Fuqarolar hibsga olinadi - Citizens arrest - Wikipedia

A fuqaroning hibsga olinishi bu hibsga olish tomonidan qilingan a xususiy fuqaro - ya'ni, vazifasini bajarmaydigan kishi qasamyod qildi huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari xodimi.[1] Yilda umumiy Qonun yurisdiktsiyalar, amaliyot o'rta asrlardan boshlangan Angliya va Ingliz umumiy huquqi, unda sheriflar oddiylarni rag'batlantirdi fuqarolar qo'lga olishga yordam berish uchun qonunni buzuvchilar.[2]

Amaliyotning nomlanishiga qaramay, aksariyat mamlakatlarda hibsga olingan shaxs odatda a shaxs a bo'lishi shart bo'lmagan hibsga olish kuchlari bilan fuqaro ular harakat qilayotgan mamlakatning. Masalan, Inglizlar yurisdiktsiya Angliya va Uels, quvvat 24A (2) qismidan keladi Politsiya va jinoiy dalillar to'g'risidagi qonun 1984 yil,[3] "har qanday odamni hibsga olish" deb nomlangan. Bu qonunchilik "har qanday shaxs" ushbu vakolatlarga ega ekanligini ta'kidlaydi va ular a bo'lishi kerakligini bildirmaydi Britaniya fuqarosi.

Huquqiy va siyosiy jihatlar

Fuqaroni hibsga olgan har kim o'zini yuzma-yuz kutishi mumkin sud ishlari yoki jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish (masalan, ayblovlar soxta qamoq, noqonuniy cheklash, o'g'irlash, yoki noqonuniy hibsga olish), agar noto'g'ri shaxs ushlangan bo'lsa yoki gumon qilinuvchi inson huquqlari buzilgan.[4] Bu, ayniqsa, qachon to'g'ri keladi politsiya kuchlari kimligini aniqlashga urinmoqdalar tajovuzkor bu. Xususiy fuqarolar boshqa xususiy fuqarolarni hibsga olishda militsiya xodimlari singari fuqarolik javobgarligidan himoya qilish huquqiga ega emaslar.

Fuqaroni hibsga olishni amalga oshirayotgan shaxsning javobgarligi yurisdiktsiyaga bog'liq. Masalan, ichida Frantsiya va Germaniya, jinoyatchini, shu jumladan mol-mulkka qarshi jinoyatlar sodir etishni to'xtatuvchi shaxs emas jinoiy javobgar ishlatilgan vositalar tahdidga mutanosib bo'lsa. Ammo shuni e'tiborga olingki, har ikki mamlakatda ham bu boshqa huquqiy me'yordan kelib chiqadi, "boshqalarga bevosita xavf tug'diradigan xavf", bu profilaktika bilan bog'liq emas prokuratura, jinoyatlar.

Mamlakatlar bo'yicha qonunlar

Avstraliya

Yilda Avstraliya, hibsga olish huquqini ikkalasi ham beradi federal va davlat qonunchilik, ammo berilgan aniq vakolat yurisdiktsiyaga qarab farq qiladi. Federal huquqbuzarlik uchun hibsga olish vakolatining 3Z qismi tomonidan beriladi Jinoyatlar to'g'risidagi qonun 1914.[5] Qonunga muvofiq, a shaxs kim emas a politsiya xodimi mumkin, holda kafolat, agar ishonadigan bo'lsa, boshqa odamni hibsga oling oqilona asoslar bu:

  • boshqa shaxs sodir etgan yoki hozirgina sodir etgan ayblanmaydigan jinoyat; va
  • tomonidan sud jarayoni chaqiruv boshqa shaxsga qarshi: jinoyatga nisbatan shaxsning sudga kelishini ta'minlamasligi; huquqbuzarlikning takrorlanishiga yoki davom etishiga yoki boshqa jinoyat sodir etilishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik; huquqbuzarlik bilan bog'liq dalillarni yashirishni, yo'qotishni yoki yo'q qilishni oldini olish; huquqbuzarlik to'g'risidagi ishda dalillarni keltirishi mumkin bo'lgan shaxsni ta'qib qilishni yoki unga aralashishni oldini olish; huquqbuzarlik to'g'risida dalillarni to'qib chiqishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik; yoki insonning xavfsizligi yoki farovonligini saqlamaydi.

Boshqa birovni hibsga olgan shaxs, hibsga olingandan so'ng, iloji boricha qisqa vaqt ichida, boshqa shaxsni va boshqa shaxsdan topilgan mol-mulkni konstable qo'riqxonasiga topshirishni tashkil qilishi kerak.

Umuman olganda, Avstraliyadagi qonunchilikka kelsak: Qaysi dalillarda aniq bir fuqaro, yoki xavfsizlik xodimi, gumon qilinuvchini hibsga olishda oqilona va gumon qilinuvchini asossiz harakatga keltirganda, ehtimol, sud fuqaroning yoki xavfsizlik xizmatining foydasiga va gumon qilinuvchiga qarshi, agar u gumon qilinuvchi fuqaroni hujum qilish yoki yolg'on qamoq jazosi uchun sudga berishni tanlasa. . Boshqa holatlarda, masalan. mulk egasi (yoki agenti) o'g'rini jabrlanuvchiga etkazilishi mumkin bo'lgan zararga mutanosib bo'lmagan holda va hibsga olinganlikda gumon qilinuvchining huquqlarini aniq buzgan holda hibsga oladi (masalan, darhol militsiya bo'limiga olib borilishi kerak) ), keyin sud gumon qilinuvchining foydasiga (aybdor yoki boshqa) foydasini topishi ehtimoli katta. Sudlar qaror chiqarishi mumkin tovon puli tegishli holatlarda bunday gumon qilinuvchilar uchun.

Yangi Janubiy Uels

In Avstraliyalik holati Yangi Janubiy Uels, hibsga olish huquqi a bo'lmagan har kimga beriladi militsiya hodimi ning 100 qismiga binoan Huquqni muhofaza qilish to'g'risidagi qonun (vakolatlar va javobgarlik) 2002 yil (NSW).[6] Qonunga binoan, bir kishi, a kafolat, boshqa odamni hibsga olish, agar:

  • shaxs an qilish harakatida jinoyat har qanday qonun yoki qonun hujjatlariga muvofiq yoki
  • shaxs shunchaki bunday har qanday huquqbuzarlikni sodir etgan bo'lsa yoki
  • shaxs jiddiy aybsiz jinoyat sodir etgan bo'lsa, u uchun u sodir etmagan harakat qildi.

Qonunning 231-moddasi "hibsga olish yoki hibsga olingan kishining qochib ketishining oldini olish uchun zarur bo'lgan" kuch ishlatishga imkon beradi. 100-bo'limga binoan boshqa odamni hibsga olgan shaxs, imkoni boricha imkon qadar, odamni va boshqa narsalarni olib ketishi kerak. mulk shaxsda topilgan, oldin a sudya qonunga binoan muomala qilish. The sudya shuningdek, hibsga olish uchun qo'llanilgan kuch ushbu sharoitda oqilona bo'ladimi yoki yo'qligini hal qiladi.

