Nanking jangi - Battle of Nanking

Ushbu maqola 1937 yilgi jang haqida. Boshqa janglar uchun qarang Nanking janglari.

Nanking jangi
Qismi Ikkinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushi
Zhongshan Gate.png
Yapon askarlari 13-dekabr kuni Nankingning Zhonshan darvozasi xarobalari tepasida Zijinshan fonda.
Sana1937 yil 1-13 dekabr
Manzil
Nanking va uning atrofidagi hududlar
Natija

Yaponiya g'alabasi

Urushayotganlar
 Xitoy
Qo'llab-quvvatlovchi:
 Sovet Ittifoqi[1]		 Yaponiya
Qo'mondonlar va rahbarlar
Xitoy Respublikasi (1912–1949) Tang ShengjiYaponiya imperiyasi Ivane Matsui
Jalb qilingan birliklar
Nanking Garrison Force
Sovet ko'ngillilar guruhi[1]		Markaziy Xitoy hududi armiyasi
Kuch
100,000[2][3]200,000[4]
Yo'qotishlar va yo'qotishlar

Xitoycha taxmin: 6000–10000 kishi o'ldirilgan va yaralangan[5]

Yapon manbai: 50,000-70,000 o'ldirilgan[2][6]
  • 1 953 kishi o'ldirilgan
  • 4.994 kishi yaralangan[7]
Nanking jangi
Xitoy nomi
An'anaviy xitoy南京 保衛 戰
Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili南京 保卫 战
To'g'ridan-to'g'ri ma'noNankingni himoya qilish uchun jang
Yaponcha ism
Kanji南京 戦
Kanaな ん き ん せ ん

The Nanking jangi (yoki Nankindavomida 1937 yil dekabr oyining boshlarida jang qilingan Ikkinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushi xitoylar o'rtasida Milliy inqilobiy armiya va Yapon imperatori armiyasi nazorat qilish uchun Nanking (Nankin), poytaxti Xitoy Respublikasi.

O'rtasida urush boshlanganidan keyin Yaponiya va 1937 yil iyulda Xitoy, Yaponiya hukumati dastlab janglarni jilovlashga urinib ko'rdi va urushni kelishuv asosida hal qilishga intildi. Biroq, g'alabadan keyin Shanxay jangi Yaponiya harbiy tarkibida ekspansionistlar ustun keldi va 1-dekabr kuni Nankingni qo'lga olish kampaniyasiga rasmiy ravishda ruxsat berildi. Nankingni egallash vazifasi generalga berildi Ivane Matsui, Nankingni qo'lga olish Xitoyni taslim bo'lishga majbur qiladi va shu bilan urushni tugatadi deb hisoblagan Yaponiyaning Markaziy Xitoy hududi armiyasining qo'mondoni. Xitoy rahbari Chiang Qay-shek oxir-oqibat shaharni himoya qilishga qaror qildi va tayinlandi Tang Shengji Nanking Garrison Force-ga, shoshilinch ravishda yig'ilgan mahalliy chaqiriluvchilar armiyasiga va jang qilgan Xitoy bo'linmalarining qoldiqlariga qo'mondonlik qilish Shanxay.

Yaponiyalik askarlar Shanxaydan Nankinga shoshilinch tezlikda yurib, Xitoyning qarshilik ko'rsatgan cho'ntaklarini tezda mag'lub etishdi. 9-dekabrga qadar ular mudofaaning so'nggi chizig'iga, ortida turgan Fukuo chizig'iga etib kelishdi Nankingning mustahkam devorlari. 10 dekabrda Matsui Nankingga har tomonlama hujum qilishni buyurdi va ikki kundan kam davom etgan shiddatli janglardan so'ng Chiang shaharni tark etishga qaror qildi. Qochib ketishdan oldin Tang o'z odamlariga Yaponiya qamalini kelishilgan ravishda boshlashni buyurdi, ammo bu vaqtgacha Nanking asosan o'ralgan edi va uning mudofaasi buzilish nuqtasida edi. Tangning aksariyat bo'linmalari shunchaki qulab tushishdi, ularning askarlari shaharning tinch aholisi orasida yashirinish umidida ko'pincha qurol-yarog 'va kiyim-kechaklarni ko'chaga tashladilar.

Shaharni qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng yapon askarlari xitoylik harbiy asirlarni qatl qildilar, tinch aholini o'ldirdilar va talonchilik va zo'rlash harakatlarini " Nanking qirg'ini. Yaponiyaning harbiy g'alabasi ularni hayajonlantirgan va ruhlantirgan bo'lsa-da, keyingi qirg'in ularning dunyo oldida obro'siga putur etkazdi. Matsui kutganidan farqli o'laroq, Xitoy taslim bo'lmadi va Ikkinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushi yana sakkiz yil davom etdi.

Jangga tayyorgarlik

Yaponiyaning Nankingni qo'lga olish to'g'risidagi qarori

Ikkinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushi deb ataladigan mojaro 1937 yil 7-iyulda boshlandi Marko Polo ko'prigidagi to'qnashuv bu shiddat bilan Xitoy va Yaponiya qo'shinlari o'rtasida Shimoliy Xitoyda keng miqyosli urushga aylandi.[8] Biroq, Xitoy shimolda keskin to'qnashuvdan qochmoqchi edi va buning o'rniga a ikkinchi old Xitoyning markazidagi Shanxaydagi yapon bo'linmalariga hujum qilish orqali.[8] Yaponlar bunga javoban Shanxay ekspeditsiya armiyasi (SEA), general buyruq beradi Ivane Matsui, Xitoy armiyasini Shanxaydan haydash uchun.[9] Shanxaydagi shiddatli janglar Yaponiyani majbur qildi Armiya Bosh shtabi, harbiy operatsiyalar uchun mas'ul bo'lgan, dengizni bir necha bor kuchaytirish uchun va nihoyat 9-noyabrda butunlay yangi armiya, 10-armiya general-leytenant qo'mondonligi Xeysuke Yanagava, shuningdek, qo'ndi Xanchjou ko'rfazi Shanxayning janubida.[9]

Garchi 10-armiyaning kelishi Xitoy armiyasini Shanxaydan chekinishga majbur qilgan bo'lsa-da, Yaponiya Armiyasi Bosh shtabi urushni tugatish maqsadida harbiy harakatlarni kengaytirmaslik siyosatini qabul qilishga qaror qildi.[10] 7-noyabr kuni amalda rahbar kadrlar rahbarining o'rinbosari Xayao Tada o'z kuchlarining Shanxay yaqinidan chiqib ketishiga, aniqrog'i Xitoy shaharlarining g'arbiy qismiga borishiga to'sqinlik qiladigan "operatsiyani cheklash chizig'ini" qo'ydi. Suzhou va Jiaxing.[11] Nanking shahri Shanxaydan g'arbga 300 kilometr (186 milya) uzoqlikda joylashgan.[11]

