Centennial Parklands - Centennial Parklands - Wikipedia

Centennial Park
Centennial Park
Centennial Parklands Sidneydagi Centennial Parkning joylashishi
Turi	Shahar parki
Manzil	Gadigal er, Eora mamlakat, Sidney, Yangi Janubiy Uels, Avstraliya
Koordinatalar	33 ° 53′56 ″ S 151 ° 13′55 ″ E / 33.899 ° S 151.232 ° E / -33.899; 151.232Koordinatalar: 33 ° 53′56 ″ S 151 ° 13′55 ″ E / 33.899 ° S 151.232 ° E / -33.899; 151.232
Maydon	360 gektar (890 gektar)
Yaratilgan	1816
Ta'sischi	Hokim Lachlan Macquarie
Tomonidan boshqariladi	Centennial Park va Mur Park Trust Botanika bog'lari va yuz yillik parklar sifatida savdo qilish
Ochiq	Tong shom tushguncha
Holat	Yil davomida ochiq
Belgilash	Yangi Janubiy Uels merosi ro'yxati
Jamoat transportiga kirish	: : Bondi Junction; : Marshrutlar #333, 340, 352, 355, 389 va 440; : Mur parki va Royal Randwick
Veb-sayt	www.centennialparklands.com.au
Yangi Janubiy Uels merosi ro'yxati
Rasmiy nomi	Centennial Park, Mur Park, Queens Park; Centennial Parklands; Sidney Umumiy; Lachlan botqoqlari suv zaxirasi
Turi	Davlat merosi (landshaft)
Mezon	a., c., d., e.
Belgilangan	27 mart 2000 yil
Yo'q ma'lumotnoma.	1384
Turi	Urban Park
Turkum	Bog'lar, bog'lar va daraxtlar

Centennial Parklands - bu uch kishilik guruhga berilgan ism shahar bog'lari joylashgan Gadigal erga sharqiy shahar atrofi ning Eora mamlakat, Sidney, Yangi Janubiy Uels, Avstraliya. Taxminan 360 gektar (890 gektar) maydonni o'z ichiga oladi Centennial Park, Mur parki va Qirolicha parki. Parklendlar ro'yxatida keltirilgan Yangi Janubiy Uels merosi ro'yxati, milliy, davlat yoki mahalliy merosning turli xil tarkibiy qismlari bilan. Bog'lar mahalliy hokimiyat hududlarida joylashgan Rendvik shahri, Waverley shahar kengashi va Sidney shahri.^[1]

Bog 'maydonlari Centennial Park va Mur Park Trust tomonidan boshqarilib, Botanika bog'lari va Centennial Parklands savdo-sotiqlari bilan shug'ullanadi. Ishonch. Tomonidan boshqariladi NSW Atrof-muhit va meros bo'limi, agentligi Yangi Janubiy Uels hukumati. Parklendlar qo'shildi Yangi Janubiy Uels davlat merosi reestri 2000 yil 27 martda.^[2]

Centennial parkida ko'plab yovvoyi hayvonlar, jumladan qushlar hayoti, quyonlar va tulkilar yashaydi. Shuningdek, bu erda ot sporti maktablari va Centennial Park Rabbit Retreat kabi boshqa uy hayvonlari bilan shug'ullanadigan uylar,^[3] yuz yillik parkda va Paddington hududida quyonlarga mo'ljallangan pansionat

Tarix

Ko'ngilochar kvartal, Sidney

Parklendlar an'anaviy ravishda qamoqda bo'lgan erlarda qurilgan Gadigal mahalliy avstraliyalik odamlar^[1] va janubi-sharqdan 3-6 kilometr (1,9 dan 3,7 milya) oralig'ida joylashgan Sidneyning markaziy biznes tumani.^[1]

Centennial Parklands, bugungi kunda bo'lgani kabi, 190 yillik mustamlakachilik tarixini anglatadi. Ko'chib kelganlar Gadi aholisi hayotiga zudlik bilan ta'sir ko'rsatdilar, ularning klan hududi aksariyat qismini egallaydi Sidney yarim orol. Gadi mamlakati hozirgi zamon orasida joylashgan Darling Makoni va South Head va Centennial Park, Mur Park va Queens Parkni o'z ichiga oladi.^[2]

Bugungi kunda Centennial Park va Mur Park joylashgan joy yaqinida, Kanguro Ground deb nom olgan maydon 1791 yoki 1793 yillarda J. Walker tomonidan o'yib yozilgan xaritada qayd etilgan. Ushbu xarita inglizlarning Kanguru Ground deb nomlagan joyini ko'rsatadi. Gadining klan hududlari. Bu erda Tench va boshqalar kuzatgan yanada boy tuproqlar va atmosfera kabi parklar, shubhasiz, Gadi tomonidan doimiy ravishda otilib chiqib, daraxtzorlarni toza saqlash va kengurularni va boshqa yirik o'yinlarni ov qilish uchun maydonga jalb qilish uchun yaratilgan bo'lar edi.^[2]

1882 yildan boshlab Parklandlarning bir qismi uyni qurish uchun ishlatilgan Sidney ko'rgazma maydonchasi, mashhurlarning uyi Yangi Janubiy Uelsning Qirollik qishloq xo'jaligi jamiyati "har yili 1 milliongacha odamni uchastkaga jalb qiladigan Pasxa shousi. 1970-yillar davomida Showground ob'ektlari katta sarmoyalarni talab qilishi tan olindi, shuningdek, katta mablag 'ham bor edi yashil taqiq bog'da sport stadioni qurilishiga to'sqinlik qildi.^[4] 1988 yilda ko'rgazma ob'ektlarini qo'shni erga ko'chirish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi Homebush ko'rfazi,^[5] va etti yil o'tgach, Mur Park Showground maydonchasini kino ishlab chiqarish studiyasiga aylantirishga qaror qilindi. Mur Parkida bo'lib o'tgan yakuniy Pasxa shousi 1997 yil yakunlandi.^[5]

Davomida Sidney-2000 Olimpiya o'yinlari va Sidney 2000 Paralimpiya o'yinlari, bog'lar yo'lda velosipedda harakatlanish voqealar, futbol, va uchun marshrutning bir qismini tashkil etdi marafonlar.^[5][6]

Parklendlarda 15000 dan ziyod daraxtlar, 124 turdagi mahalliy va suv qushlari, 18 turdagi quruqlik va suv qushlari mavjud.^[6] Centennial Park va Mur Park Trustning vazifalari past darajadagi odamlarni qamrab oladi botqoqli erlar, manzarali ko'llar, qarag'ay va tabiiy o'rmonlar, o'tlarning kengligi, o'yin maydonchalari, golf maydonchasi, tennis va netbol kortlari va Ko'ngilochar kvartal yaqinidagi Mur Parkida.

Sidney Umumiy

Centennial Park, Mur Park va Queens Parkni o'z ichiga olgan Centennial Parklands, Sidney Commonning ikkinchi qismidir.^[2][7]

Sidney aholi punkti rivojlana boshlagach, shahar chetida umumiy erlarni ajratish kerak bo'ldi. 1811 yil 5-oktyabrda Gubernator Macquarie jamoatchilik tomonidan foydalanish uchun Sidney Umumiy maydoni sifatida Janubiy Xed-Roadning janubidagi 200 gektar (490 gektar) maydonni e'lon qildi. Umumiy er Botanika Qumlari tizimida mavjud bo'lgan tabiiy qatlamlar tufayli doimiy ravishda toza suv bilan ta'minlanadigan hayotiy manbaga ega edi.^[2] 1820 yilda Makquarie Sidney Umumiy sharqidagi suv zaxirasini ajratdi. 1827-1838 yillarda Lachlan suv tuneli qurilib, terminalga toza suv etkazib berildi Hyde Park. U Sidney Taunining 1858 yilgacha suv ta'minotining yagona manbai bo'lib qoldi, keyinchalik u janubda joylashgan Botanika botqoqlaridan suv quyish sxemasi bilan almashtirildi.^[2]

Bu Sidneyning ikkinchi umumiy maydoni, 400 gektar maydon (1000 gektar) edi.^[2][8]

Lachlan botqoqlari va suv ta'minoti

Sidney Umumiy hududida joylashgan botqoqliklar tabiiy ravishda suvli bo'lib, ideal suv manbai bo'lgan. Ushbu qimmatbaho manbani e'tirof etish uchun 1820 yilda Lachlan suv zaxirasiga asos solingan Tank oqimi Sidney uchun suv ta'minoti etarli emas edi va ifloslantiruvchi moddalarning yuqori darajasi bor edi, 1825 yilda mustamlaka hukumati Sidneyni suv ta'minoti bilan ta'minlash uchun Lachlan botqoqlaridan foydalanish bo'yicha so'rov o'tkazdi. Jon Basbi, botqoqlardan suvni shahar markaziga etkazish uchun suv tizimini loyihalashtirish uchun mineral marshrutchi tayinlandi. Dastlab Busbi suvni temir quvurlar yordamida etkazib berishni o'ylagan, ammo bu juda qimmat bo'lishini taxmin qilgan. Va nihoyat u butunlay Crown Land orqali uzun tunnel qurishni taklif qildi.^[2]

