sharqiy tepalikda joylashgan Norvud tepaligi, Norvud Xayts bo'linmasida qurilgan.[19] Norvud hali ham 1870-yillar davomida asosan dehqonchilik va bog'dorchilik bog'lari bo'lib qoldi va o'n yil oxirida aholisi atigi 423 kishiga etdi. Marietta va Cincinnati temir yo'li Sincinnati-ga transport etkazib bergan bo'lsa-da, bu yo'lni bosib o'tgan noqulay ko'chma yo'l orqali edi. Millcreek g'arbga yo'ldan bir necha mil uzoqlikda. Norvud shahar atrofi sifatida rivojlanishi uchun unga shahar markazi bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri temir yo'l aloqasi kerak bo'ladi.

1875 yilda Norvudda bir nechta taniqli mahalliy mulk egalari Livanning tor temir yo'l kompaniyasiga (keyinchalik " Sincinnati, Livan va Shimoliy temir yo'l ) Norvud va Sincinnati markazi o'rtasida yo'lovchi temir yo'lini qurishni muhokama qilish. Mulk egalari o'zlarining erlarini temir yo'lga bepul yo'l huquqi sifatida foydalanish uchun taklif qilishdi.[16] Temir yo'l bunga rozi bo'ldi va Norvud orqali shimoli-sharqdan janubi-g'arbga yo'llarni boshladi Avondale 1870 yillarning oxirlarida. Ushbu treklar Lafayette avenyu bo'ylab harakatlanib, bugungi Surrey Square savdo markazining orqasida yugurdi.

1890-yillarning boshlarida Xopkins xiyoboni stantsiyasi. Ushbu bino hali ham 4226 Montgomery Road-da joylashgan.

Xuddi shu davrda boshqa temir yo'lda qurilish boshlandi Sincinnati va Sharqiy temir yo'l, hozirgi Norvud chegarasida g'arbdan sharqqa qurilgan Evanston. Ushbu yo'nalish qoldiqlari Regent prospektidagi Leksington prospektidan janubdagi sobiq temir yo'l hovlisida hali ham ko'rinib turadi. Yo'llar Vasson yo'li bo'ylab davom etdi Hyde Park, Norvudni Sincinnatining sharqiy chekkalari bilan bog'lash va oxir-oqibat Portsmut (Ogayo shtati). Ushbu yo'nalish Cinsinnati, Livan va Idlevilddagi Norvudning janubi-g'arbidagi shimoliy yo'nalish bilan birlashdi, bu hozirgi kampus yaqinidagi hududning nomi edi. Norvud shtati.[16]

1881 yilda Tsinsinnati, Livan va Shimoliy shimoliy qismi ochilib, Norvudni bog'ladi Livan. 1882 yilda janubiy qism ochilib, Norvuddan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Kort ko'chasi va Gilbert prospektidagi shahar stantsiyasiga xizmat ko'rsatdi. Yilning oxirida Sinsinnati va Sharqiy temir yo'l ochilib, Norvuddan Gayd Parkdagi Edvards yo'lidagi Mornington stantsiyasiga yo'lovchilarga xizmat ko'rsatishni ta'minladilar.[16]

Yo'lovchi temir yo'lining kelishi Norvud aholisining tez o'sishi uchun katalizator bo'lib chiqdi, chunki endi tsintsinnatiyaliklar shahar markazida ishlashlari va shahar atrofidagi qishloqlarda o'z uylariga bemalol borishlari mumkin edi. Norvud va shahar o'rtasida sayohat vaqti 20 daqiqadan kamni tashkil etdi, bu hatto bugungi me'yorlar bo'yicha ham qisqa yo'l edi.[16]

Tsincinnati, Livan va Shimoliy ochilgandan bir necha yil o'tgach, Norvudda marshrut bo'ylab bir nechta temir yo'l stantsiyalari qurildi. Janubdan shimolga ular Idlevild (Dana prospektining shimoliy tomoni va Idlivild prospektida), Ivanxo (Ayvanxo prospektining janubi-sharqiy burchagi va Uilyams prospektida), Xopkins (Montgomeri yo'li va Ashland prospektining janubi-sharqida), Norvud Parkda (Smitning janubi-g'arbiy qismida) bo'lgan. Road and Laffayette Avenue) va East Norwood (Forest Avenue va Harris Avenue dan janubi-g'arbiy qismida). 4226 Montgomery Road-da joylashgan Xopkins stantsiyasi bu binolarning oxirgisi hisoblanadi. 1920-yillarning oxirida yo'lovchi stantsiyasi sifatida ishlashni to'xtatgandan buyon ushbu tuzilmani ko'plab kichik korxonalar egallab olgan. Sharqiy Norvud stantsiyasi vandallar 2000 yil may oyi oxirida uni yoqib yuborguncha temir yo'lni boshqarish minorasi sifatida ishladi.[20]

1894 yilda yo'lovchilar Sharqiy Norvud poezd stantsiyasining platformasida, Forest Avenue va Harris Avenue-ning janubi-g'arbiy burchagi yaqinida kutishmoqda. Stans orqasida yangi qurilgan Norwood Water Works nasos uyi ko'rinadi. Yo'lovchi stantsiyasi Baltimor va Ogayo shtati janubi-g'arbiy temir yo'lida ham xizmat ko'rsatdi Sincinnati, Livan va Shimoliy temir yo'l, bu Norvud va Sincinnati markazi o'rtasida joylashgan shahar yo'lidir. 1920-yillarda stantsiya yo'lovchilarga xizmat ko'rsatishni tugatgan va 2000 yil may oyining oxirida yong'in natijasida vayron bo'lgan.

Norvud qishlog'i

Norvuddagi 1880-yillar qishloq bo'ylab bir nechta yangi bo'linmalarning rivojlanishi va shaharni sezilarli darajada yaxshilash bilan ajralib turardi. 1881 yildan boshlab L. S. Xopkins o'zining Sharqiy Norvud bo'linmasini Xarris avenyu va Tog'lar xiyoboni orasidagi 46 gektar erga joylashtirdi (bu mahallaning katta qismi 1960-yillarning boshlarida barpo etilishi bilan yo'q qilingan) Norwood Lateral ). Ehtimol, Tsitsinnati, Livan va Shimoliy temir yo'l Xopkinsning bu erdagi qurilishiga ta'sir ko'rsatgan, chunki mahalla yangi qo'yilgan yo'llarni o'rab olgan.[21]

Birinchi Norvud taun zali 1882 yilda Montgomeri yo'li va Elm avenyu janubi-g'arbiy qismida ehson qilingan erlarda Norvud taunlar uyushmasining saylangan amaldorlari tomonidan qurilgan. Zal cherkov xizmatlari, ishbilarmonlik faoliyati, raqslar, o'yinlar va boshqa jamoat ishlarida qishloq markazini istagan mahalliy aholining talabiga binoan qurilgan. Norvud Town Hall uyushmasi keyingi yillarda Norvudni qishloqqa qo'shish uchun qilingan harakatlarga rahbarlik qildi.

Norvudning birinchi shahar zali 1882 yilda Montgomeri yo'li va Elm avenyuning janubi-g'arbiy qismida Norvud qishloq sifatida qo'shilishidan oldin qurilgan. Keyinchalik u Norvudning 1902 yilda shaharga aylangandan keyin birinchi shahar zali sifatida ishlatilgan va oxir-oqibat hozirgi shahar zali bilan almashtirilgan. Norvud munitsipal binosi 1916 yilda o'sha saytda.

1885 yilda Janubiy Norvud bo'linmasida rivojlanish boshlandi. Dastlabki uylar Ashland avenyusi atrofida joylashgan bo'lib, u keyinchalik "Prezidentlik mahallasi" nomi bilan tanilgan, chunki ko'cha-ko'ylarga AQShning birinchi beshta prezidenti nomi berilgan.

1887 yilda Montgomery Road-da (LaRosa's Pizza hozir o'tirgan) tez o'sib borayotgan qishloqning ta'lim ehtiyojlarini qondirish uchun to'rt xonali Markaziy maktab binosi qurilgan. Kolumbiya shaharchasi uchun bitta xonali maktab uyi bu erda, ehtimol 1828 yilda mavjud bo'lgan.[22] Qurilishdan atigi bir yil o'tgach, 1887 maktab uyi sakkiz xonaga kengaytirildi, chunki qabul qilingan o'quvchilar soni allaqachon ikki baravarga oshgan edi. 1887 yilda Janubiy Norvud, Sharqiy Norvud va "eski" Norvud bo'linmalarining taxminiy soni 3000 kishini tashkil etdi.[21]

1887 yil oxirida Sharqiy Norvud aholisi o'zlarining bo'linmasiga 18 ta gazli ko'cha chiroqlarini o'rnatish uchun pul yig'dilar va shu bilan Sharqiy Norvud qishloqning birinchi yoritilgan mahallasiga aylandi.

