Penn Kambriya maktab okrugi - Penn Cambria School District

Penn Kambriya maktab okrugi
Manzil
201 6-ko'cha Kresson , Pensilvaniya 16630 Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari
Ma `lumot
Turi	Ommaviy
O'rnatilgan	1966
Maktab kengashi	9 ta mahalliy saylangan a'zolar
Boshliq	Uilyam V Marshal, M'Ed. (2015-2020)[1] Meri Bet Uayt xonim (2006-2015)[2]
Ma'mur	Sandra Evans, biznes menejeri
Asosiy	Sintiya Tinch okeani
Asosiy	Uilyam Marshal
Xodimlar	103 o'qituvchi bo'lmagan xodim (2012 yil)[3] Jeffery Baird Jeanete Black Pol Xaber Sandra Evans Deyn Klark Harrold
Fakultet	118 (2012)
Sinflar	Maktabgacha tarbiya-12
Yoshi	4 yoshdan 21 yoshgacha bo'lgan maxsus ma'lumot
Talabalar soni	1775 o'quvchi (2014 yil)[4] 1793 o'quvchi (2012)[5] 1784 o'quvchi (2006)[6]
• Bolalar bog'chasi	127 (2013), 131 (2006)
• 1-sinf	155 (2013), 130
• 2-sinf	127 (2013), 134
• 3-sinf	135 (2013), 129
• 4-sinf	129 (2013), 126
• 5-sinf	137 (2013), 150
• 6-sinf	133 (2013), 130
• 7-sinf	138 (2013), 110
• 8-sinf	146 (2013), 106
• 9-sinf	154(2013), 145
• 10-sinf	119 (2013), 159
• 11-sinf	115(2013), 148
• 12-sinf	143 (2013), 143 (2006)
• Boshqalar	13 o'quvchi
Til	Ingliz tili
Rang (lar)	Moviy va qora
Mascot	Panterlar
O'quvchining harajatlari	$11,612 (2008)
O'quvchining harajatlari	$11,927.53 (2012)[7]
Veb-sayt	http://www.pcam.org/

Bler okrugidagi Penn Kambriya maktabining okrugi

Penn Kambriya maktab okrugi kichik, qishloq, jamoatdir maktab tumani joylashgan Kambriya okrugi, Pensilvaniya. Tuman tumanlariga xizmat ko'rsatadi Ashvil, Kresson, Gallitzin, Lilly, Loretto, Sankertaun va Tunnelhill ham Bler okrugida, ham Kambriya okrugida. Shuningdek, shaharchalar Allegheny, Kresson, Dekan, Gallitzin, Myunster va Vashington. Penn Cambria 108 kvadrat milni (280 km) egallaydi²) sharqiy-markaziy Kambriya okrugida. 2000 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish bo'yicha federal ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, Penn Kambriya maktab okrugi 16744 nafar doimiy aholiga xizmat ko'rsatgan. 2010 yilga kelib tuman aholisi 17359 kishiga etdi.^[8] Maktab okrugi aholisining (25 yosh va undan yuqori) ta'lim darajasi 88,8% o'rta maktab bitiruvchilari va 14,9% kollej bitiruvchilaridan iborat.^[9] Tuman 500 kishidan biridir Pensilvaniya shtatining davlat maktablari.

Pensilvaniya byudjet va siyosat markazining ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, okrug o'quvchilarining 37,2% 185% yoki undan pastda yashagan Federal qashshoqlik darajasi [1] 2012 yildagi federal bepul yoki arzonlashtirilgan maktab o'quv dasturlariga qatnashish huquqidan dalolat beradi.^[10] 2009 yilda tuman aholisi jon boshiga daromad 13603 dollarni tashkil etdi, shu bilan birga oilaning o'rtacha daromadi 40 432 dollarni tashkil etdi.^[11] Hamdo'stlikda oilaning o'rtacha daromadi 49501 dollarni tashkil etdi^[12] va Qo'shma Shtatlarning o'rtacha oilaviy daromadi 2010 yilda 49,445 dollarni tashkil etdi.^[13] Kambriya okrugida oilalarning o'rtacha daromadi 39 574 dollarni tashkil etdi.^[14] 2013 yilga kelib Qo'shma Shtatlarda uy xo'jaliklarining o'rtacha daromadi 52100 dollarga ko'tarildi.^[15]

Maktab binolari

Penn Cambria beshta maktab binosiga ega, ularning har biri ma'lum darajadagi sinflarga xizmat qiladi:

O'rta maktab o'quvchilari qurilish va mexanik hunarlarni tayyorlash uchun Admiral Peary Area Kasb-Texnik maktabiga borishni tanlashlari mumkin. The Appalachiya oraliq bo'limi IU8 tumanga nogiron o'quvchilar uchun maxsus ta'lim va eshitish qobiliyati, xodimlar uchun tekshiruvlar, bolalarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik bo'yicha ta'limni tan olish va hisobot berish, nutq va ingl. Nogironlik bo'yicha xizmatlar va xodimlar va professor-o'qituvchilar malakasini oshirish kabi turli xil xizmatlarni taqdim etadi.

Boshqaruv

Penn Kambriya maktab okrugi 9 nafar yakka tartibda saylanadigan kengash a'zolari tomonidan boshqariladi (to'rt yil davomida kompensatsiz xizmat qiladi), Pensilvaniya shtati Ta'lim kengashi, Pensilvaniya Ta'lim bo'limi va Pensilvaniya Bosh assambleyasi.^[16] Federal hukumat quyidagi mablag'larni o'z ichiga olgan dasturlarni nazorat qiladi: I darajali kam daromadli bolalar uchun mablag ' Boshlang'ich va o'rta ta'lim to'g'risidagi qonun va Hech qanday bolani tashlab qo'ymaslik to'g'risidagi qonun okrugni o'qish va matematik ko'nikmalarni egallashda muvaffaqiyatga yo'naltirishga qaratilgan tuman resurslarini. Boshliq va biznes menejeri maktab kengashi tomonidan tayinlanadi. Boshqaruvchi - bu operatsiyalarning barcha jabhalari uchun, shu jumladan ta'lim va moliya uchun umumiy javobgarlikka ega bo'lgan bosh ma'muriy xodim. Korxona menejeri byudjet va moliyaviy operatsiyalar uchun javobgardir. Ushbu rasmiylarning ikkalasi ham maktab kengashining ovoz beruvchi a'zolari emas. Maktab kengashi ushbu lavozimlarga individual mehnat shartnomalarini tuzadi. Pensilvaniya shtatida davlat maktablari okruglari rahbariga mehnat shartnomasini yangilash to'g'risida 150 kun oldin xabar berishlari shart.^[17]

Ilmiy yutuq

2015 yilda Penn Kambriya maktab okrugi Pensilvaniya shtatidagi 493 ta davlat maktablari orasida 113-o'rinni egalladi Pitsburg Business Times.^[18] Reyting talabalar ko'rsatgan so'nggi 3 yillik o'quv yutuqlariga asoslanadi PSSAlar natijalar: o'qish, yozish, matematika va tabiatshunoslik va uchta asosiy imtihon (adabiyot, Algebra 1, Biologiya I) o'rta maktabda.^[19] O'rta maktablarni ishlamayotganligi sababli uchta maktab tumani chiqarib tashlandi (Sent-Kler mintaqasi maktab okrugi, Midland Borough maktab okrugi, Duquesne City School District ). PSSAlar 3-8 sinflarning barcha bolalariga beriladi. Moslashtirilgan PSSA imtihonlari bolalarga maxsus ta'lim dasturlarida beriladi. 5 va 8-sinflarda bolalarga yozma imtihonlar berildi.

Tuman AYP holati tarixi

2012 yilda Penn Cambria School District erishdi Yillik taraqqiyot (AYP) holati.^[25] 2011 yilda Penn Cambria School District etarli yillik taraqqiyotga erishdi (AYP). 2011 yilda Pensilvaniya shtatidagi 500 ta davlat maktablarining 94 foizi "Bolani orqada qoldirmaslik" to'g'risidagi qonunni o'qish talabalarining 72 foizini va matematikada namoyish etgan o'quvchilarning 67 foizini tashkil etdi. 2011 yilda Pensilvaniya maktab okruglarining 46,9 foizi o'quvchilarning natijalariga qarab Adekvat yillik taraqqiyotga (AYP) erishdi. Qo'shimcha 37,8 foiz Pensilvaniya davlat maktablari xavfsiz port deb nomlangan hisoblangan usul asosida AYP, 8,2 foiz o'sish modeli va 0,8 foiz ikki yillik o'rtacha ko'rsatkich bo'yicha.^[26][27] Maktab tumani 2003 yildan 2010 yilgacha har yili AYP maqomiga erishdi.^[28]

Bitiruv darajasi

2014 yilda tumani bitiruv darajasi 87,5 ni tashkil etdi.^[29]

• 2013 - 86.72% ^[30]
• 2012 - 87.22%.^[31]
• 2011 - 91.82%.^[32]
• 2010 yil - 87,22%, Pensilvaniya Ta'lim vazirligi yangi, 4 yillik kohort bitiruv stavkasini e'lon qildi.^[33]

An'anaviy bitiruv darajasi hisob-kitoblariga ko'ra

• 2009 - 95% ^[34]
• 2008 - 98.6% ^[35]
• 2007 - 98.6% ^[36]

O'rta maktab

Penn Cambria High School, Cresson, Linden Avenue 401 da joylashgan. 2014 yilda 9-12-sinflarda 521 nafar o'quvchi ro'yxatdan o'tganligi, 34,93% o'quvchilar oilaviy qashshoqlik sababli bepul tushlik qilish huquqiga ega ekanligi qayd etildi. Bundan tashqari, o'quvchilarning 15,93% maxsus ta'lim xizmatlarini olishdi, 2,7% o'quvchilar esa aniqlandi iqtidorli.^[37] Maktabda 36 nafar o'qituvchi ishlagan.^[38] PA Ta'lim departamentiga muvofiq, o'qituvchilarning 100% federal darajadagi "Yuqori malakali" deb baholandi Orqada bola qolmaydi Harakat. Penn Cambria High School - Penn Cambria School District tomonidan boshqariladigan yagona o'rta maktab.

