Livandagi turizm - Tourism in Lebanon - Wikipedia

Livan iqtisodiyoti
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Turizm Qishloq xo'jaligi Beyrut fond birjasi Ro'yxatdagi kompaniyalar Banque du Liban yuk tashish; yetkazib berish Kompaniyalar
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Livan tog'i

Livandagi turizm sohasi mahalliy iqtisodiyot uchun tarixiy ahamiyatga ega edi va shu kungacha Livan uchun asosiy daromad manbai bo'lib qolmoqda. Oldin Livan fuqarolar urushi, Bayrut "deb tanilganYaqin Sharqdagi Parij"yoki shuningdek"Yaqin Sharqning marvaridi"tez-tez mehmonlar tajriba o'tkazadigan moliyaviy va biznes markazi sifatida tilga olinadi Levantin O'rta er dengizi madaniyat, oshxona, tarix, arxeologiya va Livan me'morchiligi.

Kimdan Tosh asri aholi punktlari Finikiyalik shahar-davlatlar, dan Rim toshbo'ron qilingan ma'badlar zohidlar, dan Salibchi Qal'alar Mamluk masjidlar va Usmonli hammomlar, mamlakatning tarixiy va arxeologik joylari butun mamlakat bo'ylab qadimiy va zamonaviy jahon tarixini aks ettiruvchi ekspozitsiyalarda namoyish etiladi.^[1] Livan azaliy tarixiga ega madaniy turizm. Ga qiziqish Livan Levantin madaniyat ko'plab Evropaliklarning tashriflaridan so'ng qo'zg'aldi sharqshunoslar, ayniqsa olimlar va shoirlar Alphonse de Lamartine, Ernest Renan va Viktor Gyerin.^[2][3]

Livanning xilma-xil atmosferasi va qadimgi tarixi uni bemalol davom etayotgan notinchlikdan keyin o'zini asta-sekin tiklaydigan muhim yo'nalishga aylantiradi. Livan qadimdan ko'p narsalarni taklif qiladi Rim xarobalar, yaxshi saqlanib qolgan qasrlarga, ohaktosh g'orlari, tarixiy Cherkovlar va Masjidlar, O'rta dengizda joylashgan go'zal sayohlarni, dunyoga mashhur Livan oshxonasi, to'xtovsiz tungi hayot va diskotekalar, tog'li tosh markazlariga.

Hozirgi vaqtda ushbu sohani modernizatsiya qilish va kengaytirishga katta miqdordagi xususiy sarmoyalar kiritilmoqda va xalqaro mehmonxona kompaniyalari Livanga qaytib kelishdi. Casino du Liban Tarixiy jihatdan yirik sayyohlik yo'nalishini tashkil etgan ushbu bino 1996 yilda qayta ochilgan. Mamlakatdagi eng yirik tog 'chang'i kurorti kengaytirildi va modernizatsiya qilindi. Hukumat, mamlakatga tinchlik va barqarorlik qaytishi va zarur infratuzilmaning rivojlanishi bilan turizm yana Livan iqtisodiyotiga katta hissa qo'shadi, deb hisoblaydi. Livanning sayyohlik sanoati, shuningdek, yozgi mavsumda mamlakatga muntazam ravishda qaytib keladigan chet elda yashovchi ko'plab livanliklarga tayanadi.^[4]

Eski shahar Sidon

Qal'alar va qal'alar

Mseilha Fort

• Mseilha Fort Livandagi Batroun shahridan shimolda joylashgan o'rta asrlar istehkomi. Hozirgi qal'a Amir Faxreddin II tomonidan 17-asrda Tripolidan Beyrutga yo'lni himoya qilish uchun qurilgan.^[5] Qal'a Nahr el-Javz daryosi yaqinidagi uzun, tor ohaktosh tosh ustiga qurilgan. Uning devorlari yaqin qirg'oqdan qazilgan va ohaktosh toshining chetiga qurilgan kichik qumtosh bloklari bilan qurilgan. Devorlarning qalinligi 1,5 dan 2 metrgacha (4 dan 6,5 futgacha). Kattaroq ohaktosh bloklari, xuddi shu mudofaa maqsadida qurilgan, avvalgi inshootning yagona qoldiqlari. Qal'aga tog 'jinslarining shimoliy tomonidan kesilgan tor yo'l va kichik zinapoyalar orqali yaqinlashadi. Kichkina platforma pastki kamarli asosiy darvoza oldida, ikkita teshik va eshik ustidagi shiftdagi kichik teshik bilan ta'minlangan. Asosiy eshik darvozabonli vestibyulga, so'ngra g'arbiy minoraning kamondan otish xonasiga olib boradigan kengligi bir metr (3 fut) bo'lgan tor uchburchak hovliga olib boradi. Qal'aning balandroq qismiga asosiy hovlining sharqiy tomoni orqali o'tish mumkin. Zalga olib boradigan eshik eshigi, so'ngra uchta gumbazli xona sharqiy minoraga kirish imkoniyatini beradi.

Raymond de Sen-Gill qal'asi

• Raymond de Sen-Gill qal'asi arab tilida Qala'at Sanjil nomi bilan ham tanilgan, qal'a va qal'a Tripoli, Livan. Bu uning nomini olgan Raymond de Sen-Gill, soni Tuluza va shaharni qamal qilish uchun 1103 yilda Tripoli tashqarisidagi tepalikda qurilishni boshlagan salibchilar qo'mondoni. Keyinchalik Raymond qal'ani kengaytirdi va unga Mont Peregrinus (Pilgrim tog'i) deb nom berdi. Asl qal'a 1289 yilda yoqib yuborilgan va ko'p marta qayta tiklangan va 1307-08 yillarda amir Essendemir Kurgi tomonidan tiklangan. Keyinchalik qal'a qisman qayta tiklandi Usmonli imperiyasi bugungi kunda uning ustiga katta gravyurali Usmonli shlyuzi bilan ko'rish mumkin Buyuk Sulaymon tiklashni buyurgan kim. 19-asrning boshlarida Qal'ani Usmoniyning Tripoli gubernatori qayta tiklagan Mustafo Og'a Barbar.

Sidon dengiz qal'asi

• Sidon dengiz qal'asi a salibchi qal'asi va janubiy shahridagi eng taniqli joylardan biri Sidon. XIII asr davomida salibchilar Sidon dengiz qal'asini materik bilan 80 metr uzunlikdagi tor yo'l bilan bog'langan kichik orolda qal'a sifatida qurdilar. Orol ilgari Gerkulesning Finikiyalik versiyasi bo'lgan Melkartga ibodatxona bo'lgan. Qal'aning go'zalligini uning qadimgi rasmlaridan ko'rish mumkin; ammo, bir nechta urushlarni boshdan kechirgandan so'ng, u bir necha marta buzilgan va yangilangan. Shaharni salibchilardan tortib olgach, Mamluklar tomonidan qisman vayron qilingan edi, ammo keyinchalik ular uni qayta qurishdi va uzoq yo'lni qo'shdilar. Keyinchalik qal'a yaroqsiz holga kelib qoldi, ammo 17-asrda amir Faxreddin II tomonidan qayta tiklandi va katta zarar ko'rdi.^[6] Bugungi kunda qal'a asosan devor bilan bog'langan ikkita minoradan iborat. Tashqi devorlarda Rim ustunlari gorizontal mustahkamlovchi sifatida ishlatilgan bo'lib, bu xususiyat ko'pincha sobiq Rim joylarida yoki uning yonida qurilgan istehkomlarda kuzatilgan. Kirishning chap tomonidagi to'rtburchaklar shaklidagi g'arbiy minora ikkalasining yaxshi saqlanib qolgani. Eski o'ymakor poytaxtlar va zanglagan to'plar bilan sochilgan katta tonozli xona bor. Shamollatilgan zinapoya tomga ko'tariladi, u erda Usmoniylar davridagi gumbazli kichik masjid joylashgan. Tomdan eski shahar va baliq ovi porti bo'ylab ajoyib ko'rinish mavjud. Sharqiy minora u qadar yaxshi saqlanmagan va ikki bosqichda qurilgan; pastki qismi salibchilar davriga to'g'ri keladi, yuqori darajasi esa mamluklar tomonidan qurilgan. Qadimgi Finikiya shahrining qal'a atrofidagi dengiz ostiga ko'milganligi, devorlar, ustunlar, zinapoyalar, binolarning qoldiqlari, haykallar va sardobalar haqida dalillar mavjud.