Yaponiya generali Ivane Matsui

Biroq, Yaponiya hukumati va uning ikki dala armiyasi - SEA va 10-armiya o'rtasida katta kelishmovchilik mavjud bo'lib, ular noyabr oyidan boshlab ikkalasi ham nominal ravishda Markaziy Xitoy hududi armiyasi SEA qo'mondoni Matsui boshchiligida.[12] Matsui Shanxayga ketishdan oldin ham o'z rahbarlariga Nankinga yurishni istayotganini aniq aytdi.[13] U Xitoyning poytaxti Nankingni zabt etilishi Xitoyning butun Milliyatchi hukumatining qulashiga turtki bo'lishiga va shu tariqa Yaponiyaga Xitoyga qarshi urushida tez va to'liq g'alabaga erishishiga amin edi.[13] Yanagava ham Nankingni zabt etishni juda xohlar edi va ikkala shaxs ham ularga Armiya Bosh shtabi tomonidan yuklatilgan operatsiyani cheklash chizig'i ostida qoldi.[12]

19-noyabr kuni Yanagava o'zining 10-armiyasiga xitoylik kuchlarni operatsiyani cheklash chizig'i bo'ylab Nankinggacha chekinishni ta'qib qilishni buyurdi.[14] Ertasi kuni Tada buni aniqlagach, Yanagavaga zudlik bilan to'xtashni buyurdi, lekin uni e'tiborsiz qoldirdilar. Matsui Yanagavani jilovlash uchun bir oz harakat qildi, shuningdek, unga bir nechta avans birliklarini chiziqdan tashqariga yuborishi mumkinligini aytdi.[9] Aslida Matsui Yanagavaning harakatlariga juda hamdard edi[15] va bir necha kundan keyin 22-noyabr kuni Matsui Armiya Bosh shtabiga shoshilinch telegramma yuborib, "Ushbu inqirozni tezkorlik bilan hal qilish uchun biz dushmanning hozirgi pasayib borayotgan boyliklaridan foydalanishimiz va Nankingni zabt etishimiz kerak ... Bu erda operatsiyani cheklash chizig'i biz nafaqat oldinga siljishimizga imkon beramiz, balki bu dushmanni jangovar kuchini to'ldirishga va jangovar ruhini tiklashga undaydi va bu qiyinlashishi xavfi mavjud. urush qilish irodasini batamom buzing. "[16]

Ayni paytda, tobora ko'proq Yaponiya bo'linmalari operatsiyani cheklash chizig'idan o'tishda davom etar ekan, Tada ham Armiya Bosh shtabi ichkarisida bosim o'tkazayotgan edi.[12] Tadaning ko'plab hamkasblari va bo'ysunuvchilari, shu jumladan Bosh shtab operatsiyalar bo'limining kuchli boshlig'i Sadamu Shimomura, Matsui nuqtai nazaridan kelib chiqib, Tadaning Nankinga qilingan hujumni ma'qullashini xohladi.[14] 24-noyabr kuni Tada nihoyat "o'zimizga bog'liq bo'lmagan holatlar tufayli" operatsiyani cheklab qo'ydi va bekor qildi, keyin bir necha kundan so'ng u Nankingni qo'lga olish operatsiyasini istamay ma'qulladi.[12] Tada buyurtmani topshirish uchun 1 dekabr kuni shaxsan Shanxayga uchib ketdi,[17] garchi o'sha paytgacha daladagi o'z qo'shinlari Nankingga etib borishgan edi.[12]

Xitoyning Nankingni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qarori

15-noyabr kuni Shanxay jangi tugashiga yaqin Chi Kay-she yig'ilishni chaqirdi Harbiy ishlar bo'yicha komissiya Strategik rejalashtirishni, shu jumladan Yaponiyaning Nankingga hujumi paytida nima qilish kerakligi to'g'risida qaror qabul qilish uchun Milliy Mudofaa Oliy Kengashi.[18] Bu erda Chiang Nankingning mudofaasini himoya qilishni qat'iy talab qildi. Chiang xuddi Shanxay jangi paytida bo'lganidek, Xitoy buyuk davlatlardan yordam olish ehtimoli ko'proq, ehtimol davom etayotgan vaziyatda To'qqizta kuch shartnomasi konferentsiyasi, agar u jang maydonida yaponlarga qarshi turish irodasi va imkoniyatlarini isbotlay olsa.[18] Shuningdek, u Nankingni ushlab turish Xitoyning Germaniya elchisiga kerakli tinchlik muzokaralarida qo'lini kuchaytirishini ta'kidladi Oskar Trautmann vositachilik qilmoq.[18]

Chiang o'z zobitlari, shu jumladan, harbiy ishlar komissiyasining kuchli shtab boshlig'i tomonidan qattiq qarshilikka uchradi U Yingqin, shtat rahbarining o'rinbosari Bai Chonxi, Beshinchi urush zonasi rahbari Li Zongren va uning nemis maslahatchisi Aleksandr fon Falkenxauzen.[18][19][20] Ular Xitoy armiyasining Shanxaydagi yo'qotishlarini tiklash uchun ko'proq vaqt kerakligini ta'kidladilar va Nanking topografik jihatdan juda himoyasiz bo'lganligini ta'kidladilar.[18] Nanking oldidagi asosan yumshoq qiyalik erlar hujumchilarni shaharga yurishni osonlashtirar edi, Yangtsi daryosi orqada Nanking himoyachilarning chekinishini to'xtatadi.[19]

Xitoy generali Tang Shengji

Shanxay jangi paytida Chiang tobora qo'zg'aldi, hatto g'azab bilan Nankingda yolg'iz qolishini va uning mudofaasini shaxsan o'zi boshqarishini aytdi.[19] Ammo Chiang o'zini butunlay yakkalanib ketganiga ishonganida, Harbiy ishlar bo'yicha komissiyaning shuhratparast katta a'zosi general Tang Shengji Chiangning pozitsiyasini himoya qilish uchun nutq so'zladi, ammo Tangning ovozi bilan Chiangning yordamiga o'tib ketganligi yoki shunchaki istamay shunday qilganiga qarab hisobotlar turlicha.[18][19] Tang bergan fursatdan foydalanib, Chiang bunga javoban 20 noyabrda Nanking Garrison kuchlarini tashkil qildi va rasmiy ravishda 25 noyabrda Tangni o'z qo'mondoni qildi.[19] Tangning 30-noyabr kuni Chiangdan olgan buyruqlari "belgilangan mudofaa chizig'ini har qanday narxda himoya qilish va dushmanning qamaldagi kuchini yo'q qilish" edi.[19]