Ga ko'ra Ta'lim statistikasi milliy markazi, 2012 yilda, maktab 9-dan 12-sinfgacha bo'lgan 527 o'quvchini qamrab olganligi haqida xabar berdi, 140 nafar o'quvchi oilaviy yig'ilish tufayli federal bepul yoki arzonlashtirilgan tushlik qilish huquqiga ega. federal qashshoqlik darajasi. 2012 yilda maktabda 36 ta o'qituvchi ishladi, natijada o'quvchilar va o'qituvchilar nisbati 14: 1 ni tashkil etdi.^[39] Pensilvaniya Ta'lim Departamentining hisobotiga ko'ra, uning 100% o'qituvchilari "Hech bir bola orqada qolmaganligi sababli" "Yuqori malakali" deb baholangan.^[40]

2014 yil maktab faoliyati to'g'risidagi ma'lumot

Penn Cambria High School 100 dan 87,6 ga erishdi. O'qish, matematik va tabiiy yutuqlar haqida fikr yuritadi. O'qish / adabiyotda - 90,9% sinf darajasida. Algebra 1-da 84,5% sinf mahoratini namoyish etdi. Biologiya fanidan 78,9% kurs yakunida fanni tushunishni ko'rsatdi.^[41] Shtat miqyosida litsey o'quvchilarining Algebra I bo'yicha yuqori va yuqori darajaga erishganlari ulushi 39,7% dan 40,1% gacha o'sdi. O'qish / adabiyotni yaxshi biladigan va yuqori darajaga erishgan o'rta maktab o'quvchilarining ulushi 52,5% gacha kamaydi. O'rta maktab o'quvchilarining biologiyani yaxshi va yuqori natijalarga erishganlari ulushi 39,7% dan 41,4% gacha yaxshilandi.^[42]

Pensilvaniya Ta'lim Departamentining ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Pensilvaniya shtatidagi 2947 ta davlat maktablarining 2134 tasi (Pensilvaniya davlat maktablarining 72 foizi) 70 yoki undan yuqori akademik ball to'plagan.^[43] Shtat miqyosidagi maktablarning 53 foizi o'tgan yilga nisbatan kam ball to'plagan, 46 foizi esa yaxshilangan. Bir nechtasi o'zgarishsiz edi.^[44][45]

2013 yil maktab faoliyati haqida ma'lumot

Penn Cambria High School 100 dan 81,7 ga erishdi. O'qish, matematik va tabiiy fanlar bo'yicha o'qishlar. O'qish / adabiyotda - 86% sinf darajasida. Algebra 1-da 70% sinf mahoratini namoyish etdi. Biologiya fanidan 51,5% fanni tushunishni ko'rsatdi.^[46] Pensilvaniya Ta'lim Departamentining ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, 2181 ta davlat maktablari (Pensilvaniya davlat maktablarining 73 foizidan kamrog'i) 70 va undan yuqori akademik ballarga erishgan. Pensilvaniya shtatining 11-sinf o'quvchilari endi PSSA-lardan foydalanishmaydi. Buning o'rniga, 2012 yildan boshlab, ular tegishli kurs oxirida Keystone imtihonlarini topshiradilar.^[47]

AYP tarixi

2012 yilda Penn Cambria High School rad etdi Maktabni takomillashtirish I daraja O'qish va matematikadagi yutuqlar tufayli etarli yillik taraqqiyot (AYP) maqomi.^[48] "Bolani tashlab qo'ymaslik to'g'risida" federal qonunga binoan, maktab ma'muriyati Pensilvaniya Ta'lim Departamenti tomonidan talabalarning maktabdagi eng past ko'rsatkichlarini hal qilish uchun maktabni takomillashtirish rejasini ishlab chiqishi kerak edi. Pensilvaniya hisobot tizimiga ko'ra, maktab okrugi qiynalayotgan o'quvchilar uchun qo'shimcha o'qitish uchun pul to'lashi kerak.^[49] O'rta maktab har yili murojaat qilishi kerak bo'lgan "Maktabni takomillashtirish uchun grantlar" deb nomlangan maqsadli va qo'shimcha mablag 'olish huquqiga ega edi.^[50]

• 2011 yil - Ogohlantirish AYP maqomidan voz kechdi.^[51]
• 2010 yil - AYP maqomiga erishdi^[52]
• 2009 yil - akademik yutuqlari sustligi sababli yana AYP ogohlantiruvchi maqomidan voz kechdi^[53]
• 2007 va 2008 - AYP maqomiga erishdi^[54]
• 2006 yil - Ogohlantirish AYP maqomidan voz kechdi
• 2003-2005 - AYP maqomiga erishdi

PSSA natijalari

Pensilvaniya maktabni baholash tizimi, odatda PSSA deb nomlangan, 2003 yildan 2012 yilgacha Pensilvaniya shtatidagi barcha o'rta maktablarda o'tkazilgan "Bolani tashlab qo'ymaslik to'g'risida" qonuni bilan bog'liq imtihonlar. Imtihonlar har o'quv yilining bahorida o'tkazilgan. Maqsad 2014 yil bahorida 100% o'quvchilar o'qish va matematikadan yaxshiroq yoki yuqori darajalarda bo'lishlari edi. Sinovlarda o'qish, yozish, matematik va tabiiy fanlarning davlat akademik standartlariga e'tibor qaratildi. Tabiatshunoslik imtihoni fan, texnika, ekologiya va atrof-muhitni o'rganish bo'yicha tarkibni o'z ichiga olgan. Matematika imtihoniga quyidagilar kiritilgan: algebra I, algebra II, geometriya va trigonometriya. Standartlar birinchi marta 1998 yilda nashr etilgan va Pensilvaniya shtati Ta'lim kengashi tomonidan majburiy ravishda tasdiqlangan.^[55]2013 yilda Pensilvaniya Hamdo'stligi o'rta maktabdagi baholarini Algebra 1, Reading / adabiyot va Biologiya bo'yicha Keystone imtihonlariga o'zgartirdi. Imtihonlar o'quvchining 11-sinf yilining bahorida emas, balki kursning oxirida beriladi.^[56]

11-sinf o'qish:

• 2012 yil - sinf darajasida 70%, (asosiy darajadan 15% past). Shtat - 11-sinf o'quvchilarining 67% sinf darajasida.^[57]
• 2011 yil - 76% (asosiydan 12% past). Shtat - 69,1%^[58]
• 2010 yil - 67% (asosiydan 16% past). Shtat - 66%^[59]
• 2009 yil - 59% (asosiydan 21% past). Shtat - 65%^[60]
• 2008 yil - 65% (asosiydan 13% past). Shtat - 65%^[61]
• 2007 yil - 73% (asosiydan 14% past). Shtat - 65%^[62]

11-sinf matematikasi:

• 2012 yil - 72% sinf darajasida (19% asosiy darajadan past). Pensilvaniyada 11-sinf o'quvchilarining 59% sinf darajasida.^[63]
• 2011 yil - 69% (asosiydan 12% past). Shtat - 60,3%^[64]
• 2010 yil - 63% (asosiydan 18% past). Shtat - 59%^[65]
• 2009 yil - 59% (asosiydan 20% past). Shtat - 56%^[66]
• 2008 yil - 49% (asosiydan 30% past). Shtat - 56%^[67]
• 2007 yil - 60% (asosiydan 20% past). Shtat - 53%^[68]

11-sinf fanlari:

• 2012 yil - sinf darajasida 53% (asosiy darajadan 10% past). Shtat - 11-sinf o'quvchilarining 42% sinf darajasida bo'lgan.^[69]
• 2011 yil - 56% (asosiydan 11% past). Shtat - 40%^[70]
• 2010 yil - 49% (asosiydan 11% past). Shtat - 39%
• 2009 yil - 38% (asosiydan 18% past). Shtat - 40%^[71]
• 2008 yil - 20% (asosiydan 20% past). Shtat - 39%^[72]
• 2007 yil - talabalar sinovdan o'tkazildi. PDE tomonidan jamoatchilikdan olingan natijalar.

Kollejni qayta tiklash darajasi

2009 yil yanvar oyida e'lon qilingan Pensilvaniya Ta'lim Departamenti tadqiqotiga ko'ra, Penn Kambriya o'rta maktabining 12% bitiruvchilari matematikada yoki o'qishda qayta tiklanishni talab qildilar oldin ular kollej darajasidagi kurslarga borishga tayyor edilar Pensilvaniya shtatidagi oliy ta'lim tizimi yoki jamoat kollejlari.^[73][74] Pensilvaniya shtatidagi to'rt yillik kollejga o'qishga kirgan Pensilvaniya o'rta maktab bitiruvchilarining 66 foizidan kamrog'i olti yil ichida bakalavr darajasiga ega bo'ladi. Dotsentlik darajasiga erishgan Pensilvaniya shtatidagi o'rta maktab bitiruvchilari orasida uch yilda faqat bittasi bitadi.^[75][76] Pensilvaniya shtatidagi Ta'lim departamentiga ko'ra, Pensilvaniya shtatidagi davlat universitetlari va jamoat kollejlarida o'qiyotgan maktab bitiruvchilarining har uchinchisidan bittasi matematika, o'qish yoki ingliz tili bo'yicha kamida bitta tuzatish kursini o'tamoqda.

Ikki kishilik ro'yxatdan o'tish

Penn Cambria High School a taklif etadi ikki kishilik ro'yxatdan o'tish dastur. Ushbu davlat dasturi litsey o'quvchilariga mahalliy oliy o'quv yurtlarida kurslarga borish va kollej kreditlarini olish uchun ruxsat beradi. O'quvchilar o'zlarining o'rta maktablarida o'qiydilar. Kurslar o'rta maktabni tugatish talablariga va kollej darajasiga ega bo'lishga bog'liq. Talabalar o'zlarining o'rta maktablarida mashg'ulotlar va dasturlardan to'liq foydalanish imkoniyatini davom ettirmoqdalar. Kollej kreditlari chegirmali stavkada taqdim etiladi. Penn Cambria School District bilan shartnoma tuzilgan Aloysius tog'i kolleji va Sent-Frensis universiteti ushbu kurslarni taklif qilish. Davlat talabalarga o'qish, to'lovlar va kitoblar xarajatlarida yordam berish uchun kichik grant taklif qildi.^[77] Pensilvaniya transfer va artikulyatsiya to'g'risidagi bitimga binoan, ko'plab Pensilvaniya kollejlari va universitetlari ushbu kreditlarni o'z muassasalariga o'tgan talabalar uchun qabul qiladilar.^[78] Shtat qoidalariga ko'ra, ushbu dasturda okrugda yashovchi, xususiy maktabda, charter maktabida yoki uyda tahsil oladigan boshqa talabalar ishtirok etishlari mumkin.^[79] 2010-11 yilgi byudjetida gubernator Edvard Rendell davlat byudjeti inqirozi tufayli Hamdo'stlikdan kelgan talabalarga beriladigan grantlarni bekor qildi. 2009-10 moliya yili uchun Penn Cambria School District dastur uchun $ 3449 miqdorida davlat grantini oldi.^[80]

AP kurslari Penn Cambria High School taklif qilmadi Kengaytirilgan joylashtirish (AP) kurslari 2013 yoki 2014 yillarda.

Bitiruv talablari

Pensilvaniya shtatidagi 500 ta davlat maktablari orasida bitiruv talablari juda xilma-xil. Penn Cambria Maktab Kengashi o'quvchi bitirishi uchun 26 ta kredit olishi kerakligini belgilab qo'ydi, shu jumladan: har yili ingliz tili, ijtimoiy fanlar, fan, matematikadan 4 yoki 5 ta kredit, san'at / gumanitar fanlar 3 ta kredit, informatika 1 ta kredit, jismoniy Ta'lim / sog'liqni saqlash 2 ta kredit va tanlov bo'yicha 3 ta kredit.