Mussa qal'asi

• Mussa qal'asi orasidagi qasrdir Dayr el-Kamar va Bayt ed-Dine yilda Livan. Livanlik vizyoner Mussa Abdel Karim Al-Maamari (1931 yil 27-iyulda tug'ilgan) tomonidan yakka o'zi qurilgan. Bu uning hayotidagi ishdir. Unga 60 yil (21900 kun va 394200 soat) ish kerak edi. Uning tarjimai holiga ko'ra, talaba bo'lganida Mussa har doim shunday qasrni qurishni orzu qilgan va sinfda o'z orzusini qog'oz parchalariga yozib qo'ygan. Mussa juda o'tkir talaba emas edi va o'qituvchisi Anvar uni mazax qilar va unga: "Siz hech qachon hech narsaga erisholmaysiz", deb aytardi. Musaning sevgisi, Livanlik qiz, saroy egasi bo'lgan yigitga uylanmoqchi ekanligini aytardi. 1951-1962 yillarda u rejasini bajarish uchun hamma narsani, shu jumladan er sotib olish va hujjatlarni tayyorladi. 1962 yilda uning hayot faoliyati boshlandi: U qal'ani qurdi va uning har bir toshini va loydan yasalgan animatsion figuralarini XIX asrning eski Livan qishloq hayotining turli xil manzaralarini aks ettiruvchi haykaltaroshlarning haqiqiy asariga aylantirdi. degani.

Byblos qal'asi

• Byblos qal'asi a o'rta asrlar shahridagi qal'a Byblos, Livan. Dastlab a Finikiyalik qal'a oq ohaktosh jarlik ustiga qurilgan O'rta er dengizi shaharning qirg'oq chizig'i. U tomonidan qurilgan Salibchilar 12-asrda mahalliy ohaktosh va Rim tuzilmalari qoldiqlaridan. Tayyor inshoot xandaq bilan o'ralgan edi. Salahaddin 1188 yilda shahar va qasrni egallab oldi va 1190 yilda devorlarni buzib tashladi. Keyinchalik salibchilar Byblosni qaytarib olib, 1197 yilda qal'aning istehkomlarini tikladilar. 1369 yilda qal'a Kipr kemalaridan hujumni to'xtatishga majbur bo'ldi. Famagusta. Byblos qal'asida qo'shnilar uchun alohida tarixiy binolar mavjud. Uning yonida Misr ibodatxonalari, Finikiya qirollik nekropoli va Rim amfiteatri joylashgan. Bular Byblos shahrining xilma-xil va boy tarixidan dalolat beradi.
• Bofort qasri salibchilar qal'asi Nabatieh viloyati, Janubiy Livan, qishloqdan janubi-janubi-sharqda taxminan 1 kilometr (0,62 milya) Arnoun. U egallab olishdan oldin saytda mustahkamlanish bor edi Fulk, Quddus shohi, 1139 yilda va salibchilar qal'asining qurilishi tez orada boshlangan. Saladin 1190 yilda Bofortni qo'lga kiritdi va 60 yil salibchilar nazoratiga qaytdi. 1268 yilda Sulton Baybarlar qal'ani egallab oldi. Qal'ani XII asrda egallab olgan salibchilar "bel fort" yoki "beau fort" (frantsuzcha "go'zal qal'a" degan ma'noni anglatadi) deb nomlashgan. Uning arabcha nomi Qala'at ash-Shakif "Yuqori tosh" qal'asini anglatadi (shqif - oromiycha "baland tosh" so'zi). Bofort, O'rta asr qal'asi zamonaviy urushlarda ham harbiy qadriyat va foydaliligini isbotlagan kam sonli holatlardan birini taqdim etadi, bu uning 20-asrning oxiridagi tarixi ko'rsatib turibdi. 17-asrda Faxr-al-Din II qal'ani o'zining istehkomlar tarmog'ining bir qismi sifatida oldi. Faxr-ad-Din II qasrning yuqori qismlarini vayron qilgan Usmonlilar tomonidan mag'lubiyatga uchradi. Bu hududni 1769 yilgacha feodal oilalar boshqargan. 1782 yilda gubernator Akr qal'ani qamal qildi, egallab oldi va qolgan ko'plab istehkomlarni yo'q qildi. 1837 yildagi Galiley zilzilasi inshootga ko'proq zarar etkazgan va shu vaqtdan boshlab xarobalar karer va qo'ylar uchun boshpana sifatida ishlatilgan. 17-asrda Faxr-al-Din II qal'ani o'zining istehkomlar tarmog'ining bir qismi sifatida oldi. Faxr-al-Din II mag'lubiyatga uchradi Usmonlilar, qasrning yuqori qismlarini yo'q qilgan. Ushbu hudud 1769 yilgacha feodal oilalar tomonidan boshqarilgan. 1782 yilda Akr gubernatori qal'ani qamal qilib, egallab oldi va qolgan ko'plab istehkomlarni yo'q qildi. 1837 yildagi Galiley zilzilasi inshootga ko'proq zarar etkazgan va shu vaqtdan boshlab xarobalar karer va qo'ylar uchun boshpana sifatida ishlatilgan. Beaufort egallab olgan tashqi maydon tashqi ko'rinishga ega emas Litani daryosi. Daryo qal'aning sharqiy tomonidan o'tib boradi, u 300 metr (980 fut) jarlikning tepasida joylashgan bo'lib, daryo tomon keskin pasayib boradi.

Eski shaharlar

Eski shahar Tripoli

Batroun

Dayr el-Kamar

Zahleh

Sidon

Eski shaharlar hanuzgacha ko'plab Livan shaharlari va qishloqlarining markazi yoki markazini tashkil qiladi. Ushbu eski shaharlarning aksariyati Livan qirg'og'ida joylashgan bo'lib, ularning ozgina qismi mamlakat ichki qismida joylashgan. Bu asosan savdo bilan shug'ullanadigan dengiz madaniyati bo'lgan Livan xalqining tabiatini aks ettiradi tijorat.