Norvudning birinchi yong'in brigadasi 1888 yil yanvar oyida Janubiy Norvudda tashkil qilingan edi. Faqat olti kundan so'ng, brigada Floral prospektida qurilgan birinchi uy bo'lgan Robert Lesli uyining podvalidagi benzinli yong'in bilan kurashish uchun harakatga chaqirildi. Yong'in o'chiruvchilar chelakdagi suv yordamida olovni o'chirishga va janob Leslining uyini saqlab qolishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Uy bugungi kunda ham Floral prospektidagi 4243-uyda joylashgan.[21]

Floral prospektidagi 4243-sonli Robert Lesli uyi 1888 yilda Janubiy Norvud shahridagi Floral prospektida qurilgan birinchi uy edi. 1888 yil yanvar oyida tashkil etilganidan olti kun o'tgach, Norvudning birinchi yong'in brigadasi tomonidan birinchi yong'in sodir bo'lgan joy. bugun turibdi.

Qishloq o'sishda davom etar ekan, Town Hall uyushmasining shijoatli rahbarlari doimiy ravishda fuqarolik yaxshilanishlarini davom ettirishning yagona yo'li qishloqqa qo'shilish kerakligini bilar edilar. Birlashtirishning asosiy rag'batlantiruvchilardan biri jamoat ko'cha yoritilishini ta'minlash edi. Rahbarlar 1888 yil boshida ish boshladilar va 1888 yil 14-mayda Norvud qishlog'i Xamilton okrugi okrug komissarlari tomonidan tasdiqlangan holda rasmiy ravishda qo'shildi. Murojaatni imzolaganlar deyarli 1000 erkakni ro'yxatga olish bo'yicha kattalar aholisi.[12] Uch oy o'tgach, birinchi shahar saylovlari bo'lib o'tdi va doktor Jon C. Veyer qishloqning birinchi meri etib saylandi.

Norvud 1889 yilda dastlabki bo'linmalar bilan chegaradosh erlarni qo'shib, qishloq chegaralarini kengaytirishni davom ettirdi. Xuddi shu yili, Uilyams prospektidan va Xadson prospektidan Elsmere nomli yangi bo'linma ustida ish boshlandi. 1891 yilda Norvud Kengashi Elsmereni qishloqning bir qismi sifatida qo'shib oldi. Ushbu ikkita ilova 1889 yildan 1981 yilgacha Norvud tomonidan olib borilgan o'n uchta qo'shilishning birinchisi edi.[23]

Ushbu 1890 yilgi Viktoriya uyi, 3904-gachasi Floral prospektida taniqli me'mor tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Jorj Franklin Sartarosh. Barber Viktoriya uylari uchun rejalarini pochta orqali buyurtma katalogi orqali sotgan va ushbu uyning kamida ettita versiyasi hali ham Qo'shma Shtatlarda mavjud. Jorj Franklin Barber asarlari ro'yxati. Ushbu uy Norvudning asl Elsmere bo'linmasida qurilgan birinchi uylardan biri bo'lib, 1894 yilgi kitobda bo'linmani reklama qilish uchun ishlatilgan. Norvud, uning uylari va uning odamlari.

Tramvaylar va suv ishlari

Norvud qo'shilgan davrda mahalliy rahbarlar Norvudni shahar bilan bog'lash uchun Montgomeri yo'lida elektr tramvay yo'nalishini surishga kirishdilar. Shu vaqtga qadar Montgomery Road ("Payk" nomi bilan tanilgan) xususiy foydalanishga mo'ljallangan burilish yo'li bo'lib, foydalanuvchilardan yo'ldan foydalanish uchun pul to'lashni talab qilgan. Ushbu xususiy mulk jamoat tramvay transportini istagan mahalliy aholi uchun og'riqli joyga aylandi. Xamilton okrugi va Ogayo shtati okrug komissarlari yordamida Norvud yo'lni jamoat ehtiyojlari uchun sotib olishga muvaffaq bo'ldi va elektr temir yo'lda qurilish boshlandi.

1891 yil o'rtalarida Norvud va Walnut Hills o'rtasida Norwood Electric Railway tramvay liniyasi qurib bitkazildi va marshrut burilishga burildi. Adams tog'i moyilligi. 1891 yil 4-iyulda Norvud tramvay yo'lining ochilishini asrlar davomida katta bayram bilan bag'ishladi. Atrofdagi jamoalardan rasmiylar va aholi taklif qilingan. Montgomeri yo'li bo'ylab yangi tramvaylar va ko'zga ko'ringan binolar bayroqlar va to'siqlar bilan bezatilgan. A asosiy to'p Mayami Vodiy Ligasining ikkalasi ham "Norvudlar" va mehmonda bo'lgan "Linvudlar" o'rtasida bo'lib o'tdi. Tushda Birinchi artilleriya polki beshta to'pni otib, keyin qirq to'rtta qurol salomini taqdim etdi. Buyuk G'arb guruhi "Amerika" ni Norvud Taun Xollda ijro etishdi va Kaliforniyagacha bo'lgan siyosatchilar olomonga murojaat qilishdi. Kechqurun raqs namoyish etildi, so'ngra raketalar, rim shamlari va favvoralar otashinlari namoyish etildi. Rasmiylar taxmin qilishlaricha, tantanadan keyin Tsitsinnatiga tramvayda uyga borish uchun 5 sentlik yo'l haqini 10 000 kishi to'lagan. Ba'zi tramvay to'xtash joylarida avtoulovlarni kutayotgan 500 ga yaqin yo'lovchilar gavjum edi.[24]

1891 yilga kelib maktabga yozilish shunchalik katta ediki, Ta'lim Kengashi o'sib borayotgan tumanga xizmat ko'rsatish uchun ikkita yangi maktab qurdi. Uilyams maktabi (keyinchalik Uilyams prospektidagi boshlang'ich maktab) Uilyams prospektida va Marion maktabi (keyinchalik Shimoliy Norvud maktabi) Marion prospektida ochilgan. Keyinchalik ikkala bino ham bugungi kungacha mavjud bo'lgan yangi inshootlar bilan almashtirildi.[25]

Norvud aholisi 1894 yilda Hind tepaligi yaqinidagi Norvud suv minorasining kuzatuv maydonchasiga ko'tarilishdi. Minora Norvudning suv minoralari bog'ida ushbu joyda hanuzgacha mavjud.
1894 yilda qurilgan Xarris prospekti va O'rmon avenyusining janubi-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Norvud suv ishlari nasos stantsiyasi. Nasos uyi bu joydan toza suv qudug'ini Hind tepaligidagi suv minorasiga tortdi.

Toza ichimlik suvi Norvudning dastlabki kunlarida duch kelgan eng muhim muammolardan biri edi. Aholi o'z suvlari uchun xususiy quduqlarga, sardobalarga yoki ariqlarga ishonishlari kerak edi. 1892 yilda Norvud fuqarolari bir nechta quduqlar, nasos stantsiyasi va suv minorasini o'z ichiga olgan jamoat "suv ishlari" tizimini qurish uchun ovoz berishdi. 1894 yilda Norvud suv ishlari oltita artezian quduqlari va Xarris avenyu va qarag'ay ko'chasining janubi-sharqiy qismida nasos stantsiyasi bilan yakunlandi. G'arbdan 100 metrlik po'latdan yasalgan suv minorasi qurilgan Norvud tepaligi, u bugungi kunda ham mavjud. Oxir-oqibat yana to'qqizta quduq qazilgan va suv inshootlari oltmish besh yil davomida Norvudni toza suv bilan ta'minlagan.[26] Jamiyat Suv ishlarining ochilishini yubiley tantanasi va kitob bilan nishonladi Norvud, uning uylari va uning odamlari Ren Mulford, kichik va Vertner G. Betti tomonidan ushbu tadbirga esdalik sifatida nashr etildi.

1894 yil mart oyida Norvudning birinchi gazetasi "Norvud Enterprise" nashr etila boshladi. U 1989 yilgacha nashr etilardi.[24]

Norvudning birinchi o'rta maktabi - Kortlend va Veyr xiyobonlari orasidagi Allison ko'chasida deyarli bir xil yangi 12 xonali boshlang'ich maktab binosi yonida qurilgan 8 xonali bino.[24] Ikkala maktab ham 1897 yilda ochilgan va taniqli Sincinnati me'mori tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan deb ishoniladi, Samuel Hannaford,[27] shu kabi Venetsiyalik Gothic uslubini yaratgan Cincinnati musiqa zali. Maktab ochilishidan bir yil oldin Norvud aholisi taxminan 7000 nafarga ko'paygan edi va bu birinchi marta to'rt yillik o'rta maktab o'quv dasturini taklif qilgan edi. 1917 yilda shimoldagi o'rta maktab binosi yong'in natijasida vayron bo'lgan, ammo janubiy boshlang'ich bino bugun ham Allison ko'chasi va Veyyer prospektining burchagida turibdi.