Taxminan yigirma yil davomida Pensilvaniya shtatidagi barcha o'rta maktab o'quvchilari o'rta maktabni tugatish huquqining bir qismi sifatida loyihani bajarishlari kerak edi. Loyihaning turi, uning qat'iyligi va kutishlari alohida maktab tumani tomonidan belgilanadi.^[81] 2017 yilgi bitiruvchilar sinfidan samarali foydalangan holda, Pensilvaniya shtati Ta'lim kengashi talabalarni bitirishi uchun kulminatsion loyihani bajarishi haqidagi davlat vakolatini bekor qildi.^[82]

Pensilvaniya shtati Maktab kengashi qoidalariga ko'ra, 2017 yilgi sinfdan boshlab, davlat maktab o'quvchilari o'rta darajadagi kurs ishlarini muvaffaqiyatli tugatganligini namoyish etishlari kerak Algebra Men, Biologiya, va har bir kurs uchun tegishli Keystone imtihonlarini topshirib ingliz adabiyoti.^[83] Imtihon kurs oxirida beriladi. Keystone imtihonlari 11-sinf uchun PSSA o'rnini egallaydi.^[84]

Talabalar imtihondan o'tish uchun bir nechta imkoniyatlarga ega. Maktablar talabaning muvaffaqiyatli bo'lishiga yordam berish uchun manzilli yordam ko'rsatishga majburdirlar. Bir necha urinishlardan keyin o'tmaganlar bitiruv uchun loyihani amalga oshirishi mumkin.^[85][86] 2019-yilgi sinf uchun kompozitsiya imtihoni qo'shiladi. 2020 sinf uchun fuqarolik va davlat imtihonidan o'tish bitiruv talablariga qo'shiladi.^[87] 2011 yilda Pensilvaniya shtatidagi o'rta maktab o'quvchilari Algebra 1, Biologiya va English Lit imtihonlarini sinovdan o'tkazdilar. Shtat miqyosidagi natijalar quyidagicha: algebra 1 sinflar darajasida 38%, biologiya 35% va ingliz tilida lit - 49% sinflar darajasida.^[88] Shaxsiy talabalar, maktablar yoki tumanlar to'g'risidagi hisobotlar jamoatchilikka etkazilmadi, garchi ular Pensilvaniya Ta'lim Departamenti tomonidan tuman ma'murlariga xabar qilingan bo'lsa. Maxsus ehtiyojlarga ega deb topilgan va Shaxsiy ta'lim dasturi (IEP) talablariga javob beradigan talabalar o'zlarining IEP talablariga javob berib bitirishlari mumkin.

Challenge dasturi

Challenge dasturi Penn Kambriya o'rta maktab o'quvchilari uchun $ 250.00 miqdorida pul imtiyozlarini taqdim etadi: akademik takomillashtirish, davomat, jamoat ishlari va akademik mukammallik. Dastur korxonalar bilan hamkorlikda o'quvchilarni sinf davomida va undan tashqarida o'quvchilarda ta'lim davomida va kelajakdagi kasblarida davom etadigan yaxshi odatlarni rag'batlantirish orqali rag'batlantiradi. 2010-2011 o'quv yili uchun har bir toifadagi eng yaxshi 10% talabalar $ 250.00 yutib olish huquqiga ega bo'ladilar.^[89]

SAT ballari

2014 yilda Penn Kembriya maktabining 91 nafar o'quvchilari qatnashdilar SAT imtihonlar. Tumanning Og'zaki o'rtacha ballari 483. Matematikadan o'rtacha ball 485. Yozish bo'yicha o'rtacha 451 ball.^[90][91] Shtat bo'ylab Pensilvaniya shtatida Og'zaki o'rtacha ball 497 ni tashkil etdi. Matematikadan o'rtacha ball 504 ni tashkil etdi. Yozish bo'yicha o'rtacha ball 480 ni tashkil etdi. Kollej kengashi shuningdek mamlakat miqyosidagi natijalar quyidagilarni tashkil etdi: o'qish bo'yicha 497, matematikadan 513 va yozma ravishda 487.^[92] 2014 yilda Qo'shma Shtatlarda 1 672 395 talaba SAT topshirdi.

2013 yilda Penn Kambriya maktabining 91 nafar o'quvchisi SAT imtihonlarini topshirdilar. Tumanning Og'zaki o'rtacha ballari 488 ni tashkil etdi. Matematikadan o'rtacha ball 496. Yozish bo'yicha o'rtacha ball 457 ni tashkil etdi. Kollej kengashi davlat miqyosidagi ballar: o'qish bo'yicha 494, matematikadan 504 va yozma ravishda 482. Mamlakat miqyosidagi SAT natijalari 2012 yildagiga teng edi.^[93]

2012 yilda Penn Kambriya maktabining 84 nafar o'quvchisi SAT imtihonlarini topshirdilar. Tumanning Og'zaki O'rtacha Bali 483 ni tashkil etdi. Matematikadan o'rtacha ball - 498. Yozish bo'yicha o'rtacha ball - 455. Shtat bo'yicha so'zlashuvchi SAT imtihonlari natijalari: Og'zaki 491, Matematikadan 501, Yozish 480. AQShda 1,65 million talaba imtihon topshirdi. ballar: Og'zaki 496, Matematikadan 514, Yozish 488. Kollej kengashining ma'lumotlariga ko'ra har bir bo'lim bo'yicha maksimal ball 800 ni tashkil etdi va mamlakat bo'ylab 360 talaba mukammal 2400 ball to'pladilar.

2011 yilda Penn Kambriya maktabining 79 nafar o'quvchisi SAT imtihonlarini topshirdilar. Tumanning og'zaki o'rtacha ballari 454. Matematikadan o'rtacha ball 489. Yozish bo'yicha o'rtacha 430 ball.^[94] SAT ballari bilan shtatlar orasida Pensilvaniya 40-o'rinni egalladi: Og'zaki - 493, Matematik - 501, Yozish - 479.^[95] Qo'shma Shtatlarda 2011 yilda 1,65 million talaba imtihon topshirdi. Ular o'rtacha 497 ta (800 ta) og'zaki, 514 ta matematik va 489 ta yozma ravishda.^[96]

Pensilvaniya shtati Bosh assambleyasining tadqiqot guruhi bo'lgan Qishloq Pensilvaniya markazi Pensilvaniya shtatining qishloq joylarida o'quvchilarning SAT ma'lumotlarini shahar o'quvchilari bilan taqqosladi. 2003 yildan 2005 yilgacha Pensilvaniya shtatidagi qishloq o'quvchilari uchun o'rtacha SAT ballari 992 ni tashkil etdi, shaharlik talabalar o'rtacha 1006 ga teng. Xuddi shu davrda qishloq maktablari tumanlarida 11 va 12-sinf o'quvchilarining 28 foizi imtihon topshirdi, shahar o'quvchilarining esa o'sha sinflarda 32 foizi. O'rtacha matematik va og'zaki ballar qishloq o'quvchilari uchun mos ravishda 495 va 497 ni tashkil etgan bo'lsa, shaharlik test topshiruvchilar o'rtacha 499 va 507 ball olishgan. 2004 yilda Pensilvaniya shtatining SAT kompozitsion ballari milliy miqyosda past pog'onani egallagan. SATning 1003 balli jami ballari Pensilvaniya shtatining 50 shtati ichida 44-o'rinni va Vashington, DCni tark etdi.^[97] Pensilvaniya Ta'lim Departamentining xabar berishicha, Pensilvaniya shtatidagi qishloq joylardagi o'quvchilarning 71 foizi 2003 yilda o'rta maktabdan keyin o'qishni davom ettirishni tanlagan, shahar maktablarini tugatganlarning 79 foizi o'qishni davom ettirishni afzal ko'rishgan.

O'rta maktab

Penn Cambria O'rta Maktabi Gallitzin, 401 Division Street-da joylashgan. 2014 yilda 5-8-sinflarda 542 o'quvchi ro'yxatga olindi, ularning 39% o'quvchilari oilaviy qashshoqlik sababli bepul tushlik qilish huquqiga ega bo'lishdi. Bundan tashqari, o'quvchilarning 18% i maxsus ta'lim xizmatlarini olishgan, 1,5% iqtidorli o'quvchilar aniqlangan.^[98] Pensilvaniya shtati Ta'lim departamentining 2014 yilgi hisobotiga ko'ra, uning o'qituvchilarining 100% "Hech qanday bolani tashlab qo'ymaslik" sharti bilan "Yuqori malakali" deb baholangan.^[99] Penn Cambria O'rta Maktabi o'qish ko'nikmalarini mustahkamlash uchun Tezlashtirilgan o'quvchi dasturidan foydalanadi.

Ta'lim bo'yicha milliy statistika markazining ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, 2012 yilda Penn Kambriya o'rta maktabi 5-8-sinflarda 548 o'quvchini qamrab olganligi haqida xabar bergan, 201 nafar o'quvchi oilaviy qashshoqlik sababli federal bepul yoki arzon narxlarda tushlik olgan. Maktabda 34 ta o'qituvchi ishlagan, bu esa talaba-o'qituvchi nisbati 15: 1 ni tashkil etgan.^[100] Pensilvaniya Ta'lim Departamentining hisobotiga ko'ra, uning 100% o'qituvchilari "Hech bir bola orqada qolmaganligi sababli" "Yuqori malakali" deb baholangan.^[101]

2014 yil maktab faoliyati to'g'risidagi ma'lumot

Penn Cambria O'rta Maktabida 100 dan 87 ta natijaga erishildi. O'qish, matematik va tabiiy yutuqlarni aks ettiradi. O'qish / adabiyotda - 74,8% o'qish sinf darajasida. Algebra 1 / Matematika fanidan 80,9% matematikaning dastlabki darajalarini ko'rsatdi. Tabiatshunoslik fanidan 8-sinf o'quvchilarining 66 foizi fan darajasida tushunishni ko'rsatdi. Yozma ravishda 5 va 8-sinf o'quvchilarining 81% sinf darajasida yozish qobiliyatlarini namoyish etdi.^[102]

2013 yil maktab faoliyati haqida ma'lumot

Penn Cambria O'rta Maktabida 100 baldan 78,2 ball to'plandi. O'qish, yozish, matematika va tabiatshunoslik bo'yicha o'qishlar. O'qishda faqat 74% o'quvchilar sinf darajasida o'qiydilar. Matematika / Algebra 1 bo'yicha talabalarning 81% sinf mahoratini namoyish etdi. Tabiatshunoslik bo'yicha 8-sinf o'quvchilarining atigi 70% sinflar darajasida tushunishni namoyish etdi. Yozma ravishda 5 va 8-sinf o'quvchilarining 76,7% sinf darajasida yozish qobiliyatini namoyish etdi.^[103]

AYP tarixi

2011 va 2012 yillarda Penn Kambriya o'rta maktabi AYP maqomiga erishdi.^[104] 2008 yildan 2010 yilgacha Penn Kambriya o'rta maktabi har o'quv yilida AYP maqomiga erishdi. 2007 yilda maktab o'quvchilarining yutuqlari sustligi sababli AYP ogohlantiruvchi maqomidan voz kechdi.^[105] 2003-2006 yillarda Penn Kambriya o'rta maktabi har yili AYP maqomiga erishdi.