• Tripoli ikkinchi yirik shahar Livan va ning poytaxti hisoblanadi Shimoliy gubernatorlik. Miloddan avvalgi XIV asrga oid bo'lgan shahar a ning markazi bo'lgan Finikiyalik o'rtasida konfederatsiya Shinalar, Sidon va Arados, shuning uchun "Tripoli" nomi "Uch shahar" degan ma'noni anglatadi Yunoncha. Bu oxirgi paytning poytaxti edi Salibchilar davlati ichida Levant The Tripoli okrugi 12-asrda. Tripoli ikkinchi yirik shahar bo'lib qolmoqda Qohira, yilda Mamluk me'morchiligi. Tripoli yirik savdo edi Port shahri o'rtasida Evropa bir tomondan va Halab & Damashq boshqasida. Eski Tripoli shaharchasida shunga o'xshash ko'plab tarixiy joylar joylashgan Raymond de Sen-Gill qal'asi, Taynal masjidi, Mansuriy ulkan masjidi va boshqalar Hammams, Madrasalar va karvonsaroylar. Ularning barchasi Tripoli Souks-da, keng labirintda mavjud Qumtosh xiyobonlar va tor ko'chalarda ixcham shahar shakllarida. Eski shahar nafis naqshlar bilan bezatilgan, Arabesk dizaynlar, olti burchakli kornişlar, kalıplanmış eshik va deraza romlari va boshqa ko'plab go'zallik xususiyatlari. Balandlik va teshiklar atrofidagi bezak effektlari bilan oqlangan jabhalar eski ibodat zallari, galereyalar va hovlilarga kirish joylarini belgilaydi. Oddiy kuboklar yoki qovurg'ali gumbazlarni qabr xonalari kabi ko'zga ko'ringan va muhim joylarda topish mumkin, mihrab va yopiq hovlilar. Muqarnas va yozuvlar, chuqurchalar plyonkalar va baliq masshtabli modellari minoralar, portallar, derazaning tashqi ko'rinishi, mihrab, qibla devor ... va boshqalar.
• Batroun Livondagi qirg'oq shahri va poytaxti Batroun tumani ichida Shimoliy gubernatorlik. Batroun nomi yunon tilidan olingan, Botir (shuningdek, Bothrys deb yozilgan), keyinchalik lotinlashtirildi Botrus. Tarixchilarning fikriga ko'ra, shaharning yunoncha nomi finikiyaliklar tomonidan kesilgan degan ma'noni anglatuvchi bater degan so'zdan kelib chiqqan va bu finikiyaliklar tsunamidan himoya qilish uchun dengizda qurgan dengiz devoriga ishora qilmoqda. Boshqa tarixchilarning fikriga ko'ra, shahar nomi Finikiyalik so'zlardan kelib chiqqan bo'lib, "beit truna", bu boshliqning uyiga tarjima qilingan. Finikiyaliklar Batrounni antik davr deb nomlangan janubiy qismida tashkil etishgan, Theoprosopon va davomida Vizantiya imperiyasi, Keyp Lithoprosopon. Batroun tomonidan asos solingan deyiladi Ithobaal I (Ethbaal), qiroli Shinalar, uning qizi Izabel uylandi Axab. Shahar Rim hukmronligi ostida bo'lgan Finikiya Prima viloyati va keyinchalik xristianlashtirilgandan keyin a so'fragan ning Antioxiya Patriarxati. In 551 Beyrut zilzilasi, Batroun vayron qilingan va Lithoprosopon burnida loy toshqini va yoriqlar yuzaga kelgan. Tarixchilarning fikriga ko'ra, Batronning yirik tabiiy porti zilzila paytida shakllangan. Batronning o'rta asrlardagi arxeologik yodgorliklaridan biri Salibchi qal'asi Musaylaxa u tog'lar bilan o'ralgan tekislik o'rtasida tik tomonlari chiqib turadigan izolyatsiya qilingan ulkan tosh ustida qurilgan. Ostida Usmonli qoida, Batroun a ning markazi bo'lgan caza ichida mutessariflik Livan va maronit yeparxiyasining o'rni Maronit patriarxati. 1999 yildan beri bu joy Maronit yeparxiya. Bugungi kunda Batroun qadimgi Finikiya porti atrofida yig'ilgan ko'plab qadimiy tosh cherkovlari va burilish xiyobonlari bo'lgan eski shaharchadan iborat.
• Dayr el-Kamar janubi-markazida joylashgan qishloq Livan, besh kilometr tashqarida Beiteddine, tomi qizil plitka bilan qoplangan tosh uylardan iborat. 16-18 asrlarda Deyr el-Kamar Livan hokimlarining qarorgohi bo'lgan. Shuningdek, u 15-asr bilan ajralib turadi Faxredine masjidi, Faxreddin II saroyi va boshqa tarixiy saroylar va ma'muriy binolar. 17-asr Deyr el-Qamar ibodatxonasi ham qishloqda, garchi jamoat uchun yopiq bo'lsa ham. Eng yuqori cho'qqisiga chiqqan davrda shahar Livan adabiy an'analarining markazi bo'lgan. Bu Livondagi 1864 yilda munitsipalitetga ega bo'lgan birinchi qishloq edi va bu erda ko'plab taniqli shaxslar, masalan, rassomlar, yozuvchilar va siyosatchilar tug'ilgan. Bu poytaxt edi Druze Livan kanimati (1840-1860).^{[tushuntirish kerak ]} Dayr El-Qamardagi eng muhim tarixiy va diniy joylardan biri bu Saydet El Talle nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan Tog'dagi Xonimimizdir. Ushbu maronit cherkovi XV asrga borib taqaladi. Afsonada aytilishicha, Baaklinda Dayr El Kamar tepaligiga qarab druzlar amiri bo'lgan. Qarasa, tepalikdan bir chiroq chiqmoqda. U askarlarini yig'ib, ularga ertalab borib, erni qazishni buyurdi. U ularga dedi: 'Agar siz Islomiy belgini topsangiz, masjid quring. Agar siz nasroniylarning ramzini topsangiz, cherkov quring. "Askarlar ertalab borib, erni qazishdi va ustiga xoch qo'yilgan toshni topishdi. Xoch ostida oy va Venera bor edi. Bu uzoq vaqtgacha bo'lgan belgi edi vaqt oldin, Oy va Veneraga bag'ishlangan ibodatxona bo'lgan va keyinchalik u cherkovga aylangan. Zilzilalar va urushlar uning yo'q bo'lishiga sabab bo'lishi mumkin. " Askarlar tomonidan topilgan toshni cherkovning eski darvozasi ustida topish mumkin. Vizantiya ustunini cherkov ichida topish mumkin.
• Zahleh ning poytaxti va eng katta shahri Bekaa viloyati sharqda Livan. U poytaxtdan 55 km sharqda joylashgan Bayrut, Bayrutga yaqinDamashq yo'l va tutashgan joyda joylashgan Livan tog'i va Beqaa vodiysi, o'rtacha 1000 m balandlikda. Zahle geografik joylashuvi va jozibadorligi tufayli "Beqaa kelini" va "daraning qo'shnisi" sifatida tanilgan, shuningdek, "Sharob va she'riyat shahri" sifatida tanilgan, u o'zining yoqimli iqlimi bilan butun Livan va mintaqada mashhurdir. , ko'plab daryo bo'yidagi restoranlar va sifat aroq. Uning aholisi asosan yunon-katolik va Zahlavi nomi bilan mashhur. Zahle Livan tog'larining bir qator etaklarida qurilgan Sannine tog'i uning ustida 2628 metr (8622 fut) balandlikda ko'tarilgan. Zahle XVIII asrning boshlarida, o'tmishi besh ming yilliklarni o'z ichiga olgan hududda tashkil etilgan. XIX asrda mintaqaning birinchi mustaqil davlati sifatida o'z bayrog'i va madhiyasi bo'lgan qisqa davrni boshdan kechirdi. Livan tog'idagi va Suriyadagi mahalliy kuch markazlaridan nisbiy geografik izolyatsiyasi tufayli shaharchada mojarolar yoki hujumlar yuz berganda mintaqada qaytib boradigan muhim ittifoqchilari yo'q edi. Zahle 1777 va 1791 yillarda yoqib yuborilgan va u yana yoqib yuborilgan va 1860 yilda shaharning nasroniy aholisi va qo'shni hududlarning druzlari o'rtasidagi ziddiyat paytida talon-taroj qilingan. O'rtasida temir yo'l liniyasining qurilishi Bayrut va Damashq 1885 yilda Zahlega farovonlik olib keldi, u Livan o'rtasidagi savdo yo'lida yuk tashish markaziga aylandi, Suriya va Iroq, mintaqaviy qishloq xo'jaligi markazi sifatida xizmat qilishni davom ettirganda. Shahar oq ranglarning keng to'plamidir.ohaktosh qizil plitka bilan qoplangan uylar. Unda bir nechta uy bor Usmonli davri binolar, bir necha eski cherkovlar, Beka xonimimiz ziyoratgoh va katta saray. Biroq, Zahlehdagi eng muhim diqqatga sazovor joy mahalliy daryo bo'ylab 300 m (984 fut) sayrgoh bo'lib qolmoqda. Daraning ohaktosh jarliklari o'rtasida panada bo'lib, u tashqi restoranlar, kafe va o'yin xonalari bilan bir qatorda joylashgan va daraxtlar soyasida.
• Sidon uchinchi yirik shahar Livan va ning poytaxti Janubiy gubernatorlik. Bu yotadi O'rta er dengizi dengiz, shimoldan 40 km shimolda Shinalar va poytaxtdan 40 km janubda joylashgan Bayrut. Sidon juda qadimgi tarixlardan beri yashaydi. Bu Finikiyaning eng muhim shaharlaridan biri bo'lgan va eng qadimiy shahar ham bo'lishi mumkin edi. Bu erdan va boshqa portlardan buyuk O'rta er dengizi tijorat imperiyasi tashkil etilgan. Gomer ustalarining shisha, binafsha rang bo'yoqlar ishlab chiqarishdagi mahoratini va ayollarning kashtachilik san'atidagi mahoratini yuqori baholadi. Shuningdek, bu erdan shaharni topishga mustamlakachilar partiyasi borgan Shinalar. Finikiyalik boshqa shahar davlatlari singari, Sidon ham ketma-ket g'oliblardan aziyat chekdi. Miloddan avvalgi 351 yilda Fors davri oxirida imperator bostirib kirdi Artaxerxes III va keyin Buyuk Aleksandr miloddan avvalgi 333 yilda Ellistik Sidon davri boshlandi. Iskandarning vorislari davrida u nisbatan muxtoriyatdan bahramand bo'lib, mintaqaning eng buyuk sportchilari ishtirok etgan o'yinlar va musobaqalarni tashkil etdi. Sidonning tarixiy yadrosi - dengiz qal'asi va Sent-Luis qal'asi o'rtasida cho'zilgan Mamluk davridagi eski shahar. O'rta asrlarda devor bilan o'ralgan daryo bo'yida joylashgan bu shahar juda yaxshi saqlanib qolgan va bugungi kunda ham yashaydi. Eski shahar tor xiyobonlar va burilishli ko'chalar bilan jihozlangan labirint labiga o'xshaydi. Kemerli yo'llar shaharning turli mahallalarini birlashtiradi. Ko'cha sathida ko'plab esdalik do'konlari va mini-bozorlarni "Kaak" deb nomlangan qarag'ay bug'doy nonini tayyorlaydigan eskirgan novvoyxonalarni topish mumkin. Ko'pgina xiyobonlar o'z aholisining "Duradgorlar xiyoboni" va "Tikuvchilar xiyoboni" kabi kasblari nomini olgan. Umaviylar davriga oid bir necha masjidlar hanuzgacha saqlanib kelinmoqda va jamoat uchun ochiqdir. Sidonning Eski shahrida butparast ibodatxonalar ustida qurilgan ko'plab qadimiy cherkovlar va eski tosh masjidlar joylashgan. Sidon tomonidan rasmiy savdo porti sifatida foydalanilgan Damashq va Livan tog'i bilan tovarlarni olib kirish va eksport qilish uchun Misr va Evropa. Sidonning savdo-sotiq jamoasi uning infratuzilmasida aks ettirilgan: juda ko'p karvonsaroylar, Ulardan eng kattasi - "Xan El Franj", ko'plab turar joylarga ega eski portlar va Sidon dengiz qal'asi, portni qo'riqlaydigan qal'a.
• Tir, Livan yarimorolning uchida joylashgan Rim xarobalari yonida joylashgan eski shaharchaga ega. Tir dastlab orol edi Buyuk Aleksandr qurilgan yo'l shiddatli jang paytida shaharni egallab olish Tirni qamal qilish. Bu erda qadimgi xarobalar qatorida dunyodagi eng yaxshi saqlanib qolgan Rim Hippodromlaridan biri joylashgan. Tir Finikiyaning eng kuchli shaharlaridan biri bo'lgan Tirian binafsha rang. Shahar tarixiga ma'buda ham kiradi Evropa va Dido-Elissa boshqa ko'plab muhim belgilar bilan birga.
• Rachaya G'arbiy Bekaadagi Vadi el Taym mintaqasida joylashgan eski shahar. Kichkina shaharcha salibchilar qal'asi bilan eng mashhur bo'lib, u keyinchalik qamoqxona sifatida ishlatilgan bo'lib, unda mamlakatning asoschilari o'zlarining mustaqillik uchun kurashlari paytida qamalgan. An'anaviy g'ishtdan yasalgan, tomi qizil chinni uylar shaharga ajoyib joziba bag'ishlaydi.