Busbining burg'usi

Ko'proq tanilgan Lachlan suv tunnelidir Busbining burg'usi, Sidneyning birinchi quvur liniyasi edi. "Bore" yoki tunnel o'rtacha 1,7 metr (5,5 fut) balandlikda 1,4 metr (4,5 fut) kenglikda bo'lgan va Lachlan botqoqlaridan Hyde Parkga suv olib borgan. Tunnelning butun uzunligi 3,7 kilometrni tashkil etdi va 6,8 megalitr (1,500,000 imp gal) va 15 kunlik suv ta'minotiga ega edi.^[2]

Sidney Kengashi 1842 yilda suv ta'minotini o'z qo'liga oldi va Lachlan suv zaxirasi uchun mas'ul edi. 1861 yilda butun Sidney Commonning aslida Sidney aholisiga tegishli ekanligi to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi. Umumiy erlar shahar Kengashi vakolatiga berilgan. Mur Park keyin yotar edi.^[2] Suvga tobora ortib borayotgan ehtiyojni qondirish uchun 1872 yilda botqoqning ba'zi qismlari to'g'onga aylantirilib, natijada hozirgi nomi bilan tanilgan joydan ancha pastroq bo'lgan. Kensington suv havzalari va botqoq bo'ylab bir qator ettita to'g'on.^[2]

Sidney Umumiy hududiga kirib borgan birinchi yirik rivojlanish bu o'tirish edi Viktoriya kazarmasi ustida Old South Head Road yo'li (hozir Oksford ko'chasi ) oddiy shimoliy sharqda. 1838 yilda ishlab chiqilgan va o'n yildan so'ng qurib bitkazilgan Barak strategik ravishda o'tirar edi Port Jekson va Botanika ko'rfazi dushman bosqinining oldini olish. Tez orada askarlar Harbiy bog'ni tashkil etishdi va 1852 yilga kelib ular garnizon kriket maydonini va barakning janubidagi quruqlikdagi miltiqni qo'shdilar.^[2] 1866 yilda "Sidney Common" 1866 yildagi "Sidneyni umumiy obodonlashtirish to'g'risida" gi qonuniga muvofiq ishlab chiqish uchun Sidney munitsipal kengashiga berildi.^[2]

Jamoat bog'i

O'n to'qqizinchi asrning ikkinchi yarmida Sidney Umumiy qismlari park maydoniga aylantirildi. Lord Carrington NSW gubernatori 1885–1890 yillarda, Sidney shahri "buyuk park" tarzida katta rekreatsiya maydoniga ega bo'lishi kerak. Janob Genri Parkes Bosh vazir ushbu taklifning imkoniyatlarini tan oldi va uni amalga oshirishni osonlashtirdi.^[2][7]

Charlz Mur 1867 yildan 1869 yilgacha Sidney meri JP Sidney aholisini dam olish uchun jamoat bog'ini rivojlantirish ustida ishlagan. Qurilishlarni moliyalashtirish uchun Janubiy Xed Road (Old South Head Road, hozirgi Oksford Street) yonidagi er uchastkalari sotildi va tez orada Mur qurilishini nazorat qildi Rendvik Mur Park Roads va ularning atrofidagi erlarni o'z ichiga olgan jamoat parkini yaratish. Sidney botanika bog'lari direktori Charlz Mur o'ziga xos daraxt plantatsiyalarini etkazib berdi.^[2][9]

O'simlikshunos Charlz Mur 1867 yilda Parijdagi Universelle ko'rgazmasiga tashrif buyurgan edi - uning ukasi Devid (Glaznevin botanika bog'ining direktori, Dublin) va ularning do'sti, nufuzli sobiq irlandiyalik bog 'yozuvchisi Uilyam Robinzon (uning "Frantsiya bog'laridan porlashlar" yaqinda) bundan keyin Sidney pochtasi gazeta. Keyinchalik 1884 yilda Charlz Mur Sidney botanika bog'i xodimlariga frantsuzda o'qitilgan bog'bon Jeyms Jonsni tayinladi. Mur va Jons muhandis Frederik Franklin bilan birga (Londonning 1851 yildagi Kristal saroyidagi shuhratparast bog'bon / muhandis Jozef Pakton bilan ishlagan) Sidneyning Centennial Park (1886-7) maketi uchun mas'ul edilar, bu yaratilayotgan buyuk jamoat bog'larining ajoyib tarjimasi. o'sha paytda Buyuk Britaniyada va sharqiy sohilda Amerikada.^[10][2]

Mur parki

1866 yilda Sidney shahar kengashi Sidney Umumiy shahrining shimoliy g'arbiy qismidan 153 gektar (380 gektar) maydonni jamoat uchun dam olish maskaniga aylantirdi, chunki u ochiq havoda, ayniqsa uyushgan sport turlari uchun ortib borayotgan bosimni engillashtiradi. Ushbu hudud 1867 yilda Sidney shahar kengashi meri Charlz Mur JP nomidagi 1867-1869 yillarda Mur Park deb nomlangan. Mur Park 1879 yilda Zoologik bog'larni tashkil etish bilan yirik sport tadbirlari va ko'ngilochar muassasalarning diqqat markaziga aylandi. Qirollik qishloq xo'jaligi jamiyati Ko'rgazma maydonchasi (keyinchalik bu Sidneyning har yili o'tkaziladigan "Qirollik Pasxa shousi" o'tkaziladigan joyga aylanadi)^[8] va 1882 yilda Avstraliya golf klubining birinchi kursi.^[2]

Bag'ishlanish vaqtida Mur Park janubda Lachlan Mulk bilan chegaralangan edi Randvik yugurish poygasi, g'arbda Dauling ko'chasi, shimolda Eski Janubiy bosh yo'l va sharqda Lachlan suv zaxirasi joylashgan. Tosh qarag'aylari bilan o'ralgan yo'l (Pinus pinea) bog'ning ushbu sharqiy chegarasini va suv zaxirasining g'arbiy chegarasini belgilab qo'ydi. Mur parkini 1866 yilgacha kesib o'tgan yana ikkita yo'l; birinchisi Eski Botanika yo'li deb nomlangan va uni ovchilar va baliqchilar dastlab, keyinchalik sayohat qilgan sayohatchilar foydalanganlar. Coogee va botanika. Ikkinchi yo'l Janubiy Dovling ko'chasida joylashgan qabristonga g'arbiy kirish yo'li bilan ta'minlangan. Ajratilgan er Tunnel qo'riqxonasini (1827-1838), Harbiy kazarmalarni va Harbiy Kriket maydonini qamrab oldi.^[2]

Mur Park bir qator yumshoq tepaliklardan, uchta suv havzalaridan va turli xil skrab o'simliklaridan iborat edi. Odatda Qum tepaliklari nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan er eroziyaga moyil edi. 19-asrning o'rtalariga kelib, er tanazzulga uchradi va bepusht bo'lib qoldi, bu tabiiy ekologik fazilatlardan ko'ra ko'proq yillar davomida yog'och olish, talash va tashlab yuborish natijasida yuzaga keldi. Yog'ochni olib tashlash ayniqsa eroziya bilan bog'liq muammolarni keltirib chiqardi, shuning uchun 1860-yillarning boshlarida Charlz Mur, alderman va botanik Charlz Mur tuproqlarni mahalliy butalar va divan o'tlari ekish bilan barqarorlashtirish uchun hamkorlik qildilar. Butalar muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi, ammo divan o'tlari tezda muvaffaqiyatga erishdi va mahalliy o'simliklarning yo'qolishi haqida munozaralarga sabab bo'ldi.^[2]

Qum tepaliklarining to'rttasi nomlanishi uchun etarlicha ko'zga tashlandi: Stil tog'i, Renni tog'i, Konstitutsiya tepaligi va Lang tog'i. Biroq, oddiylarni park maydoniga aylantirish jarayonida ushbu tepaliklar juda o'zgartirildi. Bugungi kunda Stil tog'i to'rtta eng kichik o'zgargan; Mt. Renni 1926 yilda Golf Clubhouse platformasi sifatida qayta tuzilgan, tog'li. NSW kriket maydonchasi qarshisidagi Lang teras qilingan va noma'lum sabablarga ko'ra ko'paygan va 1940-yillardan keyin g'oyib bo'lgan. Konstitutsiya tepaligining taqdiri aniq emas. Mur Park Golf Kursi (1926 yilda tashkil topgan va doimiy ravishda o'zgartirilgan) avtoulovlarni tashkil qilishda yumshoq siljigan topografiyadan foydalangan va o'zgartirgan.^[2]

Shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, hozirgi yuz yillik parklar hududining turli hududlari turli ma'muriyatlarga bo'ysungan. Ushbu farqlar bugungi kunda Centennial Parklands hududidagi turli xil hududlarning individualligiga hissa qo'shdi.^[2]

Mur bog'ida ko'proq ishlanmalar qurila boshlandi. Sidney hayvonot bog'lari 1879 yilda, hozirgi Sidney yigitlar va qizlar o'rta maktablari joylashgan joyda ochilgan. Bular 1860 yillarning boshlaridan Botanika bog'idagi (1862) so'ng Sidneyning ikkinchi hayvonot bog'i edi. 1916 yilda Mur parki hududida hayvonot bog'i o'z faoliyatini to'xtatdi va hayvonlar parom orqali yangi qurilgan hayvonot bog'iga ko'chirildi. Taronga bog'i (Sidneyning uchinchi hayvonot bog'i).^[2]

Ning tashkil etilishi Sidney kriket maydonchasi, Qirollik qishloq xo'jaligi jamiyatining yangi ko'rgazma maydonchasi va Avstraliyaning golf klubining birinchi kursidan chiqib ketish 1882 yilda bo'lib o'tgan. Qirollik qishloq xo'jaligi jamiyati 1882-1997 yillarda ko'chib kelganida Pasxa Qirollik ko'rgazmasining uyi bo'lgan Sidney ko'rgazma maydonchasini yaratgan. Olimpiya parki Homebush ko'rfazi.^[11][2]

19-asrning ikkinchi yarmida aholining o'sishi, shuningdek ishchilarning bo'sh vaqtlarini kengaytirish, parkdagi jamoatchilikning faolligini oshirdi. Ushbu jamoat bog'iga bo'lgan qiziqish bag'ishlanishiga olib keldi Sidney sport maydonchasi 1899 yilda va 1906 yilda ES Marks Atletika maydonida. Ushbu o'zgarishlar, 1860 yillarda sotilgan er maydonlariga qo'shimcha ravishda, Mur Parkning asl 153 gektardan (378 gektar) 120 gektargacha (296 gektar) qisqartirilishiga yordam berdi. Bugun.^[2]

1886 yilda Sidney aholisining 65% Lachlan botqoqlarining sakkiz nuqta-nol kilometr (besh mil) radiusida yashagan va bu joy ommaviy dam olish uchun ajoyib manzara sifatida tanlangan. Ushbu tasavvur Sidney aholisi uchun shahar atrofi haydash va obodonlashtirish parkini ta'minlash edi.^[9][2] 1914 yilda Avstraliyada birinchi marta havo pochtasi etkazib berildi. 16–18-iyul kunlari frantsuz aviatori Moris Giyo Melburn shou maydonidan Mur Parkiga, Sidney ko'rgazma maydoniga uchib ketdi. Qaytadan parvoz 2014 yil iyulga rejalashtirilgan edi.^[12][2] 2016 yilda Mur Park tashkil etilganidan beri 150 yilni nishonladi, Sidney shahar kengashi Lachlan botqoqlari hududining bir qismini jamoat bog'i uchun ajratib qo'ydi va 1867 yilda Mur parkiga o'sha paytda shahar hokimi nomini berdi.^[11][2]

Queens Park

Centennial Parkning sharqiy chekkasida joylashgan kichikroq park - Queens Park, shuningdek 1887-yilgi 100-yillikni nishonlash to'g'risidagi qonun bilan yaratilgan, ammo drenaj muammolari tufayli to'liq rivojlanmagan. 1895 yilga kelib u erda o'n bitta teshikli golf maydonchasi mavjud edi, u 1899 yilda Botanika ga ko'chirildi. 1930-yillardan beri Queens Park xristian birodarlar kolleji tomonidan sport maydonchasi sifatida ishlatilgan, Vaverli va turli mahalliy sport guruhlari.^[13] O'shandan beri 26 gektarlik (64 akr) shahar bog'i^[14] sport aloqasini saqlab qoldi va hozirda 1930 yillarda qurilgan bir qator o'yin maydonlarini o'z ichiga oladi.^[2]

Kvinzlar bog'i Lachlan qo'riqxonasidagi keng botqoqdan qaytarib olindi. 1800 yillarning aksariyat qismida Kvins bog'idagi pasttekisliklarni to'g'on egallagan. Kvins bog'ida daraxt ekishning dastlabki bosqichi 1880-yillarning oxiri va 1890-yillarning boshlarida Moreton ko'rfazidagi anjir, Port-Jekson anjirining ochiq o'rmonzorlari bilan sodir bo'lgan. Monterey qarag'ay, Araucarias va Holm eman balandroq joyda tashkil etilgan. Qumtosh toshlari allaqachon mahalliy Port-Jekson anjirlari, ferns va akasiyalar bilan o'ralgan bo'lishi mumkin, ular hozirgi vaqtda parkning shimoliy sharqiy burchagining ajoyib xususiyati hisoblanadi. Parkning janubiy va g'arbiy qirralarini qoplagan marjon daraxtlari va qog'ozli qog'ozlar 1923 yilda almashtirilgan cho'tka qutisi va chinorlarning asl ekish joylarini almashtirgan. Queens Parkdagi boshqa ekish sanalari aniq emas.^[2]

Queens Park har doim mahalliy hamjamiyat tomonidan mashhur bo'lib kelgan. Bog 'yillar davomida mahalliy aholining ehtiyojlariga moslashgan, ammo ochiq joylari va shaharning panoramali manzarasi bilan u parklar landshaftining muhim qismi bo'lib qolmoqda.^[9][2]

Centennial Park

"Yuz yillik qonun" taqdim etildi Parlament 1887 yil 27-iyunda jamiyatning eng qashshoq sinfigacha butun odamlar uchun ochiq bo'lgan park tushunchasini joriy qildi. Shuningdek, u yoqimsiz hudud deb hisoblangan joyni go'zallik va go'zallik mintaqasiga aylantiradi. Centennial Park 1887 yilgi 100 yillik yubileylarni nishonlash uchun Centennial Celebrations Act tomonidan yaratilgan. Shu bilan birga, ushbu qonun bog'da tegishli maqsadlarda foydalanishni belgilamagan.^[2]

Park 1888 yilda Avstraliyaning yuz yilligini nishonlash uchun tashkil etilgan va 1888 yil 26 yanvarda ser Genri Parkes tomonidan ochilgan. Uning ta'kidlashicha, "bu ulkan bog '- bu odamlar bog'i, va siz har doim unga o'z qo'llaringiz bilan gullar ekkaningizdek qiziqishingiz kerak, bog' bu go'zal mamlakatning eng ajoyib bezaklaridan biri bo'ladi".^[2]

Yangi nomlangan "Yuz yillik park" yuz yillik bayramiga tayyorgarlik ko'rishga qaratilgan. Ingliz qurilish muhandisi Frederik Franklin bog'ning asl dizaynini tayyorlaganga o'xshaydi, garchi tarixiy jihatdan qo'riqxonani Centennial Park sifatida saqlash va rivojlantirish Lord Carrington, Sir Genri Parkes va Charlz Murga tegishli.^[2]

Bog'ning rejasi va landshaft dizayni 1848-96 yillarda Botanika bog'lari direktori bo'lgan Charlz Murga tegishli (lekin meri Charlz Mur bilan aloqasi yo'q). Mur mahalliy skrublandni jamoat erlarining ochiq maydoniga aylantirish uchun ishsizlarning mehnatini jalb qildi. Botanika bog'larining bosh bog'bonlari Jeyms Jons "Centennial Park" ning bosh kuzatuvchisi bo'ldi va uning kunlik kitobidagi kundalik yozuvlari uning qurilishida muhim rol o'ynaganligini ko'rsatsa-da, bu hududning tabiiy florasini saqlab qolish istagi amalga oshmadi.^[9][2]

Charlz Murga yetti oy ichida 640 gektar qumli mahalliy skrabni katta Viktoriya parkiga aylantirish vazifasi yuklatilgan. Istirohat bog'i er uchastkalari bo'limi okrug inspektori J V Deering tomonidan tayyorlangan reja asosida tuzilishi kerak edi. Kimning rejasi nihoyat ishlatilganligi noma'lum bo'lib qolmoqda, ammo ingliz qurilish muhandisi Frederik Augustus Franklin tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan kontseptsiyaning asosiy elementlariga rioya qilinganligi ko'rinib turibdi. Franklin ser Jozef Pakton ostida o'qigan va Centennial Parkning asl dizayn elementlari Paktonning Birkenxed bog'i va Kristal saroy maydonidagi o'xshashliklarga ega. Sydenxem.^[2]