PSSA natijalari:

Beshinchi sinf o'quvchilari o'qish, matematika va yozuv bo'yicha sinovdan o'tkaziladi. 5-sinfni sinash davlat tashabbusi bilan 1995 yilda boshlangan. Oltinchi va ettinchi sinflar 2006 yildan beri o'qish va matematikadan sinovdan o'tkazilmoqda (NCLB). Sakkizinchi sinf o'quvchilari: o'qish, yozish, matematika va tabiatshunoslik bo'yicha sinovdan o'tkaziladi. 2013 yil bahoridan boshlab sakkizinchi sinf o'quvchilari, men algebra bo'yicha o'qishga kirgan bo'lsam, I oxirida algebra uchun Keystone imtihonini topshiraman. 8-sinfni o'qish va matematika bo'yicha sinovlari davlat tashabbusi bilan 1995 yilda boshlangan.^[106] Tabiatshunoslik bo'yicha test sinovlari 2007 yilda boshlangan. Maqsad o'quvchilarning 100% o'qish va matematikadan yaxshiroq yoki 2014 yil bahorigacha yaxshiroq bo'lishidir. Sinovlar o'qish, yozish, matematika va tabiiy fanlarning davlat akademik standartlariga qaratilgan.^[107] Standartlar 1998 yilda nashr etilgan va Pensilvaniya shtati Ta'lim kengashi tomonidan tasdiqlangan.^[108] 2014 yilda Pensilvaniya Hamdo'stligi Pensilvaniya asosiy standartlari - Matematikani qabul qildi.^[109]

8-sinf fanlari:

• 2012 yil - sinf darajasida 67% (asosiy darajadan 10% past). Shtat - 59%^[116]
• 2011 yil - 72% (asosiydan 10% past). Shtat - 58,3%
• 2010 yil - 63% (asosiydan 23% past). Shtat - 57% ^[117]
• 2009 yil - 72% (asosiydan 17% past). Shtat - 55% ^[118]
• 2008 yil - 50% (asosiydan 29% past). Shtat - 52% ^[119]
• 2007 yil - sinovdan o'tgan, ammo natijalari jamoatchilikka ma'lum qilinmagan.

O'quvchilarni tashlab ketish to'g'risida erta ogohlantirish tizimi

2013 yilda Penn Cambria School District o'rta maktabda maktabni tashlab ketishining oldini olish to'g'risida Erta ogohlantirish tizimi va aralashuvlar katalogini amalga oshirmagan.^[124] Jarayon o'quvchining o'qishi: darsga qatnashishi, o'zini tutishi va darsdagi baholarini o'rganish orqali maktabni tark etish xavfi ostida bo'lgan talabalarni aniqlaydi. Xavfli o'quvchilarning maktabda qolishiga yordam berish uchun tadbirlar amalga oshiriladi. Dastur federal va xususiy dollarlar tomonidan moliyalashtiriladi.^[125]

O'rta maktab

Penn Cambria O'rta Maktabi Lilly shahridagi Vud ko'chasi, 376-uyda joylashgan. 2014 yilda maktabga 3 va 4-sinflarda 271 nafar o'quvchi tashrif buyurgan, 43% o'quvchilar oilaviy qashshoqlik tufayli federal bepul yoki arzon narxlarda ovqatlanishgan. Bundan tashqari, o'quvchilarning 17 foizi maxsus ta'lim xizmatlarini olishadi, ammo ularning hech biri iqtidorli deb topilmaydi.^[126] Pensilvaniya shtati Ta'lim departamentining hisobotiga ko'ra, o'qituvchilarning 97% "Bolalarni orqada qoldirmaslik" bo'yicha yuqori malakaga ega bo'lishgan.^[127] Maktab federal darajada belgilangan I sarlavha maktab.

Ta'lim milliy statistika markazining ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, 2012 yilda 3 va 4-sinflarda 273 nafar o'quvchilar ro'yxatga olingan, 110 nafar o'quvchilar bepul yoki arzonlashtirilgan tushlik qilishgan. Maktabda 20 ta o'qituvchi mehnat qildi, bu esa talaba-o'qituvchi nisbati 13: 1 ni tashkil etdi.^[128] Pensilvaniya shtati Ta'lim departamentining hisobotiga ko'ra, uning 3% o'qituvchilari "Bolalarni tashlab qo'ymaslik to'g'risida" federal qonunga binoan "Yuqori malakaga ega emas" deb baholangan.^[129]

2014 yil maktab faoliyati to'g'risidagi ma'lumot

Penn Cambria O'rta Maktabida 100 baldan 78,3 ball to'plandi. Ballar darajasi: o'qish, tabiatshunoslik, yozuv va matematikaning yutuqlari darajasida aks etadi. 2013-14 yillarda o'quvchilarning 80% i 3-4-sinflarda sinf darajasida o'qiydilar. 3-sinfda 78% o'quvchilar sinf darajasida o'qishdi. Matematikada 90% sinf darajasida (3-4-sinflar) bo'lgan. Tabiatshunoslikning 4-sinfida 92% o'quvchilar sinflar darajasida tushunishni namoyish etdilar.^[130]

2013 yil maktab faoliyati haqida ma'lumot

Penn Cambria O'rta maktabida 100 baldan 75,1 ball to'plandi. Ballar darajasi: o'qish, fan, yozma va matematik yutuqlar darajasida aks etadi. 2012-13 yillarda o'quvchilarning 81% 3 va 4-sinflarda sinf darajasida o'qigan. 3-sinfda 87% o'quvchilar sinf darajasida o'qishdi. Matematikada 90,7% sinf darajasida (3-4-sinflar). Tabiatshunoslikning 4-sinfida o'quvchilarning atigi 82 foizi sinflar darajasida tushunishni namoyish etdi.^[131]

AYP holati tarixi

2012 yilda Penn Cambria O'rta Maktabi, o'qishdagi muvaffaqiyatsizligi sababli AYP-ning ogohlantiruvchi maqomidan voz kechdi.^[132] 2011 yilda Penn Cambria O'rta Maktabida Yillik Progress (AYP) maqomiga erishildi.^[133]

• 2010 yil - Ogohlantirish AYP maqomida qoldi^[134]
• 2009 yil - o'qishdagi muvaffaqiyatsizligi sababli AYP ogohlantiruvchi maqomidan voz kechdi^[135]
• 2003-2007 - har o'quv yilida AYP maqomiga erishdi^[136]

PSSA tarixi

Har yili bahorda 3-sinf o'quvchilari matematika va o'qish bo'yicha PSSA-larga kirishadi. To'rtinchi sinf o'qish, matematika va tabiiy fanlardan sinovdan o'tkaziladi. PSSAlar 2003 yildan boshlanib, 3-8-sinflarning barcha Pensilvaniya shtatidagi maktab o'quvchilarida o'tkazilgan "Bolani tashlab qo'ymaslik to'g'risida" qonuni bilan bog'liq imtihonlardir.^[137] Maqsad 2014 yil bahoriga qadar 100% o'quvchilar o'qish va matematikadan yaxshiroq yoki yuqori darajada bo'lishlari edi.^{[138][139][140]} Sinovlar o'qish, yozish, matematika va tabiiy fanlarning davlat akademik standartlariga qaratildi. Tabiatshunoslik imtihoni 4-sinflarga beriladi va fan, texnika, ekologiya va atrof-muhitni o'rganish.^[141]

4-sinf fanlari

• 2012 yil - 87%, (asosiydan 4% past). Shtat - 82%
• 2011 yil - 94%, (asosiydan 1% past). Shtat - 82,9%
• 2010 yil - 87%, (asosiydan 4% past). Shtat - 81%
• 2009 yil - 93%, (asosiydan 2% past). Shtat - 83%
• 2008 yil - 90%, (asosiydan 0% past). Shtat - 81%

Boshlang'ich maktab

Penn Cambria boshlang'ich maktabi Lilli shahridagi 400 ta asosiy ko'chada joylashgan. 2014 yilda maktabga 1 va 2-sinflarda 277 o'quvchi tashrif buyurgan, 45,8% o'quvchilar oilaviy qashshoqlik sababli federal bepul yoki arzon narxlarda ovqatlanishgan. Bundan tashqari, o'quvchilarning 16,6 foizi maxsus ta'lim xizmatlarini oladi, 1 foizdan kamrog'i iqtidorli deb topiladi.^[149] Pensilvaniya Ta'lim Departamentining hisobotiga ko'ra, o'qituvchilarning 100 foizi "Bolalarni orqada qoldirmang" da yuqori malakaga ega bo'lishdi.^[150] Maktab federal darajada belgilangan I sarlavha maktab.

Ta'lim bo'yicha milliy statistika markazining ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, 2012 yilda 1 va 2-sinflarda 263 nafar o'quvchilar ro'yxatga olingan, 107 nafar o'quvchilar bepul yoki arzonlashtirilgan tushlik qilishgan. Maktabda 18 ta o'qituvchi ishlagan, bu esa talaba-o'qituvchi nisbati 14: 1 ni tashkil etgan.^[151] Pensilvaniya Ta'lim Departamenti hisobotiga ko'ra, uning o'qituvchilarining 100% "Bolalarni tashlab qo'ymaslik to'g'risida" federal qonunga binoan "Yuqori malakali" deb baholangan.^[152]

AYP holati

Ushbu maktab davlat tomonidan Oziqlantiruvchi maktab deb hisoblanadi. Bu degani, u 3-sinfdan past baholarni beradi. U o'quvchilariga PSSA yubormaydi. Ushbu maktab 3-sinf PSSA natijalari tufayli javobgarlikka tortiladigan maktablarga kirganligi sababli, ushbu maktab tuman natijalariga ko'ra AYP natijalarini oladi. 2008 va undan oldingi yillarda maktabda o'qish va matematikadan sinovdan o'tgan 3-sinf mavjud edi. O'sha yillarda maktab 2003 yildan 2008 yilgacha AYP maqomiga erishdi.^[153]

PSSA natijalari:

Maktabgacha yoshdagi maktab

Penn Cambria maktabgacha ta'lim maktabi Kresson 6-ko'chasi, 205-uyda joylashgan. 2014 yilda maktabga maktabgacha va bolalar bog'chasida 144 nafar o'quvchi qamrab olingan, 43,7% o'quvchilar oilaviy qashshoqlik tufayli federal bepul yoki arzonlashtirilgan ovqat bilan ta'minlangan. O'quvchilarning hech biri maxsus ta'lim xizmatlaridan foydalanmaydi va iqtidorli deb topilmagan.^[156] Pensilvaniya Ta'lim Departamentining hisobotiga ko'ra, o'qituvchilarning 100 foizi "Bolalarni orqada qoldirmang" da yuqori malakaga ega bo'lishdi. Maktab kunlik bolalar bog'chasi bilan ta'minlaydi. Tuman 2003 yildan beri davlat granti mablag'lari hisobidan to'la kunlik bolalar bog'chasini ta'minladi.^[157] Maktab federal darajada tayinlangan I nomli maktab emas.