Muzeylar

Bayrut milliy muzeyi

Bayrut Amerika Universitetining arxeologik muzeyi

Sursok muzeyi

Robert Mouad shaxsiy muzeyi

Aziz Jorj yunon pravoslav cherkovi

• Bayrut milliy muzeyi ning asosiy muzeyi hisoblanadi arxeologiya yilda Livan. To'plash keyin boshlandi Birinchi jahon urushi va muzey 1942 yilda rasman ochilgan. Muzeyda jami 100000 ga yaqin buyumlar mavjud, ularning aksariyati qadimiy buyumlardir. o'rta asrlar Qadimgi buyumlar Bosh boshqarmasi tomonidan olib borilgan qazishmalardan topilgan narsalar. Bugungi kungacha 1300 ga yaqin eksponatlar namoyish etilmoqda tarixgacha bo'lgan davrlar O'rta asrlarga Mamluk davr. Muzey frantsuzlar tomonidan ilhomlanib yaratilgan Misr tiklanishi me'morchiligi va Livan bilan qurilgan Ocher ohaktosh. U yerto'la, pastki qavat, oraliq zamin va terastani o'z ichiga oladi; markaziy blok shisha ustiga yopilgan, oraliq ustki qismida tabiiy yorug'lik beradi. Butun sayt taxminan 5500 kvadrat metrni (59000 kvadrat metr) tashkil etadi va ko'rgazma maydonining umumiy maydoni 6000 kvadrat metrni (65000 kvadrat metr) tashkil etadi. Zudlik bilan tutashgan muzey qo'shimchalari va ma'muriy idoralar taxminan 1000 kvadrat metrni (11000 kvadrat fut) egallaydi. Muzey ekspozitsiyalari tarixdan boshlanib Usmoniylar davriga qadar davom etadigan xronologik sxemani kuzatib boradi. Sxema 83 ta katta buyumlar namoyish etiladigan birinchi qavatdan boshlanadi, ular orasida lahitlar, mozaikali haykallar va kabartmalar mavjud. Yuqori qavatda xronologik tartibda va mavzular bo'yicha joylashtirilgan 1243 ta kichik va o'rta o'lchamdagi buyumlar yumshoq yoritgichlar va kattalashtiruvchi ko'zoynaklarga ega zamonaviy vitrinalarda asarlar estetik tomonlarini ta'kidlaydi.
• Gibran muzeyi, ilgari Mar Sarkis monastiri - biografik muzey Bsharri, Livan, Dan 120 kilometr Bayrut. U Livanlik rassom, yozuvchi va faylasufga bag'ishlangan Xalil Gibran. 1935 yilda tashkil etilgan Gibran muzeyida Gibran va uning maqbarasining 440 ta asl rasm va rasmlari mavjud. Bunga, shuningdek, u yashagan paytdagi studiyasidagi mebellari va buyumlari kiradi Nyu-York shahri va uning shaxsiy qo'lyozmalari. Muzey va uning maqbarasi joylashgan bino 1931 yilda Gibranning iltimosiga binoan singlisi tomonidan sotib olingan bo'lib, u Mar Sarkis (Avliyo Serj) zohidligi bo'lgan VII asrga oid monastir sifatida ma'naviy ahamiyatga ega edi. 1975 yilda Gibran milliy qo'mitasi monastirni qayta tikladi va kengaytirdi va ko'proq eksponatlar joylashtirdi va 1995 yilda yana kengaytirdi.^[7]
• Bayrut Amerika Universitetining arxeologik muzeyi eng qadimiy uchinchi muzeydir Yaqin Sharq, keyin Qohira va Istanbul. AUB muzeyi eksponatlari Levantin dastlabki asarlar Tosh asri uchun Islomiy davr. Muzey 1868 yilda tashkil topgan Luidji Palma di Cesnola to'plamini sovg'a qildi Kipr yangi shakllangan kulolchilik buyumlari Beyrut Amerika universiteti. 1902-1938 yillarda Muzey butun Yaqin Sharqdan kollektsiyalar sotib oldi. Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida muzey yopiq bo'lib qoldi va 1948 yilda qayta ochildi. 1950-yillarda kengayib, kurator tomonidan yangilangan holda maydonini ikki baravarga oshirdi. Dimitri Baramki 1964 yilda jamoatchilikka ochilgan. To'plamlar xronologiya va galereyaning yon tomonlarida kulolchilik evolyutsiyasini aks ettiruvchi mavzular asosida tashkil etilgan. Boshqa ko'rgazmalarga Cesnola Collection; muzeylar dastlab Kiprdan kulolchilik buyumlarini namoyish etishgan Bronza davri uchun Rim davri. Pre-Historic to'plamiga quyidagilar kiradi Paleolit va Neolitik davrlar. The Ksar Oqil kollektsiyani Boston universiteti 1948 yilda ushbu arxeologik joyni qazib olgan guruh. Displeyda 23 m stratigrafik ketma-ketligi ko'rsatilgan bo'lib, o'ttiz etti qavat aniqlangan bir necha madaniyatga tegishli bo'lgan toshbo'ron qurollari tasvirlangan.^[8]
• Sursok muzeyi a zamonaviy san'at muzeyi ichida Achrafieh tumani Bayrut, Livan. Bu tegishli edi Nikolas Sursok 1961 yilda vafot etganidan keyin o'z villasini Beyrut shahriga meros qilib qoldirgan. Muzey 18-asrda qurilgan qasrdir. Venetsiyalik va Usmonli me'moriy ta'sirlar. U joylashgan Rue Sursock sharqida Beyrut markaziy okrugi. Muzey kollektsiyasi kabi 5000 qismdan iborat rasmlar, haykaltaroshlik, keramika, shisha buyumlar va ikonografiya, 18, 19 va 20 asrlarga tegishli. Muzeyning doimiy fondida bo'lgan ba'zi mahalliy va xalqaro rassomlar Chafic Abboud, Rafik Charaf, Omar Onsi va Aref Rayess, boshqalar qatorida. Hozirda muzeyda muzey sirtini 2000 kvadrat metrdan 7000 kvadrat metrgacha oshirish va qo'shimcha ko'rgazma xonalari, kutubxona, kitob do'koni va musiqa xonasini o'z ichiga olgan kengaytirish loyihasi amalga oshirilmoqda.
• The Robert Mouad shaxsiy muzeyi xususiy yashash joyidir Bayrut Livanlik tadbirkor Robert Mouavad muzeyga aylantirgan Zokak el-Blat kvartalida. Saroy neo-gotik uslubda Livanlik siyosatchi va san'at kollektsioneri tomonidan qurilgan Anri Filipp Pharaoun Muzey 2006 yil 11 mayda tantanali ravishda ochilgan. Unda badiiy sharq va okkidental madaniyatlarning aralashmasini aks ettiruvchi qimmatbaho buyumlar va noyob kitoblar to'plami, xitoylik chinni buyumlar, keramika va boshqa muhim narsalar saqlanadi. Saroy me'morchiligi va dizayni fir'avnning g'azabini aks ettiradi Islom san'ati va 19-asrga tegishli dekorativ yog'och panellar, ayniqsa uning takrorlanadigan sayohatlaridan keyin Suriya. Boshqa namoyish etilgan asarlar orasida Vizantiya ham mavjud mozaikalar, Rim marmaridan yasalgan haykallar, idishlar va ko'zalar, tarixiy ustunlar, sopol idishlar, qadimiy qurollar, noyob gilamchalar, zamonaviy zargarlik buyumlari, noyob qimmatbaho toshlar, Melkit katolik piktogramma va saqlanib qolgan qo'lyozmalar.
• The Livan tarixiy muzeyi arab tilidagi dastlabki tarixiy muzeydir Yaqin Sharq va 2000 yil iyun oyida 125 yilligini nishonlash uchun ochilgan Sent-Jozef universiteti ning Bayrut. Muzeyning tashkil topishi 1950 yillarga qadar dunyoning ushbu qismida tarixiygacha olib borilgan tadqiqotlarni nazorat qilib turuvchi jezuitlar olimlarining ishlaridan kelib chiqqan. Ular Sent-Jozef universitetining "Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines" da to'plangan ko'plab eksponatlar va meroslarni to'plashdi. Ushbu fakultet 1988 yilda muzey tashkil etilishi bilan rivojlangan ilmiy-tadqiqot markazini tashkil etdi Tarix 2000 yil iyun oyida. Muzeyda XIX asrdan beri to'rt yuzdan ziyod arxeologik joylardan topilgan hayvonlar va odam suyaklari, neolit ​​davridagi sopol idishlar, toshdan yasalgan buyumlar va boshqa qadimiy buyumlar saqlanadi. To'plamlar noyob ma'lumotnomani shakllantiradi va faqat 1990-yillarning oxirigacha mutaxassislar uchun mavjud edi. To'plamning bir qismini jamoatchilikka namoyish qilib, Universitet odamlarga tarixdan oldingi Livan tafsilotlari va sirlarini o'rganish va kashf etish imkoniyatini berdi. Muzey ikki sathda jami 350 kvadrat metrni (3800 kvadrat metr) egallaydi.
• Aziz Jorj yunon pravoslav cherkovi muzey - Nejme maydonidagi Avliyo Jorj yunon pravoslav cherkovidagi kripto muzeyi. Bu 2000 yil oldin boshlangan o'sha joyda qurilgan etti cherkovga tegishli nasroniy meros qatlamlarini ochib beradigan nisbatan kichik muzey. Hozirgi sobor qadimiy yodgorliklar qatlamida turibdi, u erda uning mavjudligining har bir bosqichida odamlar uni kattalashtirishga va obodonlashtirishga harakat qilib, ko'proq devor rasmlari va piktogrammalar qo'shishgan. Muzey bu sobor ostidagi xazinadir yog 'lampalari, quvurlar, loy va terakota turli qazilmalarda topilgan kostryulkalar, miniatyura haykallari va xochlar namoyish etiladi. Shisha panellar kripto qoldiqlarining bir qismini qoplaydi va shisha qism kriptoni cherkovning to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ustidagi qurbongohdan ajratib turadi. Tor metall yo'lakka tashrif buyuruvchilar qabr toshlarini ko'rsatadigan mahfiyning o'n ikki bekatidan o'tishadi, mozaikalar, dafn xonalari, toshlar va ustunlardagi gravyuralar, yaxshi saqlanib qolgan skeletlari, yopiq kanal va qadimiy asfaltlangan yo'lning bir qismi. Sobarlar qayta tiklanmasdan oldin xarobalar va topilmalar Livan arxeologlari tomonidan qazilgan; Ular Vizantiya cherkovi Anastaziyani topishga qaratilgan bo'lib, u qadimiy matnlarga ko'ra Beyrutning mashhur yuridik maktabi uni tuzatmasdan oldin joylashgan. 551 Beyrut zilzilasi.