Ga ko'ra Yangi Janubiy Uels huquqshunoslik jamiyati, hibsga olingan shaxs:[7]

  • shaxsni hibsga olinganligini va hibsga olinganligini xabar qiling
  • shaxsni hibsga olish sabablari to'g'risida xabardor qilish.[8][tekshirib bo'lmadi ]

Kvinslend

In Avstraliyalik holati Kvinslend, hibsga olish vakolati 1-ilovaning 546-qismi tomonidan berilgan Jinoyat kodeksi 1899 yil (Qld).[9] Qonunga muvofiq, har qanday shaxs boshqa majburiyat topadi an jinoyat mumkin, holda kafolat, boshqa odamni hibsga oling. Kvinslendda hibsga olish huquqi, shuningdek, jinoyatda gumon qilinib hibsga olishga imkon beradi:

Agar huquqbuzarlik haqiqatan ham sodir etilgan bo'lsa - boshqa biron bir shaxs jinoyat sodir etgan deb asosli asosda ishongan har qanday shaxs uchun ushbu shaxsni hibsga olish huquqisiz, u boshqa shaxs sodir etganmi yoki yo'qmi, qonuniydir.

Qonunning 260-qismida, shuningdek, oldini olishda hibsga olish huquqi berilgan tinchlikni buzish:

Tinchlik buzilganiga guvoh bo'lgan har qanday shaxs uning davom etishi yoki yangilanishiga to'sqinlik qilishi va bunday oldini olish uchun zarur bo'lgan va shu davomiylikdan ushlab qolish xavfi bilan mutanosib bo'lgan kuch ishlatishi uchun aralashishi qonuniydir. yangilash va tinchlik buzilishini sodir etgan yoki unga qo'shilmoqchi bo'lgan har qanday shaxsni hibsga olish, bu shaxsni politsiya xodimiga topshirish uchun zarur bo'lgan vaqtga to'g'ri keladi.

Hibsga olingandan so'ng, hibsga olingan shaxs, kechiktirmasdan, Jinoyat kodeksining 552-moddasiga binoan tinchlik sudi yoki politsiya xodimiga topshirilishi kerak. Shunda qonuniy hibsga olish, soxta qamoq yoki tajovuz uchun har qanday qonuniy choralardan qochish uchun yuridik maslahat olish kerak.[10]

Janubiy Avstraliya

271-bo'lim 1935 yil Jinoyat qonunlarini birlashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun (SA) odamni hibsga olish vakolatlarini beradi Janubiy Avstraliya.[11]

s271 (3): Shaxs hibsga olinishi va hibsga olinishi kerak, agar u sodir etayotgan bo'lsa yoki ayblanmagan huquqbuzarlikni sodir etgan bo'lsa; yoki o'g'irlik (o'g'irlik xulosa yoki ayblanmaydigan jinoyat bo'ladimi); yoki shaxsga qarshi huquqbuzarlik (jinoyat qisqacha yoki aybdor deb hisoblanadimi); yoki aralashuvni o'z ichiga olgan jinoyat, zarar mol-mulkni yo'q qilish yoki yo'q qilish (huquqbuzarlik qisqa yoki aybdor bo'ladimi).

Tasmaniya

Ostida Politsiya huquqbuzarliklari to'g'risidagi qonun 1935 yil (Vazifa ), 55-moddasi 3-qismida, har qanday shaxs huquqbuzarlik sodir etgan deb topgan har qanday boshqa shaxsni hibsga olishi mumkin, agar ular bu xatti-harakatlar boshqa shaxsga jiddiy shikast etkazishi yoki etkazishi mumkinligi, bunday jarohat olish yoki yo'qotish xavfi katta bo'lishi mumkinligiga ishonish uchun asosli asoslar bo'lsa. mulk yoki mulkka jiddiy shikast etkazish. 55 (5) bo'limda "Ushbu bo'limning maqsadi uchun biron bir ish qilsa yoki biron bir harakatsizlik qilsa yoki o'zini tutsa yoki o'zini tutsa va shu bilan uni oqilona deb topsa u bunday qilmish, harakatsizlik yoki xatti-harakatga nisbatan ushbu Qonunga qarshi jinoyat sodir etgan deb hisoblash uchun asoslar. " Ushbu bo'limning 301-bo'limida qo'shimcha qoidalar mavjud 1924 yil Jinoyat kodeksi to'g'risidagi qonun (Tas) hibsga olishni amalga oshirishda kuchning siljishiga imkon beradigan ko'rinadi.

Viktoriya

Avstraliya shtatida Viktoriya, hibsga olish vakolatining 458-qismida berilgan Jinoyatlar to'g'risidagi qonun 1958 yil (Vik).[12] Unda aytilishicha, odam a kafolat, quyidagi bir yoki bir nechta sabablarga ko'ra jinoyat sodir etgan deb topgan shaxsni hibsga olish:

  • sudda huquqbuzarning ko'rinishini ta'minlash va / yoki
  • jamoat tartibini saqlash va / yoki
  • huquqbuzarlikni davom ettirish yoki takrorlash yoki boshqa jinoyat sodir etilishining oldini olish va / yoki
  • jamoat yoki huquqbuzarning xavfsizligi yoki farovonligi uchun.

Shuningdek, shaxs boshqa odamni hibsga olishi mumkin, agar ularga militsiya xodimining ko'rsatmasi berilgan bo'lsa yoki huquqbuzar qonuniy hibsdan qochib qutulganiga asosli asoslar bo'lsa.

461-bo'limda aytilishicha, agar hibsga olish 458-moddasiga binoan amalga oshirilsa Jinoyatlar to'g'risidagi qonun, va keyinchalik yolg'on ekanligi isbotlangan bo'lsa, hibsga olishning o'zi noqonuniy deb hisoblanmaydi, agar u asosli asoslarda amalga oshirilgan bo'lsa. 462A-bo'lim har qanday shaxsga "maqsadga nomutanosib bo'lmagan kuch ishlatish huquqini beradi, chunki u jinoyat sodir etilishining oldini olish, davom etishi yoki tugatilishi yoki shaxsning qonuniy hibsga olinishini ta'minlash yoki uni amalga oshirishda yordam berish uchun zarur deb o'ylaydi. har qanday huquqbuzarlikni sodir etganlik yoki sodir etganlikda gumon qilingan ".

G'arbiy Avstraliya

Faqat 2004 yilda G'arbiy Avstraliya parlament sobiq 47-moddasining qoidalarini bekor qildi Politsiya to'g'risidagi qonun 1892 bu har qanday odamni hibsga olish uchun ordersiz berishga imkon bergan "har qanday taniqli keng tarqalgan fohisha, o'g'ri, bo'shashgan, bo'sh yoki tartibsiz odam, ushbu shaxsni hibsga olish nuqtai nazaridan ushbu Qonunga qarshi jinoyat sodir etishi va darhol uni qo'lga olinadigan joyning har qanday konstable yoki politsiyachisiga etkazishi, olib borilishi va odil sudlovga etkazilishi, u bilan muomala qilinishi kerak. qonunga binoan ... "Xususiy fuqaro" bo'sh "yoki" bo'sh "atamalarini istalgan daraja bilan izohlash ancha qiyin bo'lar edi qonuniy ishonch. Fuqarolarni hibsga olish vakolatlari hozirda ushbu bo'limning 25-qismida joylashgan Jinoyat qidiruv qonuni 2006 yil (WA).

Hududlar

Shimoliy hudud
Shimoliy Hudud Jinoyat kodeksining 441-moddasi 2-qismiga binoan, har qanday shaxs jinoyat sodir etgan deb topgan yoki o'zini tutgan shaxsni hibsga olishi mumkin. hibsga olish belgilangan sabablarga ko'ra zarur.
Avstraliya poytaxti hududi
Ga qarang Jinoyatlar to'g'risidagi qonun 1900 (ACT), fuqaroning hibsga olinishiga ruxsat beruvchi 218-bo'lim.

Avstriya

Yilda Avstriya fuqaroni hibsga olish (nemis tilida: Anhalterecht Privater) § 80 Abs 2 StPO (jazo protseduralari kodi) ostida amalga oshirilishi mumkin.[13] Hibsga olingan shaxs hibsga olingan shaxsni faqat uni politsiya kabi tegishli yuridik organga topshirish uchun ushlab turishga ruxsat beriladi.