Dastlabki sanoat

1898 yilda Jorj Bullok Bullock Electric Manufacturing Company kompaniyasini Forest Avenue va Park avenyu ning shimoli-sharqiy burchagiga ko'chirgan va Montgomery Pike-dagi McFarlan Lumber Company va Duck Creek-dagi Cincinnati Brick Company kompaniyalaridan keyin Norvudning birinchi sanoat korxonalaridan biriga aylangan. Nihoyat zavodni Siemens nemis kompaniyasi sotib oldi va shu kungacha o'sha binoda ishlaydi. 1900 yilda Globe Wernicke kompaniyasi Norvuddagi Karfagen avenyusidagi 14 gektar maydonda yog'och javonlar ishlab chiqarish uchun yangi javon qurdi (kitob javonlari endi yig'iladigan va kerakli antiqa buyumlardir). 1901 yilda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Playing Card kompaniyasi Norvuddagi Beech Avenue-dagi yangi muassasalariga ko'chib o'tdi. Bir yil o'tgach, Amerika kir yuvish mashinalari kompaniyasi Ross va Section Avenues-da besh gektarlik zavodni ochdi.[24]

Norvud shahri

1902 yilda Cincinnati shahri Norvudni qo'shib olishga urinishlarning birinchisini amalga oshirdi. Norvud fuqarolari 55 ovoz farqi bilan birlashishni rad etishdi. O'sha yili Norvud fuqarolari qishloqni shahar sifatida birlashtirishga ovoz berishdi, chunki ularning 6480 kishilik aholisi ularni ro'yxatga olish huquqiga ega bo'lishdi. Ushbu masala xuddi shu 55 ta ovoz bilan qabul qilindi. Norvudning birinchi shahar saylovi 1903 yilda bo'lib o'tgan. Yangi saylangan mansabdorlar Montgomeri yo'li va Elm avenyusidagi eski yog'och ramkalarni Village Hall-ni Norvud shahrining birinchi shahar zali sifatida qayta tiklashdi.

Park avenyu, chunki u dastlab 1894 yilda Viktoriya davridagi muhtasham uylarning yangi bo'linmasi bo'lganida paydo bo'lgan. Ushbu fotosurat AQShning Beech ko'chasidagi sobiq Playing Card kompaniyasi binosi oldida olingan. Park avenyu, bugungi Grande Central Station savdo markazi hududida joylashgan katta park bo'lgan Norvud bog'ining sobiq janubiy chegarasi bo'ylab harakatlanadi.

1905 yil Norvudda davlat xizmatlari uchun muhim yil bo'ldi. 1-iyul kuni shahar ikkalasini ham tashkil etdi Norvud yong'in bo'limi va Norvud politsiya boshqarmasi. Keyinchalik o'sha yili Endryu Karnegi jamg'armasi Norvudning birinchi jamoat kutubxonasi qurilishini boshlash uchun mablag 'ajratdi.[28] Ikki yillik qurilishdan so'ng, Norvud jamoat kutubxonasi 1907 yilda Montgomeri yo'lida o'sha binoda bugungi kunda ham mavjud. Bu me'mor tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan, Jon Skudder Adkins va Edvard Mills tomonidan sovg'a qilingan erlarda qurilgan. Bu Sinsinnati hududida ochilgan ikkinchi Karnegi kutubxonasi edi. Norvud shahri mulkni Sinsinnati va Xemilton okrugidagi jamoat kutubxonasiga topshirdi va u ushbu tashkilotning filialiga aylandi.[28]

19-asrning oxirida Slane Avenue qurilganida, qadimiy log kabinasi yo'lni Floral prospektiga qadar uzaytirishga to'sqinlik qildi. 1906 yilda shahar ushbu ko'chmas mulkni sotib oldi va idishni yo'q qilish to'g'risida qaror qabul qildi va Slane Avenue-ni Floral prospektiga qadar kengaytirishga imkon berdi. Idishni Norvudning eng qadimgi tuzilishi deb o'ylashgan.[28]

Birinchi Norvud o'rta maktab binosi (o'ngda) 1897 yilda Ellison ko'chasidagi Ellison boshlang'ich maktabi yonida (chapda) ochilgan. Viktoriya Gothic Revival binosi mashhur Sincinnati me'mori tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan deb ishoniladi Samuel Hannaford. 1917 yilda u olov bilan vayron qilingan, ammo boshlang'ich maktab binosi bugungi kungacha saqlanib qolgan.

1908 yilda yunon muhojirlari Tomas va Nikolas Aglamez Norvuddagi Montgomeri yo'lida muzqaymoq sotadigan joy ochdilar. Besh yildan so'ng, ular qo'shnidagi ikkinchi do'konni qo'shdilar Okli. Norvud do'koni oxir-oqibat yopildi, ammo ularning Oakley joylashgan joyi Aglamesis Bro's, hozirgi kungacha mashhur Cincinnati muassasasi bo'lib qolmoqda.[28]

Xuddi shu yili Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining o'yin kartalari kompaniyasi Norvuddagi Beech ko'chasida 30 sotixlik yangi zavod ochdi. Oxir-oqibat, zavod 600 ming kvadrat metrdan oshib, dunyodagi eng yirik kartalarni ishlab chiqaruvchiga aylanadi.

1909 yilda Norvud rasmiylari qo'shni Kennedi balandliklarini qo'shib olish imkoniyatini ochiq muhokama qila boshladilar. Biroq, Kennedi Heights rasmiylari bilan muzokaralar oxir-oqibat tugadi va Kennedi Heights keyinchalik Sincinnati shahri tomonidan qo'shib olindi.[28]

1910 yilda 9-Vine-Norwood yo'nalishida tramvay yonida ikkita konduktor turdi. Trolley Norwood va 6 va Walnut shaharlari o'rtasida yo'lovchilarni tashiydi.

1912 yilda Sears, Roebuck & Company Section and Ross prospektlarida Standard Mill kompaniyasini sotib oldi va nomini Norwood Sash & Door Company deb o'zgartirdi. Ushbu zavod Sears prefabrikasining asosiy ishlab chiqaruvchisi bo'ldi Uylar katalogi. Zavod 1945 yilgacha Norvudda Sears tomonidan boshqarilgan. Keyinchalik bino 2010 yilda katta yong'in natijasida vayron qilingan.[22]

Yangi o'rta maktab va shahar zali

Norvud o'rta maktabiga o'qishga kirish tez sur'atlar bilan o'sishda davom etdi va talabalar soni oxir-oqibat Allison ko'chasidagi birinchi o'rta maktabdan ortda qoldi. 1914 yilda Sherman prospektida yangi o'rta maktab qurildi va u hali ham Norvud o'rta maktabi sifatida xizmat qilmoqda. Allison ko'chasidagi asl o'rta maktab boshlang'ich maktabga aylantirildi.

Norvudning hozirgi shahar hokimligi Norvud munitsipal binosi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Jon Skudder Adkins, shuningdek, Norvud jamoat kutubxonasi binosining me'mori bo'lgan. U Montgomeri yo'li va Elm avenyuining burchagida qurilgan va 1916 yilda ochilgan. Bino dastlab politsiya uchastkasini, qamoqxonani, shoshilinch kasalxonani va ikkinchi qavatdagi auditoriyani o'z ichiga olgan (sahna va balkon o'rindiqlari bugun ham saqlanib qolgan). Ko'chaning narigi tomonidagi eski Markaziy maktab binosi qurilish paytida vaqtincha shahar zali sifatida ishlatilgan, ammo yangi bino qurilishi tugagandan so'ng buzib tashlangan. Norvud munitsipal binosi 1980 yil 11 martda tarixiy joylarning milliy reestriga qo'shilgan.[22]

Haddan tashqari qizib ketgan pech 1917 yilda Allison o'rta maktabining eski binosini yoqib yubordi. Norvud o't o'chiruvchilariga olovni nazorat ostiga olish uchun 22 soat vaqt kerak bo'ldi. Keyinchalik bino qayta qurilgan va 1897 yilgi janubiy boshlang'ich binoning yonida xizmat qiladi. Xuddi shu yili, 1892 yildagi asl Uilyams prospektidagi maktab o'rniga Uilyams prospektida yangi maktab ham qurildi.[27]