Boshqa yirik muzeylar:

• Amin Rihani Muzey
• M. Farrux muzeyi
• Muzeyi va kutubxonasi Katolikosat ning Kilikiya
• Baalbek Muzey
• Dahesh muzeyi San'at
• Livan merosi muzeyi
• Expo Hakel Livan
• Robert Mouad Xususiy muzeyi Livan
• Byblos fotoalbomlari muzeyi
• Byblos mumi muzeyi
• Vaqt xotirasi muzeyi
• Sidon sovun muzeyi

Diniy turizm

Livan xonimimiz

Qozhaya monastiri

Ikki asosiy dunyo dinlari markazida joylashgan, Nasroniylik va Islom, Livan turli xil an'analarga ega bo'lgan eski va boy diniy kelib chiqishga ega. Bu hozirgi kungacha ko'rinadigan va Livan jamiyatiga betakror o'ziga xoslik bag'ishlaydigan diniy va madaniy aralashmalarda yaqqol namoyon bo'ladi. Livan ming yillar davomida ta'qib qilingan diniy guruhlar uchun boshpana bo'lib kelgan va shu tariqa ikkala mamlakatda ham diniy merosning katta miqdorini qo'shgan Nasroniy va islomiy muqaddas joylar va muqaddas joylar.^[9]

