AK-47 va M16 ni taqqoslash - Comparison of the AK-47 and M16

M16A2 (tepada) va AK-47 (pastda) avtomatlar
Qurol	AK-47	M16A1
Ishlab chiqaruvchi	Kalashnikov xavotiri (avval Ijmash ),[1] Tula qurol zavodi, TsNIITochMash, Zastava, Norinko, Arsenal Arms	ArmaLite, Bushmaster, Colt, GM, H&R, FN, Remington,[2][3]
Dizayn yili	1947	1957
Og'irligi (yuklangan 30 dumaloq jurnal bilan)	4,78 kg (10,5 funt)[4][5]	3,6 kg (7,9 lb)[6]
Umumiy uzunlik	87,0 sm (34,3 dyuym)	99,0 sm (39,0 dyuym)
Barrel uzunligi	40,6 sm (16,0 dyuym)	50,8 sm (20,0 dyuym)
Balandligi (jurnal bilan)	26,7 sm (10,5 dyuym)	26,7 sm (10,5 dyuym)
Ko'rish radiusi	37,8 sm (14,9 dyuym)	50,0 sm (19,7 dyuym)
Ultrium	(M43) 7.62 × 39mm	(M193) 5.56 × 45mm
O'q og'irligi	122 gr (7,9 g)[7]	55 gr (3,6 g)[7]
Tezlik	2,330 kvadrat / s (710 m / s)[7]	3250 kvadrat / s (990 m / s)[7]
Energiya	1,469 fut.lbs (1,991 J)[7]	1,302 ft (1,764 J)[7]
Samarali diapazon	380 yd (350 m)[8][9]	500 yd (460 m)[10]
Aniqlik @ 100 metr	5.9 dyuym (15 sm)[11]	4.3 dyuym (11 sm)[11]
Penetratsiya (ballistik jelatin)	7429 dyuym (74 sm)[12][13]	-14 dyuym (36 sm)[12]
Yong'in darajasi	600 tur / min[14]	700-950 tur / min[15]
Standart jurnal hajmi	30 tur	30 tur
Dizayner	Mixail Kalashnikov	Evgeniy Stoner
Variantlar	AK-47, AKS-47, RPK, AKM, AKMS, AK-74, RPK-74, AK-100 seriyali, AK-12, Galil	AR-15, M16, XM16E1, M16A1, M16A2, M16A3, M16A4, M4, M4A1, M27, Colt 9mm SMG
Raqamlar qilingan	~ 100 million AK-47 tipidagi miltiq[16][17]	~ 8 million M16 tipidagi miltiq[18]
Birlik narxi	Yangi AK-103 uchun birlik uchun 700 dan 800 dollargacha [19]	Yangi M4 uchun birlik uchun $ 700[20]

Ikki eng keng tarqalgan avtomatlar dunyoda the Sovet AK-47 va Amerika M16.^[21][22] Bular Sovuq urush -era miltiqlar 1960 yildan beri katta va kichik mojarolarda ishlatilgan. Ulardan harbiylar, politsiya, xavfsizlik kuchlari, inqilobchilar, terrorchilar, jinoyatchilar va tinch aholi foydalanadilar va ehtimol kelgusi o'n yillar davomida ham foydalanilishi mumkin.^[23][24] Natijada, ular son-sanoqsiz taqqoslash va cheksiz bahs-munozaralarga sabab bo'ldi.^[5][25][26]

AK-47 yakunlandi, qabul qilindi va keng xizmatga kirdi Sovet armiyasi 1950-yillarning boshlarida.^[27] Uning olov kuchi, foydalanish qulayligi, ishlab chiqarish xarajatlarining pastligi va ishonchliligi Sovet armiyasining yangi mobil urush doktrinalariga juda mos edi. Boshqa barcha avtomatlarga qaraganda ko'proq AK-tipli qurollar ishlab chiqarilgan.^[28] 1974 yilda Sovetlar o'zlarining AK-47 va o'rnini bosa boshladilar AKM yangi dizayndagi miltiqlar, AK-74, ishlatadigan 5.45 × 39mm o'q-dorilar.