1880-yillarga kelib, Sidneyda bog'larni ekish va yotqizishda Murning ta'siri eng yuqori cho'qqisiga chiqdi va park yaratish umumiy rivojiga to'g'ri keldi. Uning direktor sifatida ishlagan davrida Moreton Bay Fig-ni Sidneyda ommaviy ko'chat o'tqazish uchun afzalligi va undan keng foydalanishi yaxshi hujjatlashtirilgan va ko'plab zamondoshlari tomonidan sharhlangan. Darhaqiqat, ba'zi jamoat a'zolari uning Centennial Parkni ekishda "muqarrar Moreton Bay Fig" dan foydalanganidan xafa bo'lishdi.^[2]

Botanika bog'larining bosh bog'boni va 1887-1892 yillarda yuz yillik bog'ning nazoratchisi Jeyms Jons Murga o'z vazifasida yordam bergan. Jons o'zining kun kitobida yaqinda ochilish sanasi bosimi ostida o'simliklarni tozalash, relyef shakllarini o'zgartirish, kuyov yon bag'irlarini ochish, ochiq joylarni yaratish va Grand Drive va yordamchi yo'llarni qurish uchun zarur bo'lgan Herkul harakatlarining rekordini qoldirdi. Daraxtlarning o'sishi uchun etarlicha chuqurlik yaratish uchun qumtoshda xandaqlarni portlatish ishlari olib borildi. Mahalliy o'simliklarning keng tozalanishi parkning ko'p qismi bunday faoliyat uchun qanchalik yaroqsizligini aniqladi.^[2]

1888 yil 26-yanvarda Centennial Parkning ochilishi yuz yillik tantanalari haftasi o'rtasida markaziy voqea bo'ldi va ser Genri Parkes uni Xalq parki deb e'lon qildi. Ochilishdan keyin bog'da bezakli suv havzalari va orollar qurish ishlari davom etdi. Shuningdek, davr modalariga mos ravishda landshaftga yodgorliklar qo'shildi va 1889 yilga kelib parkda o'n bitta haykal va ikkita vaza mavjud edi. Boshliqning qarorgohi 1888 yilda qurilgan, perimetri panjarasi esa 1892 yilda qurilgan. Keyinchalik 1890 yillarda Rangerning qarorgohi va boshpana pavilyoni qurilgan.^[2]

1889 yil Avstraliya kunida 40 mingga yaqin tomoshabin qatnashgan daraxtlarni ekish marosimini Charlz Mur boshqargan. Nota mehmonlari orasida Lord va Lady Carrington ham bor edi, ikkinchisi esa birinchi daraxtni (Kuk qarag'ay, Araucaria columnaris )) va "Hokimlar (va e'tiborga loyiq)" to'plami. Ushbu marosimdan oldin bog 'asosan botqoqlarni, skrablarni va toshlarni aylanadigan buyuk parkga aylantirish uchun jalb qilingan yuzlab ishsiz erkaklar tomonidan o'zgartirilgan ("Qisqacha", "Parklendlar" da, 2011/12 yil yoz, 3).^[2]

Parkdagi eng qadimgi elementlardan biri va Park atrofidagi asosiy haydovchi bo'lgan Grand Drive dastlab 1889 yilda anjir, qarag'ay, terak va "qarag'ay" (Norfolk orolidagi qarag'ay va Monterey qarag'aylari) turlarini o'z ichiga olgan.^[2]

Uilyam Forsit 1892 yildan to 1911 yilda vafotigacha Centennial Parkning noziri bo'lgan va asrning birinchi o'n yilligida bog'ning bog'dorchilik rivojidagi ko'p qismi uning botanika bilimlari va mehnatiga bog'liq.^[2]

Jozef Maiden 1896 yilda Charlz Murning nafaqaga chiqqanidan so'ng parkni boshqarishni o'z zimmasiga oldi. Qizning o'ziga xos uslubiy g'oyalari bor edi va uning faoliyati parkning rivojlanishiga muhim ta'sir ko'rsatdi. U avstraliyalik mahalliy o'simliklarning tajribalari va ulardan foydalanishga kashshof bo'lib, park dizayniga ko'proq "tropik" lazzat qo'shib, rang-barang turlarini joriy qildi. Tuproqning unumdorligi, ta'sirlanish darajasi va cheklangan yog'ingarchilikning tabiiy sharoitlari birlashib, park ekish uchun yomon muhit yaratdi. Mur tomonidan ekilgan ekzotik daraxtlarning aksariyati qurib qoldi va Maiden park uchun dastlab tanlangan ba'zi daraxt turlarining yaroqsizligini ta'kidladi. Maiden "bog'dorchilik bilan shug'ullanadigan" maydonlarni ko'paytirdi va yangi o'simliklar etishtirish uchun o'simlik bog'chasini tashkil etdi, chunki u "agar ular tuproq samekindida o'stirilsa, ular boshidanoq yaxshi o'sishi mumkin", deb ishongan. 1912 yilda parkda yiliga 150 ming o'simlik hosil bo'lgan va ulardan gulzorlar va butalar yaratish uchun foydalanilgan. Ushbu dekorativ ko'chatlar strategik ravishda asosiy ko'llarning shimoliy qirg'oqlari atrofida va markaziy yo'llar bo'ylab joylashtirilgan. Ular park uchun diqqat markaziga va dam olish uchun tashrif buyuruvchilar uchun mashhur joyga aylandi. Qiz shuningdek, tarixiy voqealar, harbiy obzorlar va jamoat tadbirlari uchun parkdan foydalanishni nazorat qildi^[2]

J. H. Maiden bilan ish olib borgan Forsit xurmolarni, Port Jekson anjirini, karton po'stini, akatsiya va marjon daraxtlarini parkga olib kirdi. Qurg'oqchilik va bo'ronga etkazilgan zarar parkdagi turli xil va xilma-xil sharoitlarga mos turlarni aniqlash kabi qiyin bo'lgan. Parkdagi tabiiy o'simliklarning qoldiqlarini himoya qilish zarurligi Forsit tomonidan o'zining yillik hisobotlarida tez-tez ilgari surilgan va Forsit rahbarligi ostida mahalliy daraxtlar, xususan evkaliptlar bilan tajribalar kuchaytirilgan. 1901 yilda 18 xil turni ifodalovchi 263 evkalipt ekilgan va o'sha yilning oxirida 1901 Forsit bog'da o'sadigan daraxt turlari "etmishta", o'simliklarning umumiy soni - 4 411 edi. Ushbu raqamlarning taxminan 675 tasi Grand-Drive-ga joylashtirilgan va 321 tasi Qirolicha bog'ida, qolgan qismi esa Centennial Parkiga tarqatilgan. 1905 yilda Kiosk va Qushlar qo'riqxonasi o'rtasida ekilgan turpentinlar bog'i ushbu davrdagi mahalliy daraxtlar bilan olib borilgan keng tajribalarning dalilidir.^[2]

Forsitning eng muhim hissalaridan biri bu bir nechta maqsadlarga - estetik, soyali va shamolga mos keladigan qog'ozli qog'ozlarni tanlash edi. Parkda ekilgan ko'plab yosh daraxtlarni himoya qilish uchun shamollarni o'rnatish muhim ahamiyatga ega edi. Forsit 1896 yil avgust oyida ushbu daraxtlarning 88 tasini ekdi; Forsit joylarni aniqlamagan bo'lsa-da, ular Busby Pond qirg'og'ining boshidagi daraxtlar va Lily Hovuziga tutashgan daraxtzor bo'lishi mumkin. Ushbu birinchi ekishning muvaffaqiyati ularni doimiy ravishda ishlatishga olib keldi va 1899 yilda suv oqimi ostidagi daraxtlar xiyoboni Paddington Geyts ekilgan. Bir tup Evkalipt robustasi bir vaqtning o'zida ulardan g'arbda ekilgan.^[2]

Forsit Grand-Drive bo'ylab ekilgan daraxtlarga va Mur va Jons 1889 yondashuvlariga keng o'zgartirish kiritdi. U qarag'ay, terak va qarag'aylarni olib tashladi va ularni 1897 yildan boshlab asosan Port-Jekson anjirlaridan iborat murakkab rasmiy tartib bilan almashtirdi (Ficus rubiginosa ), holm / holly eman bilan (Quercus ichak ) va Norfolk orolidagi qarag'ay (Araucaria heterophylla ). Diagonal ekish natijasida yaratilgan ritmik naqsh Viktoriya Gardenesi an'anasida kuchli landshaft xarakterini yaratadi.^[2]