• Shahar Xarissa, Livan mezbon Livan xonimimiz, shuningdek, Notre Dame du Liban, Marian ibodatxonasi va ziyoratgohi sifatida tanilgan, homiysi avliyoni sharaflagan. Livan. Qishloq Bayrutdan 20 km shimolda joylashgan va qirg'oq shahridan kirish mumkin Jounieh yo yo'lda yoki to'qqiz daqiqali sayohat bilan a gondol lift "nomi bilan tanilganTéléférique "Bu Jounie ko'rfazida tomosha qilishni istagan ziyoratchilarni ham, sayyohlarni ham o'ziga jalb qiladi. Ziyoratgoh - bu Livanning Xotini yoki Notre Dame du Liban nomi bilan tanilgan Bokira Maryamning 15 tonnalik bronza (va oq rangga bo'yalgan) haykali. Haykal 19-asrning oxirida qurilgan va 1908 yilda ochilgan. Haykalning tagida kichik cherkov joylashgan bo'lib, haykalning yonida beton va shishadan qurilgan ulkan zamonaviy Maronit sobori mavjud. tosh poydevor ustiga yig'ilgan ettita qismdan iborat bo'lib, uning pastki perimetri 64m, yuqori perimetri 12m va umumiy balandligi 20m bo'lgan haykalning balandligi 8.50m, perimetri 5.50 m.Haykal va ziyoratgoh 1908 yilda tantanali ravishda ochilgan va shu vaqtdan beri u Livondagi ziyoratgohlarning asosiy manzili bo'lib, ziyoratgoh balandligi 650 metr bo'lgan keng o'rmonli tepalik tepasida barpo etilgan. kuzatuv maydonchasi. Ziyoratgoh ziyorat qilindi Papa Ioann Pavel II 1997 yilda va Papa Benedikt XVI 2012 yilda.
• Mantara xonimimiz yilda Magdush, Livan, shuningdek ingliz tilida "Kutishdagi xonim" nomi bilan tanilgan, bu muqaddas nasroniylar makoni va Marian ibodatxonasi. Ziyoratgoh Bokira va Bola haykali o'rnatilgan toj minorasi, sobor, qabriston va Bokira Maryam Isoni kutib o'tirgan joy deb ishonilgan muqaddas g'ordan iborat. Qayta kashf etilganidan beri Mantara xonimining g'ori jamoatchilik uchun ochiq edi. U Livondagi ziyoratgohlarning asosiy joyiga aylandi. Iso va Maryam ilgari turgan qo'shni tepalik endi Sidon yunon katolik qabristoni. Har yili 8 sentyabr kuni muqaddas g'orning qayta kashf etilganligi munosabati bilan katta tantanalar o'tkaziladi. Muqaddas g'or yaqinida Magddushé xalqi sobori va Bokira va Bolaning bronzadan yasalgan haykali bilan bezatilgan zamonaviy minorani qurdilar. Minora ziyoratchilarga Sidon, O'rta er dengizi va serqatnov tepaliklar, vodiylar va tsitrus bog'lari manzaralarini taqdim etadi. Janubiy Livan.
• Beka xonimimiz (shuningdek, Beqaa deb yozilgan), Marianing ma'badidir Zahle ichida Beqaa vodiysi. 1958 yilda Xotinimizga juda sadoqatli bo'lgan yepiskop Evtim Zahle va Bekaa vodiysiga qaragan tepalikning tepasida Bibi Maryam sharafiga ziyoratgoh qurishga qaror qildi. Italiyalik rassom Perrotining ishi bo'lgan Bokira Maryamning o'n metr balandlikdagi bronza haykali 54 metr balandlikdagi minorada, Tel Chiha nomi bilan tanilgan tepalikka to'shalgan. Lift ziyoratchilar va sayyohlarni qizil tomli shaharga qaragan va vodiyning panoramali ko'rinishini taqdim etadigan tomosha maydonchasiga olib boradi. Minora poydevorida taxminan 100 kishiga mo'ljallangan kichik cherkov joylashgan.
• Mar Sarkis, Eden da joylashgan monastir Zgharta Tumani Shimoliy gubernatorlik Livan. U vodiyning shimoliy tarmog'i bo'lgan Qojaya vodiysida joylashgan Qodisha, Edenning sharqida. U qaraydi Ehden, Kfarsghab, Ban va Hadath El Jebbeh. Vodiyni 1500 metr balandlikda boshqaradigan alohida joylashishini hisobga olib, monastir Qadishaning hushyor ko'zi deb nomlanadi. Bu bag'ishlangan Sarkis va Baxos avliyolari (Sergius va Baxus avliyolari). Ras Al Nahr nomi daryoning yuqori qismini anglatadi, chunki u Mar Sarkis manbai atrofida, Qlaynsieh daryosining asosiy hissasi, Kannoubin daryosiga qo'shilgandan keyin Tripoli daryosi Abou Ali daryosida hosil bo'ladi. Monastir Livanga tegishli Antonin Maronit ordeni, 1700 yil 15-avgustda Maronit patriarxi Gabriel Al Blouzani tomonidan tashkil etilgan monastir ordeni Blaouza (1704-1705). Sarkis va Baxos avliyolarining birinchi cherkovi milodiy 8-asr o'rtalarida qishloq xo'jaligining ilohiyligiga bag'ishlangan Kan'on ibodatxonasi xarobalarida qurilgan. Uning yonida hijriy 1198 yilda bizning xonimga bag'ishlangan yana bir cherkov qurilgan. 1404 yildan 1690 yilgacha bir nechta binolar qo'shilgan. Patriarx Estephan El Douaihy binolarning tiklangan qismi.
• Qozhaya monastiri, shuningdek, transliteratsiya qilingan Qazaxya Livanning Shimoliy Gubernatorligining Zgharta tumanida joylashgan. Bu Livanliklarga tegishli Maronit ordeni sifatida tanilgan Baladiylar. U Buyuk Avliyo Entoniga bag'ishlangan. U joylashgan vodiyga nisbatan odatda Qozhaya deb nomlanadi. Qojayya vodiysi, g'arb bilan bog'langan Qannoubin vodiysi bilan birga Qadisha vodiysi deb nomlanadi. Qojaya Qodisha vodiysining eng qadimiy monastirlaridan biri hisoblanadi. Unga bir nechta zohidlar biriktirilgan va ma'lum bir davrda (ehtimol milodiy 12-asr) Maronit Patriarxining qarorgohi bo'lgan. 1584 yilda ushbu monastirda Yaqin Sharqning birinchi bosmaxonasi o'rnatildi. In 1708, it was handed down to the newly formed Lebanese Maronite Order. It still belongs to this important Order. Qozhaya was at its pinnacle in the first part of the 19th Century with more than 300 monks belonging to it. With its large properties in the valley, in Ain-Baqra and in Jedaydeh, Qozhaya is one of the richest monasteries of the Order. It contributes financially to the maintenance of the less fortunate monasteries of the Order.
• Our Lady of Bzommar is worshiped at the Monastery of Bzommar ga tegishli Arman katolik cherkovi.
• Emir Munzer Mosque This mosque was constructed by Emir Munzer Al-Tannoukhi. The mosque was also known as Masjid Al-Naoufara because of the fountain in its courtyard. The mosque has two entrances: the original 17th century arch portal from Souk Al-Bazarkhan, and a second entrance with three arches, added when the adjacent building was demolished to make way for the new Emir Fakhreddine Street (later renamed Riad Al-Solh Street).
• Emir Assaf Mosque Emir Assaf Mosque is located in downtown Beirut, Emir Mansur Assaf inaugurated the mosque in 1597, on the former Serail Square that hosted Emir Fakhreddine's palace.
• Mansouri Great Mosque The Mansouri Great Mosque is a mosque in Tripoli, Lebanon, also known simply as The Great Mosque of Tripoli. It was built in the Mamluk period, from 1294 to 1314, around the remains of a Crusader Church of St. Mary.
• Al-Nabi Shayt A mosque was built on the burial site and it contains the grave of Seth, son of Adam inside the mosque.
• Shrine of Sayyida Khawla bint al-Hussain The shrine of Sayyida Khawla, the daughter of Imam Hussein and great granddaughter of Prophet Muhammad, is a religious tourist attraction, began as a tomb of Sayyida Khawla at the year 680 CE that later had a mosque reconstructed over at the year 1656 CE. There exists inside the mosque a tree that is said to have been planted by Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Obidin and it is 1,300 years old. It is the most known Islamic shrine in Lebanon, for its Islamic architecture and its holiness especially for Shi'as there.
• Shrine of Prophet Elias Is a shrine located at the village of Nabi Ayla in Beqaa. It is said to belong to a prophet called Ayla, or Elias, who was sent to the people of Baalbek. Built at around the 17th century.
• Shrine of Prophet Noah Is a shrine located in a village called Karak Noah, and there exists a tomb that is referred to Nuh, and it is said to have been verified as the place of his burial by multiple witnesses, at the 12th century.
• The mosque of Ibrahim al-Khalil Is a mosque built by the Muslims when first entered Lebanon. It was built at year 635 CE and it is located in the city of Baalbek.
• Ra's el-Ain Mosque Is Known by the name of “Masjid el-Hussein”, this mosque was built in 61AH/681AC above the ruins of an old Phoenician temple, near the spring of Ra's el-Ain. The stones of the temple were used in building the mosque. Later, the Mamluk sultan el-Zaher Baybars renewed and enlarged it in 676AH/1277AC.

Tetrapilon at the center of the city of Anjar

Roman temple of Baxus yilda Baalbek

The ancient Byblos port

Ning ko'rinishi Kadisha vodiysi and the Cedars Forest in the background

The Triumphal Arch in Tir, Livan

Anjar

Arches at the ruins of Anjar

Inscribed as a world heritage site in 1984, Anjar was a commercial center for Levantine trade routes.^[10] Being only 1,300 years old, Anjar is one of Lebanon's newer archaeological sites.^[11] U tomonidan tashkil etilgan Umaviy Xalifa Valid ibn Abdel Malek (in the beginning of the 8th century) and takes its name from the Arabcha Ain Gerrah meaning "the source of Gerrah", related to the Umayyad stronghold founded in the same era.^[10][12]The city's wide avenues are lined with mosques, palaces, baths, storehouses, and residences. The city ruins cover 114,000 square meters and are surrounded by large, fortified stone walls, over two meters thick and seven meters high. The rectangular city design is based on Rim city planning and architecture, with stonework and other features borrowed from the Vizantiyaliklar. Two large avenues – the 20-meter-wide Kardo Maksimus, shimoldan janubga yugurib va Dekumanus Maksimus, running east to west – divide the city into four quadrants. At the crossroads in the center of the city, four great tetrapylons mark the four corners of the intersection.^[11]

Baalbek

Davomida Finikiyalik davr, Baalbek was a small village. Little remains of the Phoenician structures of the city, which was later named Heliopolis under the Hellenistic rule and extensively rebuilt by the Romans. After the arrival of the Romans to Phoenicia in 64 B.C., the city was transformed to a celebrated sanctuary where (Yupiter, Venera va Merkuriy ) and it was overlaid during a period of two centuries by a series of colossal temples.^[13][14] Modern-day visitors to Baalbek can enter the site through the grand Roman propileya and walk through the two large colonnaded courtyards to reach the complex's great temples:

• Ma'bad Yupiter was the largest Roman temple ever constructed. Today, just six of the original 54 Korinf ustunlari remain standing. Each column is 22 meters (66 ft) high and 2 meters (7.5 ft) in diameter, hinting at the temple's enormous size in the time of the Roman Empire.
• Ma'bad Baxus is the best-preserved Roman temple in the Middle East. Although smaller than the Temple of Jupiter, the Temple of Bacchus is still larger than the Parfenon yilda Afina. The dedication and purpose of this temple, and its relationship to the rest of the temple complex, remain a mystery.
• Ma'bad Venera is a smaller, domed structure set apart to the southeast of the complex. During the Byzantine period, the temple was converted into a church honoring Avliyo Barbara.
• Only part of the staircase from the Temple of Merkuriy can still be seen on Sheikh Abdallah hill, a short distance away from the main temple site.^[15]

Baalbek was inscribed as a world heritage site in 1984.^[16]

Byblos

Byblos was inscribed as a world heritage site in 1984. Inhabited since the Neolit ​​davri, it witnessed the arrival of successive civilizations, from Phoenicians and Crusaders to Usmonli turklari. Byblos is a historical Mediterranean region dating back thousands of years and closely associated with the spread of the Finikiya alifbosi.^[17]

The main touristic sites in Byblos:

• Ancient Phoenician Temples, that include the Obelisklar ibodatxonasi (also known as the Great Temple or L-Shaped temple), and the Temple of Baalat Gebal.
• Byblos Castle, a 12th-century Crusader castle located near the port.
• Byblos Mosque, considered to be the oldest mosque in the world.
• Medieval City Wall
• Byblos Wax Museum
• St John the Baptist Church, a Crusader church built in 1150.
• Byblos Fossil Museum
• Historic Quarter and Souks, near the entrance of the archaeological site.