Ta'lim bo'yicha milliy statistika markazining ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, 2012 yilda maktabgacha va bolalar bog'chasida 172 nafar o'quvchi ro'yxatdan o'tgan, 74 nafar o'quvchi tushlik bepul yoki arzonlashtirilgan. Maktabda 9,7 o'qituvchi ishlagan, bu esa talaba-o'qituvchi nisbati 17: 1 ni tashkil etgan.^[158] Pensilvaniya Ta'lim Departamentining hisobotiga ko'ra, uning o'qituvchilarining 100 foizi "Bolalarni tashlab qo'ymaslik to'g'risida" federal qonunga binoan "Yuqori malakaga ega bo'lmagan" deb baholangan.^[159] Maktab barcha o'quvchilarini to'liq kunlik bolalar bog'chasi bilan ta'minladi.^[160] Maktab federal darajada tayinlangan I nomli maktab edi. 2007-08 yillarda maktab bolalar bog'chasi va birinchi sinflarni ta'minladi.^[161]

Maxsus ta'lim

2013 yil dekabr oyida tuman ma'muriyati 291 o'quvchi yoki tuman o'quvchilarining 16,5 foizini olganligini xabar qildi maxsus ta'lim xizmatlar, aniqlangan o'quvchilarning 47 foizida aniq bir o'qish qobiliyati yo'q.^[162] 2009 yil dekabr oyida tuman ma'muriyati 280 o'quvchi yoki tuman o'quvchilarining 16 foizini maxsus ta'lim xizmatlari olganligi, aniqlangan o'quvchilarning 53 foizida aniq o'qish qobiliyati yo'qligi haqida xabar berdi. Hamdo'stlikdagi maxsus ta'lim xizmatlari uch yoshdan 21 yoshgacha bo'lgan o'quvchilarga taqdim etiladi. 2010-2011 o'quv yilida talabalarning umumiy soni 1,78 milliondan ziyod o'quvchini tashkil etdi va 275 ming talaba maxsus ta'lim xizmatlariga ega bo'lishdi. Ushbu talabalar orasida 18.959 aqliy zaiflik va 21.245 talaba autizm bilan aniqlandi.^[163] O'quvchilarning eng katta guruhi 126 026 o'quvchi (46,9 foiz) va 43542 o'quvchi (16,2 foiz) ishtirokidagi nutq yoki til buzilishi deb belgilangan.

2007 yilda Pensilvaniya shtatining ta'lim bo'yicha kotibi Jerald Zaxorchak Pensilvaniya uyining ta'lim bo'yicha qo'mitasida kun bo'yi bolalar bog'chasi to'g'risida guvohlik berdi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, dasturni taklif qilgan tumanlarda erta aniqlash va erta aralashuv tufayli maxsus ta'lim talabalari sezilarli darajada kamayadi. U to'liq kunlik bolalar bog'chasining yuqori narxini tumanlar tomonidan maxsus maxsus ta'lim xarajatlarining o'rnini qoplashini ta'kidladi.^[164] Penn Cambria School District has seen an increase in the percentage of special education students it serves, yielding no savings.

In order to comply with state and federal Nogironlar to'g'risida ta'lim to'g'risidagi qonun rules and regulations, the school district engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress.^[165] To identify students who may be eligible for special education services, various screening activities are conducted on an ongoing basis. These screening activities include: review of group-based data (cumulative records, enrollment records, health records, report cards, ability and achievement test scores); hearing, vision, motor, and speech/language screening; and review by the Special Education administration.^[166] When screening results suggest that the student may be eligible, the district seeks parental consent to conduct a multidisciplinary evaluation. Parents who suspect their child is eligible may verbally request a multidisciplinary evaluation from a professional employee of the district or contact the district's Special Education Department.^{[167][168][169]} The IDEA 2004 requires each school entity to publish a notice to parents, in newspapers or other media, including the student handbook and website regarding the availability of screening and intervention services and how to access them.

In 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for special education services. This funding was in addition to the state's basic education per pupil funding, as well as, all other state and federal funding.^[170] The Special Education funding structure is through the federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) funds and state appropriations. IDEA funds are appropriated to the state on an annual basis and distributed through intermediate units (IUs) to school districts, while state funds are distributed directly to the districts. Total funds that are received by school districts are calculated through a formula. The Pennsylvania Department of Education oversees four appropriations used to fund students with special needs: Special Education; Approved Private Schools; Pennsylvania Chartered Schools for the Deaf and Blind; and Early Intervention. The Pennsylvania Special Education funding system assumes that 16% of the district's students receive special education services. It also assumes that each student's needs accrue the same level of costs.^[171] Over identification of students, in order to increase state funding, has been an issue in the Commonwealth. Some districts have more than 20% of its students receiving special education services while others have 10% supported through special education.^[172] The state requires each public school district and charter school to have a three-year special education plan to meet the unique needs of its special education students.^[173] In 2012, the Obama Administration's US Department of Education issued a directive requiring schools include students with disabilities in extracurricular activities, including sports.^[174]

The Penn Cambria School District received a $1,147,929 supplement for special education services in 2010.^[175] For the 2011–12, 2012–13 and 2013-14 school years, all Pennsylvania public school districts received the same level of funding for special education that they received in 2010-11. This level funding is provided regardless of changes in the number of pupils who need special education services and regardless of the level of services the respective students required.^[176][177] For the 2014-2015 school year, PCSD received an increase to $1,167,239 from the Commonwealth for special education funding.^[178] Additionally, the state provides supplemental funding for extraordinarily impacted students. The district must apply for this added funding.

In 2013, the state's Special Education Funding Reform Commission provided a report on the state of funding for special education in the Commonwealth.^[179] Funding for special education programs is borne largely on a local basis at 60%, with the state contributing $1 billion or 30% and the federal government providing 10% of the funding.

Iqtidorli ta'lim

The Penn Cambria District Administration reported that 36 or 2.08% of its students were gifted in 2009. The highest percentage of gifted students reported among all 500 school districts and 100 public charter schools in Pennsylvania was Shimoliy Allegheny maktab okrugi with 15.5% of its students identified as gifted.^[180] By law, the district must provide mentally gifted programs at all grade levels. The referral process for a gifted evaluation can be initiated by teachers or parents by contacting the student's building principal and requesting an evaluation. All requests must be made in writing. To be eligible for mentally gifted programs in Pennsylvania, a student must have a cognitive ability of at least 130 as measured on a standardized ability test by a certified school psychologist. Other factors that indicate giftedness will also be considered for eligibility.^[181][182]

Byudjet

Pennsylvania public school districts budget and expend funds according to procedures mandated by the General Assembly and the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE). An annual operating budget is prepared by school district administrative officials. A uniform form is furnished by the PDE and submitted to the board of school directors for approval prior to the beginning of each fiscal year on July 1.

Under Pennsylvania's Taxpayer Relief Act, Act 1 of the Special Session of 2006, all school districts of the first class A, second class, third class and fourth class must adopt a preliminary budget proposal. The proposal must include estimated revenues and expenditures and the proposed tax rates. This proposed budget must be considered by the board no later than 90 days prior to the date of the election immediately preceding the fiscal year. The preliminary budget proposal must also be printed and made available for public inspection at least 20 days prior to its adoption. The board of school directors may hold a public hearing on the budget, but are not required to do so. The board must give at least 10 days’ public notice of its intent to adopt the final budget according to Act 1 of 2006.^[183]

In 2013, the average teacher salary in Penn Cambria School District was $53,008 a year.^[184] The district employed 203 teachers with a top salary of $119,189.^[185][186] Penn Cambria School District teacher and administrator retirement benefits are equal to at least 2.00% x Final Average Salary x Total Credited Service. (Some teachers benefits utilize a 2.50% benefit factor.)^[187] After 40 years of service, a teacher can retire with 100% of the average salary of their final 3 years of employment. According to a study conducted at the American Enterprise Institute, in 2011, public school teachers’ total compensation is roughly 50 percent higher than they would likely receive in the private sector. The study found that the most generous benefits that teachers receive are not accounted for in many studies of compensation including: pension, retiree health benefits and job security.^[188]

In 2009, the Penn Cambria School District reported employing 147 teachers and administrators with a median salary of $52,085 and a top salary of $106,475.^[189] The teacher's work day is 7.5 hours including a 30-minute work day, with 185 days in the contract year. Teachers are scheduled one preparation period per day. The teachers receive a defined benefit pension, health insurance, 5 paid bereavement days, professional development reimbursement, 3 paid personal days, 10 paid sick days, sabbatical leave of up to one year at one half their salary and continued benefits and other benefits.^[190]

Administrative costs Penn Cambria School District administrative costs per pupil in 2008 was $803.40 per pupil. The lowest administrative cost per pupil in Pennsylvania was $398 per pupil.^[191] The Pennsylvania School Boards Association collects and maintains statistics on salaries of public school district employees in Pennsylvania. Superintendents and administrators receive a benefit package commensurate with that offered to the district's teachers' union.^[192]

O'quvchining harajatlari In 2008, the Penn Cambria School District administration reported that per-pupil spending was $11,612 which ranked 324th among Pennsylvania's then 501 public school districts. By 2010, the district's per-pupil spending had increased to $12,663.31.^[193] In 2013, the per-pupil spending was reported as $11,927.53.^[194] In 2011, Pennsylvania's per-pupil spending was $13,467, ranking 6th in the United States.^[195] In 2007, the Pennsylvania per pupil total expenditures was reported as $12,759.^[196]

The U.S. Census Bureau reported that Pennsylvania spent $8,191 per pupil in school year 2000-01.^[197] In 2007, the Pennsylvania per pupil total expenditures was reported as $12,759.^[198] Among the fifty states, Pennsylvania's total per pupil revenue (including all sources) ranked 11th at $15,023 per student, in 2008-09.^[199] Pennsylvania's total revenue per pupil rose to $16,186 ranking 9th in the nation in 2011.^[200]

Zaxira In 2008, Penn Cambria School District reported a balance of $2,751,950, in its unreserved-designated fund. The unreserved-undesignated fund balance was reported as $1,649,727.^[201] In 2010, Penn Cambria School District Administration reported $1,750,811 in the unreserved-undesignated fund balance. The district also reported $5,000,000 in its unreserved-designated fund in 2010. Pennsylvania public school district reserve funds are divided into two categories – designated and undesignated. The undesignated funds are not committed to any planned project. Designated funds and any other funds, such as capital reserves, are allocated to specific projects. School districts are required by state law to keep 5 percent of their annual spending in the undesignated reserve funds to preserve bond ratings. According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, from 2003 to 2010, as a whole, Pennsylvania school districts amassed nearly $3 billion in reserved funds.^[202] In 2005, the total reserve funds held by Pennsylvania public school districts was $1.9 billion.^[203] By 2013, reserves held by Pennsylvania public school districts, as a whole, had increased to over $3.8 billion.^{[204][205][206]}

Audit In January 2013, the Pennsylvania Auditor General conducted a performance audit of the district. The findings were reported to the school board and the district's administration.^[207] The district was also audited by the state in March 2010.^[208]

O'qish Students who live in the district's attendance area may choose to attend one of Pennsylvania's 157 public charter schools. A student living in a neighboring public school district or a foreign exchange student may seek admission to Area School District. For these cases, the Pennsylvania Department of Education sets an annual tuition rate for each school district. It is the amount the public school district pays to a charter school for each resident student that attends the charter and it is the amount a nonresident student's parents must pay to attend the district's schools. The 2013 tuition rates are elementary school - $7,437, high school - $8,849.^[209]