Braziliya

Yilda Braziliya, Federal qonun[14] har qanday shaxsga jinoyat sodir etganlikda aybdor deb topilgan yoki jinoyat joyidan qochganlikda ayblanib hibsga olishga imkon beradi. Shaxs o'z qaroriga binoan gumon qilinuvchini hibsda ushlab turish uchun jismoniy kuchga ega bo'lishi, hibsga olingan shaxsga nima qilayotganini og'zaki tushuntirishi va politsiyani chaqirishi kerak. Ikkalasi ham politsiya kelishini kutishlari kerak. Fuqaro hibsga olingan shaxs guvoh sifatida politsiya varaqalarini imzolashi va faktlarni tushuntirishi kerak. Odatda bu kamida ikki soatlik vaqt yukiga olib keladi. Agar dalillarni tasdiqlash imkoni bo'lmasa, fuqaroning hibsga olinganligini tushungan shaxs hibsga olingan shaxs tomonidan sudga berilishi mumkin.

Kanada

Federal qonun

Kanada Federal qonunlarni buzganlik yoki buzganlik uchun adyolni hibsga olish organlari Jinoyat kodeksi. Kanadada jinoiy javobgarlik a tomonidan sodir etilgan har qanday huquqbuzarlik hisoblanadi federal nizom - "viloyat jinoyati" yo'q.

Jinoiy huquqbuzarliklar uch guruhga bo'linadi: ayblanmaydigan, ikkilik protsedura va sudlanganlik. Hibsga olish uchun ikki protsessual huquqbuzarliklar ayblanmaydigan deb hisoblanadi.

Jinoyat kodeksining fuqarolarni hibsga olish bilan bog'liq qoidalari[15] 2012 yilda o'zgartirilgan, Fuqarolarni hibsga olish va o'zini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun.[16] Natijada, endi Kanadada fuqaroni hibsga olish, mulk bilan bog'liq huquqbuzarlik va hibsga olish o'rtasida "oqilona" vaqt o'tgan taqdirda amalga oshirilishi mumkin.[17]

Jinoyat kodeksi[18]
Hech qanday shaxsning buyrug'isiz hibsga olish

494. (1) Har qanday shaxs hech qanday ordersiz hibsga olinishi mumkin
  • (a) u aybsiz aybni sodir etgan deb topgan shaxs; yoki
  • (b) asosli asoslarga ko'ra u ishonadigan shaxs
    • (i) jinoiy jinoyat sodir etgan bo'lsa va
    • (ii) ushbu shaxsni hibsga olish uchun qonuniy vakolatlarga ega bo'lgan shaxslardan qochish va yangi ta'qib qilish.

Mulk egasi tomonidan hibsga olinishi va boshqalar

(2) Mulk egasi yoki mulkni qonuniy ravishda egallab turgan shaxs yoki mulk egasi tomonidan yoki unga qonuniy egalik qilgan shaxs tomonidan vakolat berilgan shaxs, agar ular jinoiy javobgarlikni sodir etganlikda yoki sodir etganlikda aybdor deb topsalar, odamni hibsga olishsiz qamoqqa olishlari mumkin. ushbu mulkka va
  • (a) ular o'sha paytda hibsga olishni amalga oshiradilar; yoki
  • (b) huquqbuzarlik sodir etilgandan so'ng ular hibsga olishni oqilona vaqt ichida amalga oshiradilar va ular tinchlik bo'yicha zobitning hibsga olinishi mumkin bo'lmagan holatlarga asoslanib ishonadilar.

Tinchlik ofitseriga etkazib berish
(3) Tinchlik ofitseridan boshqa har qanday shaxs, hibsga olinmasdan odamni hibsga oladi, darhol odamni tinchlik ofitseriga topshiradi.

Katta ishonch uchun
(4) Ishonchim komilki, ushbu bo'limga binoan hibsga olishga vakolatli shaxs, 25-bo'lim maqsadlari uchun qonun bilan vakolat berilgan shaxsdir.

Viloyat qonuni

Turli viloyat qonunlari orqali topilgan bir nechta hibsga olish organlari mavjud. Ontario shtatida fuqaroning hibsga olinishi bo'yicha eng ko'zga ko'ringan shaxs Trespass to mulk to'g'risidagi qonunda uchraydi, ammo avtomobil yo'llari harakati to'g'risidagi qonunda, alkogol ichimliklar uchun litsenziyalar to'g'risidagi qonunda va boshqalarda topilganlar bor.

MULK TO'G'RISIDA AKT[19]
Binoda hibsga olinmasdan hibsga olish
9. (1) Politsiya xodimi yoki binolarni egallab turgan shaxs yoki egasi tomonidan vakolat berilgan shaxs, u 2-bo'limga zid ravishda binoda bo'lishi uchun asosli va mumkin bo'lgan asoslarga ko'ra ishongan har qanday odamni asossiz hibsga olishi mumkin.

Politsiya xodimiga etkazib berish
(2) Agar (1) kichik bo'limga binoan hibsga olingan shaxs militsiya xodimi bo'lmasa, u zudlik bilan politsiyachining yordamiga murojaat qilishi va hibsga olingan shaxsni politsiya xodimiga topshirishi kerak.

Xitoy

Xitoy jinoyat-protsessual qonuni[20] vakolat beradi har qanday fuqaro fuqaroni hibsga olish uchun:

82-modda. Quyidagi holatlarning har qandayida biron bir shaxs har qanday fuqaro tomonidan darhol jamoat xavfsizligi organiga, xalq prokuraturasiga yoki xalq sudiga murojaat qilish uchun olib ketilishi mumkin:

  • (1) shaxs jinoyat sodir qilayotgan bo'lsa yoki jinoyat sodir etilganidan keyin darhol fosh etilgan bo'lsa;
  • (2) shaxs qidirilmoqda;
  • (3) shaxs qamoqdan qochgan; va
  • (4) odam qo'lga olish uchun ta'qib qilinmoqda.

Daniya

Yilda Daniya, Adliya boshqarmasi to'g'risidagi qonunning § 755-moddasi 2-qismiga binoan, har kim jinoyat sodir etilgan joyda yoki uning yaqinida topilgan gumon qilinuvchini hibsga olishi mumkin, agar jinoiy harakat jamoat aybloviga tortilsa. Hibsga olingan shaxsni hibsga olish vaqti va sabablari to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni iloji boricha tezroq politsiyaga topshirish kerak.[21]

Finlyandiya

Yilda Finlyandiya, Majburiy choralar to'g'risidagi qonun 22.7.2011 / 806 jinoyat sodir etishda birovni ushlash huquqini beradi (flagrante delicto bilan ) yoki jinoyat sodir etilgan joydan qochib ketish, agar jinoyat uchun jazo qamoq jazosi bo'lishi mumkin bo'lsa yoki jinoyat mayda tajovuz, mayda o'g'irlik, mayda mulkni o'zlashtirish, mayda ruxsatsiz foydalanish, avtotransport vositasini vaqtincha ishlatish uchun o'g'irlash, mol-mulkka ozgina zarar etkazish yoki mayda firibgarlik bo'lsa. Politsiya qidirayotgan shaxsni (hibsga olishga order) har kim ushlashi mumkin. Qo'lga olingandan so'ng, hibsga olingan shaxsni tez orada politsiyaga topshirish kerak. Agar jinoyatchi qarshilik ko'rsatayotgan bo'lsa yoki qochishga uringan bo'lsa, qonun fuqaroga jinoyatning mohiyati, ushlangan kishining xatti-harakati va umuman olganda vaziyatni ko'rib chiqishda zarur deb hisoblangan kuch ishlatish huquqini beradi.