Garchi ikkala odam ham Nankingni "oxirgi odamga qadar" himoya qilishini e'lon qilgan bo'lsa ham,[21][22] ular o'zlarining xavfli vaziyatlaridan xabardor edilar.[19] Garrison kuchlari tashkil etilgan o'sha kuni Chiang rasmiy ravishda Xitoy poytaxtini Nankingdan ko'chirdi Chontsin Xitoyning ichki qismida chuqur.[23] Bundan tashqari, Chiang ham, Tang ham o'zlarining bo'ysunuvchilariga o'z vazifalari Nankingni o'limgacha himoya qilish yoki shunchaki yaponlarning oldinga siljishini kechiktirish to'g'risida qarama-qarshi ko'rsatmalar berishadi.[19]

Nankinga yo'l

Xitoyning mudofaaga tayyorgarligi

Keyingi 1931 yildagi Manchuriyadagi voqea, Xitoy hukumati tez orada milliy mudofaa dasturini atrofga birlamchi va yordamchi havo kuchlari bazalarini qurish bilan boshladi Nanking poytaxti shu jumladan Jurong aviabazasi, 1934 yilda qurib bitkazilgan, undan havodan mudofaani osonlashtirish hamda dushman hujumlariga qarshi qarshi zarbalar berish; 1937 yil 15-avgustda IJN ko'plab og'irlarning birinchisini ishga tushirdi shnellbomber (tezkor bombardimonchi) Jurong Airbase-ga qarshi zamonaviy reydlar yordamida G3M asoslangan Giulio Douhet poytaxtni qo'riqlayotgan Xitoy havo kuchlari jangchilarini zararsizlantirishga qaratilgan blits-hujum kontseptsiyasi, ammo Jurongda joylashgan xitoylik qiruvchi uchuvchilarning kutilmagan og'ir qarshiliklari va ko'rsatkichlari bilan qattiq qaytarildi va deyarli 50% yo'qotish tezligiga duch keldi.[24][25]

20-noyabr kuni Xitoy armiyasi va chaqirilgan mardikorlar jamoalari shoshilinch ravishda shahar ichida va tashqarisida Nankingning mudofaasini kuchaytira boshladilar.[23][26] Nankingning o'zi butun shahar atrofida deyarli ellik kilometr (31 milya) cho'zilgan dahshatli tosh devorlar bilan o'ralgan edi.[27] Yuz yillar ilgari qurilgan devorlar Min sulolasi balandligi yigirma metrgacha (65 fut) ko'tarilgan, to'qqiz metr (30 fut) qalinlikda va avtomat qurollari bilan o'ralgan.[28] 6 dekabrga qadar shaharga kiradigan barcha eshiklar yopilib, olti metr (20 fut) qalinlikdagi qo'shimcha qum yostiqlari va beton qatlami bilan to'sib qo'yildi.[29][30]

Devorlarning tashqarisida yaponlarning oldinga siljish yo'lida bir qator yarim doira shaklidagi mudofaa chiziqlari qurilgan, xususan, shahardan o'n olti kilometr (10 mil) uzoqlikda joylashgan tashqi va Fukuo liniyasi deb nomlanuvchi shaharning tashqarisida joylashgan ichki qism. pozitsiyalar chizig'i.[31][32][33] Fukuo liniyasi, xandaklar, xandaklar, tikanli simlar, minalar maydonlari, qurol-yaroq joylari va pill qutilarining keng tarmog'i Nanking shahar devorlari tashqarisidagi so'nggi himoya chizig'i bo'lishi kerak edi. Shuningdek, Fukuo chizig'ida ikkita muhim balandlik bor edi, Zijinshan cho'qqilari shimoli-sharqda va janubda Yuhuatay platosi, bu erda mudofaa ayniqsa zich bo'lgan.[23][34][35] Yapon bosqinchilariga bu sohada har qanday boshpana yoki ta'minotni rad etish uchun Tang strategiyasini qabul qildi kuygan er 7-dekabr kuni shahardan bir-ikki kilometr (1,2 milya) uzoqlikdagi yaponlarning yo'lidagi barcha uylar va inshootlarni, shuningdek shahardan o'n olti kilometr (10 mil) uzoqlikdagi yo'llar yaqinidagi barcha uylar va inshootlarni yoqib yuborishni buyurdi. .[23]

Himoyalanayotgan armiya, Nanking Garrison Force, qog'ozda o'n uch diviziyadan iborat, shu jumladan uchta elitaning dahshatli armiyasi edi. Germaniyada o'qitilgan bo'linishlar va super elita O'quv brigadasi, ammo aslida bu qismlarning aksariyati Shanxaydagi janglardan jiddiy ravishda tozalangan Nankinga qaytib kelishgan.[36][37] Nankingga etib borganlarida, ular jismonan charchagan, uskunalari kam bo'lgan va qo'shinlarning umumiy kuchi yomonlashgan. Ushbu qismlarning bir qismini to'ldirish uchun Nanking va uning atrofidagi qishloq qishloqlaridan 16000 nafar yigit va o'spirin tezda yangi ishga jalb qilingan.[23][38] Qo'shimcha 14000 yangi askar olib kelindi Xankou 2-armiya saflarini to'ldirish uchun.[39] Biroq, yaponlarning kutilmagan tezligi tufayli, yangi chaqirilganlarning ko'pchiligi frontga kelayotganda yoki kelganda qurollarini qanday o'qqa tutish kerakligi haqida faqat ibtidoiy tayyorgarlikdan o'tdilar.[23][37] Nanking Garrison kuchlari jangga qadar qancha askarni birgalikda bosib o'tishga muvaffaq bo'lganligi to'g'risida aniq statistik ma'lumotlar mavjud emas, ammo etakchi taxminlarga ko'ra 73,790 dan 81,500 gacha bo'lgan Devid Askew[40] ular Ikuxiko Xata 100 mingni taxmin qiladigan,[2] va ular Tokushi Kasaxara kim taxminan 150 000 foydasiga bahslashadi.[23]

Xitoylik tinch aholi o'lik o'g'lini ko'tarib, Yaponiyaning Nankinga qilingan havo hujumida jarohat oldi.