Penn Cambria School District is funded by a combination of: a local earned income tax 1%,^[210] a Local Services Tax, 2 per capita taxes, an Occupation tax, a business privilege tax, a property tax, a real estate transfer tax 0.5%, coupled with substantial funding from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and a small amount, generally 10% of its budget from the federal government.^[211] Grants can provide an opportunity to supplement school funding without raising local taxes. Interest earnings on accounts also provide nontax income to the district. In the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, pension income and Social Security income are exempted from state personal income tax and local earned income tax, regardless of the level of the individual's personal wealth.^[212] The average Pennsylvania public school teacher pension in 2011 exceeds $60,000 a year plus they receive federal Social Security benefits: both are free of Pennsylvania state income tax and local income tax which funds local public schools.^[213]

State basic education funding

According to a report from Representative Todd Stivens office, Penn Cambria School District receives 64.8% of its annual revenue from the state.^[214] This exceeds the education advocates stated goal of the Commonwealth providing 50% of district funding.^[215]

For the 2014-15 school year, Penn Cambria School District received $9,299,669 in State Basic Education funding. The district received an additional $124,043 in new Ready To Learn Block grant. The State's enacted Education Budget includes $5,526,129,000 for the 2014-2015 Basic Education Funding.^[216] The Education budget also includes Accountability Block Grant funding at $100 million and $241 million in new Ready to Learn funding for public schools that focus on student achievement and academic success. The State is paying $500.8 million to Social Security on the school employees behalf and another $1.16 billion to the state teachers pension system (PSERS). In total, Pennsylvania's Education budget for K-12 public schools is $10 billion. This was a $305 million increase over 2013-2014 state spending and the greatest amount ever allotted by the Commonwealth for its public schools.^[217]

In the 2013-2014 school year, the Penn Cambria School District received a 1.4% increase or $9,296,449 in Pennsylvania Basic Education Funding. This is $126,618 more than its 2012-13 state BEF to the district. Additionally, Penn Cambria School District received $121,843 in Accountability Block Grant (ABG) funding to focus on academic achievement and level funding for special education services. Among the public school districts in Cambria County, Westmont Hilltop School District received the highest percentage increase in BEF at 2.5%. The district had the option of applying for several other state and federal grants to increase revenues. The Commonwealth's budget increased Basic Education Funding statewide by $123 million to over $5.5 billion. Most of Pennsylvania's 500 public school districts received an increase of Basic Education Funding in a range of 0.9% to 4%. Eight public school districts received exceptionally high funding increases of 10% to 16%. The highest increase in state funding was awarded to Austin Area School District which received a 22.5% increase in Basic Education Funding.^[218] The highest percent of state spending per student is in the Chester-Upland district, where roughly 78 percent comes from state coffers. In Philadelphia, it is nearly 49 percent.^[219] As a part of the education budget, the state provided the PSERS (Pennsylvania school employee pension fund) with $1,017,000,000 and Social Security payments for school employees of $495 million.^[220]

For the 2012-13 school year, Penn Cambria School District received $9,169,831.13.^[221] The Governor's Executive Budget for 2012-2013 included $9.34 billion for kindergarten through 12th grade public education, including $5.4 billion in basic education funding, which was an increase of $49 million over the 2011-12 budget. In addition, the Commonwealth provided $100 million for the Accountability Block Grant (ABG) program. Penn Cambria School District received $121,843 in Accountability Block Grant funding. The State also provided a $544.4 million payment for School Employees’ Social Security and $856 million for School Employees’ Retirement fund called PSERS.^[222] This amount was a $21,823,000 increase (0.34%) over the 2011-2012 appropriations for Basic Education Funding, School Employees' Social Security, Pupil Transportation, Nonpublic and Charter School Pupil Transportation. Since taking office, Corbett's first two budgets have restored more than $918 million in support of public schools, compensating for the $1 billion in federal stimulus dollars lost at the end of the 2010-11 school year.

For the 2011-12 school year, Penn Cambria School District received a $9,169,831.13 allocation, of state Basic Education Funding.^[223][224] Additionally, the Penn Cambria School District received $330,711 in Accountability Block Grant funding. The enacted Pennsylvania state Education budget included $5,354,629,000 for the 2011-2012 Basic Education Funding appropriation. This amount was a $233,290,000 increase (4.6%) over the enacted State appropriation for 2010-2011.^[225] The highest increase in state basic education funding was awarded to Duquesne City School District of Allegheny County, which got a 49% increase in state funding for 2011-12.^[226] In 2010, the district reported that 627 students received free or reduced-price lunches, due to the family meeting the federal poverty level.^[227] Some Pennsylvania public school districts experienced a reduction of total funding due to the termination of federal stimulus funding which ended in 2011.

In the 2010-11 budget year, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania provided a 3.92% increase in Basic Education Funding for a total of $9,867,036. Among the districts in Cambria County, the highest increase went to Westmont Hilltop School District which got a 10.14% increase. One hundred fifty Pennsylvania school districts received the base 2% increase. The highest increase in 2010-11 went to Kennett Consolidated School District yilda Chester okrugi, which received a 23.65% increase in state funding.^[228] Fifteen (15) Pennsylvania public school districts received a BEF increase of greater than 10%. The state's hold harmless policy regarding state basic education funding continued where each district received at least the same amount as it received the prior school year, even when enrollment had significantly declined. The amount of increase each school district received was set by Governor Edward Rendell and then Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak, as a part of the state budget proposal given each February. This was the second year of Governor Rendell's policy to fund some public school districts at a far greater rate than others.^[229]

In the 2009-10 budget year, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania provided a 3.54% increase in Basic Education Funding for a total of $9,494,415. Among the districts in Cambria County, the highest increase went to Westmont Hilltop School District which got an 8.22%. Ninety (90) Pennsylvania public school districts received the base 2% increase. Muhlenberg School District yilda Berks okrugi received a 22.31% increase in state basic education funding in 2009.^[230] The amount of increase each school district received was set by Governor Edward G. Rendell and the Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak, as a part of the state budget proposal.^[231]

The state Basic Education Funding to the Penn Cambria School District in 2008-09 was $9,169,831. Ga ko'ra Pensilvaniya Ta'lim bo'limi, 712 district students received free or reduced- price lunches due to low family income in the 2007–2008 school year.^[232] According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Pennsylvania spent $7,824 Per Pupil in the year 2000. This amount increased up to $12,085 by the year 2008.^[233][234]

All Pennsylvania public school districts also receive additional funding from the state through several funding allocations, including: Reimbursement of Charter School Expenditures; Special Education Funding; Secondary Career & Technical Education Subsidy; PA Accountability Grants; and low achieving schools were eligible for Educational Assistance Program Funding. Plus all Pennsylvania school districts receive federal dollars for various programs including: Special Education funding and Title I funding for children from low income families. In 2010, Pennsylvania spent over $24 billion for public education - local, state and federal dollars combined.^[235] By 2015, Pennsylvania was spending over $27 billion on public education (local, state and federal resources combined).^[236]

Accountability Block Grants

Beginning in 2004-2005, the state launched the Accountability Block Grant school funding. This program has provided $1.5 billion to Pennsylvania's school districts. The Accountability Block Grant program requires that its taxpayer dollars are focused on specific interventions that are most likely to increase student academic achievement. These interventions include: teacher skills training; All Day Kindergarten; lower class size in Kindergarten through 3rd grade; literacy and math coaching programs (provides teachers with individualized job-embedded professional development to improve their instruction); before or after school tutoring assistance to struggling students. For 2010-11, the Penn Cambria School District applied for and received $330,711 in addition to all other state and federal funding. The district used the funding to provide full-day kindergarten.^[237][238] In 2009, 100% of the kindergarteners in Penn Cambria School District attended full-day kindergarten.^[239] In 2011-2012 and 2012-2013, the district received $121,843.^[240]

Ready to Learn grant

Beginning in the 2014-2015 budget, the State funded a new Ready to Learn Grant for public schools. A total of $100 million is allocated through a formula to districts based on the number of students, level of poverty of community as calculated by its market value/personal income aid ratio (MV/PI AR) and the number of English language learners. Ready to Learn Block Grant funds may be used by the districts for: school safety; Ready by 3 early childhood intervention programs; individualized learning programs; and science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) programs.^[241] Penn Cambria School District received $124,043 in Ready to Learn Grant dollars in addition to State Basic Education funding, Special Education funding, PreK Counts funding, reimbursement for Social Security payments for employees and other state grants which the district must apply to receive.

PreK Counts grant

Penn Cambria School District receives state funding to provide taxpayer-funded preschool at the elementary schools. For the 2013-14 school year, Penn Cambria received a Pre K Counts grant of $133,620.^[242] For the 2011 school year, Penn Cambria School District was a high priority for funding due to the 39% poverty level of children in the district's attendance area.^{[243][244][245]} Enrollment for Pennsylvania Pre-K Counts is targeted to children living in families earning up to 300 percent of the federal poverty level.

In 2013, the state's PreK Counts program received $87,284,000. In 2010, the PreK Counts program received $83.6 million statewide in Governor Corbett's education budget. In 2007-08 the state funded Pre-K Counts at $75 million. Penn Cambria School District received state funding in 2007-08.^[246] In 2009-10, the district received $120,955 to provide preschool to 24 children.^[247][248]

In addition to PreK Counts, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania also supplements the federal Head Start preschool program with an additional funding on an annual basis. The program is available to low income children residing within the district through private providers. In 2013, Pennsylvania contributed $39,178,000 to Head Start. In 2010, Head Start received $37.6 million in Pennsylvania state education dollars. Since 2003, Pennsylvania has more than doubled the number of preschoolers in publicly funded pre-kindergarten through a multipronged system including: school-based pre-kindergarten, Pennsylvania Pre-K Counts through private providers, Early Intervention, Head Start and Head Start Supplemental, and the school district's use of Accountability Block Grants. Over 100,000 Pennsylvania preschoolers participate in state taxpayer funded pre-kindergarten programs. In 2013, the federal government spent $8 billion for preschool programs nationwide.^[249] In 2013, Pennsylvania was awarded a $51.7 million federal grant to fund early learning programs.^[250] The funding will be used to create 50 Early Childhood Education Community Innovation Zones in areas where the lowest-performing public schools, including charter schools, exist. The federal dollars were not be used to provide seats for children in preschools. Instead the money was used to build state bureaucracy and added training for teachers/providers.^[251]

Kelajak uchun o'quv xonalari

"Kelajak uchun sinf" davlat dasturi tumanlarga davlatning yuz minglab qo'shimcha mablag'larini ajratib, har bir asosiy o'quv dasturi uchun o'rta maktab (ingliz tili, fan, tarix, matematika) uchun noutbuk kompyuterlarini sotib olishga imkon berdi va kompyuterlardan foydalanishni optimallashtirish uchun o'qituvchilarni o'qitish uchun pul to'ladi. The program was funded from 2006 to 2009. The Penn Cambria School District received $99,449, in 2006-07. The district received another $241,143, in 2007-08. Finally, the district received $26,468 in 2008-09.^[252] Among the public school districts in Cambria County, the highest award was given to Greater Johnstown School District which received $463,166. Shtat bo'ylab eng yuqori mablag 'taqdirlandi Filadelfiya shahar maktab okrugi yilda Filadelfiya okrugi - 9 409 073 dollar. The grant program was discontinued by Governor Edward Rendell as part of the 2009-10 state budget.