Frantsiya

Frantsiya qonuni har qanday fuqaroga qo'lga olingan kishini hibsga olishga imkon beradi flagrante delicto bilan qilmoq a jinoyat yoki jinoyat ushbu shaxsni darhol eng yaqin ofitserga etkazish majburiyati bilan qamoq jazosi bilan jazolanadi politsiya sudyalari, degan ma'noni anglatadi detektiv.[22] Zamonaviy amaliyotda, kimdir jinoyatchini hibsga olib, darhol yaqin atrofdagi politsiyani chaqiradi, keyin jinoyatchini va har qanday dalillarni voqea joyiga birinchi kelgan politsiya xodimlariga topshiradi. Zo'rlik ishlatishga, agar jinoyatchi tomonidan zo'ravonlik holatida o'zini himoya qilish uchun talab qilinmasa, ruxsat berilmaydi.

Germaniya

Fuqarolarni hibsga olish (nemis tilida: Jedermann-Anhalte- und -Festnahmerecht) hibsga olingan shaxs ushlangan taqdirda § 127 I 1 StPO (jazo protseduralari kodeksi) bo'yicha amalga oshirilishi mumkin flagrante delicto bilan yoki shaxsning shaxsini darhol boshqacha tarzda aniqlash mumkin emas yoki ular qochishga urinishda gumon qilinmoqda.[23] Hibsga olingan shaxs hibsga olingan shaxsni faqat ularni politsiya kabi tegishli yuridik organga topshirish maqsadida ushlab turishga ruxsat beriladi. Germaniya qonunchiligi jinoyatning og'ir bo'lishi yoki hibsga olingan shaxs aslida Germaniya fuqarosi bo'lishi kerakligini belgilamaydi.

Gonkong

Fuqarolarning hibsga olinishi "101 kuch" nomi bilan tanilgan. Jinoyat protsessual buyrug'iga binoan (Gonkong qonunlarining 221-bandi) 101-qismning 2-qismida "har qanday shaxs hibsga olinadigan huquqbuzarlikda aybdor deb o'ylashi mumkin bo'lgan shaxsni" asossiz hibsga olishi mumkin ", deb" kuch ishlatgan holda " bu oqilona va sharoitda mutanosib ".[24] Hibsga olingandan so'ng shubhali sud ishlarini yuritish uchun imkon qadar tezroq politsiya idorasiga etkazilishi kerak. "Hibsga olinadigan jinoyat" deb 12 oydan ortiq qamoq jazosiga hukm qilinishi mumkin bo'lgan har qanday jinoyatlar tushuniladi.[25]

Vengriya

273-moddasiga binoan XC akti. Jinoyat protsedurasiga tegishli 2017 yil, har kim og'ir jinoyatni sodir etganlikda ushlangan shaxsni hibsga olishi mumkin, ammo shaxsni darhol "tergov organlariga" topshirishga majburdir; agar buning iloji bo'lmasa, politsiyaga xabar berish kerak.[26]

Hindiston

1973 yilgi Jinoyat-protsessual kodeksining 43-qismida quyidagilar ko'rsatilgan:

  1. Har qanday xususiy shaxs hibsga olinishi yoki hibsga olinishi mumkin, uning huzurida noaniq va tushunib bo'lmaydigan huquqbuzarlik sodir etgan har qanday shaxsni yoki har qanday jinoyatchi deb e'lon qilingan va keraksiz kechiktirmasdan, shunday qilib hibsga olingan har qanday shaxsni tugatishi yoki sodir etilishiga sabab bo'lishi kerak. politsiya xodimi yoki politsiya xodimi yo'qligida bunday odamni olib ketishi yoki hibsga olinishini eng yaqin politsiya bo'limiga olib borishi.
  2. Agar bunday shaxs 41-sektsiya qoidalariga muvofiq keladi deb taxmin qilish uchun asos bo'lsa, militsiya xodimi uni qayta hibsga oladi.
  3. Agar u tanib bo'lmaydigan huquqbuzarlik sodir etgan deb taxmin qilish uchun asos bo'lsa va u militsiya xodimining ismi va yashash joyini berish to'g'risidagi talabini rad etsa yoki bunday xodim yolg'on deb hisoblashiga asos bo'lgan ism yoki yashash joyini ko'rsatsa. , u bilan 42-sektsiya qoidalari bo'yicha ish olib boriladi, ammo agar u biron bir huquqbuzarlik sodir etgan deb hisoblash uchun etarli sabab bo'lmasa, u darhol ozod qilinadi.

Ushbu bo'limga binoan har qanday xususiy shaxs hibsga olinishi yoki hibsga olinishi mumkin

  1. O'zining huzurida noaniq va tushunarli huquqbuzarlikni sodir etgan shaxs yoki
  2. Har qanday huquqbuzar deb e'lon qilingan shaxs u keraksiz kechiktirmasdan bu shaxsni politsiya xodimiga yoki eng yaqin politsiya bo'limiga olib boradi.

Irlandiya

"Fuqarolarni hibsga olish" atamasi og'zaki ravishda hibsga olish uchun ishlatiladi hibsga olish to'g'risida order, a'zosi emas, balki boshqa birov tomonidan qilingan Garda Siochana.[27] So'zlashuv nomiga qaramay,Irlandiya fuqarolari bunday hibslarni amalga oshirgan.[28] The Irlandiya Respublikasining qonuni, olingan Ingliz qonuni, meros qilib olgan umumiy Qonun hibsga olish uchun xususiy shaxslar uchun kuch jinoyat yoki tinchlikni buzish.[27] 1997 yilgi Jinoyat qonuni jinoyatlar bilan jinoyatlar o'rtasidagi umumiy-huquqiy tafovutni bekor qildi huquqbuzarliklar va buning o'rniga ajratib turadi "hibsga olinadigan "va" hibsga olinmaydigan "jinoyatlar; qamoqqa olinadigan huquqbuzarliklar kamida besh yilga ozodlikdan mahrum qilish bilan jazolanadi va jismoniy shaxslar ularni hibsga olishlari mumkin flagrante-da, hibsga olinadigan huquqbuzarlikni sodir etgan yoki sodir etmoqchi bo'lgan.[29][27][30]

Huquqbuzarliklarni belgilaydigan boshqa bir nechta qonunlarda xuddi shunday "har qanday shaxs hibsga olinishi" mumkinligi aytilgan; tegishli huquqbuzarliklar kiradi to'lovsiz amalga oshirish,[31] qirg'iy daromad markalari,[32]va moddiy zarar - bu oxirgi jinoyat uchun hibsga olish va davom etayotgan jinoyat uchun oxirgi ruxsatnoma.[29][33] Bundan tashqari, 1976 yilgi Jinoyat qonuni (yurisdiktsiya) to'g'risidagi qonun bilan bog'liq jinoyatlar rejalashtirilgan muammolar yilda Shimoliy Irlandiya va Irlandiyada yoki Shimoliy Irlandiyada bo'lsin, kimdir bunday huquqbuzarlikni sodir etgani yoki qilgani uchun hibsga olishga vakolat beradi.[27][34] 1976 yilgi akt va shunga o'xshash narsa Vestminster harakati o'zaro berish eksterritorial yurisdiktsiya, ehtiyojni yo'q qildi ekstraditsiya yurisdiktsiyalar o'rtasida, bu ko'proq bahsli bo'lar edi.[35]