M16 1960-yillarning o'rtalarida AQSh xizmatiga kirdi.^[29] Dastlabki nosozliklariga qaramay, M16 inqilobiy dizayn bo'lib chiqdi va Amerika harbiy tarixidagi eng uzoq vaqt xizmat qiladigan miltiq bo'lib qoldi.^[30] The AQSh harbiylari M16-ni jangovar bo'linmalarga asosan "deb nomlangan qisqaroq va engilroq versiyasi bilan almashtirdi M4 karbini.^[31][32]

Tarix

Sturmgewehr 44

Germaniyaning Sturmgewehr 44

Birinchi bo'lib nemislar kashshof bo'lgan avtomat Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida, yong'inlarning ko'pi 400 metr masofada sodir bo'lganligini va zamonaviy miltiqlarning ko'pi kichik qurolli qurollar uchun juda kuchli bo'lganligini ko'rsatgan tadqiqotlarga asoslangan.^{[33][34][35][36][37][38]} Tez orada ular avtomatning o'q otish kuchini va miltiqning aniqligi va aniqligi bilan birlashtirgan, tanlab olinadigan oraliq quvvatli miltiqni ishlab chiqarishadi.^{[33][34][35][36][37][38]}

Natijada edi Sturmgewehr 44, nemislar ko'p miqdorda ishlab chiqargan; taxminan yarim million ishlab chiqarilgan.^{[33][35][36][37][38]} U yangi va inqilobiy oraliq quvvatli patronni otib tashladi 7.92 × 33mm kurz.^{[33][35][36][37][38][39]} Ushbu yangi kartrij standartni qisqartirish yo'li bilan ishlab chiqilgan 7.92 × 57mm Mauser Dumaloq va unga engilroq 125 donali o'q berib, bu cheklangan masofa, lekin ko'proq boshqariladigan avtomatik olovga imkon berdi.^{[33][35][36][37][38][39]} Kichikroq yengil patron ham askarlarga "avtomat olovni iste'mol qilishning yuqori darajasini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun" ko'proq o'q-dorilarni olib yurishga imkon berdi.^[33][34]

Sturmgewehr 44 arzon, tayyorlanishi oson, shtamplangan po'latdan yasalgan dizayni va 30 dumaloq olinadigan quti jurnaliga ega.^[40] "Ushbu qurol barcha muvaffaqiyatli avtomatlarning prototipi edi. Xarakterli (va oldingi miltiqlardan va M-14dan farqli o'laroq) u miltiqni orqaga qaytarish momentini kamaytirish uchun gaz ballonining ostidagi o'q bilan to'g'ri stokka ega edi va Shunday qilib otishmalarning avtomatik yong'inga ko'tarilish tendentsiyasini kamaytirishga yordam beradi. Barrel va uning umumiy uzunligi an'anaviy miltiqdan qisqaroq bo'lib, qurolni avtomat olovda xavfsizroq ushlab turish uchun avtomat tutqichi bor edi. Ushbu qurolning printsipi - tumshug'ini kamaytirish jangovar maydonlar oralig'ida foydalanishga yaroqli avtomat olovni olish uchun turtki - tutunsiz kukun ixtiro qilinganidan beri qurol-yarog'ning eng muhim avansidir. "^[39]

AK-47

Nemislar singari, Sovetlarga ham janglarning ko'pi 400 metr masofada sodir bo'lganligi va ularning askarlari doimiy ravishda qurollangan nemis qo'shinlari, ayniqsa Sturmgewehr 44 avtomatlar.^{[27][41][42][43][44][45]} 1943 yil 15-iyulda Sturmgevehr namoyish qilindi SSSR Qurol Xalq Komissarligi.^[46] Sovetlar Sturmgewehrdan shunchalik taassurot oldiki, ular darhol o'zlarining oraliq kalibrli avtomatik miltig'ini yaratishga kirishdilar. PPSh-41 avtomatlar va eskirgan Mosin-Nagant Sovet armiyasining aksariyat qismini qurollantiruvchi boltli miltiqlar.^{[33][43][46][47][48][49][45]}

Qabul qilgich bilan ishlaydigan AK-47

Tez orada Sovetlar 7.62 × 39mm M43 patron, yarim avtomatik SKS karbini va RPD yengil pulemyot.^[50] Ikkinchi Jahon urushidan ko'p o'tmay, Sovet Ittifoqi Sovet xizmatidagi SKS o'rnini tezda egallaydigan AK-47 avtomatini ishlab chiqardi.^[51][52] AK-47 yakunlandi, qabul qilindi va 1950 yillarning boshlarida Sovet armiyasida keng xizmatga kirdi.^[27] Uning olov kuchi, foydalanish qulayligi, ishlab chiqarish xarajatlarining pastligi va ishonchliligi Qizil Armiyaning yangi mobil urush doktrinalariga juda mos edi.^[27] 1960-yillarda Sovetlar RPK yengil pulemyoti, o'zi AK-47 rusumidagi qurol, ikki qavatli podshipnik, kuchliroq qabul qilgich va oxir-oqibat RPD yengil avtomatining o'rnini bosadigan uzunroq, og'irroq bochka.^[50]