Ushbu kombinatsiya parkda, ayniqsa, yo'llar bo'ylab keyingi ekish uchun namuna bo'ldi. 1890-yillarda Carrington Drive-da Port-Jekson anjirining uzluksiz xiyoboni bor edi va shu bilan birga Loch-avenyuda asosan Port-Jekson anjirlari va Norfolk orolidagi qarag'aylar qurilib, Uaverli tramvay shiyponlarini yashirishgan. Ushbu ish keyingi bir necha yil ichida park yo'llari bo'ylab qo'shimcha qator daraxtlar tomonidan ta'qib qilindi. 1900 yilda Jervois xiyoboni bo'ylab anjir ekilgan va shu vaqtning o'zida Parkes Drive North port qatoriga Port Jekson anjirlari ekilgan.^[9][2]

Centennial Park 1901 yil 1-yanvar kuni Federatsiya paviloni markazda

1901 yil 1-yanvarda Centennial Parkda Avstraliyaning mustamlakalari federatsiyasi va Avstraliya Hamdo'stligining ochilish marosimi bo'lib o'tadigan rasmiy marosim bo'lib o'tdi. Marosim katta dabdabalar bilan birga o'tdi va 60 ming tomoshabinni qamrab olgan katta olomon ishtirok etdi. Parkda o'rnatilgan maxsus pavilonda Lord Hopetoun va Edmund Barton avstraliyalik yangi millatning birinchi general-gubernatori va birinchi bosh vaziri sifatida qasamyod qildilar. Shu bilan birga, birinchi federal kabinet kiyib olindi. Qasamyodlar Leytenant-gubernator va Yangi Janubiy Uelsning bosh sudyasi, Ser Frederik Darli.^[2]

Qasamyod qabul qilish marosimi bo'lib o'tgan pavilyon ulkan plitalardan tashkil topgan maydonchada ko'tarildi Moruya oltita tomoni bo'lgan granit, federatsiyaning dastlabki oltita holatini anglatadi. Hamdo'stlik toshi sifatida tanilgan bu plita keyinchalik, 1904 yilda, Hamdo'stlik vujudga kelgan aniq joyni belgilash uchun doimiy yodgorlik sifatida yerga ko'milgan. Pavilionning o'zi 1903 yilda olib tashlangan va Cabarita bog'ida tiklangan, garchi u endi o'zining barcha bezaklaridan xalos bo'lgan bo'lsa.^[2]

Post-Modern uslubida Aleks Tzannes tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va klassik rotunda shaklini uyg'otadigan yangi va doimiy Federatsiya paviloni granit plita ustiga 1988 yilda, Evropaning Ikki Yillik Ikki Yillik Yilida qurilgan. Gumbazning ichki qismi Imants Tillers tomonidan bezatilgan. Gumbaz ostidan, qumtosh friz inshootning tashqi tomoni bo'ylab harakatlanadi va "Mammon yoki Millennial Eden" so'zlarini o'z ichiga oladi. So'zlar Bernard O'Dowd tomonidan 1901 yilda yozilgan "Avstraliya" deb nomlangan sonetdan olingan. Ushbu tarix faqatgina ushbu joyning federatsion jihatlariga tegishli. Joyning boshqa jihatlari ko'rib chiqilmagan.^[7][2]

Xurmolar 1901 yilda Frog Hollow-da taqdim etilgan va Forsit o'sha yili ularning muvaffaqiyati va jozibasi haqida xabar bergan. Frog Hollowning janubiy qismi qizning ko'rsatmasi bilan Gardenesk an'analarida gullar ko'rgazmasiga e'tibor sifatida ishlab chiqilgan va Federatsiya davrida gulzorning ta'siri va ko'tarilishini aks ettirgan. Natijada, Forsitning kaftlaridan tashqari, Busbining hovuziga kiradigan uchta kichik burun, Rosarium, Native Plant & Flower Garden va ustunli yodgorliklar, shuningdek, ko'plab aylana gulli ko'rpa-to'shaklarni o'z ichiga oladi. Qiz davridan beri bu sohada bir qator o'zgarishlar yuz berdi, ammo umumiy xarakter uning ta'siriga bog'liq.^[2]

1902 yildan boshlab, Maiden va Forsyt park bo'ylab xurmo va mercan daraxtlaridan foydalanib, anjirning xushomadgo'y xiyobonlariga zid element yaratdi. Maiden ta'siri ostida Busby's Hovuz qirg'og'i bo'ylab qirolicha palma va Kokos orolining palma daraxtlarining o'zgaruvchan ekishlarini o'z ichiga olgan xiyobon tashkil etildi va Loch prospektidagi marjon daraxtlari xiyoboni (Eritrina sp.) Vaqti-vaqti bilan avvalgi va yomon bajarilgan ekish qoldiqlari bilan aralashtirildi. Port Jekson anjirlari va holm emanlari.^[2]

1908-1910 yillarda Grand Drive orasidagi Parkes Drive uzunligi Kanariya orolining palma qatorlari bilan ekilgan (Feniks kanariensisi ). Bu Sidneydagi Kanariya orolining palmalarining eng qadimgi rasmiy xiyoboni va bu xurmo Yangi Janubiy Uelsda keng qo'llanilishiga olib keldi. Keyingi yillarda xurmo Centennial Park va Mur Parkda keng qo'llanilgan. Senegal xurmo xiyoboni (P. reclinata), 1912 yilda Randvik hovuzining g'arbiy qirg'og'i bo'ylab diagonal shaklida ekilgan. 1913 yilda yuzdan ortiq xurmo ekilgan, quyidagi tur va navlar: marjon daraxtlari (Eritrina edulis ), Hind yovvoyi xurmo (Feniks rupikolasi ), Afrikalik yovvoyi xurmo (P.reclinata), mitti O'rta er dengizi fanatlari palmasi (Chamaerops humilis ), Chamaerops excelsa, Kanarey orolidagi palma, jeleli palma (Kokos (hozirgi Butia) yotay), Lord Xau oroli (Kentia fosteriana ) palmalar va Areca sapida. Ushbu daraxtlar joylashgan joylar aniq emas, lekin ular 1915 yilda ekilgan Dikkens-Drive-ning shimoliy tomonida joylashgan xurmolarni o'z ichiga olgan bo'lishi mumkin, Parkes Drive bo'ylab 1908 yildagi muvaffaqiyatli xurmo xiyobonini mustahkamlash uchun muntazam ravishda bir-biridan ajratib turilgan palmalar. Xurmo, shuningdek, oldingi xiyobon ekish uchun o'rnini bosuvchi tur sifatida ishlatilgan; 1916 yilda Kanareykalar orolining xurmolari va Strelitsiya teraklarning ikkita xiyobonini almashtirdilar, bu tur parkda kamroq muvaffaqiyatga erishdi.^[2]

Lang Road Nishablari va York Road yon bag'irlarida o'rmonzorlar ekish park uchun shaffof to'siqni ta'minladi, ammo 1911 yilga qadar York Road bo'ylab ekish tramvay ishlarini parkdan ekranga chiqarish uchun biroz zichroq.^[9][2]

1908 yilda Qishloq xo'jaligi boshqarmasi ma'muriyatni o'z zimmasiga oldi. 1923 yilda vafotidan keyin Jeyms Deys^[15] 1924 yilda Qizning nafaqaga chiqishi, parkning rivojlanishi ancha sekinlashdi. Qishloq xo'jaligi boshqarmasi Sidney botanika bog'laridan boshqaruvni o'z zimmasiga olganligi sababli ko'plab ma'muriy va kadrlar o'zgarishi sodir bo'ldi. Kamaytirilgan byudjetlar nisbatan harakatsizlik davriga va bajarilgan ishlar uchun hujjatlarning umuman etishmasligiga olib keldi. 1934 yilda ishsizlarga yordam berish uchun katta miqdordagi grant mavjud edi, ammo 1930-yillarda daraxt ekish haqida batafsil ma'lumot yo'q.^[2]

1960 yildan 1970 yillarga qadar Centennial bog'ida daraxt ekishga qiziqish yangitdan paydo bo'ldi, bugungi kunda bir nechta yirik qarag'ay stendlari, shu jumladan Missiya maydonlarida qarag'ay plantatsiyasi tashkil etilgan. v. 1960otliq maydonlar uchun chegara ekish va shamoldan himoya sifatida. Qog'ozdan yasalgan daraxtzor (Melaleuca quinquenervia ), ekilgan v. 1970Missiya maydonlaridagi to'ldirilgan sobiq drenaj liniyasidagi chiziqlar Qizning ekish tamoyillarining doimiy ta'sirini namoyish etadi. 1967 yil Arbor kuni Parad Ground-ga ekilgan dengiz qarag'ayzori (Pinus pinaster) Arbor kuni va Wattle Day tantanalarining davom etayotgan an'analarini namoyish etadi.^[2]