Environmental Education Grant

The Environmental Education Grant Program was established by the Environmental Education Act of 1993, which mandates that 5 percent of all pollution fines and penalties collected annually by the Department of Environmental Protection be set aside for environmental education. In 2012, Penn Cambria School District was awarded $2,950.^[253]

Literacy Grant

Penn Cambria School District was awarded a $280,332 competitive literacy grant. It is to be used to improve reading skills birth through 12th grade. The district was required to develop a lengthy literacy plan, which included outreach into the community. The funds come from a Striving Readers Comprehensive Literacy grant, also referred to as the Keystones to Opportunity grant It is a five-year, competitive federal grant program designed to assist local education agencies in developing and implementing local comprehensive literacy plans. Of the 329 pre-applications by school districts reviewed by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, School District was one of only 148 entities that were invited to submit a full application. In Cambria County, one other school district was awarded funding for one year.^[254] The funds must be used for teacher training, student screening and assessment, targeted interventions for students reading below grade level and research-based methods of improving classroom instruction and practice. Districts must hire literacy coaches. The coaches work with classroom teachers to enhance their literacy teaching skills. Pennsylvania was among six other states, out of the 35 that applied, to be awarded funding. Pennsylvania received $38 million through the federal program. The Department of Education reserved 5% of the grant for administration costs at the state level. The top Pennsylvania grant recipient was Pittsburgh School District which was awarded $1,9983,014.

Education Assistance Grant

The state's EAP funding provides for the continuing support of tutoring services and other programs to address the academic needs of eligible students. Funds are available to eligible school districts and full-time career and technology centers (CTC) in which one or more schools have failed to meet at least one academic performance target, as provided for in Section 1512-C of the Pennsylvania Public School Code. In 2010-11, Penn Cambria School District received $40,501.^[255] In 2003-04, Governor Rendell signed into law the EAP for targeted tutoring at a funding level of $38 million. Almost 35,000 students in 82 academically challenged school districts received extra help in the first year. The program was continued at the same funding level in 2004-05. In 2005-06, the program received $66 million in funding and expanded to support tutoring in 175 school districts and Career and Technical Centers.

Project 720

Project 720 was a high school reform program implemented for three years under the Rendell administration. The intent was to increase academic rigor and improve the instruction of teachers in the Commonwealth's high schools. Teachers were expected to use data driven instructional practices and to meet the needs of diverse learners.^[256] The 720 in the name referred to the number of days a student was in high school in ninth through 12th grades. High school's applied for funding and were required to agree to report to the PDE their plans, their actions and the outcomes. In 2007-08 budget year, the Commonwealth provided $11 million in funding. Penn Cambria School District was one of 161 PA public school districts to apply, receiving $67,000 funding over three years.^[257][258] For 2010-11, Project 720 funding was decreased to $1.7 million by Governor Rendell. The grant program was discontinued by Governor Rendell effective with the 2011-12 state budget.^[259]

Other grants

Penn Cambria School District did not participate in: PA Science Its Elementary grants (discontinued effective with 2009-10 budget by Governor Rendell);^[260] 2013 Safe Schools and Resource Officer grants; 2012 and 2013 Pennsylvania Hybrid Learning Grants;^[261] nor the federal 21st Century Learning grants.

Federal Stimulus grant

The district received an extra $2,243,342 in Amerikaning 2009 yilgi tiklanish va qayta investitsiya to'g'risidagi qonuni (ARRA) - Federal Stimulus money to be used in specific programs like special education and meeting the academic needs of low-income students.^[262][263] The funding was limited to the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 school years.^[264] Due to the temporary nature of the funding, schools were repeatedly advised by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, the Pennsylvania Senate Education Committee, the Governor and the Pennsylvania School Board Association, to use the funds for one-time expenditures like acquiring equipment, making repairs to buildings, training teachers to provide more effective instruction or purchasing books and software.

Race to the Top grant

Penn Cambria School District officials applied for the federal Race to the Top grant which would have provided one-half million dollars, in additional federal funding, to improve student academic achievement.^[265] Participation required the administration, the school board and the local teachers' union to sign an agreement to prioritize improving student academic success. In Pennsylvania, 120 public school districts and 56 charter schools agreed to participate.^[266] Pennsylvania was not approved for the grant. The failure of many other Pennsylvania public school districts to agree to participate was cited as one reason that Pennsylvania was not approved.^{[267][268][269]}

Common Cents state initiative

Penn Cambria School Board elected to not participate in the Pennsylvania Department of Education Common Cents program.^[270] The program called for the state to audit the district, at no cost to local taxpayers, to identify ways the district could save tax dollars.^[271][272] After the review of the information, the district was not required to implement the recommended cost savings changes.

Real estate taxes

Property tax rates in 2014-2015 were set by the school board at 52.8200 mills for Cambria County property owners and 73.8100 mills for those in Blair County.^[273] A mill is $1 of tax for every $1,000 of a property's assessed value. Irregular property reassessments have become a serious issue in the commonwealth as it creates a significant disparity in taxation within a community and across a region.^[274] Property taxes, in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, apply only to real estate - land and buildings. The mol-mulk solig'i is not levied on cars, business inventory, or other personal property. Certain types of property are exempt from property taxes, including: places of worship, places of burial, private social clubs, charitable and educational institutions and all government property (local, state and federal). Additionally, service related, disabled US military veterans may seek an exemption from paying property taxes. Pennsylvania school district revenues are dominated by two main sources: 1) Property tax collections, which account for the vast majority (between 75-85%) of local revenues; and 2) Act 511 tax collections, which are around 15% of revenues for school districts.^[275] When a Pennsylvania public school district, Like Penn Cambria School District, includes municipalities in two counties, each of which has different rates of property tax assessment, a state board equalizes the tax rates between the counties.^[276] In 2010, miscalculations by the State Tax Equalization Board (STEB) were widespread in the Commonwealth and adversely impacted funding for many school districts, including those that did not cross county borders.^[277]

• 2013-14 - 51.250 mills for Cambria County property owners and 77.800 mills for those in Blair County.^[278]
• 2012-13 - 51.250 mills for Cambria County property owners and 77.040 mills for those in Blair County.^[279]
• 2011-12 - 50.030 mills for Cambria County property owners and 79.880 mills for those in Blair County.^[280]
• 2010-11 - 50.030 mills for Cambria County property owners and 87.510 mills for those in Blair County.^[281]
• 2009-10 - 48.060 mills for Cambria County property owners and 110.940 mills for those in Blair County.^[282]
• 2008-09 - 48.060 mills for Cambria County property owners and 113.870 mills for those in Blair County.^[283]
• 2007-08 - 46.060 mills for Cambria County property owners and 106.740 mills for those in Blair County.^[284]
• 2006-07 - 46.060 mills for Cambria County property owners and 104.830 mills for those in Blair County.^[285]
• 2005-06 - 44.000 mills for Cambria County property owners and 88.000 mills for those in Blair County.^[286]

In 2010, Blair County commissioners raised the Assessment Ratio Market Value for each property. The district was required to reduce the millage of Blair County property owners so that the total revenues taken were equal to the 2009 level. The county increased the Assessed Value ratio from 75% to 100%.^[287]

The average yearly property tax paid by Cambria County residents amounts to about 2.4% of their yearly income. Cambria County ranked 1048th out of the 3143 United States counties for property taxes as a percentage of median income.^[288] According to a report prepared by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, the total real estate taxes collected by all school districts in Pennsylvania rose from $6,474,133,936 in 1999-00 to $10,438,463,356 in 2008-09 and to $11,153,412,490 in 2011.^[289] Property taxes in Pennsylvania are relatively high on a national scale. Ga ko'ra Soliq jamg'armasi, Pennsylvania ranked 11th in the U.S. in 2008 in terms of property taxes paid as a percentage of home value (1.34%) and 12th in the country in terms of property taxes as a percentage of income (3.55%).^[290] Pennsylvania's 2011 tax burden of 10.35% ranked 10th highest out of 50 states. The tax burden was above the national average of 9.8%. Pennsylvania's taxpayers paid $4,374 per capita in state and local taxes, including school taxes.^[291]

Act 1 Adjusted Index

The Act 1 of 2006 Index regulates the rates at which each school district can raise property taxes in Pennsylvania. Districts are not permitted to raise property taxes above their annual Act 1 Index unless they either: allow the district's voters to approve the increase through a vote by referendum or they receive an exception from the Pennsylvania Department of Education. The base index for the school year is published by the PDE in the fall of each year. Each individual school district's Act 1 Index can be adjusted higher, depending on a number of factors, such as local property values and the personal income of district residents. Originally, Act 1 of 2006 included 10 exceptions, including: increasing pension costs, increases in special education costs, a catastrophe like a fire or flood, increase in health insurance costs for contracts in effect in 2006 or dwindling tax bases. The base index is the average of the percentage increase in the statewide average weekly wage, as determined by the PA Department of Labor and Industry, for the preceding calendar year and the percentage increase in the Employment Cost Index for Elementary and Secondary Schools, as determined by the Mehnat statistikasi byurosi ichida AQSh Mehnat vazirligi, for the previous 12-month period ending June 30. For a school district with a market value/personal income aid ratio (MV/PI AR) greater than 0.4000, its index equals the base index multiplied by the sum of .75 and its MV/PI AR for the current year.^[292]

In June 2011, the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed legislation eliminating six of the exceptions to the Act 1 Index.^[293] Several exceptions were maintained: 1) costs to pay interest and principal on indebtedness incurred prior to September 4, 2004 for Act 72 schools and prior to June 27, 2006 for non-Act 72 schools; 2) costs to pay interest and principal on electoral debt; 3) costs incurred in providing special education programs and services (beyond what is already paid by the State); and 4) costs due to increases of more than the Index in the school's share of payments to PSERS (PA school employees pension fund) taking into account the state mandated PSERS contribution rate.^[294][295] The legislature also froze the payroll amount public school districts use to calculate the pension-plan exception at the 2012 payroll levels. Further increases in payroll cannot be used to raise the district's exception for pension payments.