Xitoycha 56-sonli miltiq. Izoh: katlamali boshoqli süngü

AK-47 SSSR bilan ittifoqdosh davlatlarga keng etkazib berildi yoki sotildi va loyihalar bir nechta do'st xalqlarga ( Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi bular orasida. bilan ajralib turadi 56 turini kiriting ).^[27] Natijada, barcha avtomatlarga qaraganda AK tipidagi ko'proq qurollar ishlab chiqarildi.^[28] "Dunyo bo'ylab taxminan 500 million o'qotar qurolning taxminan 100 millioni Kalashnikovlar oilasiga tegishli bo'lib, ularning to'rtdan uch qismi AK-47-lardir."^[28]

M14 miltiq

M1 Garand va M1 karbini

Boshqa tomondan, AQSh armiyasiga kabi yarim avtomatik qurollar bilan jangovar tajriba ta'sir ko'rsatdi M1 Garand va M1 karbini birinchi navbatda qurolli miltiqlar bilan qurollangan dushmanlarga nisbatan sezilarli ustunlikka ega edi.^[53] Ikkinchi Jahon urushi jangovar hisobotlarini AQSh armiyasi tomonidan olib borilgan tadqiqotlar nemislar va sovetlarnikiga juda o'xshash natijalarga ega bo'lsa-da, AQSh armiyasi avtomat kontseptsiyasi muhimligini anglay olmadi,^[34] va buning o'rniga an'anaviy kuchli qarashlarni va yuqori quvvatli yarim avtomatik miltiqlarni afzal ko'rdi.^{[33][34][38][54]} O'sha paytda AQSh armiyasi Sturmgewehr 44 "AQSh karbini bilan bir xil maqsadga xizmat qilish uchun umumiy tarzda ishlab chiqarilgan" va ko'p jihatdan M1 karabindan kam, deb hisoblar edi.^[55] va "ozgina ahamiyatga ega" edi.^[34]

Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan so'ng, Qo'shma Shtatlar harbiylari avtomat o'rniga bitta avtomatik miltiq izlay boshladilar M1 Garand, M1 / M2 karbinalari, M1918 Browning Avtomatik miltiq, M3 "Yog 'tabancası" va Tompson avtomati.^[38][56] Biroq, M1 Garandning tanlangan olov versiyalari bilan dastlabki tajribalar umidsizlikka uchradi.^[57] Davomida Koreya urushi, tanlang-olov M2 karbini asosan o'rnini egalladi avtomat AQSh xizmatida^[58] va eng ko'p ishlatiladigan Carbine variantiga aylandi.^[59] Biroq, jangovar tajriba shuni ko'rsatdiki .30 karbin dumaloq kuchsiz edi.^[60] Amerikalik qurol dizaynerlari nemislar va sovetlar bilan bir xil xulosaga kelishdi: oraliq tur kerak edi va kichik kalibrli, yuqori tezlikda patron tavsiya qildi.^[33][61]

Ammo, amerikalik yuqori darajadagi qo'mondonlar - Ikkinchi Jahon urushi va Koreya urushi paytida mutaassib dushmanlarga duch kelgan va moddiy-texnik muammolarni boshdan kechirgan - yangi, avtomat ham, yangi ham foydalana oladigan, kuchli .30 kalibrli patron ishlab chiqarishni talab qilishgan. umumiy maqsadli avtomat (GPMG) bir vaqtda rivojlanishda.^{[62][63][64][65][66][67][68]} Bu rivojlanish bilan yakunlandi 7.62 × 51mm NATO patron.^[67]