Ammo bu davrda Yaponiya Navy Air Service shaharga tez-tez havo reydlarini boshlagan va oxir-oqibat dengiz flotining o'z yozuvlariga ko'ra 50 ta reydni tashkil qilgan.[41] The Yaponiya imperiyasining harbiy-dengiz floti xizmati bilan birinchi marta 15 avgustda Nankingni urgan edi Mitsubishi G3M o'rta og'ir bombardimonchilar, ammo havo mudofaasi oldida katta yo'qotishlarga duch keldi Xitoy havo kuchlari Boeing P-26/281 Peashooter va Hawk II /Hawk III asosan Nanking mudofaasi uchun Jurong aviabazasida joylashgan jangchilar.[42] Faqat ilgari ishlab chiqarishni joriy qilgandan keyingina emas edi Mitsubishi A5M qiruvchi Yaponiyaliklar havo-havo jangida oqimni o'zgartira boshladilar va Xitoy va Havo kuchlarining yo'qotishlarini doimiy ravishda eskirganligi sababli kechayu kunduz ham harbiy, ham fuqarolik maqsadlarini bombardimon qilishni davom ettirdilar; xitoyliklarda tobora o'sib boruvchi va tobora takomillashib boruvchi yapon urush mashinasiga qarshi kurashish uchun erkaklar va mashinalarni almashtirish uchun samolyot sanoati va keng qamrovli o'quv rejimi yo'q edi.[41] Biroq, Xitoy harbiy-havo kuchlarining tajribali qiruvchi qiruvchi uchuvchilari baribir Yaponiya havo kuchlariga qarshi eng xavfli dushmani isbotladilar; jangovar eylar Polkovnik Gao Tszixang, Mayor Jon Vong Pan-yang va Kapitan Lyu Kuigang 12-oktabr kuni Nankingga kirgan ustun A5Mlar sonidan ustun bo'lgan, shu kuni to'rtta A5M qiruvchisini urib tushirgan, shu qatorda polkovnik Gao tomonidan Shotay rahbari V.O. Torakuma.[43]Polkovnik Gao ham, kapitan Lyu ham fojiali tarzda keyingi oyda havoda bo'lmagan jangovar hodisalar tufayli yo'qolib qolishdi, chunki ular jangovar samolyotlarning takomillashtirilgan dizaynini olishga tayyorlanayotganda. Polikarpov I-16s.[44] Yaponiyadagi terroristik bombardimon va Yaponiya imperatori armiyasining davom etayotgani oldida, Nanking fuqarolarining aksariyati dekabrning boshiga kelib Nanking aholisi avvalgi milliondan 500 minggacha kam bo'lgan shaharni tark etishdi. Bu raqam o'z qishloqlarining qishloq qishloqlaridan kelgan qochqinlarni o'z hukumatining yoqib yuborgan yer siyosati bilan yoqib yuborilishini o'z ichiga olgan.[45][46] Hali ham shaharda bo'lganlarning aksariyati juda kambag'al va boshqa boradigan joylari yo'q edi.[45] Nankingning chet ellik aholisi ham bir necha bor portlashlar, yong'inlar, jinoyatchilar tomonidan talon-taroj qilish va elektr ta'minotidagi uzilishlar sababli tobora betartib bo'lib borayotgan shaharni tark etishni iltimos qilishdi.[30][47] ammo o'sha ozgina chet elliklar ortda qolish uchun jasorat bilan chiqib ketolmagan xitoylik tinch aholiga yordam berish yo'lini topishga intildilar.[48] Noyabr oyi oxirida guruh ulardan Germaniya fuqarosi boshchiligida Jon Rabe tashkil etdi Nanking xavfsizlik zonasi shahar markazida, o'zini urushdan qutulish uchun fuqarolik qochqinlari to'planishi mumkin bo'lgan o'zini qurolsizlantirish zonasi deb e'lon qildi.[48] Xavfsizlik zonasi Xitoy hukumati tomonidan tan olingan,[49] va 8 dekabr kuni Tang Shengji barcha tinch aholini u erdan evakuatsiya qilishni talab qildi.[29]

Nankindan qochib qutulgan xitoyliklar orasida Chi Kay-shekiy va uning rafiqasi ham bor edi Soong Mei-ling, 7 dekabr kuni tong otishidan oldin xususiy samolyotda Nankingdan uchib chiqqan.[50] Nanking meri va shahar hokimiyatining aksariyati shu kuni shaharni boshqarishni Nanking Garrison kuchlariga topshirgan holda tark etishdi.[50]

Yaponiyaning Nankingga yurishi

Dekabr oyining boshiga kelib Yaponiyaning Markaziy Xitoy hududi armiyasi 160 mingdan ziyod kishini kuch bilan shishirgan edi,[51] garchi ularning atigi 50 mingga yaqini jangda qatnashishi mumkin edi.[52] Nankinga qarshi hujum rejasi a qisqich harakati buni yaponlar "qurshab olish va yo'q qilish" deb atashgan.[50][53] Markaziy Xitoy hududi armiyasining qisqichbaqasi ikki tomoni - Shanxay ekspeditsiya armiyasi (SEA) sharqiy tomondan Nankinga va o'ninchi armiya janubiy tomondan oldinga siljish edi. Nankingning shimolida va g'arbida Yantszi daryosi yotar edi, ammo yaponlar ushbu qochish yo'lini ham daryo bo'yiga kemalar eskadronini yuborish orqali hamda shahar atrofida aylanib o'tish uchun ikkita maxsus otryadni joylashtirib qo'yishni rejalashtirdilar.[54] Kunisaki otryadi janubdagi Yangtszeni bosib olishning asosiy maqsadi bilan o'tishi kerak edi Pukou Yamada otryadini uzoq shimoliy yo'nalishda jo'natish kerak bo'lgan paytda, Nankingdan g'arbiy daryo bo'yida, Mufushanni Nankingdan shimolga olib borish kerak edi.[54]