Agar hibsga oluvchiga etishmasa oqilona sabab hibsga olingan shaxsning huquqbuzarlik sodir etganiga ishonish, ikkinchisi bo'lishi mumkin sudga berish birinchisi tuhmat, noqonuniy hibsga olish, yoki qonunbuzarlik.[29] Ko'pgina huquqbuzarliklar uchun xususiy shaxs bunday hibsni faqat gumon qilinuvchi Garda tomonidan hibsga olinishdan qochib qutulgan taqdirdagina amalga oshirishi mumkin va hibsga olingan shaxs gumon qilinuvchini imkon qadar tezroq Garda hibsxonasiga topshirishi kerak.[34][33][31][27] Istisno shundaki, marka sotuvchilari oldiga keltirilishi kerak Tuman sudi.[32] Fuqarolarni hibsga olish kamdan-kam uchraydi; ko'pincha ular tomonidan amalga oshiriladi detektivlarni saqlash kuni do'kon o'g'irlash gumon qilinuvchilar.[29]

Isroil

An Isroil jinoyat sodir etganiga guvoh bo'lgan gumon qilinuvchini hibsga olishga har kimga ruxsat beruvchi qonun 1996 yilda bekor qilindi va yangi qonun gumon qilinuvchini boshqa shaxs tomonidan hibsga olinishiga ma'lum sharoitlarda ruxsat berdi. 1996 yildagi Jinoyat-protsessual qonunining 75-moddasi (ijro etuvchi vakolatlar - hibsga olish) har qanday gumon qilingan jinoyatlarni sodir etganiga guvoh bo'lgan shaxsni hibsga olishga imkon beradi. Jinoyatlar tarkibiga quyidagilar kiradi: og'ir jinoyat, o'g'irlik, zo'ravonlik va mol-mulkka jiddiy zarar etkazgan jinoyat. Ushbu hibsga olish vakolatlaridan foydalangan shaxs, agar ularning so'rovi qondirilmasa, ular shubhali ko'karishlarga olib kelmasa, etarli kuch ishlatishi mumkin. Ular gumonlanuvchini zudlik bilan va uch soatdan kechiktirmay politsiyaga topshirishlari kerak. Shaxsi ma'lum bo'lgan yoki qochib ketganlikda gumon qilinmagan shaxslar hibsga olinishi mumkin emas. Nisbatan yangi bo'lgan qonun ham xususiy shaxslar, ham xususiy xavfsizlik tomonidan qo'llaniladi, ammo sud tomonidan haligacha izohlanmaganligi sababli muammoli hisoblanadi. 2009 yil boshida Quddusdagi magistratlar sudi, ulardan biriga tajovuz qilgan gumonlanuvchining hibsga olinishidan so'ng, ikki xususiy xavfsizlik xodimini hujumda aybdor deb topgan hukmni chiqardi. Sud qaroriga ko'ra, soqchilarga o'sha paytda taksida o'tirgan gumonlanuvchini hibsga olishga ruxsat berilmagan va politsiya kelishini kutishi kerak edi.

Italiya

383-moddasiga binoan har qanday xususiy fuqaro bo'lishi mumkin Italiya Jinoyat-protsessual kodeksi, boshqa odamni hibsga olish, ularni qo'lga olish sharti bilan "flagranza di reato-da" (Delranto flagmani ) va ular sodir etgan jinoyat, politsiya tomonidan majburiy qamoqni o'z ichiga oladi va "perseguibile d'ufficio", ya'ni sud organi bir marta"notitia criminis"(jinoyat to'g'risidagi xabar), jinoiy javobgarlikni boshlash majburiyati bor, biron bir shaxs majburiy ravishda shikoyat qilmasa, hibsga olingan shaxs hibsga olingan shaxsni va jinoyat tarkibini sud organiga topshirishi shart. hibsga olingan shaxsning jinoyat sodir etishiga olib kelishi mumkin.[36]

Yaponiya

Yilda Yaponiya, Jinoyat-protsessual kodeksining 213-moddasi, fuqarolikdan tortib o't o'chiruvchilargacha bo'lgan har qanday jinoyatga guvoh bo'lib, hibsga olishga imkon beradi. Bu deyiladi genkouhan (現行犯, ma'nosi flagrante delicto bilan ).[37] Qochishga uringan yoki o'zini tanishtirishdan bosh tortgan jinoyatchilarning aksariyati politsiya kelguniga qadar ushlab turilishi mumkin.[38] Biroq, oldini olish uchun fuqaroni hibsga olish mayda jinoyat (masalan, noqonuniy yig'ilish, tasodifiy shikastlanish, tasodifiy buzg'unchilik, xarakterni tuhmat qilish, to'xtash joyini to'lamasdan qoldirish)[39] bu soxta qamoq Jinoyat kodeksining 220-moddasiga binoan.[40]

Latviya

Jinoyat protsessual qonuni yilda Latviya har qanday shaxsga jinoyat sodir etishda birovni ushlash huquqini beradi (flagrante delicto bilan ) yoki jinoyat sodir etilgan joydan qochib ketish, agar jinoyat uchun jazo ozodlikdan mahrum qilish bo'lsa. Shuningdek, hibsga olishga order berilgan politsiya tomonidan qidirilayotgan shaxsni istalgan vaqtda kimdir hibsga olishi mumkin. Jinoyatchini jinoyat sodir etishni to'xtatuvchi shaxs jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilmaydi ishlatilgan vositalar tahdidga mutanosib bo'lsa. Hibsga olingan shaxs zudlik bilan politsiyaga topshirilishi kerak.

JINOY TARTIBI to'g'risidagi qonun[41]
265-bo'lim. Hibsga olish tartibi
(3) Agar shaxs bilan sodir etilgan jinoiy qilmish o'rtasida erkinlikdan mahrum qilish bilan bog'liq jazo qo'llanilishi mumkin bo'lgan aniq aloqalar mavjud bo'lsa va bunday shaxs jinoiy jinoyat sodir etilgan joyda joylashgan bo'lsa yoki u joydan qochib ketsa yoki ushbu jinoyatni sodir etganligi to'g'risida shaxsni qidirish to'g'risida e'lon qilingan bo'lsa, u har qanday shaxs tomonidan hibsga olinishi mumkin va darhol eng yaqin politsiya xodimiga o'tkazilishi kerak.

JINOYaT QONUNI[42]31-bo'lim. Shaxsiy zarar etkazadigan hibsga olish

  • (1) Shaxsiy zarar etkazadigan qamoqqa olish jinoiy qilmishni sodir etgan yoki sodir etgan shaxsga qarshi qaratilgan harakatdir. Agar ushbu shaxsga etkazilgan zarar, shubhasiz, huquqbuzarlik xarakteriga, rioya qilmaslik yoki qarshilik ko'rsatishga mutanosib bo'lmasa, ushbu qilmish uchun javobgarlik qo'llanilmaydi.
  • (2) Hibsga olishni amalga oshirishda hibsga olish shartlarini buzgan shaxs, bunday shartlarni buzganligi uchun javobgar bo'ladi.
  • (3) Agar hibsga olingan shaxsga zarar etkazilgan harakatlar uning hibsga olinishi uchun zarur bo'lmasa, etkazilgan zarar uchun umumiy asosda javobgarlik qo'llaniladi.
  • (4) Ehtiyotkorlik bilan hibsga olingan shaxsga zarar etkazish jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilmaydi.