Norwood Parkdagi 1916 yilgi jahon chempioni Norvud beysbol jamoasining mavsumni ochilish marosimida 3000 dan ortiq ishqibozlar ishtirok etishdi. Park va to'p maydonchalari bugungi kunda Grande Central Station savdo maydonchasi joylashgan Smit Yo'lida joylashgan edi. Norvud bog'i, shuningdek, ushbu davrda sayohat sirklari, tashqi teatr va hattoki boshqa jamoat ko'ngilochar tadbirlari uchun ishlatilgan Buffalo Billning yovvoyi g'arbiy namoyishi.[22]

Sanoat va infratuzilmaning o'sishi

Tomonidan tarixiy yozuvlar so'roviga ko'ra WPA, 1919 yilgacha Norvudda 47 ta fabrika ishlagan.[22]

1920 yilda qurilish boshlandi Sincinnati metrosi Sincinnati markazida. Dastlabki rejasi shaharni Norvud bilan bog'lash uchun 16 millik ko'chadan iborat edi. Tsitsinnati shahrida oltita metro stantsiyasi, Norvudda esa bir nechta metro tunnellari qurib bitkazildi. Ushbu yo'nalish yo'lovchilarni shahar markazidan Ludlov, Sent-Bernard va sharqiy Norvud orqali bugungi Norvud yon tomoni bo'ylab olib borishi mumkin edi. Keyinchalik treklar bugungi Shea stadioni joylashgan joyga yaqin janubga burilib, Beech ko'chasidan bugungi Interstate 71 manziligacha shahar markaziga qaytishdan oldin borgan bo'lar edi. 20-asrning 20-yillari oxirlarida metro qurilishi davom etar ekan, shahar iqtisodiy qiyinchiliklarni boshdan kechirdi va oxir-oqibat 1928 yilda loyihadan butunlay voz kechdi va qisman tugatilgan metro qoldirildi. Metropolitenning tark qilingan tunnellaridan biri hanuzgacha sobiq Zumbiel qadoqlash binosi ostidan Xarris avenyu bo'ylab sharqdan g'arbiy tomonga 1000 metr masofada harakatlanadigan Norvudda mavjud. Ko'p yillar davomida ochiq tunnelga qo'shni Water Works Park beysbol maydonidan osongina o'tish mumkin edi va uni Norvud yoshlari muntazam ravishda o'rganib chiqishdi. Oxir-oqibat 2000-yillarning boshlarida kirish joylari beton bilan yopilgan.[22]

20-asrning boshlarida Norvud Xarris prospektidagi Suv ishlari zavodida joylashgan shahar elektr inshootida o'z elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqardi. 1920 yilda Norvud Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company-ga ob'ektni va elektr tarqatish tizimini sotdi, bu esa shaharga elektr xizmatlarini ko'rsatishga imkon berdi.[22]

1921 yilda G'oliblar bog'ida, Mills avenyu va Valter avenyu burchaklaridagi sobiq Norvud bozor uyi yonida shahar suzish havzasi ochildi. Hammomchilarning suzish kiyimlarini almashtirishlari uchun keyinchalik bozor uyining sharqiy qismiga kiyinish xonalari stendlari qo'shildi. Bozor uyi 1905-1910 yillar oralig'ida o'sha joyda ochilgan va dastlab Norvudga dehqon bozori sifatida xizmat qilgan. Bino 1926-1929 yillarda rolikli muz va muzlik maydoniga aylantirildi va keyinchalik 1940-1981 yillarda Norwood Safety Lane avtoulovlarni tekshirish ob'ekti sifatida ishlatildi. 1982 yildan 1990-yillarning oxirigacha Norvud boks klubi ushbu jangda jangchilarni tayyorladi. Bugungi kunda eski Market House shahar tomonidan saqlash uchun foydalanilmoqda.[29]

Norvud bozor uyi 1905 yildan buyon Mills avenyu va Uolter avenyuning burchagida G'alaba bog'i yonida joylashgan. Ushbu fotosurat 1910 yil atrofida bino hali ham dehqon bozori sifatida ishlatilgan paytda olingan. Keyinchalik u konkida uchish maydonchasi, basseyn hammomi, Norwood Safety Lane va Norwood Boxing Club sport zali sifatida ishlatilgan.

1922 yilda, General Motors 50 gektar maydonni sotib oldi (200,000 m.)2) Smit Yo'lida va Park Avenyuda 3.000.000 kvadrat metr (279.000 m) qurish uchun er2) Norvud assambleyasi avtomobil zavodi. Ushbu mulk ilgari Norwood Park deb nomlanuvchi katta jamoat bog'i, balli maydon va sirk maydonchasi bo'lgan. Norvud yig'ish zavodi 1923-1987 yillarda General Motors avtomobillarini ishlab chiqardi, shu jumladan Chevrolet Bel Air, Biskeyn, Impala, Novo, Kapris, Kamaro, Pontiac Firebird, va Buik Apollon. 1923 yil 13-avgustda konveyerdan chiqib ketgan birinchi mashina a Chevrolet Superior. GM zavodi 1970-yillarning eng yuqori cho'qqisi paytida 9000 ga yaqin ishchi (shu jumladan yuzlab Norvud aholisi) bo'lgan Norvudda ustun ish beruvchiga aylandi. Shuningdek, u Norvud shahrining soliq bazasining taxminan 35% hissasini qo'shdi.

Karta o'yinining mashhurligini targ'ib qilish uchun, ko'prik, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining o'yin kartalari kompaniyasi 1922 yilda ularning Beech Street-dagi fabrikasida chaqiriq harflari bilan radiostantsiya tashkil qildi WSAI. Bridge mutaxassislari o'yinni efirda o'ynashdi va tinglovchilarga ko'rsatma berishdi. 1926 yilda kompaniya asosiy zavod binosi ustiga 8 qavatli qo'ng'iroq minorasini qurdi va minoraga 12 karillon qo'ng'iroqlari to'plamini o'rnatdi. Chaqiriq qo'ng'iroqlarining tinchlantiruvchi tovushlari stantsiyada tez-tez eshitilib turardi. Kompaniya Norvudda WSAI-ni sotilguniga qadar boshqargan Crosley Broadcasting Corporation 1928 yilda.[30]

Duck Creek Road-ni yaxshilash uchun Norvud 1923 yilda Smit Road yaqinidagi 4224 fut uzunlikdagi sakkiz-o'n fut beton suv o'tkazgichi bo'ylab bir vaqtlar chiroyli bo'lgan Duck Creek suv yo'lini o'rab oldi. Daryoning to'shagi to'ldirildi va suv yo'lini qamrab oluvchi barcha ko'priklar olib tashlandi. Keyinchalik Duck Creek yo'lining katta qismi 1960-yillarning oxirlarida Interstate 71 qurilishi bilan yo'q qilindi.[31]

1.000.000 dollarlik katta qurilish Mt. Avliyo Maryam seminariyasi Montgomery Road va Quatman Avenue-da 1923 yilda qurib bitkazildi. Keyinchalik seminariya katolik cherkovi uchun o'nlab bo'lajak ruhoniylar, yepiskoplar va arxiyepiskoplarni 1980 yilda yopilguniga qadar o'qitadi.[31] Seminariya 1993 yilda sotib olingan va yillar davomida qayta ta'mirlanib, Muqaddas Ruh Markazining Xonimi sifatida va Rim-katolik cherkoviga muvofiq ravishda Marian ma'naviy markazi sifatida qayta ochilgan.[32]

1930 yilda Norvud shahri shahar kengashini to'rtdan oltita palataga o'zgartirdi, bu shahar aholisining ko'payishini aks ettiradi. Keyinchalik oltita bo'lim 2000-yillarda aholining soni kamayganidan keyin yana to'rtga qayta joylashtirilishi kerak edi.[33]

Temir yo'lning pasayishi

In 1933, Norwood's last new passenger train station was constructed by the Pennsylvania Railroad on Harris Avenue, east of Water Works Park. This station was opened to complement the new Cincinnati Union Terminal station downtown. The station was later closed and the renovated building is now used as a social hall by the Norwood Fraternal Order of Eagles.[33]

The same year, the Cincinnati, Lebanon & Northern Railroad, which ran along Lafayette Avenue behind Surrey Square, stopped providing passenger service. Rail travel in America was on the decline at this point due to the growing popularity of the automobile. Trains still carried freight along this line until the 1980s, when the tracks were removed after nearly one hundred years of service.[33]

Albers Supermarket, the first supermarket in Ohio and the first grocery store in the world to call itself a supermarket, was opened in 1933 by William H. Albers on Montgomery Road in Norwood at the site of today's Surrey Square shopping center.[34] Mr. Albers, the former president of the Kroger kompaniyasi, went on to revolutionize the grocery industry by embracing many innovations such as shopping carts, fluorescent lighting, and individual pricing on all items. The Albers chain was a phenomenal success and was later acquired by Colonial Stores in 1955. The Norwood location was destroyed by a spectacular fire in 1968 and never rebuilt.[33]

The Water Works swimming pool and shelter house opened in Water Works Park on Harris Avenue in 1935. The swimming facility was partially funded as a Great Depression Ishni rivojlantirish boshqarmasi loyiha. The pool was rebuilt during the 1970s, but still operates today in the same location.