Keyin Qo'shma Shtatlar armiyasi eskirgan M1 Garand o'rnini bosadigan bir nechta miltiqni sinovdan o'tkaza boshladi. Springfield Armory-ning T44E4 va og'irroq T44E5 Garandning yangi 7,62 mm turga o'rnatilgan kameralari bilan yangilangan versiyalari edi, Fabrique Nationale esa FN FAL-ni T48 sifatida taqdim etdi. ArmaLite bir nechtasini shoshib topshirib, tanlovga kechikib kirdi AR-10 prototipi miltiqlar 1956 yil kuzida AQSh armiyasining Springfild qurol-yarog'iga sinov uchun.^[69]

AR-10 miltig'i

AR-10 innovatsion tekis chiziqli bochka / stok dizayni, alyuminiy qotishma qabul qilgichlari va fenolik kompozit aktsiyalar.^[70] Bu baland bo'yli alyuminiyning baland joylari edi^[71] chirog'ni o'chiruvchi va orqaga chekinish kompensatori va sozlanishi gaz tizimi.^[72] Yakuniy prototipda yuqori va pastki qabul qilgich, hozirda tanish bo'lgan menteşe va olib tashlash pinlari bilan jihozlangan va zaryadlovchi tutqich yuk ko'tarish dastagining ichiga joylashtirilgan qabul qilgichning tepasida joylashgan.^[69] 7.62 millimetrlik NATO miltig'i uchun AR-10 nihoyatda yengil, atigi 6,85 funtga teng edi. bo'sh.^[69] Springfield Armory sinov xodimlarining dastlabki izohlari ijobiy bo'ldi va ba'zi sinovchilar AR-10 qurol-yarog 'tomonidan sinovdan o'tgan eng yaxshi engil avtomat ekanligini ta'kidladilar.^[73][74]

M14 miltiq

Oxir-oqibat, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi T44 ni tanladi, endi u M14 miltiq^[67]- takomillashtirilgan M1 Garand - 20 dumaloq jurnal va avtomatik yong'in qobiliyati.^[75][76][77] AQSh ham qabul qildi M60 umumiy maqsadli avtomat (GPMG).^[67] Uning NATOdagi sheriklari FN FAL va HK G3 miltiq, shuningdek FN MAG va Rheinmetall MG3 GPMGlar.

M16 miltiq

AK-47 va M14 o'rtasidagi birinchi to'qnashuvlar erta davrda sodir bo'lgan Vetnam urushi. Battlefield xabarlariga ko'ra, M14 to'liq avtomashinada boshqarib bo'lmaydigan bo'lib, askarlar AK-47ga nisbatan yong'in ustunligini saqlab qolish uchun etarlicha o'q-dorilarni ko'tarolmaydilar.^[33][75][78] Va M2 Carbine yuqori tezlikni taklif qilganda, u kam quvvatga ega edi va oxir-oqibat AK-47 tomonidan eskirgan.^[79] Buning o'rnini bosish kerak edi: M14 kabi kuchli avtomatlar uchun an'anaviy afzallik va M2 karbinasining engil otashin kuchi o'rtasida vosita.

Natijada, armiya 1957 yilda AQSh kontinental armiyasi qo'mondonligi (CONARC) qo'mondoni general Uillard G. Vaymanning og'irligi 6 funt (2,7 kg) bo'lgan .223 kalibrli (5,56 mm) taniqli o'qotar qurol ishlab chiqarish to'g'risidagi 1957 yilgi talabini qayta ko'rib chiqishga majbur bo'ldi. ) 20 dumaloq jurnal yuklanganda.^[38] 5.56mm dumaloq standart AQShga kirishi kerak edi. dubulg'a .30 karbinali patronning yaralanish qobiliyatiga mos keladigan yoki undan yuqori bo'lgan holda, 500 yard (460 metr) balandlikda va tovush tezligidan yuqori tezlikni saqlaydi.^[80]

25 turli jurnal bilan ArmaLite AR-15

30 turli jurnalga ega M16A1

Ushbu so'rov oxir-oqibat. Ning kichraytirilgan versiyasini ishlab chiqishga olib keldi Armalit AR-10, deb nomlangan ArmaLite AR-15 miltiq.^{[30][33][81][82]} Biroq, AR-15 M14dan ko'ra ko'proq olov kuchini keltirishi mumkinligi to'g'risida juda ko'p dalillarga qaramay, armiya yangi miltiqni qabul qilishga qarshi chiqdi.^[30][33][75] 1963 yil yanvar oyida Mudofaa vaziri Robert Maknamara AR-15 eng yaxshi qurol tizimi degan xulosaga keldi va M14 ishlab chiqarishni to'xtatishni buyurdi.^[30][75] O'sha paytda AR-15 universal piyoda qurolining barcha xizmatlarga chiqarilishi talabini bajara oladigan yagona miltiq edi.