Malayziya

Ning 27-moddasi 1-qismi Jinoyat-protsessual kodeksi xususiy shaxs tomonidan, uning fikriga ko'ra, huquqbuzarlik yoki mumkin bo'lmagan huquqbuzarlik sodir etgan shaxsni hibsga olishga imkon beradi:[43]

Har qanday xususiy shaxs, uning fikriga ko'ra, mavjud bo'lmagan va tortib olinadigan huquqbuzarlik sodir etgan yoki 44-bo'limga binoan e'lon qilingan har qanday shaxsni hibsga olishi mumkin va keraksiz kechiktirmasdan shu qadar hibsga olingan shaxsni eng yaqin politsiya xodimiga topshiradi yoki yo'q bo'lganda. politsiya xodimining, ushbu odamni eng yaqin politsiya bo'limiga olib boring.

5-kichik qism bundan keyin boshqa birovning mol-mulkiga nisbatan yoki unga nisbatan jinoyat sodir etgan shaxsni jarohat etkazilgan mol-mulkdan foydalanayotgan har qanday shaxs tomonidan yoki ushbu shaxslarning xizmatkori tomonidan yoki hibsga olinishi mumkin. ushbu shaxslardan biri tomonidan vakolat berilgan yoki unga yordam beradigan har qanday shaxs:[44]

Boshqa shaxsning mol-mulkiga nisbatan yoki unga nisbatan huquqbuzarlik sodir etgan har qanday shaxs, agar uning ismi va manzili noma'lum bo'lsa, jarohat olgan yoki zarar etkazilgan mol-mulkdan foydalanayotgan har qanday shaxs yoki uning xizmatkori tomonidan ushlanishi mumkin. ushbu shaxslardan biri yoki ushbu shaxslarning birortasi vakolat bergan yoki unga yordam beradigan biron bir shaxs tomonidan ushlab turilishi mumkin va u o'z ismini va manzilini ko'rsatguniga qadar va hibsga olinishi mumkin, chunki u berilgan ism va manzil to'g'ri ekanligiga yoki u etkazib berilguniga qadar. politsiya xodimi qo'liga.

Politsiya xodimi Kodeksda belgilangan tartibda hibsga olinmasdan hibsga olinishi mumkin bo'lgan huquqbuzarlik "tortib olinadigan jinoyat" deb ta'riflanadi.[45]

Meksika

1917 yil 16-modda Meksika konstitutsiyasi har qanday shaxsga topilgan jinoyatchini hibsga olishga imkon beradi flagrante delicto bilan.[46] Bunday qilayotgan politsiyachi zudlik bilan politsiyani chaqirishi kerak, chunki biron bir odamni o'z xohish-irodasiga qarshi ushlab turish yoki tashish noqonuniy hisoblanadi; buni qilmaslik - noqonuniy ravishda ozodlikdan mahrum qilish, o'g'irlashga o'xshash jinoyat, bu jinoyatchi uchun qamoq jazosiga olib kelishi mumkin. 2006 yilda mashhur mukofot ovchisi Dueyn "It" Chapman amerikalik qochoqni Meksikada hibsga olganligi va politsiya bilan maslahatlashmasdan uni chegaradan Kaliforniyaga olib o'tmoqchi bo'lganligi uchun noqonuniy ravishda ozodlikdan mahrum qilishda ayblangan.[47]

Nepal

Milliy Jinoyat-protsessual (Kodeks) qonunining 2017 yil 9-moddasi 8-qismida shunday deyilgan: "Agar politsiya biron bir huquqbuzarlik sodir etilayotgan paytda hozircha mavjud bo'lmasa, ushbu jinoyat sodir etilishida hozir bo'lgan har qanday shaxs huquqbuzarlik yoki uning guvohi bo'lgan kimsa bunday jinoyatni sodir etgan shaxsning qochib ketishiga yoki qochishiga to'sqinlik qilishi va uni yaqin atrofdagi politsiya idorasiga topshirishi mumkin. "[48]

Yangi Zelandiya

Yilda Yangi Zelandiya, belgilangan tartibda fuqaroni hibsga olishni amalga oshiradigan shaxslarga nisbatan ba'zi huquqiy himoya mavjud Jinoyatlar to'g'risidagi qonun 1961 yil bunda jinoiy javobgarlikni oqlash yoki himoya qilish mumkin. Hibsga olishni asoslash hibsga olingan shaxsning huquqbuzarlikda aybdor emasligini va hech kim uchun javobgar emasligini kafolatlaydi fuqarolik protsessi. Jinoiy javobgarlikdan himoya qilish hibsga olingan shaxslar hech qanday jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilmasligini anglatadi. Ammo ular javobgar fuqarolik protsessi. Qonunchilik puxta bayon qilingan va faqatgina Jinoyatlar to'g'risidagi qonunda nazarda tutilgan huquqbuzarliklarga nisbatan qo'llaniladi, boshqa jinoyatlar, masalan, Xulosa to'g'risida jinoyatlar to'g'risidagi qonun 1981 yil.[49]

Xususan, Jinoyatlar to'g'risidagi qonun 1961 yil hamma (faqat Yangi Zelandiya fuqarolari emas) hibsga olinmasdan hibsga olinishi uchun haqli ekanligini ta'kidlaydi:[50]

  • Ushbu Qonunga qarshi har qanday jinoyatni sodir etgan har qanday shaxs, eng yuqori jazo 3 yildan kam bo'lmagan qamoq jazosini tashkil etadi; yoki
  • Kechasi (soat 21.00 dan 6.00 gacha) ushbu Qonunga qarshi jinoyat sodir etgan har qanday shaxs.

Hibsga olishda jamoat a'zolari jinoiy javobgarlikdan himoyalanadigan boshqa holatlar:

  • Ulardan politsiya xodimi biron bir huquqbuzarlik sodir etganiga ishongan yoki gumon qilingan shaxsni hibsga olishga yordam berishni iltimos qildi, agar ular ishonch yoki shubha uchun asos bo'lmasligini bilmasalar.[49][51]
  • Ular tinchlik buzilganiga guvoh bo'lishadi va shuning uchun uning davom etishi yoki yangilanishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun aralashishga haqli va buni sodir etgan har qanday shaxsni hibsga olishlari mumkin, agar ularni aralashayotgan shaxs ko'proq kuch ishlatmasa, ularni politsiya xodimiga topshirishi kerak. tinchlikni buzishni davom etishi yoki yangilanishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun zarurdir yoki uning davom etishi yoki yangilanishidan saqlanish xavfi bilan mutanosibdir.[52] Shunga o'xshash qonunchilik jamoat a'zolari tomonidan tartibsizliklarni bostirishda ham qo'llaniladi.[53]
  • Ularning fikriga ko'ra, oqilona va taxminiy asoslarga ko'ra, kimdir 1961 yilgi jinoyatlar to'g'risidagi qonunga qarshi jinoyat sodir etgan va u qochib ketgan va ta'qib qilinayotgan har qanday odam ushbu jinoyat uchun hibsga olishi mumkin (masalan, politsiya xodimi). Bu huquqbuzarlik aslida sodir etilgan yoki qilinmaganligi va hibsga olingan shaxs tomonidan qilingan yoki qilinmaganligi uchun amal qiladi.[54]
  • Hibsga olingan shaxs gumon qilinuvchiga hibsga olingan joyda ishlamasligi (masalan) kasalxonada qidiruv o'tkazishga haqlidir (masalan, kasalxonada qo'riqchi).

Barcha holatlarda fuqarolarni hibsga olgan shaxs gumonlanuvchini iloji boricha tezroq politsiya xodimiga topshirishi kerak.