When the catastrophic 1937 yil Ogayo daryosi toshqini halted the operation of the Cincinnati Water Works, Norwood came to the aid of Cincinnati by offering drinking water from its artesian wells. The Norwood Waterworks pumped 3,500,000 gallons of water a day during the emergency, with 2,500,000 gallons going to Cincinnati.[35] Street flushing trucks were brought in from the City of Cleveland to haul the water from Norwood to downtown.[36]

In 1940, Floral Avenue residents, Carl H. Lindner, Sr., and his children Kichik Karl Lindner, Robert, Richard and Dorothy opened the first Birlashgan sut fermerlari store at 3955 Montgomery Road. Until this point, most people paid a premium to have milk delivered directly to their homes. United Dairy Farmers cut out the delivery middleman and sold milk at their store for nearly half the price of delivered milk. The UDF chain of stores eventually grew to over 200 locations in 3 states and helped make Carl Lindner Jr. one of the world's richest people.[37]

In 1942, the General Motors Norvud assambleyasi Plant began helping the war effort by manufacturing landing gear, bomb heads and military trucks for World War II.[38]

On July 8, 1942, thirty-four year-old Norwood police Sergeant Anthony H. Overberg became the first Norwood police officer killed in the line of duty. He was shot with his own gun during a struggle with a robber in a drug store on Franklin Avenue. The killer, Frank Dudley Carter, escaped but was later captured, convicted, and executed by the state of Ohio in 1945.[39]

Concerned about the receding level of the water table in the Norwood artesian wells, the Norwood Water Commission purchased 225 acres of land near the Beechmont Levee in Linvud in 1947 with the intent of drilling future wells. The city also drilled a new well at the Harris Avenue Water Works plant two years later. The Linwood water works project was later scrapped and the city offered the Linwood land to Norwood residents in the late-1970s for use as community gardens.[40]

In 1948, Norwood opened a large municipal parking lot at Washington Avenue and Montgomery Road on the site of the future Surrey Square shopping center. This was one of the first significant steps in the transformation of Norwood's downtown business district, known as "The Pike," from pedestrian-friendly storefronts to the Surrey Square automobile-centric strip mall.[40]

The following year, streetcar lines in Norwood were eliminated and replaced by trolley buses, using the same overhead double electric lines. The streetcar tracks on Montgomery Road were paved over in 1955.[40]

In 1949, Norwood purchased several acres of land south of Morton Avenue between Floral Avenue and Burwood, and dedicated it as Burwood Park. The following year, a children's swimming pool and shelter house were constructed in the new park.[40]

By 1950, the oldest surviving building in Norwood was an 1863 log home at the northeast corner of Montgomery Road and Fenwick Avenue called the "Civil War House." It was used by veterans of the Respublikaning katta armiyasi as a fraternal meeting space for fifty years. Unoccupied and in need of repairs, the City of Norwood condemned and demolished the building in 1950.[41]

A new Williams Avenue elementary school and administration building were constructed in 1952 next to the existing 1917 school on Williams Avenue.

In 1958, a marble and bronze memorial with the names of Norwood veterans who died in World War I, World War II, and the Koreya urushi was dedicated at Victory Park.

The same year, the new Norwood Branch Post Office opened on Sherman Avenue.[41]

Around 1959, the water table of Norwood's artesian wells dropped to a level that became too expensive to maintain and Norwood began buying water from Cincinnati, as it continues to do today.[41]

Ohio State Route 562, deb ham tanilgan Norwood Lateral Expressway, was first completed between Davlatlararo 75 and Reading Road in 1962. It was nicknamed the Norwood Lateral due to its close approach to Norwood, which at the time was Hamilton County's 2nd largest municipality. For nearly two decades, the "Lateral" terminated at Reading Road inside Cincinnati city limits. In 1969, work began on the extension of the "Lateral" into Norwood proper and connection to the proposed Davlatlararo 71. The route of I-71 would pass through Norwood's east side. To accommodate the extension, nearly 200 homes in the old East Norwood neighborhood were razed, resulting in a loss of population and property tax revenue. Norwood was also required to share 5% of the cost of the expressway project. Property acquisition and clearing for the Lateral extension began in 1969. Work on the Norwood Lateral extension proceeded at the same time as work on the I-71 extension from Kenwood, Ohio to downtown Cincinnati. The full Norwood Lateral extension was completed in 1977, at about the same time as nearly all I-71 work was nearing completion.

At about the same time as the Norwood Lateral completion, the Globe-Wernicke Company moved operations out of Norwood to Tennessee. The factory on Carthage Avenue was closed and demolished two years later. GM purchased the property and used it as a parking lot for employees and newly built cars.

The overhead wires used to power the trolley buses and the street cars were removed from Norwood streets in 1965. The trolley buses, which had replaced street cars in 1949, were replaced by gasoline and diesel powered buses.[42]

In 1966, the Norwood branch public library was remodeled and rededicated. As part of the renovations, the auditorium on the upper floor was closed. The auditorium still exists today, but remains closed to the public.[42]

Surrey Square and decline of "The Pike"

Around 1967, Norwood's first strip mall, Norwood Plaza, opened at Ivanhoe Avenue and Montgomery Road. Business owners were concerned the strip mall would impact Norwood's "downtown" central business district.[43]

After the Albers Supermarket on Montgomery Road was destroyed by fire in 1968, Norwood purchased the property and demolished the building as part of an urban renewal plan. This plan was centered around the construction of a new shopping center on Montgomery Road, which eventually became Surrey Square.[42]

In 1972, the Plaza Theater and other small businesses on the east side of Montgomery Road north of Sherman Avenue were demolished as an additional phase of the urban renewal plan. The Plaza was the last of Norwood's old movie houses on "The Pike."[42]

To accommodate growing enrollment, Norwood constructed a modern new high school on Sherman Avenue in 1972, adjacent to the old 1914 high school. The old high school became the middle school. The new state of the art high school included a television studio, swimming pool, and planetarium (now known as Drake Planetarium and Science Center ). Since the new high school building was located on the old football field, the city also constructed an impressive new 5,000 seat football stadium, Shea Stadium, at Water Works Park.[25]

In 1975, Surrey Square Shopping Center opened on Montgomery Road in the heart of the original shopping district. The enclosed mall was anchored by a Thriftway grocery store and later Central Hardware. Ironically, the inside of Surrey Square Mall was designed to look like a traditional small town main street, complete with fake storefronts reminiscent of the ones on "The Pike," which were destroyed by the construction of the mall.[43] The interior of the mall included a Radio Shack, Getz Jewelers, a snack bar and several discount clothing stores. The Thriftway grocery store was later sold to Kroger Co.

In 1978, the Norwood Community/Senior Center was opened in the former St. Elizabeth School building on Carter Avenue.

The Norwood Historical Society was chartered on May 2, 1978.[44]

In 1985, Norwood natives Kichik Karl Lindner and his brother Robert Lindner donated $150,000 to the City of Norwood so it could purchase the 14-acre McCullough Estate at Cypress Way and Indian Mound Avenue. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources also awarded a matching grant so the estate could be converted into a nature preserve and park. The estate was part of the original 100-acre McCullough Seed Company property the McCullough Family settled in 1850 and operated on this land until 1960. Although the park is located in Cincinnati, it is owned and operated as a City of Norwood park. Norwood now totaled 30-acres of recreation land among 9 city parks.[45]

GM closure

On November 6, 1986, General Motors announced that it would close the Norvud assambleyasi automobile plant as part of a $10 billion plan to reorganize the company due to competition from foreign automakers. Many Norwood employees expected Norwood's sister plant, Van Nuys assambleyasi, to close instead. However, GM stated that the aging 63-year-old Norwood plant's multi-story design would be difficult to modernize and the 60-acre campus was "landlocked" with no room for expansion. The company also cited high absenteeism, low productivity and low quality control as additional factors in its decision.[38]

The closure of the plant in 1987 nearly dealt a death blow to Norwood's economy. GM was by far the largest employer in Norwood and its income and property taxes accounted for one-third of the city's operating budget and one-fifth of the money for its schools. Approximately 1,000 of the factory's 4,300 workers were Norwood residents.[38]

As a result of the closure, Norwood City Council dramatically slashed the city's budget, including police, fire, city services, and infrastructure improvements. 40 city employees were laid off and the school district closed an elementary school and laid off 11 percent of its teachers. Norwood's parks, roads, buildings, water lines began to deteriorate. The City of Cincinnati even considered annexing Norwood to help with financial problems, but the plan was rebuffed by Cincinnati Mayor Charles Luken, who said he had no intention of "taking advantage of Norwood's misfortune." Norwood's mayor, Joseph E. Sanker, publicly speculated that Cincinnati was not interested in Norwood without the GM plant.[38]

Norwood's economic issues continued to worsen in 1988 when another long-time manufacturing business, R. K. LeBlond dastgohsozlik kompaniyasi, closed its Norwood factory near the border of Hyde Park. An additional 250 jobs were lost.