O'zgarishlardan so'ng (eng muhimi, zaryadlovchi tutqich AR-10 kabi ko'taruvchi tutqich ostidan qabul qilgichning orqa tomoniga qayta joylashtirilgan),^[81] yangi qayta ishlangan miltiq keyinchalik M16 miltiq sifatida qabul qilindi.^{[29][30][33][75]} "(M16) uning o'rnini bosgan M14 bilan taqqoslaganda ancha yengil edi, natijada askarlar ko'proq o'q-dorilar olib yurishlariga imkon berishdi. Havoda sovutilgan, gaz bilan ishlaydigan, jurnal bilan oziqlanadigan qurol miltiq, alyuminiy qotishmasi va kompozit plastmassalardan yasalgan, albatta To'liq va yarim avtomatik imkoniyatlar bilan ishlab chiqilgan qurol dastlab nam va iflos sharoitlarga yaxshi ta'sir ko'rsatmadi, hatto ba'zida jangda tiqilib qoldi. Bir necha kichik modifikatsiyadan so'ng qurol jang maydonidagi qo'shinlar orasida mashhurlikka erishdi. . "^[75][83][84]

Dastlabki nosozliklariga qaramay, M16 inqilobiy dizayni bo'lib chiqdi va Amerika harbiy tarixidagi eng uzoq vaqt xizmat qiladigan miltiq bo'lib qoldi.^[29][30] Bu AQShning ko'plab ittifoqchilari tomonidan qabul qilingan va 5.56 × 45mm NATO patron nafaqat NATO standarti, balki "dunyoning aksariyat qismida qurol-miltiq patroni" ga aylandi.^[30][85][86] Shuningdek, bu dunyodagi har bir yirik armiya, shu jumladan SSSR va Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi tomonidan kichik kalibrli yuqori tezlikda xizmat qiluvchi miltiqlarni ishlab chiqarishga olib keldi.^[30] Bu boshqa avtomatlar ustidan hukm qilinadigan benchmark deb nomlangan.^[30][87][88]

Falsafalarni ishlab chiqarish

M16

AQShning M16A1 miltig'i (tepada) Sovet AKMS miltig'i bilan taqqoslanadi.

M16 tanlangan olov, 5,56 × 45 mm, havo bilan sovutilgan, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri impedment gaz bilan ishlaydigan, o'qqa tutiladigan miltiq, aylanuvchi murvat va to'g'ri chiziq orqaga qaytish dizayni bilan. Bu eng avvalo engil avtomat bo'lishi va yangi engil, yuqori tezlikda kichik kalibrli patronni o'qqa tutib, askarga ko'proq o'q-dorilar olib yurishi uchun mo'ljallangan edi.^[30] U zamonaviy alyuminiy va sintetik materiallardan keng foydalanilgan holda ishlab chiqarishga mo'ljallangan edi Kompyuterning raqamli boshqaruvi (CNC ) avtomatlashtirilgan texnika.^[30] M16 - bu Modulli qurol tizimi, osongina an sifatida tuzilgan avtomat, a karbin, a avtomat va an ochiq murvat otryad avtomatik qurol.^[89] Bir nechta oddiy qo'l asboblarini yig'ish, o'zgartirish va ta'mirlash oson va ishlash uchun tekis sirt.