Norvegiya

Yilda Norvegiya, Jinoyat-protsessual qonunining 176-bandiga binoan har qanday shaxs voqea joyida ushlangan yoki ta'qib qilinayotgan gumon qilinuvchini hibsga olishi mumkin. Hibsga olingan zudlik bilan politsiyaga topshirilishi kerak.[55]

Filippinlar

Garchi Filippinlar fuqarolarning hibsga olinishini o'z ichiga olgan mahalliy qonunchilikka ega emas Quezon City o'tdi Farmon 2307 yoki "Fuqarolarni hibsga olish to'g'risida Quezon Siti to'g'risidagi qaror". Quezon City hududidagi har qanday fuqaro qonun hujjatlarida nazarda tutilgan va ko'rsatib o'tilgan holatlarda ham odamni hibsga olinmasdan hibsga olishi mumkin.[56]

Polsha

Yilda Polsha har qanday shaxs huquqbuzarlik sodir etishda ushlangan yoki jinoyat sodir etilgandan keyin bevosita ta'qib qilingan shaxsni ushlash huquqiga ega, agar u yashirinib qolishidan qo'rqsa yoki uning shaxsi aniqlanmasa. . Qo'lga olingan shaxsni kechiktirmasdan politsiyaga berish kerak.[57]

Portugaliya

Portugaliyada o'zlarini yoki boshqa shaxsni yoki har bir kishining tegishli mol-mulkini himoya qilish uchun mutanosib kuch ishlatishga Portugaliya Fuqarolik Kodeksining 336, 337 va 339-moddalari bo'yicha ruxsat beriladi, agar huquqni muhofaza qilish organlariga murojaat qilishning iloji bo'lmasa. boshqa tegishli xizmatlar va shaxs o'z mulkiy huquqlariga nisbatan shaxsiy huquqlariga yo'l bermaydi (bu shaxsiy huquqlar mulk huquqidan ustundir), bu holda mutanosiblik printsipi buzilgan. Shuningdek, mutanosiblik printsipidan istisno mavjud bo'lib, u zo'ravonlikni suiiste'mol qilish shaxsning aybi bilan sodir etilmaganligi sababli yoki uning jinoyatchidan qonuniy qo'rquvi natijasida sodir bo'lishi mumkin.

Rossiya

Yilda Rossiya, har qanday shaxsga 37 va 38-moddalariga binoan kimnidir jinoyat sodir etishda hibsga olishga ruxsat beriladi Rossiya Jinoyat kodeksi va Plenumining qarorlari Rossiya Oliy sudi hibsga olishni amalga oshirayotgan shaxs hibsga olingan shaxsning jinoyat sodir etganligiga amin bo'lsa, 2012 yil 27 sentyabrda. Hibsga olish hibsga olish uchun zarur bo'lgan darajada kam kuch sarflash bilan amalga oshirilishi kerak va hibsga olingan shaxs taslim bo'lishi kerak. politsiya kechiktirmasdan.[58]

Shvetsiya

Yilda Shvetsiya, any person may arrest someone in the act of committing a crime, or fleeing from the crime scene, if the crime committed is punishable by imprisonment. A person wanted by the police, for whom there is an arrest warrant, can be arrested by anyone at any time. After the arrest, the police must be contacted as soon as possible.

Shveytsariya

According to the Swiss Criminal Procedure Code § 218,[59] citizens have the right to arrest a person when there is insufficient time to obtain police assistance, provided that

  1. they have caught the person in the act of committing a felony or misdemeanour or they have encountered the person immediately after committing such an offence; yoki
  2. the public have been requested to assist in tracing of the person concerned.

When making an arrest, private individuals may only use force as a last resort and any force used must be reasonable. Arrested persons must be handed over to the police as quickly as possible.

Tayvan

An arrest without a warrant is explicitly forbidden by the Article 8 in the Xitoy Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasi, "except in case of flagrante delicto as provided by law", as shown below:

The Code of Criminal Procedure[60]
Article 88: Arrest without a Warrant

  • A person in flagrante delicto may be arrested without a warrant by any person.
  • A person in flagrante delicto is a person who is discovered in the act of committing an offense or immediately thereafter.
  • A person is considered to be in flagrante delicto under one of the following circumstances:
    • (1) One is pursued with cries that he is an offender;
    • (2) One is found in possession of a weapon, stolen property, or other items sufficient to warrant a suspicion that he is an offender or his body, clothes and the like show traces of the commission of an offense sufficient to warrant such suspicion.

However, the first additional circumstance, i.e. "pursued with cries" has been considered ambiguous in recent years, leading to many ongoing discussions and controversies of whether this would cause an infringement of the personal freedom.

kurka

Turkcha Criminal Procedure Code states:[61]

90-modda – (1) In the instances listed below, any individual is entitled to make an arrest of another person temporarily without a warrant:

  • a) If the other person was seen committing an offense,
  • b) If the other person was under pursuit after committing an offense, if there is the possibility of escape of the person under pursuit after committing an offense or, if the establishment of his identity right away is not possible.

Birlashgan Qirollik

Angliya va Uels

A citizen's arrest can be lawfully carried out on any person under section 24A of the Politsiya va jinoiy dalillar to'g'risidagi qonun 1984 yil uchun indictable offence, shu jumladan either way offences (in this section referred to simply as "an offence"), but with some exceptions listed below. A few examples of ayblanmaydigan va either way offences are o'g'irlik, criminal damage, o'g'irlik, tajovuz occasioning haqiqiy tan jarohati, possession of an tajovuzkor qurol in a public place, boshqariladigan moddaga ega bo'lish, etc.It is thus permissible for any person to arrest without warrant:[62]

  • anyone who is in the act of committing an offence, or whom the arrestor has reasonable grounds for suspecting to be in the act of committing an offence, or
  • where an offence has been committed, anyone who is guilty of that offence or whom the arrestor has reasonable grounds for suspecting to be guilty of it

However, both of following two conditions must also be satisfied:[62]

  • it appears to the person making the arrest that it is not reasonably practicable for a police constable to make the arrest instead, and
  • the arrestor has reasonable grounds for believing that the arrest is zarur to prevent one or more of the following:
    • the person causing physical injury to themself or others,
    • the person suffering physical injury,
    • the person causing loss of or damage to property, or
    • the person absconding before a constable can assume responsibility for them

Where an arrest is made keyin an offence has been committed, the person who makes the arrest must actually bilish, shunchaki emas suspect that an offence has actually been committed. If it later turns out that an offence had not been committed, such an arrest would be unlawful.[63]

"Any person" powers can be used to arrest oldin an offence occurs as long as the offence in question falls within the Jinoiy urinishlar to'g'risidagi qonun 1981 yil. This act creates the offence of an urinib ko'rdi offence, as long as the offence being attempted is an ayblanmaydigan. For this to apply, the offence must actually be in the process of being attempted—preparatory steps are not sufficient. Furthermore, the definition of what constitutes a "crime" was clarified in R v Jones (Margaret)[64] which stated under the S3 CLA1967 meaning, it was held to be any domestic crime in England/Wales. Kent Police have released a brief yet comprehensive qo'llanma on reasonable force.[65]

A citizen's arrest cannot be made:

Although a person cannot make a citizen's arrest before an offence takes place, they may use the power provided section 3 of the Jinoyat qonuni to'g'risidagi qonun 1967 yil foydalanish reasonable force for the prevention of crime.[67] This would not allow a citizen's arrest before an offence takes place in this sense but would allow any person to use reasonable force to prevent an offence from occurring; for example, restraining a suspected offender who raised a brick in their hand in order to imminently smash a window. A citizen's arrest is a form of lawful custody and anyone attempting to flee would commit the offence of escape from lawful custody. Similarly, a person who uses force to resists a citizen's arrest would commit the offence of hibsga olishga qarshilik ko'rsatish maqsadida hujum.

In addition to an arrest without a warrant, where an arrest warrant is issued by a court, the warrant may name people (other than police officers) who are able to use it to arrest the person against whom it has been issued.