The same year, Norwood celebrated its 100th anniversary of incorporation as a village with a centennial parade.

In 1989, Norwood's last remaining newspaper, The Norwood Enterprise, ceased publication. It had been in print since 1894. The newspaper cited lack of advertising revenue from local businesses due to the economic downturn from the closure of GM. Other Norwood community newspapers have occasionally started in the years since the Enterprise ceased publication, but none have lasted more than a few years. The Norwood Star currently operates as a monthly newspaper mailed to subscribers and available at local stores.

Economic revitalization

Despite the dire financial situation in Norwood, it did not take long for the city to realize the closing of General Motors was an opportunity to transition its image from a blue-collar industrial city to a business and retail destination. In 1989, city signed a deal with the Belvedere Corporation to develop both the former GM site as well as the east side of Montgomery Road between Sherman Avenue and Elm Avenue. The same year, the city also made plans to build an upscale retail and restaurant complex called Rookwood Pavilion on the site of the old LeBlond plant.

In 1990, the first of these new projects, a shopping plaza called Grand Central Station, opened on Smith Road at the site of the old GM plant. The facility offered a mix of stores, restaurants, and businesses and was anchored by a discount multiplex movie theater. A new street, Wall Street, was built to connect Smith Road with a new extension of Wesley Avenue. The city also attempted to extend Wesley Avenue all the way to Park Avenue, but two long-time Park Avenue residents produced the original 1890 deed dedicating the center "park" islands on Park Avenue "to public use forever for park purposes only." As a result, the city abandoned plans for the extension.[46]

In July 1990, a cleaning solvent leak at the BASF chemical plant on the border of Norwood and Evanston resulted in a massive explosion, killing two and injuring 90 people. The blast heavily damaged Norwood businesses on Montgomery Road and affected Norwood homes as far as a mile away.[47]

In 1993, the Belvedere Corporation opened a second new development called Central Parke at the northeast corner of Montgomery and Sherman Avenues. The project consisted of three mixed-use office buildings, totalling 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) ofis maydoni. The facility was anchored by 1,700 free parking spaces at the former GM parking garage. With free parking and commercial rents half those of downtown Cincinnati, the development was an immediate success. Within 6 months, all of the Central Parke properties were occupied, employing more than 1,000 office workers.[48]

In 1993, developers opened the Rookwood Pavilion shopping center on the grounds of the old Lablond factory site at Edwards Road and Madison Road. The shopping center was a revolutionary concept in Cincinnati at the time, as it was the first outdoor mall to offer big box stores alongside speciality shops and restaurants. It also happened to be ideally located on Interstate 71 next to upscale Hyde Park, providing convenient access to a large population of affluent shoppers (many shoppers mistakenly believed the property was actually located in Hyde Park). Rookwood Pavilion was wildly successful and prompted developers to begin purchasing additional land in the area for future developments.[48]

In 2000, Rookwood Commons shopping center opened immediately behind Rookwood Pavilion on Edmondson Road. This new open-air mall offered a mix of high-end retail stores and restaurants not previously found in Hamilton County, and immediately became one of Cincinnati's premier shopping destinations. A large office building called Rookwood Tower was also opened on the property.[49]

Despite sporadic efforts to save what was remaining of "The Pike," the city allowed the demolition of several historic storefronts and buildings at the corner of Sherman Avenue and Montgomery in 2002. They were replaced by a Walgreens drive-thru drugstore and parking lot.[49]

In 2004, Norwood was forced by the State of Ohio to reduce the number of city council wards from 6 to 4, to reflect a decline in population. Norwood's population of 21,675 at the 2000 census was the smallest it had been since sometime between 1910 and 1920.[49]

Norwood also lost a significant amount of public transportation in 2004 when the Janubi-g'arbiy Ogayo mintaqaviy tranzit boshqarmasi eliminated all but two bus routes in the city. Some of the eliminated routes had serviced the city by either bus or streetcar for over 100 years.[49]

In fall of 2004, another new development called Cornerstone At Norwood was constructed on 4.5 acres of land at the southeast corner of Smith Road and Williams Avenue. The property was previously occupied by low rent apartment buildings and homes. Two additional office buildings were later opened on the Cornerstone property in the two years that follow.[49]

Taniqli domen

After the runaway success of the two Rookwood shopping centers, the developer, Jeffrey Anderson, approached the City of Norwood regarding a third project called Rookwood Exchange that he wanted to build across the street. He proposed bulldozing a small 11-acre residential neighborhood of 79 houses and businesses and replacing them with a massive new mixed-use residential, office, and retail development. The redeveloped property would generate an estimated $2,000,000 in annual revenue for Norwood.[50]

The city approved the plan and Anderson began purchasing the neighborhood properties in 2005 through voluntary sales. All of the property owners eventually agreed to sell except for three which refused to leave. In an effort to clear the remaining properties, Anderson paid for a study declaring the neighborhood a "deteriorating area" so the City of Norwood could use eminent domain to force the remaining property owners to sell.

The three property owners fought Norwood's use of eminent domain, and the dispute eventually made national headlines in 2006 when it was brought before the Ogayo Oliy sudi yilda Norvud, Ogayo shtati va Xorniga qarshi. The court ruled unanimously for the property owners, forcing the city and developers to return ownership of the three properties. After the verdict, the property owners held out for several more years before eventually selling. The second to last property was sold to the developer in 2007 for $650,000.[51]

In September 2008, the final property owner agreed to sell his rental home to the developer for 1.25 million.[52]

Rivojlanishning davomi

In 2006, developers broke ground on Linden Pointe on the Lateral, a large office park complex on the old former American Laundry Machine Company and Globe Wernicke properties located north of the Lateral between Section Avenue and Montgomery Road. Because the property was Brownfield er, it had to be decontaminated prior to construction. As part of the project, Carthage Avenue between Ross Avenue and Montgomery Road was permanently closed, ending the continuous path of the 200+ year-old "County Road" through Norwood.[49]

There were several notable economic changes in Norwood in 2008. After more than 100 years in Norwood, the US Playing Card Company closed their Beech Street factory and moved operations to Boone County, Kentucky.

Surrey Square shopping center underwent a major reconstruction and expansion, with addition of a 76,000-square-foot (7,100 m2) Kroger anchor store, a large cafeteria-sized McDonald's restaurant and several mid-size businesses.

The old Sherwin-Williams paint store at the intersection of Montgomery and Smith Roads was torn down and the new medical center was constructed in its place.

Xavier University acquired the old Norwood Plaza shopping center and demolished many of the structures to make way for campus expansion.[49]

In 2014, after many years of legal battles and construction delays, Rookwood Exchange finally opened across Edmondson Road from Rookwood Pavilion and Commons. The new complex included two restaurants, a hotel, office building and parking garage.

In a joint effort with Norwood and Cincinnati, Norwood State opened University Station, a 20-acre, mixed-use development on Cleneay Avenue. The 20-acre site straddled both Norwood and Evanston and was previously occupied by Zumbiel Packaging and the BASF plant which tragically exploded in 1990. The project included 180 housing units for Xavier University students, a university bookstore, retail and restaurants. Additional development is planned for a second phase of construction on the Evanston side of the property.[53]

Geografiya

Norvud joylashgan 39°9′36″N 84 ° 27′18 ″ V / 39.16000°N 84.45500°W / 39.16000; -84.45500 (39.160060, −84.455074).[54]

Ga ko'ra Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining aholini ro'yxatga olish byurosi, shaharning umumiy maydoni 3,15 kvadrat mil (8,16 km)2), butun er.[55]

The southern, eastern, and western areas of the city lie mostly on flat terrain, while the northern half of the city is characterized by a steeper elevation. The highest point in Norwood is at the Norwood Indian Mound burial site in Tower Park at 656 ft (200 m) above sea level. That site is one of the highest land elevations in southwest Ohio. It is believed the burial mound was built at that site due to the high elevation.

Near the burial mound are two large water towers, built in the 19th century, which Norwood uses to store water and regulate water pressure throughout its city. The towers were curious points of interest in the early 20th century. Because they were built with spiral staircases (long since removed), people rode horses or took carriage rides to the towers in order to climb the stairs and view growing Sinsinnati to the south and countryside to the north. Norwood is credited with coming to the aid of Cincinnati residents during the 1937 yil Ogayo daryosi toshqini. Cincinnati's drinking water was largely contaminated so their residents depended on Norwood for fresh water, which Norwood had stored safely in the towers, above flood waters.