Eng yuqori ishlab chiqarishda, Coltniki ishlab chiqarish quvvati yiliga taxminan 333000 donani tashkil etdi ^[90] M16 CNC sohasidagi har bir avansdan foydalanishda davom etmoqda.^[91] bu tobora ko'proq kichik ishlab chiqaruvchilarga M16 va yarim avtomatik massalarni ishlab chiqarishga imkon beradi AR-15 miltiq^{[92][93][94][1-qayd]} M16 alyuminiy pastki qabul qilgichlari bo'lishi mumkin qalbaki yoki gips.^[95] Shuningdek, ularning qabul qilgichlari titan va boshqa turli xil metall qotishmalaridan tayyorlanishi mumkin,^[96][97][98] kompozitsiyalar^[99] yoki polimerlar.^[100] Agar kerak bo'lsa, M16 po'latdan yasalgan po'latdan ishlov berilishi mumkin^[101] va yog'och mebel bilan jihozlangan.^[102] Bolt tashuvchisi guruhi va zaryadlovchi tutqichi kabi M16 ichki qismlari ham titandan tayyorlanishi mumkin.^[103][104] M16 alyuminiy qabul qilgichi va boshqa qismlari ham bo'lishi mumkin 3D bosma, "qurol ishlab chiqaruvchisi bo'lmagan odamlarga uyda ishlaydigan avtomatni yig'ishga ruxsat berish".^[105][106] Bu M16 uchun ideal qiladi bozor iqtisodiyoti ishlab chiqarish, turli materiallar va ishlab chiqarish usullaridan foydalangan holda, mamlakat bo'ylab ko'plab kichik ishlab chiqaruvchilar orasida tarqaldi; bu katta mojaro yuzaga kelgan taqdirda AQSh M16 qurolini ishlab chiqarishni to'xtatish deyarli mumkin emasligini ta'minlaydi.

2015 yildan boshlab Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari harbiylari M4 Carbines-ni birlik uchun $ 647 (USD) ga sotib olishmoqda.^[20] Dunyo bo'ylab M16 tipidagi taxminan 8 million miltiq ishlab chiqarilgan.^[18]

AK-47

AQShning M16A1 miltig'i (tepada) Sovet AKMS miltig'i bilan taqqoslanadi. Ikki miltiq guruhlarga bo'linadi.

AK-47 - tanlangan olov, 7.62 × 39mm, havo bilan sovutilgan, uzoq zarbli pistonli gaz bilan ishlaydigan, o'qqa tutiladigan miltiq, aylanuvchi murvat bilan. Bu oddiy va ishonchli avtomatik miltiq bo'lib, uni tez va arzon narxlarda ishlab chiqarish mumkin bo'lib, ommaviy ishlab chiqarish usullari zamonaviy texnika vositalaridan foydalanilgan. Sovet Ittifoqi 1940 yillarning oxirlarida. AK-47 ning bochkasi va murvati a po'lat igna va qattiq xromlangan. Uning qabul qiluvchi dastlab frezalangan trunnion qo'shimchasi bilan metalldan shtamplash uchun mo'ljallangan edi. Shu bilan birga, ishlab chiqarishning dastlabki bosqichida juda ko'p qiyinchiliklar yuzaga keldi, chunki noto'g'ri qabul qiluvchilar tufayli rad etish darajasi yuqori bo'ldi.^[107] Ishlab chiqarishni to'xtatish o'rniga, temir po'latdan yasalgan qabul qilgichga og'ir zarb qilingan po'latdan ishlangan qabul qilgich o'rnini bosdi.^[107][108] Bu ancha qimmat va ko'p vaqt talab qiluvchi jarayon edi, ammo dasturni ishlab chiqishni jadallashtirdi va ishlab chiqarishni tezlashtirdi.^[107][108] AKning mebellari shunchaki strategik bo'lmagan material bo'lgan yog'ochdan yasalgan va Sovet ishlab chiqarish falsafasiga juda mos keladi, bu erda yirik ishlab chiqarish zavodlari asosiy qurollarni juda ko'p miqdorda ishlab chiqaradi.

1959 yilda metall plitkalarni shtamplash jarayoni takomillashtirildi, ishlab chiqarish soddalashtirildi va miltiq og'irligi 3,87 kg (8,5 lb) dan 2,93 kg (6,5 lb) ga jurnalsiz tushirildi.^[109] Bugungi kunda ishlatilayotgan AK tipidagi miltiqlarning aksariyati bu engilroq shtamplangan po'latdir AKM xilma-xillik. Vaqt o'tishi bilan AK ishlab chiqarish perchinlar yordamida soddalashtirildi,^[110] spotli payvandlash va ishlov beriladigan qismlar sonini yanada kamaytirish orqali.^[111]

Hozirgi AK modellari zamonaviy ishlab chiqarish jarayonlari yordamida ishlab chiqarilgan va ko'plab tarkibiy qismlarga ega investitsiya kastingi.^[111] Ushbu usul mukammal metallurgiya xususiyatlariga ega bo'lgan batafsil va aniq mahsulotni beradi.^[111] Ular 7,62 × 39 mm (AK-103 ), 5,45 × 39 mm (AK-74M ) va 5,56 × 45 mm (AK-101 ),^[112] sovuq bolg'a zarb qilingan bochkalar bilan.^[111] Ular shuningdek, sintetik / plastmassa mebellari, masalan, katlama zaxiralar, qo'riqchilar va avtomat ushlagichlar yordamida ishlab chiqariladi.^[111]