General Matsui, Armiya Bosh shtabi bilan birga, Nankingga sekin va barqaror yurishni rejalashtirgan edi, ammo uning bo'ysunuvchilari birga o'ynashdan bosh tortishdi va aksincha, shaharga birinchi bo'lib etib borish uchun bir-birlari bilan jon kuydirishdi.[55][56][57] Yaqinda barcha bo'linmalar kuniga qirq kilometrgacha bo'lgan tezlikda Nanking tomon guvillab yurishdi.[58] Masalan, 10-armiya asosiy shaharni egallab oldi Guangde rejalashtirilgan avansni boshlashi kerak bo'lganidan uch kun oldin 30-noyabr kuni dengiz dengizini egallab oldi Danyang 2 dekabr kuni muddatidan besh kundan ko'proq.[55] Bunday tezlikka erishish uchun yapon askarlari o'zlarida qurol va o'q-dorilardan boshqa ozgina narsani olib yurishgan.[59] Ular etkazib berish liniyalarining ko'pchiligidan ancha oldinda yurishganligi sababli, yo'lda xitoylik tinch aholidan oziq-ovqat sotib olishlari yoki talon-taroj qilishlari kerak edi.[59]

Yapon askarlari Nanking tomon yurishmoqda

Oldinga siljish paytida yaponlar dastlab "yugurish jangida" Shanxaydan yaponlar tomonidan ta'qib qilinayotgan allaqachon urib tushirilgan Xitoy kuchlarining engil qarshiliklarini engib chiqdilar.[31][38] Bu erda yaponlarga havoning ustunligi, tanklarning ko'pligi, Xitoy mudofaasining zarb qilingan va shoshilinch ravishda qurilgan tabiati, shuningdek, Xitoyning o'zlarining mudofaa kuchlarini nisbatan balandlikdagi kichik yamoqlarda to'plash strategiyasi yordam berdi. tashqi va atrof.[9][60][61]

5-dekabr kuni Chiang Qay-sheki yaqinidagi mudofaa lageriga tashrif buyurdi Jurong o'z odamlarining ruhiyatini ko'tarish uchun, ammo Yaponiya imperatori armiyasi jang maydoniga hujum boshlaganda orqaga chekinishga majbur bo'ldi.[62] O'sha kuni dengizning jadal sur'atda harakatlanayotgan kontingentlari Jurongni egallab olishdi va keyin Yaponiya artilleriyasini shahar oralig'iga qo'yadigan Nanking tashqi mudofaasining muhim nuqtasi bo'lgan Chunxuazhenga etib kelishdi.[32][50][62] Bu erda Xitoyning 51-diviziyasi asosiy kuchini janglarga jalb qildi va 8-dekabr kuni dengiz dengizining asosiy kuchi kelganida yorilishdan oldin Yaponiyaning hujumlarini bir necha bor qaytarib berdi.[62] Dengiz ham qal'ani egallab oldi Chjetszyan va o'sha kuni Tangshuizhen kurort shahri.[63] Ayni paytda, xuddi shu mudofaa chizig'ining janubiy qismida Yaponiyaning 10-armiyasining zirhli mashinalari Xitoyning pozitsiyasini zabt etishdi Tszyanjunshan va Niushoushan Xitoyning 58-diviziyasi tomonidan himoya qilindi.[62] Bolg'a bilan qurollangan jasur xitoylik askarlar transport vositalariga sakrab tushishdi va "U erdan chiq!" Deb baqirish bilan tomlarida bir necha bor urishdi, ammo zulmat tushganidan keyin jang maydoniga zo'rg'a tushganidan so'ng 58-diviziya 9-dekabr kuni o'z yozuvlariga ko'ra, 800 qurbonlar.[62]

9-dekabrga qadar Yaponiya qo'shinlari Nankingning so'nggi mudofaa chizig'i - dahshatli Fukuo liniyasiga etib kelishdi.[64] Shu paytda general Matsui "taslim bo'lish uchun chaqiruv" tuzdi, unda xitoyliklar shaharni tinch yo'l bilan bosib olish shartlarini muhokama qilish uchun Nankingning Chjunshan darvozasiga harbiy vakillarini yuborishni iltimos qildilar va keyin u Mitsubishi Ki-21 xabarning minglab nusxalarini shahar bo'ylab tarqatib yuboring.[65][66] 10-dekabr kuni Matsui shtabining bir guruh zobitlari darvoza ochiladimi yoki yo'qligini kutishdi, ammo Tang Shengji javob berishni xohlamadi.[66]

O'sha kuni Tang o'z odamlariga: "Bizning armiyamiz Fukuo liniyasidagi Nankingni himoya qilish uchun so'nggi jangga kirishdi. Har bir birlik o'z postini u bilan yashash yoki o'lish bilan qat'iy himoya qiladi. Sizga ruxsat berilmaydi. mudofaaning qulashiga olib keladigan o'z-o'zidan orqaga chekinish. "[64][67] Amerikalik jurnalist F. Tillman Durdin, jang paytida saytida xabar berayotgan bir kichik xitoylik askarlar to'siq o'rnatganini, tantanali yarim doira shaklida yig'ilib, bir-birlariga turgan joylarida birga o'lishlariga va'da berganlarini ko'rdi.[61]

Nanking uchun so'nggi jang

Nanking jangi Frank Kapra "s Xitoy jangi

10 dekabr kuni soat 13:00 da general Matsui barcha bo'linmalarga Nankingga keng ko'lamli hujum qilishni buyurdi.[66] O'sha kuni SEA Nankingning shimoli-sharqiy ufqida hukmronlik qiladigan Zijinshan cho'qqilarida Xitoyning super elita o'quv brigadasiga hujum qildi.[35] Dengiz odamlari tog 'tizmalarini chaqib olib, qonli piyoda ayblovlari bilan har bir xitoylik lagerni birin-ketin nazorat qilishlari kerak edi. Zijinshanning janubiy tomoni bilan yurish osonroq emas edi, chunki general Matsui o'zining taniqli tarixiy joylariga hech qanday zarar etkazilmasligiga chuqur ishonganligi sababli o'z odamlariga artilleriyadan foydalanishni taqiqlagan edi. Sun Yat Sen maqbarasi va Ming Syaoling maqbarasi.[68]

Shuningdek, Nankingning sharqiy tomonida, ammo janubida Dengizning boshqa bo'linmalari o'zlari bilan shaharning uchta darvozasi - Zhonshan darvozasi, Guanghua darvozasi va Tongji darvozasi o'rtasida turgan katta xandaqni to'ldirish qiyin vazifaga duch kelishdi, garchi Yaponiyaning avvalgi tezligi ularning foydasiga o'ynadi, chunki bu erga joylashtirilishi kerak bo'lgan asosiy Xitoy birliklari hali o'z mavqeida emas edi.[35][66][69] O'sha kuni kechqurun Guanghua darvozasini yopayotgan yapon muhandislari va artilleriyasi devoridagi teshikni portlatishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Yaponiya batalyoni bo'shliqdan jasoratli hujum boshladi va darvozaning bir qismiga Yaponiya bayrog'ini o'rnatdi, ammo darhol bir qator qat'iyatli Xitoy qarshi hujumlari bilan mahkamlandi.[69] Xitoyliklar qo'shimcha kuchlarni, shu jumladan tanklarni ham jalb qilishdi va ular granatalarni va hattoki yonib turgan, benzin bilan namlangan yog'ochlarni yapon batalyoniga to'kdilar, bu esa ularni yo'q qilishdan faqat o'zlarining boshqa divizionlarining konsentratsiyalangan artilleriya otishmalaridan xalos bo'lishdi. Batalon, sakson sakkiz kishidan saksonini yo'qotishiga qaramay, jangning qolgan qismida o'z pozitsiyasini saqlab qolishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.[69][70]