Demografiya

Tarixiy aholi
Aholini ro'yxatga olishPop.%±
19006,480—
191016,185149.8%
192024,96654.3%
193033,41133.8%
194034,0101.8%
195035,0012.9%
196034,580−1.2%
197030,420−12.0%
198026,126−14.1%
199023,674−9.4%
200021,675−8.4%
201019,207−11.4%
2019 (taxminiy)19,776[5]3.0%
Manbalar:[6][56][57]

2010 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish

Dan boshlab ro'yxatga olish[4] of 2010, there were 19,207 people, 8,320 households, and 4,190 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,097.5 inhabitants per square mile (2,354.3/km2). There were 9,515 housing units at an average density of 3,020.6 per square mile (1,166.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 86.6% Oq, 7.6% Afroamerikalik, 0.4% Tug'ma amerikalik, 0.8% Osiyo, 0.1% Tinch okean orollari, 2,0% dan boshqa irqlar, va ikki yoki undan ortiq musobaqadan 2,5%. Ispancha yoki Lotin tili of any race were 5.1% of the population.

There were 8,320 households, of which 25.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.1% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 49.6% were non-families. 37.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. Uy xo'jaliklarining o'rtacha soni 2,28, oilalarning o'rtacha soni 3,03 edi.

Shaharda o'rtacha yosh 33,4 yoshni tashkil etdi. 20.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 14.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 30,3% 25 dan 44 gacha; 24.2% were from 45 to 64; va 11,1% 65 yoshdan katta bo'lganlar. Shaharning gender tarkibi 49,9% erkaklar va 50,1% ayollar edi.

Dan boshlab 2010 yil Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari aholini ro'yxatga olish,[58] The median value of owner-occupied housing units between 2005–2009 was $120,900. The home ownership rate from 2005–2009 was 57.8%. The median household income 2005–2009 was $39,224. The per capita money income in past 12 months (2009 dollars) 2005–2009 was $21,367. People of all ages in poverty from 2005–2009 was 20.6%.

2000 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish

Davomida 2000 yil Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari aholini ro'yxatga olish[6] there were 21,675 people, 9,270 households, and 5,154 families residing in the Norwood. The population density was 6,956.5 people per square mile (2,682.3/km2). There were 10,044 housing units at an average density of 3,223.6 per square mile (1,243.0/km2). Shaharning irqiy tarkibi 94,25% ni tashkil etdi Oq, 2.35% Afroamerikalik, 0.36% Tug'ma amerikalik, 0.77% Osiyo, 0.02% Tinch okean orollari, 0,88% dan boshqa irqlar, va ikki va undan ortiq musobaqadan 1,37%. Ispancha yoki Lotin tili har qanday irqning 1,85% aholisi edi. There were 9,270 households, out of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.8% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.4% were non-families. 36.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. Uy xo'jaliklarining o'rtacha soni 2,31, oilalarning o'rtacha soni 3,04 edi. In the city the age distribution of the population shows 23.4% under the age of 18, 11.9% from 18 to 24, 32.4% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. O'rtacha yoshi 34 yosh edi. Har 100 ayolga 94,9 erkak to'g'ri kelgan. 18 yoshdan katta bo'lgan har 100 ayolga 90,9 erkak to'g'ri keladi. The median income for a household in the city was $32,223, and the median income for a family was $39,951. Males had a median income of $31,530 versus $25,852 for females. The jon boshiga daromad for the city was $18,108. Taxminan 8,6% oilalar va 12,9% aholi quyida joylashgan qashshoqlik chegarasi shu jumladan 18 yoshgacha bo'lganlarning 15,3% va 65 yoshdan katta bo'lganlarning 7,5%.

Hukumat

The elected members of Norwood City government are: the mayor, president of council, auditor, treasurer, law director, clerk of council, four ward-specific city council members and three at-large city council members. Norwood City School Board members are also elected. The City of Norwood has its own police, fire, and public works departments. The current mayor of Norwood is Victor Schneider.

Iqtisodiyot

Norwood has a strong history of industry and manufacturing dating back to the historic Norwood Brick plant of the late 19th century, which provided clay brick for the construction of many of Cincinnati's historic buildings. As the city is ideally situated between several major railways, state roads and interstate highways, it has traditionally been an attractive location for businesses and corporations in the area. Norwood was once described as the "Chikago of Hamilton County", for in 1909 it had 49 manufacturing enterprises.[59]

Prominent Norwood industrial and manufacturing companies included: General Motors Norvud assambleyasi, Birlashgan sut fermerlari, Allis-Chalmers, Simens, Bullock Electric Manufacturing Company, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining o'yin kartalari kompaniyasi, Globe Wernicke, American Laundry Machine Company, Norwood Sash & Door Company (Sears Catalog Homes), United States Printing & Lithographing Company, U.S. Shoe Corp, Mead Container Corporation, J.H. Day Corporation, and Zumbiel Packaging.

Between 1923 and 1987, the General Motors automobile assembly plant was by far the city's largest employer in terms of production, payroll and employees. When GM closed the factory in 1987, it nearly dealt a death blow to Norwood's economy. This event became the catalyst for Norwood's transition from an industrial economy to a diversified office and retail economy. In the years following the GM closure, Norwood worked with developers to build many mixed-use office parks and retail centers in the city, including: Grande Central Station (1990), Central Parke (1993), Rookwood Pavilion (1995), Rookwood Commons (2000), Cornerstone at Norwood (2004), Linden Pointe on the Lateral (2007), Surrey Square (2008), Rookwood Exchange (2014), Norwood State Station (2014).

Ta'lim

The Norwood City School District consists of Norvud o'rta maktabi, Norwood Middle School, Sharpsburg Elementary, Norwood View Elementary, Williams Avenue Elementary, and Norwood Preschool.[60] The current high school opened as a state-of-the-art facility in 1972, with a planetarium, greenhouse, swimming pool, and television studio. Drake Planetarium, named after astronomer and astrophysicist Frenk Dreyk, bilan bog'liq NASA. Norwood High School's mascot is the Indian.[61] Norwood Middle School is located next to the high school in the previous high school building, which opened in 1914. In 1988, the Norwood Middle School field house and offices were used to film prison scenes in the 1989 Tom Selleck movie Begunoh odam. Norwood is also home to Immaculate Conception Academy parochial grade school and high school, located in the former Gressle School on Floral Avenue.[62]

Sport va dam olish

Norwood Recreation Commission

The Norwood Recreation Commission was established in 1943, by ordinance of the City Council. The commission is unique in that it is a non-political joint effort between the city and Board of Education.[63] The commission consists of five policy makers; two selected by the Board of Education and three appointed by the mayor.

The Norwood Recreation Commission operates and supervises four playgrounds and three swimming pools during the summer months. Permits for ball diamonds, tennis courts and picnic areas are also issued through the Recreation office. The Recreation Commission conducts leagues for 30 softball teams for men and women in addition to assisting and cooperating with the Norwood Knothole Association and Norwood Soccer Association in providing facilities for all their teams. In the past the Norwood Recreation Commission has moved into the schools with its Fall, Winter, and Spring programs.[63]

Swimming pools:

The McCullough House at Lindner Park.
  • Burwood Pool (closed)
  • Fenwick Pool (closed)
  • Millcrest Pool (closed)
  • Northwoods Pool (closed)
  • Norwood High School Pool
  • Norwood Middle School Pool (closed)
  • Victory Pool (closed)
  • Waterworks J.B. Wirth Pool

Parklar:

Taxalluslar

Norwood is known as the "Gem of the Highlands".[64]

Taniqli odamlar

The people listed below were all born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Norwood, Ohio