Qadisha Valley and Cedars Forest

Inscribed as a world heritage site in 1998, the Qadisha Valley and Cedars Forest (also known as the Forest of the Cedars of God ) are considered to be of significant importance. The Qadisha valley was a settlement of early Xristian monastiri, situated in a rugged landscape north of the Western Mountain Range of Lebanon. Near the valley lies the Cedars forest, a nature reserve dedicated to the preservation of the last Cedar trees, used in antiquity for the construction of Phoenician boats and religious buildings.^[18]

List of monasteries in the Qadisha Valley:

• The Qannubin Monastery, the oldest of the Maronit monasteries in the valley.
• The Monastery of St Anthony of Qojaya, traditionally founded in the 4th century by St Hilarion.
• The Monastery of Our Lady of Hawqa, founded in the late 13th century by villagers from Hawqa.
• Monastiri Mar Sarkis, Eden, successively built in the 8th century, 1198 and 1690.
• The Monastery of Mar Lishaa, comprising a Maronite solitary order and a Barefoot Karmelit buyurtma.

Other monasteries consist of the Monastery of Mar Girgis, with the Chapel of Mar Challita, the Monastery of Mar Yuhanna, the Monastery of Mar Abun, with the Ermitaj of Mar Sarkis, and the Monastery of Mart Moura, Ehden.

Shinalar

Shinalar was inscribed as a world heritage site in 1984. It was the birthplace of the purple dye known as Tiriy binafsha rang and had founded several colonies in the Mediterranean such as Karfagen va Kadis. Many civilizations successively settled in Tyre from Phoenicians, Yunonlar, and Romans to Crusaders and Ottoman Turks. Today, there are still many valuable remains mainly from the Roman era.^[19]

Major archaeological sites in Tyre:^[20]

• Al-Bass site, having a three-bay monumental arch, an extensive nekropol va katta Hipodrom (all dating from the 2nd century AD to the 6th century AD).
• City site, in the old Phoenician island city, it consists of kolonadalar, public baths, mozaikalar, streets, a vast district of civic buildings and a rectangular arena.

Ekoturizm

Trekking ichida Dinniyeh tog'lar

Horsh Ehden qo'riqxona

Al Shouf sadr qo'riqxonasi

Ibrohim daryosi

Ekoturizm in Lebanon has a rich background of natural diversity and a wide range of outdoor activities. With an original landscape consisting of mountains, forests, wildlife, beaches, snow-fed rivers, caves, valleys, and gorges, Lebanon is becoming more of an outdoor destination where people can visit its natural reserves and practice their ecotourism activities.^[21]

Ecotourism activities and sports:^[22]

• ATV (Er usti transport vositasi )
• Rafting
• Piyoda yurish
• Cave
• Dirt biking
• Via Ferrata
• Rappelling
• Ot minish
• Snowboard
• Tog'da velosipedda harakatlanish
• Tog'ga chiqish

Natural reserves:

• Al Shouf sadr qo'riqxonasi
• Horsh Ehden Tabiat qo'riqxonasi
• La Reserve Afqa
• Palm orollari qo'riqxonasi
• Tannourine Nature Reserve
• Tyre Beach Nature Reserve
• Yammouneh Nature Reserve

Lebanese outdoors

Lebanon's nature and geography, which are unique to the Middle East region, allow the practice of outdoor activities (mainly concentrated in the summer season). Nowadays, these activities are gaining more interest from nature lovers and becoming well equipped with the specific requirements and facilities.^[23]

Major Outdoor activities:

• Lager, a popular outdoor activity concentrated between the months of May and September.
• Cave, an important Lebanese natural heritage (3 of the major caves are Afqa Grotto, Roueiss, and Ain El Libne).
• Velosiped haydash, a notable activity of recent interest.
• Piyoda yurish, an activity with a high number of trails (some of the hiking locations are Al Shouf sadr qo'riqxonasi, Ramlieh, Qammouah, the Horsh Ehden reserve and Nahr Ibrohim ).
• Paragliding, one of the best glide ports in the Middle East (the paragliding locations are Sidrlar, Ehden, Lassa, Miziara, Xarissa, Baruk va Faraya ).
• Rafting, a recently introduced sport practiced in locations like the Assi, the Litani, and the Awali rivers.
• Motorcycle riding, different motorcycle clubs organize all year round rides throughout the country. A notable reference is H.O.G Lebanon Chapter which includes more than 300 members.

Qishki sport turlari

Although Lebanon is considered to be a summer destination, qishki sport turlari are becoming more in demand due to the close geographical location of the mountain peaks from the Mediterranean sea and the unique winter experience that visitors have. Lebanese winter sports include Tog 'chang'isi va Kesib o'tuvchi joy; yo'lsizlik ga qo'shimcha sifatida paraplan parvozi, qor mototsikllari va piyoda yurish.^[24]

The Ski resorts:

• The Cedars, 1850–3087 m above sea level and 120 km from Beirut.
• Laqlouq, 1750-2200m above sea level and 60 km from Beirut.
• Faqra-Kfardebian, 1800–2400 m above sea level and 45 km from Beirut.
• Mzaar-Kfardebian, 1850–2500 m above sea level and 45 km from Beirut.
• Qanat Bakiche, 1900 m above sea level and 60 km from Beirut.
• Zaarour, 1700–2000 m above sea level and 40 km from Beirut.

Bo'sh vaqt

Riviera Beach and Hotel Resort

Lebanon has a 200 km of seashore with about 300 days of sunshine a year, making it a favorable destination for leisure and activities that expand in different parts of the country.^[25]

Popular Beaches and suv parklari in Lebanon:

• Orchid Beach Resort^[26]
• Turquoise Beach Resort
• Oceana Beach Resort
• Edde Sands
• Laguava Resort
• Moviy
• Janna Sur Mer
• Green Beach
• Riviera Beach Club
• Bamboo Bay
• Waves Aquapark
• Watergate Aquapark
• Jiyeh Marina

Art Galleries in Lebanon:

• Zamaan Gallery - includes a collection of more than 1700 paintings by Lebanese and Middle Eastern artists (www.zamaangallery.com)
• Lebanon is famous for its lottery system and Loto, operated by La Libanaise Des Jeux Official La Libanaise des Jeux.

Livan oshxonasi

A typical Lebanese mezze

The Lebanese cuisine, resembling Levantin oshxonasi with its own unique distinctions, combines the exotic ingredients of the Middle and Uzoq Sharq with the sophistication of Evropa oshxonasi. Although the Lebanese cuisine has a recent popularity throughout the world, its history dates back to pre-Injilga oid marta. This eastern O'rta er dengizi cuisine, which is located in a relatively small geographical area, has had a major influence on Yaqin Sharq cuisine and other neighboring culinary cultures. Nowadays, Lebanese cuisine is known throughout the world, especially with the recent emphasis on the health benefits of Mediterranean cuisine. The significant importance of this ancient cuisine has also inspired professional chefs and restaurateurs across the country to feature exciting Lebanese items on their menus.Popular Lebanese Restaurants in Lebanon:Mounir, Karamna, Leila, Al Balad, Kababji, and Al Halabi^[27]

Lebanese crafts

Lebanese crafts have a sense of style and beauty that attract many tourists interested in these unique handcrafted items which are considered as a significant souvenir of the tour. The production method of Lebanese crafts is mainly concentrated in small villages where the old skills are handed from generation to generation, produced from local raw materials and carefully made with a sophisticated aesthetic and skill. Different regions of the country specialize in various handicrafts such as savat, carpet weaving, keramika va sopol idishlar, mis va metallga ishlov berish, kashtachilik, shisha puflamoqda, and gold and silver smithing. Some Lebanese villages are also known for their finely crafted church bells.^[28]