Xuddi shu payt Yaponiyaning 10-armiyasi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri oldida joylashgan qo'pol plato Yuhuatayga bostirib kirdi. Zhonghua darvozasi Nankingning janubiy tomonida. Yuhuatay uchta Xitoy bo'linmasi, shu jumladan Germaniya tomonidan o'qitilgan 88-diviziya tomonidan boshqariladigan bir-biriga bog'langan pillboxes va xandaklar qal'asi kabi qurilganligi sababli, 10-armiyaning rivojlanishi sekinlashdi va talafotlar og'ir edi, ammo xitoyliklar ham qarshi hujumga moyil edilar va ba'zi yapon birliklari majbur bo'ldilar. hujumga qaraganda ko'proq vaqtni himoya qilishga sarflash.[71] Yuhuatayga joylashtirilgan 88-diviziyaning har bir odamiga yaqin joyda, shu jumladan to'rt polk komandirlaridan uchtasi va brigada komandirlarining ikkitasi ham jangda o'ldirilgan, ammo bu jarayonda yaponlar 2240 kishining jabrlanishiga, shu jumladan 566 kishining hayotiga zomin bo'lgan.[72] Yuxuatay nihoyat 12-dekabr kuni peshin paytida bosib olindi.[73]

Zhonghua darvozasi yaqinidagi xandaqdan o'tayotgan yapon askarlari

Yuhuatay ortida 88-diviziya zo'rg'a o'qitilgan yangi askarlarini Nankingning Zhonghua darvozasi tepasida joylashtirgan edi.[72] Yaponlar avvalgi oqshomda portlovchi moddasi bo'lgan "o'z joniga qasd qilish otryadiga" kirib borishga urinib ko'rgan edi prikol kislotasi teshik ochish uchun bu darvozagacha, lekin u ertalab tuman ichida adashib devorga etib bormadi.[74] 12-dekabr kuni peshin vaqtida oltita yaponiyalik askarlardan iborat guruh kichik qayiqda zovurdan o'tib, titroqli bambuk narvonda Zhonxua darvozasidagi devorni kattalashtirishga va u erda Yaponiya bayrog'ini ko'tarishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.[75] Ulardan beshtasi quroldan otib o'ldirilgan, ammo oxirgi odam xitoy pulemyotini ushlab, yakka o'zi pozitsiyani egallagan. Ko'p o'tmay, boshqa bir yapon jamoasi tutun pardasini yaratish uchun darvoza oldida o't qo'ydi.[75] Kechki soat 17:00 ga qadar ko'proq yapon qo'shinlari xandaqdan o'tib, vaqtinchalik ko'priklarni qurib, Chjunxuey darvozasini ishg'ol qilar edilar, shuning uchun muhandislari ularni o'z tanalari bilan baland tutishlari kerak edi va Yuxuatay tepasida bir necha yaxshi nishonga olingan yapon artilleriyasi o'qi yordamida. nihoyat devor qismlari qulab tushdi.[73] Ayni paytda, Zhonghua darvozasidan g'arbda, Yaponiya 10-armiyasining boshqa askarlari ham Shuixi darvozasining janubidagi botqoqli hududlarda xitoylik chiziqlar orqali teshik ochishdi va tanklar parki ko'magi bilan shu darvoza tomon zo'ravonlik bilan harakatlanishni boshlashdi.[73]

Jang avjida Tang Shengji Chiangga shikoyat qildi: "Bizning yo'qotishlarimiz tabiiy ravishda og'ir va biz metallarga qarshi faqat go'sht va qon bilan kurashamiz",[76] ammo xitoyliklar jihozlarida etishmayotgan narsalarini ular jang qilgan shafqatsizlikda qopladilar, ammo bu qisman hech bir odam yoki birlik ruxsatisiz bir qadam orqaga chekinmaslik haqidagi qat'iy buyruqlar bilan bog'liq edi.[64][77] Jang davomida taxminan 1000 nafar xitoylik askar orqaga chekinishga uringani uchun o'z armiyasining boshqa a'zolari tomonidan otib o'ldirildi,[78] Yuhuatayda esa yapon askarlari o'zlarining yo'lovchilarining qochib ketishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun ko'plab xitoylik qutilar tashqaridan zanjirlanganligini payqashdi.[79]

Shunga qaramay, yaponlar qattiq bosim o'tkazgan va xitoylik himoyachilarni o'rab olishgan.[73] 12-dekabr kuni SEA Zijinshan shahrining №2 cho'qqisini qo'lga kiritdi va shu nuqtadan Zhonshan darvozasida artilleriya otilishi toshqinini boshladi, u erda devorning katta qismi to'satdan bo'shashib qoldi.[73] Quyosh botganidan keyin Zijinshan ustidan nazoratdan o't o'chirilgan o'tinlar hatto janubdagi Zhonxua darvozasidan ham ko'rinib turar edi, u 12 dan 13 dekabrga o'tar kechasi Yaponiyaning 10-armiyasi tomonidan to'liq ishg'ol qilingan edi.[80][81]