Boshqa vakolatlar

A citizen's arrest is a form of lawful custody and anyone attempting to flee may be guilty of attempting to escape from lawful custody. Furthermore, the offence of 'assault with intent to resist arrest or lawful apprehension or detainer of himself' may apply if the arrestee assaulted the arrestor under Section 38 of the Shaxsga qarshi jinoyatlar to'g'risidagi qonun 1861.[68] Both assault with intent to resist arrest/lawful apprehension and escaping from lawful custody are indictable, the former being so by the mode of trial of the offence, the latter is a umumiy Qonun offence and therefore ayblanmaydigan faqat. Therefore, these offences - whether fully carried out or merely attempted - are citizen's arrestable in themselves.

A citizen's arrest may also be made technically for a warrant for an arrest if the offence listed is indictable as there is no law prohibiting a re-citizen's arrest or the number of times they may be arrested for it nor is there a time limit. The warrant would satisfy the requirement for the arrester to have reasonable grounds to suspect the guilt of the arrestee. For example, if an offender failed to attend Crown court this would satisfy two conditions for a lawful citizen's arrest at a later date - that the offence bor edi taken place and that it was obviously indictable by way of being tried in Crown court.

Although not technically citizen's arrest powers, any person also has the power to arrest for a umumiy Qonun breach of the peace which also provides any person with a power of entry. 3-bo'lim Jinoiy adliya to'g'risidagi qonun 1967 yil also provides any person the power to apprehend a person unlawfully at large masalan. an offender on a recall to prison or in the circumstances where someone has managed to escape from lawful custody.

Shuningdek qarang: Breach of the peace § England, Wales and Northern Ireland

Until 2006, there was an "any person" power of arrest under part of the O'g'irlik to'g'risidagi qonun 1968 yil in England and Wales that related to brakonerlik,[69] which was used by private sud ijrochilari (aksincha Atrof muhitni muhofaza qilish agentligi bailiffs). This ceased to have effect as a result of a general repeal of such arrest powers by the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005.[70] An officer or agent of certain companies may seize and detain any person who has committed an offence against the provisions of the Companies Clauses Consolidation Act 1845 whose name and residence shall be but unknown to such officer or agent, and take them before a tinchlik adolati, who "shall proceed with all convenient dispatch to the hearing and determining of the complaint against such offender".[71]

Ostida Doimiy buyurtmalar ning Buyuk Britaniyaning jamoatlar palatasi, Serjeant at Arms has the power to take into custody any member of the public who is in a Members-only area of the House, or who misconducts themselves, or who fails to leave when the House sits in private.[72]

Court Security Officers in Angliya va Uels have the additional power to restrain and remove persons from court buildings under s53 Sudlar to'g'risidagi qonun 2003 yil as well as powers of search and seizure of certain articles.[73]

Shimoliy Irlandiya

Similar provisions apply to Northern Ireland as to England and Wales, implemented through the Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (SI 1989/1341)[74] as amended by the Police and Criminal Evidence (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order (SI 2007/288).[75]

Shotlandiya

While no statutory provision for citizen's arrest exists in Shotlandiya qonuni bor umumiy Qonun position that anyone committing an offence can be arrested using minimum force if necessary with consideration to what is reasonable in the relevant circumstances. The offence must be a serious one and not merely for a breach of the peace. The person exercising the power must have witnessed the offence occurring therefore they cannot act upon information from another person. An arrest is applicable reliant on situation.[76][77]

Qo'shma Shtatlar

In Qo'shma Shtatlar a private person may hibsga olish another without a kafolat, for a crime occurring in their presence. However, the crimes for which this is permitted may vary by state.[78]

Umumiy Qonun

Most states have codified the common law rule that a warrantless arrest may be made by a private person for a felony, misdemeanor or "breach of peace".[79] "Breach of peace" covers a multitude of violations in which the Supreme Court has even included a misdemeanor seatbelt violation punishable only by afine. The term historically included theft, "nightwalking ", prostitution, and playing card and dice games.[80] Texas courts have defined and interpreted the term "breach of the peace" to mean an act that disturbs or threatens to disturb the tranquility enjoyed by the citizens.[81][82]

State statutes

Consider, for an example of this codification, California Penal Code section 837:

837. A private person may arrest another:

  1. For a public offense committed or attempted in his/her presence.
  2. When the person arrested has committed a felony, although not in his/her presence.
  3. When a felony has been in fact committed, and he or she has reasonable cause for believing the person arrested to have committed it.

"Public offense" is read similarly as breach of peace in this case and includes felonies, misdemeanors and infractions.[83][84] Note that there is generally no provision for an investigative detention by a private person under the law. With certain exceptions (see below) an arrest must be made. "Holding them until the police get there", is simply a form of arrest. The officer is accepting the arrest and processing the prisoner on behalf of the private person.[85]

In the case of felonies, a private person may make an arrest for a felony occurring outside their presence but the rule is that a felony must have, in fact, been committed. For example, consider a suspect that has been seen on surveillance video vandalizing a building to the extent that the arrestor believes it rises to a felony due to the damage. If they find the suspect and make the arrest but it later turns out that it was misdemeanor damage, the arrestor is liable for soxta hibsga olish because a felony had not, in fact, been committed.[iqtibos kerak ]

Because most states have codified their arrest laws, there are many variations. For example, in Pennsylvania, thecourts have been clear that a non-law enforcement officer cannot make an arrest for a "summary offense".[86] In North Carolina, there is no de jure "citizens' arrest". Although it is essentially the same, North Carolina law refers to it as a "detention".[87]

Other states seem to allow only arrests in cases of felonies but court decisions have ruled more broadly. For example, in Virginia, the statute appears to only permit warrantless arrests by officers listed in the Code.[88] However Virginia courts have upheld warrantless arrests by non-law enforcement personnel for breach of the peace misdemeanors.[89] Other non-police persons are granted arrest authority by statute, in the case of those who are state certified armed security officers: "A registered armed security officer of a private security services business while at a location which the business is contracted to protect shall have the power to effect an arrest for an offense occurring (i) in his presence on such premises or (ii) in the presence of a merchant, agent, or employee of the merchant the private security business has contracted to protect" and "For the purposes of § 19.2-74, a registered armed security officer of a private security services business shall be considered an arresting officer."

Kuch ishlatish

In general, a private person is justified in using non-deadly force upon another if they reasonably believe that: (1) such other person is committing a felony, or a misdemeanor amounting to a breach of the peace; and (2) the force used is necessary to prevent further commission of the offense and to apprehend the offender. The force must be reasonable under the circumstances to restrain the individual arrested. This includes the nature of the offense and the amount of force required to overcome resistance.[90][91] In at least one state, a civilian may use reasonable force, including deadly force if reasonable, to prevent an escape from a lawful citizen's arrest.[92][93]

Shopkeeper's (merchant's) privilege

In some states of the United States, the courts recognize a common law do'kon egasining imtiyozi, under which a shopkeeper is allowed to detain a suspected do'kon o'g'irlovchi on store property for a reasonable period of time, so long as the shopkeeper has cause to believe that the person detained in fact committed, or attempted to commit, theft of store property. The purpose of this detention is to recover the property and make an arrest if the merchant desires.[94]

Differing liability from police

Private persons are occasionally granted immunity from civil or criminal liability, like the police are, when arresting others.[95] While the powers to arrest are similar, police are entitled to mistake of fact in most cases, while civilians can be held to a stricter liability depending on the individual state. Police can also detain anyone upon reasonable suspicion.[96] However, ordinary citizens cannot claim "qualified immunity" to attempt to defend against a civil complaint for false arrest.[97]

Shuningdek qarang

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