Popular tourist destinations in Lebanon

Nejmeh square in Beyrut markaziy okrugi

• Sidon a 6,000-year-old city on the southern coast of Livan. This city is an up-and-coming tourist destination boasting several attractions like the Sidon Soap Museum, Sidon dengiz qal'asi, Old City, Our Lady of Mantara, Eshmun Temple...etc.
• Mzaar Kfardebian a prominent Lebanese ski area and mountain resort.
• Bayrut the capital city which features thriving nightlife, fantastic restaurants, and the famous Raouche Rock
• Xarissa where visitors can take the Téléférique up Mount Harissa to visit Livan xonimimiz.
• Jeyta Grotto recognized as one of the most magnificent limestone caves in the world.
• Beiteddine a small city in Chouf which hosts the Beiteddine Palace va Beiteddine festivali.
• Batroun a small city in north Lebanon which has the famous Mousaylaha citadel built by the Crusaders. Batroun is also famous for its Phoenician old town and old churches. Nightlife is thriving in Batroun with many nightclubs and beach bars. Colonel Beer Brewery, one of a kind in the region, is also located on the shores of Batroun.
• Tripoli, Livan the second largest city which has seen many empires, with a famous souk, the 5,000-year-old Tripoli Castle, and one of the oldest ports in the world in its neighboring city El-Mina.
• The Beyrut markaziy okrugi used to be the beating heart of the city but is hardly gaining its old status. Home to numerous historical sites, and rebuilt after the end of the civil war, the BCD it hosts a number of upscale hotels, restaurants, and shops. It is by far the most visited tourist venue in Livan. During the summer, the squares and parks of the BCD turn into huge open-air concert halls boasting regional and international performance, but generally speaking, after office hours, the district streets are empty.
• The trendy and lively neighbourhoods are Badaro with its village feel and its animated bars and cafes scene, Hamra, Gemmayzeh va Mar Mikhaël.
• Byblos, believed to be one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, is also a big tourist destination known for its ruins and ancient citadels, its old souk and port, its beaches, its museums, and more recently its nightlife. Byblos also hosts Byblos xalqaro festivali yearly, the biggest festival in Lebanon with worldwide artists performing concerts on the seaside near the sea castle. It was voted the best Arab city in 2015.
• Ehden, a mountain town located in the Shimoliy gubernatorlik, at an altitude of 1450 meters, Ehden is a popular tourist destination mostly visited by Lebanese tourists that come from all over Lebanon. Ehden offers plenty of historical and religious landmarks, it is home to the first Maronit church in Lebanon. Ehden is also home to one of the biggest nature reserves in Lebanon, the Horsh Ehden reserve which offers a wide variety of fauna and flora, it is also a hiking destination. Ehden has a town centre that offers plenty of international cuisine restaurants as well as traditional cuisine. Ehden hosts an international festival every year named "Ehdeniyat International Festival". It is advisable to visit the town in summer as it is a summer town for the people of Zgharta therefore it is empty in winter and spring, nevertheless, the Horsh Ehden reserve is open all year long with all hotels being opened all year long as well.

Lebanese festivals

Inner courtyard of the Beiteddine palace where the Beiteddine festivali joy oladi.

There is a wide range of festivals that take place in Lebanon, especially in the summer season where festivities including both Lebanese and international performers take place in major archaeological and historical sites, including Baalbek, Byblos va Beiteddine.^[29]

Major Lebanese festivals:

• Anjar Festival
• Al Bustan festivali
• Baalbeck xalqaro festivali
• Beiteddine festivali
• Byblos xalqaro festivali
• Deir el Qamar Festival
• Shinalar Festival

Statistics and economy

3 MEA Airbus A321s parked at the west wing of Beyrut Rafic Hariri xalqaro aeroporti

Tourism was once a very important contributor to Lebanon's economy, accounting for almost 20 percent of the YaIM in the 2 decades before the start of the Fuqarolar urushi. Since the end of the war, the sector has managed to revive somewhat, but tourism has yet to return to its pre-war levels. Tourism in 1999 accounted for 9 percent of the GDP. In 2001, the tourism sector was one of the fastest growing sectors of the economy, with the number of tourists visiting Lebanon between 1996 and 2000 growing at the rate of 14 percent annually.^[30] In 2003 the tourism industry contributed 6.374 billion U.S. dollars to the Lebanese economy and in 2005 the receipts per capita reached 1,433 U.S. dollars.^[31] In 2004, the song "Libnan",^[32] tomonidan yozilgan va ijro etgan Lidiya Kan'on (who in 1997 was awarded the Lebanese International Success Award^[33] tomonidan Livan turizm vazirligi ), was the soundtrack of the advertisement "Rediscover Lebanon", produced and broadcast by CNN to over one-billion viewers and commissioned by the Lebanese Ministry of Economy & Trade to promote Livan as a tourist destination.^[34][35]In 2006 the ministry of Tourism counted 373,037 admissions to the country's main ministry run touristic sites.^[36] In 2009, Lebanon hosted about two million tourists, a record number, passing the previous 1974 record of 1.4 million tourists.^[37] The number of tourists grew by 39% over the previous year, the largest increase in any country according to the Jahon turizm tashkiloti.^[38] Most of the increase is due to heightened political stability and security. Lebanon was also featured by several international media outlets, including the Nyu-York Tayms, CNN va Parij uchrashuvi, as a top tourist destination at the beginning of 2009.^[39] Lebanon's annual income from tourism reached $7 billion, about 20 percent of its gross domestic product, according to the Minister of Tourism.^[37] Despite the recent surge in popularity as a tourist destination, the United States along with a number of other countries continue to urge their citizens to avoid all travel to Lebanon due to current safety and security concerns.^[40][41][42]

So'nggi yillar

On August 16, 2015, during the 7th session of the Joint Jordanian-Lebanese Higher Committee, Lebanese and Iordaniya officials signed a five-year tourism partnership program which includes efforts to promote tourism in both countries.^[44]

Mamlakatlar bo'yicha kelish

Most visitors arriving to Lebanon were from the following countries of nationality:^{[45][46][47][48][49]}

Mamlakat	2019	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013	2012
Suriya	2,421,346	2,687,509	2,377,368	1,802,598	1,956,194	3,614,539	4,459,842	4,116,463
Iroq	196,265	211,589	226,930	236,013	191,578	189,156	141,986	126,982
Qo'shma Shtatlar	192,671	190,464	171,110	154,095	135,606	114,015	103,483	110,539
Frantsiya	181,127	181,321	164,924	145,666	134,181	120,710	117,688	120,134
Kanada	113,063	114,137	107,713	100, 076	91,324	78,419	71,841	75,751
Germaniya	106,379	104,167	96,711	87,567	74,823	67,988	61,123	62,160
Misr	92,533	92,173	82,282	83,337	75,524	69,179	63,578	64,017
Saudiya Arabistoni	88,142	61,547	64,270	40,391	47,831	45,788	40,958	72,658
Iordaniya	87,447	92,920	90,077	86,693	77,960	73,822	78,018	89,100
Avstraliya	75,589	84,218	78,664	72,743	57,852	48,467	43,560	50,261
Birlashgan Qirollik	74,177	75,309	68,360	61,994	56,608	49,179	48,504	50,214
Shvetsiya	47,153	44,032	38,958	34,722	28,376	26,031	24,011	24,340
Jami	4,357,666	4,651,399	4,234,163	4,179,966	3,474,121	4,969,186	5,734,204	5,482,308

Bibliografiya

• Dewailly B., 2007, « Du cas et des “K” touristiques libanais : une communication géographique » , yilda Villes et Territoires du Moyen-Orient, Institut Français du Proche-Orient, Beyrouth, mars, n° 3, on Hal-SHS.
• Dewailly B. et Ovazza J.-M., 2009, "Le tourisme au Liban : quand l’action ne fait plus système", in Berriane M. (Ed.), Tourisme des nationaux, tourisme des étrangers : quelles articulations en Méditerranée ?, Rabat University Press, Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines and European Research Institute, Florence, Italy, 277 p. ISBN  978-2-35604-098-5 - PDF preprint version 2004 kuni Hal-SHS.
• Dewailly B. et Ovazza J.-M., 2009, " Les complexes balnéaires privés au Liban. Quels lieux touristiques en émergence ?", in Berriane M. (Ed.), Tourisme des nationaux, tourisme des étrangers : quelles articulations en Méditerranée ?, Rabat University Press, Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines and European Research Institute, Florence, Italy, 277 p. ISBN  978-2-35604-098-5 - PDF preprint version 2004 kuni Hal-SHS.
• Ministère libanais du tourisme, 1995, Le Liban – Un Avenir – Le Tourisme, Plan de Reconstruction et de Développement Touristiques du Liban, République Libanaise, Organisation Mondiale du Tourisme, République Française, Programme des Nations-Unies pour le Développement.

Shuningdek qarang

• Livan konstitutsiyasi
• Livanda haydovchilik guvohnomasi
• Livan tashqi aloqalari
• Livan tarixi
• Livan diasporasi
• Livanlik shaxsiy guvohnoma
• Livan pasporti
• Livan siyosati
• Livanning avtoulovlarni ro'yxatdan o'tkazish raqamlari
• Livanning viza siyosati
• Livan fuqarolari uchun viza talablari

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• Ecotourism in Lebanon