Nanking Garrison kuchlarining qulashi

Yaponlar bilmagan holda, Chiang allaqachon Tangga himoyadan voz kechishni buyurgan edi.[80] Nankingda achchiq-achchiq ushlab turish to'g'risida ilgari qilgan nutqiga qaramay, Chiang 11 dekabr kuni Tangga shahardan voz kechish to'g'risida buyruq yubordi.[82] Tang ertasi kuni 12 dekabrda bunga tayyor edi, ammo Yaponiyaning kuchli hujumidan qo'rqib, so'nggi daqiqada Germaniya fuqarolari Jon Rabe va Eduard Sperling orqali yaponlar bilan vaqtincha sulh tuzish to'g'risida g'azablantiradi.[82] Faqat muzokaralarni o'z vaqtida yakunlab bo'lmasligi aniq bo'lganida, Tang nihoyat uning barcha bo'linmalarini Yaponiya qurshovini kelishilgan ravishda boshlashga chaqiradigan reja tuzishni tugatdi.[82] Ular zulmat qopqog'ida o'sha tunda soat 23:00 da boshlanib, keyin uyga kirishlari kerak edi Anxuiy. 12-dekabr kuni soat 17:00 dan so'ng Tang ushbu rejani barcha qismlarga etkazishni rejalashtirdi va keyin Yangtszey daryosini kesib o'tdi, undan yigirma to'rt soat oldin daryoning qarama-qarshi qirg'og'idagi Pukou shahri orqali qochib o'tdi. Yaponiyaning Kunisaki otryadi tomonidan ishg'ol qilingan.[82]

Tang shahar tashqarisiga chiqib ketganda, ammo butun Nanking Garrison kuchlari tezda parvozda ba'zi bo'linmalar bilan parchalanib ketishdi.[82][83] Bundan tashqari, Tangning xabarini hech qachon qabul qilmagan va buyurtma bo'yicha o'z lavozimlarida ishlashni davom ettirgan ko'plab birliklar bilan aloqa allaqachon yo'qolgan edi,[84] garchi uni olganlarga ham yapon tilidan o'tib ketishda omad etishmadi.[85] Xitoyning 66- va 83-korpuslari sharqdagi bo'shliq orqali rejalashtirilgan yaponlardan qochish taklifini kiritdilar, ammo darhol o'zlarining minalar maydoniga tushdilar.[85] Shundan so'ng ular parvoz paytida Yaponiya bo'linmalari tomonidan hujumga uchragan va jangda ikki bo'lim boshlig'ini yo'qotgan.[85] Ikki korpus jangni kamida 11000 kishidan boshlagan bo'lsa-da, ulardan faqat 600 nafari Nankindan qochib qutulgan.[85][86] 13-dekabr kuni tong otganda, Xitoyning 74-korpusining bir qismi ham Nanking janubidagi Yangtze daryosi bo'ylab Yaponiya yo'nalishlarini kesib o'tish maqsadida yo'q qilindi.[85]

Nankingdan chiqib ketishga muvaffaq bo'lgan oz sonli qismlardan biri bu Xitoy boshchiligidagi 2-armiya edi Xu Yuanquan Nankingning shimolida joylashgan.[85] Xu hech qachon Tangning himoyadan voz kechish haqidagi buyrug'ini olmagan bo'lsa-da, 12 dekabrga o'tar kechasi u Nanking qo'lga olinganligini eshitgan va shu sababli o'z ixtiyori bilan chekinishga qaror qilgan. Kechasi u Yaponiyaning harbiy-dengiz kuchlari daryoni to'sib qo'yishdan oldin, Yangtsi daryosi bo'ylab o'z qismining katta qismini evakuatsiya qilishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.[85]

Nankingning Zhonshan yo'lida tarqalib ketgan qoldiqlar

Aksincha, shu kecha Yaponiyaning 10-armiyasining oldinga siljishidan vahima va tartibsizlikda qochib ketgan Nanking janubidagi minglab xitoylik askarlar va tinch aholining portga etib borishiga yo'l qo'yilmadi. Syaguan xitoyliklar tomonidan to'siq qo'shinlari olomonga ruxsatsiz chekingani uchun o'q uzgan va uni ushlab turishga muvaffaq bo'lgan.[87][88] Kechki soat 9:00 da Tangning xayrlashuv xabarini olmagan qochib ketgan Xitoy tank bo'linmasi to'siqdagi askarlarni zaryad qildi va ularning to'siqlarini yorib o'tdi, faqat olomon portda qolgan qayiqlarning deyarli yo'qligini aniqladilar.[87] Olomon qanchadan-qancha hunarmandchilik mavjud bo'lgan kemada harakat qilish uchun kurashdilar, ammo tez orada ular haddan tashqari yuklanib, o'rtada cho'kib ketishdi.[85] Qolgan xitoylik askarlar Yantszening qo'pol va sovuq suvlariga qirg'oq va parcha yog'och bo'laklariga yopishgan holda ommaviy ravishda olib ketishdi, ammo ko'plari tezda daryoga yutilib ketishdi.[87] Bundan tashqari, shu paytgacha Yaponiyaning Nanking qurshovi deyarli tugatildi va Yantsziga jasorat ko'rsatishga uringanlar ko'p o'tmay, daryoning ikkala tomonidan o'qqa tutilishdi.[89] Buni ko'rgan boshqalar umidsizlikka tushib shaharga qaytishdi.[87]

Yaponiya harbiy rahbarlari Kiyoshi Xasegava (admiral), Ivane Matsui, Shahzoda Yasuxiko Asaka va Xeysuke Yanagava 1937 yil 13-dekabrda Nanking aerodromida urushda halok bo'lganlarni xotirlash marosimida

Shahardan qochib qutula olmagan bu o'n minglab xitoylik askarlarning aksariyati bunga javoban kiyimlarini va qurollarini tashlab, fuqarolarning kiyimlariga o'tib ketayotgan odamlardan o'g'irlash orqali o'tib ketishdi va keyin Nanking Xavfsizlik zonasida tinch aholi bilan aralashib, muqaddas joyni izlashdi.[85] Amerikalik jurnalist F. Tillman Durdin "deyarli kulgili bo'lgan armiyaning ulgurji echinishining guvohi bo'lgan".[84] "Qurol-yarog 'forma bilan birga tashlandi, ko'chalar qurol-yarog', granata, qilich, to'rva, palto, poyabzal va dubulg'a bilan qoplandi ... Aloqa vazirligi oldida va undan ikki blok narida yuk mashinalari, artilleriya, avtobuslar, xodimlar mashinalari, vagonlar, pulemyotlar va qurol-yarog 'keraksiz hovlida bo'lgani kabi to'planib qoldi ".[61]

Moping operatsiyalari va Nanking qirg'ini

Asosiy maqola: Nanking qirg'ini
Xitoylik erkaklarni qurol qidirayotgan yapon askarlari

Nankingdagi janglar 12-13 dekabrga o'tar kechasi Yaponiya armiyasi qolgan eshiklarni olib shaharga kirib kelganida to'liq tugamadi. Shaharda olib yurish operatsiyalari davomida yaponlar yana bir necha kun davomida xitoylik sayr qiluvchilarning vaqti-vaqti bilan qarshiliklarini engishdi.[90][91][92] Nufingdan shimolda joylashgan Mufushanni 14-dekabr kuni ertalab ko'p qon to'kilmasdan Yaponiyaning Yamada otryadi olib ketgan bo'lsa ham,[93] Nanking tashqarisidagi qarshilik cho'ntaklari yana bir necha kun saqlanib qoldi.[94]