Dog'li saqich (Corymbia maculata ) ga yaqin Woullahra 1960-yillarning oxiridan beri ekilgan Geyts, 1965 yilda Ron Selkeld, Park Supintendent ta'siri natijasida yuz yillik bog'da mahalliy turlar bilan eksperimentlarning qayta tiklanishini anglatadi. Ushbu tepalik tepasida Spotted Gum shiddat bilan o'sgan janubiy shamollar ta'sirida. lekin mugga temir po'stlog'i ekilgan (Evkalipt leukoksilon) ilgari rivojlanmagan. 60-yillardan boshlab qumtosh joylariga asosan skribbly saqichining parchalari ekilgan. Chiqib ketgan joylar atrofida birlashtirilgan Scribbly Gums tabiat bog'i xiyobonlarida hukmronlik qilayotgan ko'proq rasmiy ekishdan vahshiy va chiroyli effekt beradi va farq qiladi. Taxminan bir vaqtning o'zida, Brom prospektining janubidagi tepalikka suv bosgan uch yuzga yaqin saqich daraxtlari (Euc.grandis) ekilgan. 1968 yilda, bir maqola Er Gazeta Centennial Parkning "engil tuproqlari" ga mos turlarni topish zarurligini ta'kidladi. Maqolada Parkning "buyuk sinov maydonchasi" ekanligi, xususan, dengiz qirg'oqlarini ekish uchun mahalliy turlar uchun ahamiyati ta'kidlangan.^[2]

1984 yilda Centennial Park & ​​Mur Park Trust barcha Centennial Park va Queens Parkni boshqarish uchun tayinlandi. 1990 yilda Centennial Park & ​​Mur Park Trust (Trust) Mur Park Park, shu jumladan Mur Park Golf Golf kursini boshqarish uchun tayinlangan va 1992 yilda E.S. Markalar maydoni. Trest Centennial Parklands-ga muvofiq boshqaradi Centennial Park va Mur Park Trust 1983 yilgi akt.^[9][2]

1990 yillar davomida yangilanish Jon Lennisning (1952-2015) aborigen "tup o'qituvchisi" ning Guriwal Aboriginal Corporation bilan ishtirok etishini o'z ichiga oladi. La Perouse, keyin Qirollik botanika bog'lari va Domain Trust bilan Aboriginal Education Officer. U Ash Paddok va Laxlan botqoqlarida mahalliy ekish va yurishlarni tashkil qilishni maslahat berdi. U, shuningdek, Cadi Jam Ora - Birinchi uchrashuvlar bog'i uchun mas'ul bo'lgan Qirollik botanika bog'i.^[2][16]

Maxsus tadbirlar

The provision of grand open spaces has tended to invite military parades and reviews throughout the Sidney tarixi. The first such events were held on the parade ground in the (Hyde Park) barracks square. As other preferable venues became available these events moved; first to the Domain, then Moore Park and ultimately Centennial Park. Large public displays were held on the Queens Birthday, other public holidays and on significant anniversaries such as Jubilees and Centenaries. In 1888, the Long Meadow in Centennial Park was used for the annual Military Review. In 1908, Australian troops participated in a review to celebrate the "Great White Fleet" visit. A celebration was held in 1954 when Queen Elizabeth visited Centennial Park.^[2]

The Royal Agricultural Society was allowed to use the park at show time in 1865. The exhibitions were very popular, and in December 1887 one Sydney resident wrote a letter to the editor of Sidney Morning Herald, saying that the only celebration he was looking forward to was the Agriculture Society (of NSW)'s exhibition planned for 26 January 1888. The Showground was a major attraction for generations of Australians.^[2]

The Parklands has always provided a venue for special events including conventions, exhibitions, film productions, sporting events, the Sidney Gey va Lesbiyan Mardi Gras as well as the Royal Easter Show. In recent years Centennial Park has developed its capacity to hold special events. Recently the parklands have played host to a number of events such as Dame Kiri Te Kanava, Big Bold and Brassy, Hermes International Show jumping and Concert for Life. The Parklands was also an open-air venue for the Sydney 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games road cycling and marathon events.^[9][2]

In 2007 the Rugby Centre for Excellence and in 2008 the Sports Medicine Clinic were constructed in Moore Park.^[2][17]

In 2013 the park celebrated its 125th anniversary with various celebrations. A ten-day light garden in January from the Paddington Gates down to Centennial Parklands Dining highlighted that area, a tree planting on Australia Day, development of the Park's inaugural master plan and construction of the first ever children's garden occurred throughout the year. Executive officer Peter Hadfield called on the state and federal governments to commit $20m to establish a future fund for the park.^[18][2]

Rebecca Giles, governor of the Centennial Parklands Foundation, notes rising private philanthropy stepping into the budget gap left by a withdrawing NSW hukumati. Examples of New York's Markaziy Park 's Conservancy were cited. Since January Ms Giles cited a record $1.5m grant for a children's play garden from the Ian Potter Foundation; $500,000 for a labyrinth project, $100,000 from Tiffany & Co. to improve the Woollahra gates and $45,000 for disabled access improvements at Moore Park Golf Course.^[19][2]

Centennial Park

The Centennial Park, with 189 hectares (470 acres),^[20][21] is the largest of the three parks that make up the Centennial Parklands. Centennial Park comprises 2.2 square kilometres (0.85 sq mi) of open space and lightly wooded grounds located within the City of Randwick.^[22] Bu dastlab edi botqoqlik, known as Lachlan Swamps.^[1] Centennial Park is one of Australia's most famous parks and is listed on the Milliy mulk ro'yxati;^[23] and is a grand park in the Viktoriya davri tradition featuring formal gardens, ponds, grand avenues, statues, historic buildings and sporting fields.^[20]

Centennial Park Labyrinth

Sydney's first public stone labirint was officially opened on 15 September 2014. It cost more than $ A500,000 and five months to build. It is an eleven circuit sandstone labyrinth, designed based on the medieval labyrinth in Chartres sobori, Frantsiya.

Tarix

Centennial Park was set aside by Governor Macquarie in 1811 and was developed as water reserve and common grazing land.^[24]

Kuz barglari ichida kuzatilgan Centennial Park, Sidney.

Russian cannon from the Crimean War

The government began plans for a celebratory park in 1887 and passed an Act of Parliament in the following year. Some of the grandiose plans for the area, such as a museum and a national convention building, never eventuated. Centennial Park was dedicated by Governor Lord Carrington, on Avstraliya kuni on 26 January 1888^[24] to celebrate the first 100 years of European settlement in Australia and described by him as 'emphatically the people's park'. The Governor-General, Lord Hopetoun dedicated the park 'to the people of New South Wales forever'.^[25]

The land was originally set aside by Gubernator Lachlan Macquarie for grazing and watering stock. The ponds to the south, known as Lachlan Swamps, were named in his honour and were the chief water supply for Sydney from 1830 to 1880. Water was carried to Hyde Park along a tunnel called Busbining burg'usi, after its designer Jon Basbi (1765–1857). The tunnel served the needs of Sydney until the Nepean scheme made it redundant in the 1880s.

In 1851, it was a scene of a duel between the first Premier of New South Wales, Styuart Donaldson, and the Surveyor-General, Tomas Mitchell. Both men survived to fulfil their duties.^[26]

In more recent times, the park has had its share of bad news and publicity. On 7 February 1986, Salli-Anne Xakstepp was found drowned in the Busby Pond. It was thought that she had been murdered by a well-known Sydney criminal, Neddi Smit, but he was not convicted. Sidney Morning Herald described her as a "32-year-old gangster's moll, heroin addict and prostitute who mingled with Sydney's most notorious criminals and blew the whistle on crooked cops."^[27]

Near Oxford Street is a space known as Cannon Triangle, which includes a statue called "We Won" and two cannon. The cannon were manufactured in Russia and used in the Qrim urushi. They were captured by British Forces after the fall of Sevastopol. A number of them were given to various cities that had made a contribution to the war effort, with the result that two of them found their way to Centennial Park. They have been in the park since 1920.^[28]

Federatsiya paviloni

Federatsiya paviloni

The Federation Pavilion, which encloses the Commonwealth Stone (1901), is significant as the site of the official ceremony to mark the Avstraliya Federatsiyasi va inauguratsiyasi Avstraliya Hamdo'stligi on 1 January 1901.^[29]

The Federation Pavilion, designed by Aleksandr Tszannes, was erected around the 'Commonwealth Stone' as a permanent monument to Federation, in the Bicentennial Year of European Settlement in 1988. An inscription around the pavilion is from a poem by Bernard O'Dowd va o'qiydi: "Mammon or millennial Eden". The building was renovated and plaques were added to celebrate the Centenary of the Avstraliya Federatsiyasi 2001 yil 1-yanvarda.