San'at va ko'ngil ochish

Biznes

Ilm-fan va tibbiyot

Huquq va siyosat

Sport

Din

Jinoyat

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ "Hamilton County Election Results Nov. 5th 2019". Hamilton County Board of Elections. 20 Noyabr 2019. Olingan 2 mart 2020.
  2. ^ "2019 AQSh gazetasi fayllari". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining aholini ro'yxatga olish byurosi. Olingan 28 iyul, 2020.
  3. ^ a b "Geografik nomlar bo'yicha AQSh kengashi". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Geologik xizmati. 2007-10-25. Olingan 2008-01-31.
  4. ^ a b "AQSh aholini ro'yxatga olish veb-sayti". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining aholini ro'yxatga olish byurosi. Olingan 2013-01-06.
  5. ^ a b "Aholini va uy-joyni taxminiy hisoblash". Olingan 21 may, 2020.
  6. ^ a b v "AQSh aholini ro'yxatga olish veb-sayti". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining aholini ro'yxatga olish byurosi. Olingan 2008-01-31.
  7. ^ Feliks Winternitz va Sacha DeVroomen Bellman (2007). Sinsinnati uchun Insiderlar uchun qo'llanma. Globe Pequot. p. 5. ISBN  9780762741809. Olingan 2013-05-08.
  8. ^ "The Norwood Mound". Native Indian Mounds. Olingan 17 fevral 2016.
  9. ^ Griv, Charlz Teodor (1904). Centennial History of Cincinnati and Representative Citizens, Volume 1. Biografik nashriyot kompaniyasi. p. 25. Olingan 2013-05-23.
  10. ^ Kenni, Daniel J. (1895). Cincinnati va Butunjahon Kolumbiya ko'rgazmasi uchun rasmli qo'llanma. R. Klark. p. 245. Olingan 2013-05-22.
  11. ^ Federal Yozuvchilar Loyihasi (1943). Cincinnati, a Guide to the Queen City and Its Neighbors. p. 330. ISBN  9781623760519. Olingan 2013-05-04.
  12. ^ a b v "Brief History of Norwood, Ohio". Norwood Historical Society. Olingan 9 mart 2016.
  13. ^ a b Mulford, Ren, Jr.; Betty, Werter G. (1894). Norwood, Her Homes and Her People. pp.3 –6.
  14. ^ a b v "Historical Dates for Norwood, Ohio. 1780s & 1790s". Norwood Historical Society. Olingan 9 mart 2016.
  15. ^ "Historical Dates for Norwood, Ohio. 1800s-1850s". Norwood Historical Society. Olingan 9 mart 2016.
  16. ^ a b v d e "Transportation (Omnibuses, Street Cars, Buses, Railroads, etc.) in Norwood, Ohio". Norwood Historical Society. Olingan 9 mart 2016.
  17. ^ "How Norwood Got Its Name". Norwood Historical Society. Olingan 9 mart 2016.
  18. ^ Mersch, Christine (2006). Norvud. Arcadia nashriyoti. p. 7. ISBN  9780738540382.
  19. ^ a b v "Historical Dates for Norwood, Ohio. 1870s". Norwood Historical Society. Olingan 12 mart 2016.
  20. ^ "B&O to Columbus, Ohio". Cincinnati temir yo'llari. Olingan 20 mart 2016.
  21. ^ a b v "Historical Dates for Norwood, Ohio. 1880s". Norwood Historical Society. Olingan 20 mart 2016.
  22. ^ a b v d e f g "Historical Dates for Norwood, Ohio. 1910s". Norwood Historical Society. Olingan 3 may 2016.
  23. ^ "Annexations by Norwood, Ohio". Norwood Historical Society. Olingan 21 mart 2016.
  24. ^ a b v d "Historical Dates for Norwood, Ohio. 1890s". Norwood Historical Society. Olingan 21 mart 2016.
  25. ^ a b "History of the District". Norwood City School District. Olingan 21 mart 2016.
  26. ^ "Norwood Water Works Pumping Station (1894-1920?)". Norwood Historical Society. Olingan 21 mart 2016.
  27. ^ a b "Allison North School Building". Norwood Historical Society. Olingan 3 may 2016.
  28. ^ a b v d e "Historical Dates for Norwood, Ohio. 1900s". Norwood Historical Society. Olingan 24 mart 2016.
  29. ^ "The Norwood Market House at the northeast corner of Mills & Walter Avenues". Norwood Historical Society. Olingan 5 may 2016.
  30. ^ "Bicycle Cards – Our History". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining o'yin kartalari kompaniyasi. Olingan 5 may 2016.
  31. ^ a b "Historical Dates for Norwood, Ohio. 1920s". Norwood Historical Society. Olingan 5 may 2016.
  32. ^ "Our Lady of the Holy Spirit Center". Olingan 6 sentyabr 2017.
  33. ^ a b v d "Historical Dates for Norwood, Ohio. 1930s". Norwood Historical Society. Olingan 5 may 2016.
  34. ^ "The Origin of the Supermarket". Neatorama. Olingan 5 may 2016.
  35. ^ "The Cincinnati Enquirer, February 3, 1937". Cincinnati Enquirer. Olingan 5 may 2016.
  36. ^ "River on a Rampage: An Account of the Ohio River Flood of 1937, p. 103" (PDF). The Cincinnati Historical Society. Olingan 5 may 2016.
  37. ^ "About UDF". Birlashgan sut fermerlari. Olingan 6 may 2016.
  38. ^ a b v d "Norwood, Ohio, Girds for a Grim Life Without GM - November 16, 1986". Los-Anjeles Tayms. Olingan 5 may 2016.
  39. ^ "The Overberg Story". Norvud politsiya boshqarmasi. Olingan 6 may 2016.
  40. ^ a b v d "Historical Dates for Norwood, Ohio. 1940s". Norwood Historical Society. Olingan 6 may 2016.
  41. ^ a b v "Historical Dates for Norwood, Ohio. 1950s". Norwood Historical Society. Olingan 6 may 2016.
  42. ^ a b v d "Historical Dates for Norwood, Ohio. 1960s". Norwood Historical Society. Olingan 6 may 2016.
  43. ^ a b "Norwood's Malls and Shopping Centers". Norvud tarixiy jamiyati. Olingan 6 may 2016.
  44. ^ "Norvud uchun tarixiy sanalar, Ogayo. 1970-yillar".. Norvud tarixiy jamiyati. Olingan 6 may 2016.
  45. ^ "Lindnerlar Norvudga bog'ning erini sotib olishga yordam berishadi". Cincinnati Enquirer, 1985 yil 28-fevral. Olingan 6 may 2016.
  46. ^ "G.M. ketdi, ammo bu shahar tirik". The New York Times. Olingan 6 may 2016.
  47. ^ "BASF portlash uchun 15,5 million dollar to'lashga rozi". UPI. Olingan 6 may 2016.
  48. ^ a b "Norvud uchun tarixiy sanalar, Ogayo. 1990 yillar".. Norvud tarixiy jamiyati. Olingan 8 may 2016.
  49. ^ a b v d e f g "Norvud uchun tarixiy sanalar, Ogayo. 2000-yillar".. Norvud tarixiy jamiyati. Olingan 8 may 2016.
  50. ^ "Norvud va Xorni". (PDF). Ogayo shtati murojaatlari. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2016-06-04 da. Olingan 9 may 2016.
  51. ^ "Rookwood-ning ikkinchi-so'nggi mulklari sotiladi". Cincinnati Business Courier. Olingan 6 sentyabr 2017.
  52. ^ "Mahalliy kurash taniqli domen uchun kurash tugatuvchi yo'lidagi so'nggi uy sotilganda tugaydi". Toledo pichog'i. Olingan 6 sentyabr 2017.
  53. ^ "Xavyer yaqinidagi yangi rivojlanish kampusga hayot qo'shmoqda". Cincinnati Enquirer. Olingan 9 may 2016.
  54. ^ "US Gazetteer fayllari: 2010, 2000 va 1990". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining aholini ro'yxatga olish byurosi. 2011-02-12. Olingan 2011-04-23.
  55. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining aholini ro'yxatga olish byurosi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2012-01-24. Olingan 2013-01-06.
  56. ^ "Aholining soni: Ogayo" (PDF). Qo'shma Shtatlarning 18-sonli ro'yxati. AQSh aholini ro'yxatga olish byurosi. 1960 yil. Olingan 17 may 2020.
  57. ^ "Ogayo: Aholi va uy-joylar soni" (PDF). AQSh aholini ro'yxatga olish byurosi. Olingan 17 may 2020.
  58. ^ "Norvud (shahar), Ogayo". AQSh aholini ro'yxatga olish byurosi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2011-11-14 kunlari. Olingan 2012-01-03.
  59. ^ Miller, Zane L. (2000 yil 1-noyabr). Boss Koksning Tsitsinnati: Progressiv davrdagi shahar siyosati. Ogayo shtati universiteti matbuoti. p. 26. ISBN  9780814208618. Olingan 2013-05-26.
  60. ^ http://www.norwoodschools.org/
  61. ^ "Tuman tarixi". Norvud shahar maktab okrugi.
  62. ^ http://icaohio.com/
  63. ^ a b "Dam olish komissiyasi - tashkiliy tarix". 2007-11-19. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2008-07-24. Olingan 2007-12-02.
  64. ^ "Norvud, Ogayo - Tog'lar toshi". 2007 yil 19-noyabr. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2007-07-04 da. Olingan 2007-11-20.
  65. ^ "Belgining holati". Cincinnati Enquirer. Olingan 5 mart, 2016.
  66. ^ "[OTR e'lon qiladi] Alvido Grey Ghost". Reyn orqali. Olingan 5 mart, 2016.[doimiy o'lik havola ]

Tashqi havolalar