A specific timeline for Act I Index decisions is published annually, by the Pennsylvania Department of Education.^[296]

The School District Adjusted Index history for the Penn Cambria School District:

For the 2014-15 budget year, Penn Cambria School Board did not apply for exceptions to exceed their Act 1 Index limit. In 2014-15, all Pennsylvania school districts were required to make a 21.4% of payroll payment to the teacher's pension fund (PSERS).^[302] For the school budget 2014-15, 316 Pennsylvania public school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above its Act 1 Index limit. Another 181 school districts adopted a preliminary budget leaving open the option of exceeding the Index limit. Districts may apply for multiple exceptions each year. For the pension costs exception, 163 school districts received approval to exceed the Index in full, while others received a partial approval of their request. For special education costs, 104 districts received approval to exceed their tax limit. Seven Pennsylvania public school districts received an approval for the grandfathered construction debts exception.^[303]

For the 2013-14 budget year, Penn Cambria School Board did not apply for exceptions to exceed their Act 1 Index limit. In 2013-14, all Pennsylvania school districts were required to make a 16.93% of payroll payment to the teacher's pension fund (PSERS). For the school budget year 2013-14, 311 Pennsylvania public school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above their index. Another 171 school districts adopted a preliminary budget leaving open the option of exceeded the Index limit. For the pension costs exception, 169 school districts received approval to exceed the Index. For special education costs, 75 districts received approval to exceed their tax limit. Eleven Pennsylvania public school districts received an approval for grandfathered construction debts.^[304]

For the 2012-13 budget year, Penn Cambria School Board did not apply for exceptions to exceed the Act 1 Index. In 2012-13, all Pennsylvania school districts were required to make a 12.36% of payroll payment to the teacher's pension fund (PSERS). 2012-2013 yilgi byudjet yili uchun 274 maktab okrugi soliq stavkalari ularning indeksidan yuqori oshirilmasligini tasdiqlovchi qaror qabul qildi; 223 maktab okrugi dastlabki byudjetni qabul qilib, indeks limitidan oshib ketish imkoniyatini qoldirdi. Pensiya xarajatlari bundan mustasno, 194 maktab okrugi indeksdan oshib ketishga rozilik oldi. Maxsus ta'lim xarajatlari uchun 129 ta tuman soliq chegarasini oshirishga ruxsat oldi.^[305]

2011-12 o'quv yili uchun, Penn Cambria maktab kengashi qonun 1 indeksidan oshib ketish uchun istisno uchun murojaat qilmadi. 2011-12 yillarda Pensilvaniyaning barcha maktab okruglari o'qituvchilarning pensiya jamg'armasiga ish haqi miqdorining 8,65 foizini to'lashi kerak edi. Har yili maktab kengashi quyidagilarni qabul qilishi mumkin: 1) yanvar oyida soliqlarni o'z indekslaridan oshirmasligini tasdiqlovchi qaror yoki 2) fevralda dastlabki byudjet. Qarorni qabul qiladigan maktab okrugi referendumdan istisno qilish to'g'risida ariza bermasligi yoki saylovchilardan soliqni inflyatsiya indeksidan yuqori bo'lishini so'rashi mumkin emas.

Davlat hisobotiga ko'ra, 2011-2012 o'quv yilining byudjeti uchun 247 maktab okrugi soliq stavkalari ularning indeksidan oshmasligini tasdiqlovchi qaror qabul qildi; 250 maktab okrugi dastlabki byudjetni qabul qildi. Dastlabki byudjetni qabul qilgan 250 ta maktab okruglaridan 231 tasi ko'chmas mulk solig'i stavkalarini o'z indeksidan oshib ketdi. Dastlabki byudjetni qabul qilgan boshqa 19 ta maktab okruglarida soliq stavkalarining o'sishi maktab okrugi indeksidan oshmadi. Istisno holatlarni izlagan tumanlardan: 221 nafari nafaqa to'lovlarini ozod qilishdan foydalangan va 171 nafari maxsus ta'lim xarajatlarini ozod qilishni talab qilgan. Faqat 1 maktab okrugi akademik bo'lmagan maktablarni qurish loyihasini amalga oshirishni ozod qilishni talab qildi, 1 maktabni qurish uchun saylov qarzi uchun istisno izladi.^[306]

Penn Cambria Maktab Kengashi 2010-11-yillarda byudjet uchun 1-sonli akt indeksidan oshib ketadigan istisnolardan foydalanmagan.^[307] 2009-10 yilgi maktab byudjeti uchun Penn Cambria maktab kengashi ham indeksdan oshib ketish uchun istisnolar uchun murojaat qilmadi.^[308] 2010 yil bahorida Pensilvaniya shtatidagi 135 maktab kengashi o'zlarining belgilangan ko'rsatkichlaridan oshib ketishni so'radi. Ulardan 133 nafariga ma'qullash berilgan, 128 nafari pensiya xarajatlarini oshirish uchun istisno izlagan.^[309]

Mulk solig'i bo'yicha imtiyoz

2013 yilda Penn Kambriya maktab okrugi har biri 120 dollardan olish uchun 3762 uy-joy mulkini tasdiqladi.^[310] Miqdorning pasayishi ko'proq rezidentlar soliq imtiyozlari va stol o'yinlari bo'yicha soliq tushumlarining pasayishi uchun murojaat qilganliklari bilan bog'liq edi. Tumanga tushadigan mablag 'barcha tasdiqlangan turar joylar o'rtasida teng ravishda taqsimlanishi kerak.^[311]

2009 yilda Penn Cambria maktab okrugi mol-mulk solig'i bo'yicha 126 dollar olish uchun 3585 ta uy-joy mulkini tasdiqladi.^[312] Yengillik maktablarning mol-mulk solig'i bo'yicha yillik hisob-kitobidan chiqarildi. Mulk egalari yengillik uchun tuman G'aznachilik idorasi orqali murojaat qilishadi. Fermerlar qishloq xo'jaligi maqsadlarida foydalaniladigan binolarni ozod qilish uchun fermer xo'jaligini ozod qilishi mumkin. Fermer xo'jaligi kamida 10 ta qo'shni gektar (40 000 m) bo'lishi kerak²) va egasining asosiy yashash joyi bo'lishi kerak. Fermerlar ham uydan, ham tomorqadan ozod qilish huquqiga ega bo'lishlari mumkin. Har bir Pensilvaniya shtati davlat maktabining mol-mulk solig'i bo'yicha yengillik miqdori PDE tomonidan har yili may oyida e'lon qilinadi. Soliq imtiyozlari miqdori o'tgan yilgi kazino o'yin maydonchalarida yig'ilgan umumiy soliq tushumiga bog'liq. Slot soliq tushumlarining o'ttiz besh foizi mol-mulk solig'ini yengillashtirish uchun ishlatiladi. Kembriya okrugida eng yuqori soliq imtiyozlari qo'lga kiritildi Ferndeyl tumani maktab okrugi 214 dollar etib belgilandi.^[313] Pensilvaniya shtatidagi maktab okruglari orasida mol-mulk solig'i bo'yicha eng yuqori imtiyoz uy-joylarga to'g'ri keladi Chester tog 'maktabining tumani yilda Delaver okrugi 2010 yilda tasdiqlangan uy-joy uchun $ 632 olgan. Chester-Upland maktab okrugi dasturlar boshlangandan beri doimiy ravishda eng yaxshi oluvchidir.^[314] Soliq imtiyozlari gubernator Edvard G. Rendell tomonidan 2004 yilda davlat o'yinlari to'g'risidagi qonun qabul qilinishi bilan boshlangan. Rendell soliq to'lovchilarga qonuniylashtirilgan qimor o'yinlaridan mol-mulk solig'i bo'yicha katta imtiyozlarni va'da qildi.^[315]

Kambriya okrugida tegishli mulk egalarining atigi 54 foizi 2009 yilda mol-mulk solig'ini yengillashtirishni so'rab murojaat qilgan. Bu Pensilvaniya shtatidagi eng past ishtirok etish ko'rsatkichlari qatoriga kirgan.^[316]

Pensilvaniyada uy-joylarni chiqarib tashlash, uy-joy mulklarining baholangan qiymatlarini pasaytiradi va bu uylarning mol-mulk solig'ini kamaytiradi. Uy-joyni istisno qilish, uy egalariga ko'chmas mulk solig'i bo'yicha soliq solish yurisdiktsiyasidagi (okrug, maktab okrugi, shahar, tuman yoki qishloq) o'rtacha hisoblangan qiymatining yarmiga qadar imtiyozini beradi.^[317]

Penn Cambria maktabining ba'zi aholisi, shu jumladan: 65 va undan katta yoshdagi kam daromadli aholi; 50 va undan katta yoshdagi beva va beva ayollar; va 18 yoshdan katta nogironlar davlat mol-mulk solig'i / ijara haqini qaytarish dasturida qatnashishi mumkin. Daromad chegarasi - uy egalari uchun 35000 dollar.^[318] Aholi har yili 650 dollargacha pul olish uchun murojaat qilishlari shart. Mol-mulk solig'i / ijara haqini chegirma dasturi Pensilvaniya lotereyasidan tushadigan mablag'lar hisobiga moliyalashtiriladi. 2012 yilda ushbu mol-mulk solig'i chegirmalari shtatdagi keksa uy xo'jaliklari uchun qo'shimcha 50 foizga oshirildi, chunki ushbu uy xo'jaliklari 30 ming dollardan kam daromadga ega bo'lishlari va daromadlarining 15 foizidan ko'pini mol-mulk solig'i bilan to'lashlari shart.^[319]

Sinfdan tashqari darslar

Tumanda turli xil to'garaklar, mashg'ulotlar va davlat tomonidan moliyalashtiriladigan keng sport dasturi mavjud.^[320] Ishtirok etish huquqi maktab kengashi siyosati va belgilangan standartlarga muvofiq belgilanadi Pensilvaniya maktablararo atletik assotsiatsiyasi (PIAA). Tuman o'z veb-saytida maktablararo sport imkoniyatlarini oshkor qilish shaklini joylashtirish to'g'risida davlat qonunlariga rioya qiladi.

Pensilvaniya qonunchiligiga ko'ra, maktab hududida yashovchi barcha K-12 talabalari, shu jumladan xususiy nodavlat maktabida, kiber-charter maktabida, charter maktabida va uyda o'qiyotganlarda, maktabdan tashqari dasturlarda, shu jumladan barcha engil atletikalarda qatnashish huquqiga ega. Ular tuman maktablarida o'qiyotgan talabalar singari talablarga javob beradigan qoidalarga javob berishi kerak.^[321]

2014 yil 126-sonli "Bolalarni zo'rlashni tan olish va hisobot berish to'g'risida" gi Qonunga binoan, barcha ko'ngilli murabbiylar va talabalar faoliyatiga ko'maklashayotganlar jinoiy tekshiruvdan o'tishlari kerak. Barcha maktab o'quvchilari singari, ular uch yilda bir marta bolalarni zo'ravonlikka qarshi kurash bo'yicha treningda qatnashishlari shart.^{[322][323][324]}

Davlat maktab kodeksining XVI-C moddasi Pensilvaniya shtatidagi barcha umumta'lim maktablari uchun maktablararo sport imkoniyatlarini oshkor qilishni talab qiladi. 7-12 sinflarga ega bo'lgan barcha maktab tashkilotlari har yili 2012-13 o'quv yilidan boshlab barcha erkak va ayol sportchilar uchun jamoaviy va moliyaviy ma'lumotlarga oid ma'lumotlarni to'plashlari va Pensilvaniya Ta'lim Departamentiga taqdim etishlari shart. 2013-14 o'quv yilidan boshlab barcha maktabdan tashqari (booster club va bitiruvchilar) badallari va sotib olishlari to'g'risida PDEga xabar berish kerak.^[325]

O'rta maktab yengil atletika

Murabbiylar o'qituvchilar kasaba uyushma shartnomasida ko'rsatilgan tovon puli oladi. Sport musobaqalari odatdagi mavsumdan oshib ketganda, qo'shimcha tovon puli to'lanadi.^[326]

Pensilvaniyaning "Yoshlar sportida xavfsizligi to'g'risida" gi qonuniga binoan, pullik va ko'ngilli barcha sport murabbiylari har yili sarsıntılarni boshqarish bo'yicha sertifikatlash mashg'ulotlarini tugatishi va murabbiylikdan oldin sertifikat topshirishi shart.^[327][328]

O'rta maktab sporti:

PIAA ma'lumotnomasiga ko'ra, 2015 yil iyul^[329]

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• Penn Cambria School District official website
• Penna. Inter-Scholastic Athletic Assn