The Commonwealth Stone is made of qumtosh, and it is almost the only remnant of the original pavilion used by Lord Hopetoun. Most of the structure rotted, being made of gips Parij; the base survived and is now located in Cabarita Park.^[30] Its remains are heritage-listed under the name "Federatsiya paviloni ".

Grand Drive

Ranger's cottage designed by Valter Liberty Vernon

Grand Drive is the circular main road through the park. It runs for 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi) and was part of the marafonlar course used in the Sydney 2000 Olympic va Sydney 2000 Paralympic O'yinlar. The drive is separated into five concentric circles, with the outer track used for cycling or rollerblading, fourth largest for car driving, third for car parking and many trees, the second is a paved pathway for walking, also used for running, the smallest being a dirt track for horseriding.

In March 2012, Centennial Parklands management issued a proposal for trafikni tinchlantirish measures at one of four identified blackspots on Grand Drive.^[31] The proposal caused the ire of cyclist groups who staged a mass protest, claiming that the proposed measures would make the park more dangerous for cyclists and pedestrians.^[32] Public submissions into the proposal were invited and Centennial Parklands management, together with community consultative representatives, are currently reviewing.

McKay Oval

Flying fox in Lachlan Swamp

Located in the most western area of the park, McKay Oval is used as the home ground of Sidney Boys High School uchun regbi ittifoqi, futbol va kriket o'yinlari, ichida Great Public Schools Competition. The main oval is currently surrounded by small white fence, which is also the boundary for cricket games, though spectators for the winter sports are allowed inside this boundary and are allowed to sit very close to the field, around 5 metres (16 ft).

Built adjacent is the Fairland Pavilion, the hosting area for various lunches and afternoon teas, also the location of the canteen, changerooms, scoreboard, birinchi yordam, and storerooms for the bulk of the sporting equipment.

Yovvoyi tabiat

Centennial Park has a wide variety of wildlife that makes its home in the park or uses it frequently. The range includes pelicans, qora oqqushlar, chumchuq o'rdaklari, White ducks, purple swamphens, Common moorhens, tuklar, Tuluza g'ozlar, Emden g'ozlar, turtles and eels, plus European carp that were introduced into the park's ponds and are now regarded as a pest. There is also a colony of uchar tulkilar in the Lachlan Swamp (including the kulrang boshli uchar tulki ), which began roosting there in 2010.

Mur parki

Mur parki
The rotunda at Moore Park (west)
Turi	Shahar parki
Manzil	Sidney, Yangi Janubiy Uels, Avstraliya
Koordinatalar	33 ° 53′48 ″ S 151°13′12″E / 33.89655°S 151.21998°E / -33.89655; 151.21998
Maydon	115 gektar (280 gektar)
Yaratilgan	1869
Holat	Yil davomida ochiq
Belgilash	Yangi Janubiy Uels merosi ro'yxati

Mur parki is a large urban park comprising 115 hectares (280 acres) of open spaces and playing fields, including the ES Marks Athletics Field, an 18-hole public golf maydonchasi va golf driving range, tennis kortlari va netbol sudlar. The park is also used as a venue for circuses and other outdoor events.^[33] Qo'shni Sidney futboli va Sydney Cricket stadion are managed by the Sydney Cricket & Sports Ground Trust.

The 440-metre-long (1,440 ft) Albert 'Tibby' Cotter pedestrian bridge with concrete spiral approach ramps across Anzak paradi connects Moore Park (west) with Kippax Lakes and Moore Park (east).^[34][35] Ning bir qismi meros ro'yxatiga kiritilgan Busbining burg'usi is located adjacent to Kippax Lakes and run's underneath sections of Moore Park.^[36]

Tarix

The parkland located south of Paddington was named after Charles Moore, Sidney meri from 1867–69, who fought for the land to be dedicated as a leisure area for the people of Sydney and suburbs. The land was part of 400 hectares (1,000 acres) originally set aside by Gubernator Lachlan Macquarie in 1810 for grazing and watering stock.

Sydney's first zoo was established here in 1879 on 2.8 hectares (7 acres) of land known as Billygoat Swamp. The zoological gardens covered 6.1 hectares (15 acres) by 1906 but moved to Bradley's Head at the site now known as Taronga in 1917. It was replaced by Sidney qizlar o'rta maktabi, which opened on this site in 1921. Students were transferred from Elizabeth Street, which was the site of the David Jones Department Store. Sidney Boys High School opened in 1928 on the remaining zoo land.

An infamous pack rape crime occurred in the park, leading to the 1886 Tog'dagi Renni zo'rlash ishi. Nine men were sentenced to death and four were hanged despite controversy.^[37] Location on the rise known as Mount Rennie is the heritage-listed Moore Park Golf House that was opened on 19 June 1926. The Golf House is a two-storey brick building with tiled roof and features a restaurant and bar with views of the golf course and a 150-seat function centre with views towards the city.^[38]

Constructed in 1909 in the park's northwestern corner is a rotunda tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Yangi Janubiy Uels hukumat me'mori, that fell into disrepair by 1929 and was restored in 2004.^[39] A qumtosh dwelling constructed in 1860 on the corner of Anzac Parade and Alison Road served as a yo'l haqi house up until 1877 and is the only surviving metropolitan toll house and the only two-storey toll house. Road tolls were collected from travellers journeying between Sydney and La Perouse yoki Randvik yugurish poygasi.^[40]

Qirolicha parki

Qirolicha parki
Turi	Shahar parki
Manzil	Sidney, Yangi Janubiy Uels, Avstraliya
Koordinatalar	33°54′04″S 151°14′53″E / 33.901°S 151.248°E / -33.901; 151.248
Maydon	26 gektar (64 gektar)
Yaratilgan	1888
Holat	Yil davomida ochiq

Qirolicha parki is a 26-hectare (64-acre) urban park set in a natural amphitheatre at the foot of dramatic sandstone cliffs, with panoramic views, that forms part of the Centennial Parklands. It was dedicated with Centennial Park in 1888 as part of the centenary celebrations of European settlement in Australia^[41] tomonidan qabul qilinishi orqali Centennial Celebrations Act 1887. Surrounded to the north by the suburb of Queens Park, the park was originally part of the Sydney Common and later the Lachlan Swamps Water Reserve. Numerous playing fields are located on the southern and western flatter sections of the park. It has been used for sports fields since 1938. Moriya kolleji, which is located on the park's western boundary, also uses the park for their PDHPE lessons and other schools in Sydney also use the park. The Centennial Park and Moore Park Trust undertook major renovations of Queen's Park in 2009 to improve the quality of the playing fields which are used daily.^[42] The Trust also completed a major renovation of the popular children's playground in 2009, and developed a shared cycleway to link the eastern suburbs cycle network with Centennial Park.

Meros ro'yxati

As at 25 September 2008, Centennial Parklands is a unique place of exceptional National, State and Local heritage significance. It is a grand, linked open space of largely nineteenth-century landscape design intended for social and physical activity.^[2]

The Parklands has developed at the head of the Botany Bay catchment in an area originally part of the territory of the Gadi people on lands designated in 1811 as the Sydney Common. The Parklands retains evidence of the original landforms and plays a vital role in sustaining natural processes and biological diversity on a scale that is rare in the inner urban environment.^[2]

The Parklands has national significance as the place of the inauguration of the nation, the creation of a People's Park, events, persons and monuments of national importance. The place also has strong associations with convict heritage, pathways and transportation routes, water supply, horticultural and agricultural experimentation, nature conservation, military use, and a diversity of sport, recreation and cultures.^[2]

Summary of Natural Heritage

Centennial Parklands retains rare evidence of the original geodiversity, biodiversity, and ecosystems of the area known today as the eastern suburbs of Sydney. The natural basin in which the Parklands is situated retains its hydrological and ecological function as the head of the Botany Bay catchment. The waterbodies and vegetation in the Parklands continue to provide rare habitat for a wide diversity of indigenous flora and fauna within a highly urbanised area.The Parklands provides habitat for rare and threatened species and contains remnants of an endangered ecological community, Sharqiy shahar atrofi Banksia Scrub, which covered much of the area prior to European contact. The natural significance of the Parklands underpins its value to current and future generations and to the regional environment.^[2]

Summary of Indigenous Heritage

Today's Parklands forms a part of a complex of Indigenous places used as a natural resource for social, ceremonial and subsistence purposes in the pre-colonial and post-contact periods.The traditional Gadigal cultural landscape included a detailed knowledge of the land and resources of today's Parklands, which allowed the Gadi people as custodians to manage them and look after them properly. In return the land looked after the Gadi.^[2]

The springs, wetlands and remnant vegetation that can still be found in the Parklands today continue to represent an important biological resource which would have been a useful source of fresh water, plants and animals through the generations. It is therefore probable that the Gadi people used the area for camping, food collecting and other activities in the pre-colonial period. Known associations during the post-contact era include camping and food collecting visits, employment, military activities, sport, cultural events and leisure.^[2]