Shu bilan birga, Yaponiyaning Nankingdagi navbatchilik vazifasini bajaruvchisi, shaharda yashirinayotgan sobiq xitoylik askarlar xavfsizlik xavfi tug'dirishi mumkin degan qarorga kelishdi va shu sababli Nankingdagi har bir binoni sinchkovlik bilan tekshirib chiqdilar va Nanking xavfsizlik zonasiga tez-tez bostirib kirishdi ularni qidirish.[90][91] Yaponiya bo'linmalari sobiq askarlarni yelkalarida ryukzak yoki miltiq ko'tarishdan izlari bor-yo'qligini tekshirib, ularni tinch aholidan ajratishga urindi.[90] However, the criteria used were often arbitrary as was the case with one Japanese company which apprehended all men with "shoe sores, callouses on the face, extremely good posture, and/or sharp-looking eyes" and for this reason many civilians were taken at the same time.[95] What happened to the Chinese soldiers and civilians who were captured varied greatly from unit to unit, though many were summarily executed in an event that came to be known as the Nanking qirg'ini, which the foreign residents and journalists in Nanking made known internationally within days of the city's fall.[96] The Japanese also committed random acts of murder, rape, looting, and arson during their occupation of Nanking. Ga ko'ra Uzoq Sharq uchun xalqaro harbiy tribunal, indicate that the total number of civilians and prisoners of war murdered in Nanking and its vicinity during the first six weeks of the Japanese occupation was over 200,000 while 20,000 women were raped, including infants and the elderly.[97] Estimates for the total death toll of the Nanking Massacre vary widely.[98][99]

December 17 victory parade as seen in the Japanese propaganda film Nanking (1938)

The Japanese Army's mopping-up operations and the large-scale massacres that accompanied them were over by the afternoon of December 17 when General Matsui entered Nanking for the victory parade.[100] By the end of December most Japanese soldiers had left Nanking, though units of the Shanghai Expeditionary Army stayed on to occupy the city.[101] The Nanking Self-Government Committee, a new municipal authority formed from local Chinese collaborators, was inaugurated on January 1, 1938,[102] but it was not until February 25 that all restrictions on the free movement of civilians into and out of the city were lifted.[103]

Natijada va baholash

Shuningdek qarang Aftermath of Nanking
Celebrations in Japan following the fall of Nanking

News of the massacre was tightly censored in Japan,[104] where Nanking's capture provoked a frenzy of excitement among the citizenry.[105] Mass celebrations of every sort, either spontaneous or government-sponsored, took place throughout the country, including a number of resplendent lantern parades which were still vividly remembered by onlookers several decades later.[105][106] F. Tillman Durdin noted even before Nanking had fallen that "Events in the field have renewed the belief of the Japanese people in the invincibility of their arms."[29]

The conquest of Nanking had been quicker and easier than the Japanese had foreseen;[9][107] they lost only 1,953 soldiers in battle, plus 4,994 wounded.[7] Japan's casualties were undoubtedly dwarfed by those of China, though no precise figures exist on how many Chinese were killed in action. The Japanese claimed to have killed up to 84,000 enemies during the Nanking campaign whereas a contemporary Chinese source claimed that their army suffered 20,000 casualties. Masahiro Yamamoto noted that the Japanese usually inflated their opponent's body counts while the Chinese had reason to downplay the scale of their loss.[108] Ikuhiko Hata estimates that 50,000 Chinese soldiers were killed in combat during the entire battle[2] whereas Jay Taylor puts the number at 70,000 and states that proportionate to the size of the force committed, such losses were greater than those suffered in the devastating Shanxay jangi.[6] On the other hand, Chinese scholar Sun Zhaiwei estimates Chinese combat losses at 6,000 to 10,000 men.[109]

An official report of the Nationalist Government argued that an excess of untrained and inexperienced troops was a major cause of the defeat, but at the time Tang Shengzhi was made to bear much of the blame and later historians have also criticized him.[76][110] Japanese historian Tokushi Kasahara, for instance, has characterized his battlefield leadership as incompetent, arguing that an orderly withdrawal from Nanking may have been possible if Tang had carried it out on December 11 or if he had not fled his post well in advance of most of his beleaguered units.[111][112] However, Chiang's very decision to defend Nanking is also controversial. Masahiro Yamamoto believes that Chiang chose "almost entirely out of emotion" to fight a battle he knew he could only lose,[113] and fellow historian Frederick Fu Liu concurs that the decision is often regarded as one of "the greatest strategical mistakes of the Sino-Japanese war".[114] Still, the historian Jay Taylor notes that Chiang was convinced that to run from his capital city "without a serious fight ... would forever be regarded as a cowardly decision".[20]

In spite of its military accomplishment, Japan's international reputation was blackened by the Nanking Massacre, as well as by a series of international incidents that occurred during and after the battle.[115] Most notable among them were the shelling by Japanese artillery of the British steamship Ladybird on the Yangtze River on December 12, and the sinking by Japanese aircraft of the American gunboat Panay not far downstream on the same day.[116] The Allison Incident, the slapping of an American consul by a Japanese soldier, further increased tensions with the United States.[116]

Furthermore, the loss of Nanking did not force China to capitulate as Japan's leaders had predicted.[106] Even so, buoyed by their victory, the Japanese government replaced the lenient terms for peace which they had relayed to the mediator Ambassador Trautmann prior to the battle with an extremely harsh set of demands that were ultimately rejected by China.[117][118][119] On December 17 in a fiery speech entitled, "A Message to the People Upon Our Withdrawal from Nanking", Chiang Kai-shek defiantly declared that,[20][120]

The outcome of this war will not be decided at Nanking or in any other big city; it will be decided in the countryside of our vast country and by the inflexible will of our people ... In the end we will wear the enemy down. In time the enemy's military might will count for nothing. I can assure you that the final victory will be ours.[121]

The Second Sino-Japanese War was to drag on for another eight years and ultimately end with Japan's surrender in 1945.[122]

Adabiyotlar

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  122. ^ Jay Taylor, The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 2009), 313–317.

Koordinatalar: 32 ° 03′00 ″ N 118°46′01″E / 32.0500°N 118.7670°E / 32.0500; 118.7670