The maintenance of ongoing spiritual and other associations with Country continues to be important to Indigenous Australians who wish to care for this place as a cultural landscape.^[2]

Summary of Cultural Heritage

Centennial Parklands is highly valued for its space, scale, beauty and grandeur and for the rarity and diversity of its Natural, Indigenous and Cultural heritage. For many individuals, groups and the community as a whole, Centennial Parklands is a cultural landscape that continues to play an important and vital role in personal and social histories.^[2]

The place retains significant associations with the development of the early colony of NSW, the establishment and design of parks and gardens for the public good, and prominent events. These include the Centenary and Bicentenary of the establishment of the NSW colony, inauguration of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, the 2000 Olympic Games, the Paralympics and the Centenary of Federation celebrations in 2001.^[2]

Centennial Parklands is highly significant for its leisure and sporting heritage. The individual parks that make up the Parklands were specifically established to cater for public recreation and have been an important social and recreational resource for over a century.^[2]

Centennial Parklands now receives millions of visits annually, attracting people from surrounding residential areas, the wider Sydney region and beyond. The Parklands provides a unique area of open space that supports a diversity of activities that are rare in an inner urban area.^[2][9]

Centennial Park, Moore Park, Queens Park was listed on the Yangi Janubiy Uels davlat merosi reestri on 27 March 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.^[2]

Ushbu joy Yangi Janubiy Uelsdagi madaniy yoki tabiiy tarixning yo'nalishini yoki naqshini namoyish etishda muhim ahamiyatga ega.

Centennial Park is historically significant as part of the site of the second Sydney Common and public open space proclaimed by Governor Lachlan Macquarie on 5 October 1811. It is the site of Sydney's second and third water supply, Busby Bore and the Lachlan Water Reserve. It is the site of Sydney's first public suburban drive - the Grand Drive. It is the first designed suburban park, based on the English model of integrated suburban residential development and recreational open space. The Park provided the setting for the following prominent events: The Centenary Celebrations, 1888; The Annual Military Review; the Commonwealth Swearing-in Ceremony 1901; the American Fleet Review 1908; mourning for the death of King Edward 1910; Peace Celebrations and Thanksgiving Service 1918; Sesqui-Centenary Celebrations 1938; Federation Jubilee 1951; Federation Pavilion dedication 1988; Bi-Centenary Celebrations 1988. The most significant periods in the history of the park are: pre-European, natural environment pre-1788; Lachlan Water Reserve 1811–1887; Centennial Park 1888–1930, 1984–present [1990].^[43][2]

Ushbu joy Yangi Janubiy Uelsda estetik xususiyatlarni va / yoki yuqori darajadagi ijodiy yoki texnik yutuqlarni namoyish etishda muhim ahamiyatga ega.

Centennial Park is a designed environment that, after 100 years, still retains the unity and continuity of its designed elements. Aesthetically it combines contrasting landscape types with spatial diversity that, together with a surrounding built environment that complements the scale of the Park while providing minimal visual intrusion, works together to provide a harmony of scale.^[43][2]

Bu joyda ijtimoiy, madaniy yoki ma'naviy sabablarga ko'ra Yangi Janubiy Uelsdagi ma'lum bir jamoat yoki madaniy guruh bilan kuchli yoki maxsus birlashma mavjud.

Centennial park, designed as a People's Park, has provided an important social venue for meetings of a range of community groups, commemorative events, sporting events, military venues, concerts and general public recreation.^[43][2]

Joy Yangi Janubiy Uelsning madaniy yoki tabiiy tarixini tushunishga yordam beradigan ma'lumot olish imkoniyatiga ega.

Centennial Park has been the site of horticultural experimentation, particularly with grass species and native tree species. It has also been the site of conservation of indigenous bird species and is the location of indigenous plant species representative of the ecology of the Botany sands system.^[43][2]

Shuningdek qarang

• Centennial Park, shahar atrofi
• Fox Studios Australia
• Queens Park, shahar atrofi
• Mur parki, shahar atrofi
• Sidney kriket maydonchasi
• Sidney futbol stadioni
• Sidney ko'rgazma maydoni (Mur Park)
• Ko'ngilochar kvartal
• Sidneydagi bog'larning ro'yxati

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

• "Centennial Park, Moore Park, Queens Park". VisitNSW. Yangi Janubiy Uels hukumati. 2007.^{[doimiy o'lik havola ]}
• Pictures imperfect - moonlight cinema. Sidney Morning Herald. 24 January 2004.
• Centennial Park: Big Celebrations for Sir Henry's Park. Wentworth Courier. 2012.
• Eastern Suburbs Insider: Ten things you might not have known about Sydney Showground. Wentworth Courier. 2014.
• Ashton, Paul (2001). Constructed Landscapes: Centennial Park.
• Eshton, Pol; Blackmore, Kate; Scorrano, Armanda (2013). The People's Park: Centennial Park - A History.
• Jozibaning bosh sahifasi (2007). "Centennial Park, Moore Park, Queens Park". Centennial Parklands and Moore Park Trust.
• Bastlans, Kate (2016). Towers may put our history in the shade.
• Casey & Lowe Associates (Tony Lowe) (2002). Post Contact Non-Indigenous Archaeological Report - Centennial, Moore & Queen's Parks, Sydney Showgrounds & Fox Studios.
• Centennial & Moore Park Trust (2006). "Centennial Parklands Plan of Management 2006-2016".
• Centennial & Moore Park Trust (2002). "Centennial Parklands Tree Master Plan".
• Chammas, Michael (2017). Sports Venues: SCG Trust begins push for new 40,000 seat stadium.
• Conybeare Morrison & Partners (2005). "Centennial Parklands Plan of Management - draft".
• Conybeare Morrison & Partners (2003). CMP for Centennial Parklands: conservation management plan - Natural, Indig., Cult. Heritage [Variant title:Centennial Park, Moore Park, Queens Park].
• Drapalski, Megan (2016). Moore and Queens Parks left off heritage application.
• Freeman Ryan Design. Centennial Parklands Restaurant Precinct Interpretation Elements Concept Report.
• GML Heritage (2015). Centennial Park - Ian Potter Children's Wild Play Garden - Heritage Impact Statement.
• Godden Mackay Logan (1995). Moore Park Showground - Conservation Strategy.
• Gorman, James (4 September 2013). "Underground light rail vision". Sydney Central Magazine.
• Greenwich, Alex (2016). Alex Greenwich MP, Independent Member for Sydney. Sydney News.
• Grogan, Zilka (12 June 2013). Massive upgrade on cards. Wentworth Courier.
• Grogan, Zilka (2012). Centennial Park: Government cuts funding - Trust may have to rely on event income. Wentworth Courier.
• Hoskins, Ian (2003). It is inevitably a people's park : ceremony and democratic sentiment at the opening of Centennial Park, 1888.
• MuseCape P/L (2010). For Man & Beast: Interpretation Plan for the Comrie Memorial Fountain.
• Newton, Donna (2014). Deweys Library News.
• NSW Government Architect's Office (2008). Australian and Korean War Memorial, Moore Park Sydney : statement of heritage impact.
• Parsons Brinckerhoff P/L (2014). CBD and South East Light Rail Project - Modifications Report (State Significant Infrastructure Approval (SSI-6042).
• Pirson, M.; Lennon, J.; Marshal, D; O'Keeffe, B (1999). Milliy Federatsiya merosi loyihasi: identifikatsiya qilish va baholash bo'yicha maslahat. Melburn: Viktoriya merosi. OCLC  222648799.
• Pitt, Helen (2016). Rally an ode for the fallen … fig trees.
• Robertson, Toni (2015). John Lennis (1952-2015) Baron of Bush Tucker and Botanics.
• Saulwick, Jacob (2016). Can the human and the golf course coexist? The battle rages.
• Urbis P/L (2010). Centennial Parklands - Conservation Management Plan.
• Wilson, Edwin (1992). The wishing tree: a guide to memorial trees, statues, fountains in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Domain, and Centennial Park, Sydney.

Atribut

Ushbu Vikipediya maqolasida quyidagi materiallar mavjud Centennial Park, Moore Park, Queens Park, entry number 01384 in the Yangi Janubiy Uels davlat merosi reestri ostida Yangi Janubiy Uels shtati va Atrof-muhit va meros idorasi tomonidan nashr etilgan 2018 CC-BY 4.0 litsenziya, 2018 yil 2-iyun kuni kirish huquqiga ega.

Tashqi havolalar

• Maps of Centennial Parklands
• Rasmiy veb-sayt of Centennial Parklands
• Eshton, Pol (2008). "Centennial Park". Sidney lug'ati. Olingan 26 sentyabr 2015. [CC-By-SA ]