Eng yuqori ishlab chiqarishda, Kalashnikov xavotiri (avval Ijmash )^[1] soatiga 95 dona ishlab chiqarishi mumkin (yiliga 832000 dona).^[113] Cheklangan po'latdan yasalgan dizayni tufayli, AK-47 seriyasini kichik zavodlarda samarali ishlab chiqarish mumkin emas, chunki ommaviy ishlab chiqarish uchun zarur bo'lgan juda ko'p miqdordagi metall shtamplash uskunalari. Biroq, frezalangan po'latdan yasalgan AK-47 turli xil uylar uyini yaratdi va nusxa ko'chirildi va dunyodagi kichik do'konlarda (birma-bir qurol) ishlab chiqarildi.^[114][115]

2014 yildan boshlab Kalashnikov xavotiri ^[1] AK-103ni har bir birlik uchun hukumat narxini 150 dan 160 dollargacha (AQSh dollarida) sotadi.^[19][116] Dunyo bo'ylab AK-47 rusumidagi miltiqni sotib olish mumkin bo'lgan joylar mavjud Qora bozor "atigi 6 dollar evaziga yoki tovuq yoki bir qop don uchun sotilgan".^{[117][118][119]} Dunyo bo'ylab taxminan 100 million AK-47 tipidagi miltiq ishlab chiqarilgan.^[17][120]

Xarakteristikalarni taqqoslash

Hajmi va vazni

• 

  Vetnam davridagi AK-47.

• 

  Vetnam davri M16A1

• 

  Yengilroq shtamplangan po'lat qabul qilgich va tormoz bilan AKM

• 

  M16A2 yangi sozlanishi orqadan ko'rish, deflektor, og'ir bochka va yaxshilangan mebel.

• 

  Hozirgi AK-103 kompensator, yonma katlama va sintetik mebel bilan.

• 

  Olib tashlanadigan tutqichli hozirgi M4A1 karabini.

Ergonomika

"AR-15 / M16 seriyali miltiqlar dunyodagi eng yaxshi inson tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan avtomat hisoblanadi".^[127] M16 ergonomik jihatdan ko'p jihatdan AK-47 dan ustundir.^{[128][129][130]} Jurnallarni o'zgartirish va M16-ni qayta ishga tushirish AK-47 ga qaraganda ancha oson va tezroq.^{[128][129][131]} Bunga bir nechta omillar, masalan, mukammal joylashtirilgan jurnalni chiqarish va murvatni ochish tugmachalari, jurnalni tez kiritish uchun yonib turgan jurnal qudug'i va oddiygina "tosh va qulf" emas, balki M16-ga odatiy tartibda jurnalni kiritish imkoniyati kiradi. "AK-47 bilan talab qilingan usul.^{[128][129][132]} Bundan tashqari, M16 foydalanuvchisi avtomat qurolni ushlab turishi va jabhada o'zgarishlarni amalga oshirayotganda diqqatni o'ziga qaratishi AK-47ga qaraganda osonroq.^[128]

M16 qurolning chap tomonida joylashgan yaxshi ishlab chiqilgan xavfsizlik tarmog'iga ega, u foydalanuvchi bosh barmog'i bilan osonlikcha boshqarilib, avtomat ushlagichini mustahkam ushlab turadi.^{[128][129][130]} AK-47 yordamida xavfsizlik qurolning o'ng tomonidagi katta qo'l bo'lib, uni boshqarish oson emas.^{[128][129][130]} "Sekin, noqulay va ba'zan qattiq ishlaydi".^[133] Ko'pgina foydalanuvchilar uchun xavfsizlikni qo'llash yoki o'chirish uchun qo'l avtomat ushlagichidan tushishi kerak.^[128][130] Bundan tashqari, foydalanilganda "baland va o'ziga xos chertish" ni amalga oshiradi.^[133] Yong'in tanlagichi "ko'pchilik tomonidan butun AK dizaynining asosiy kamchiligi sifatida qaraladi",^[133] uning tez-tez tanqid qilinadigan xususiyati - bu tetik mexanizmi.^[131] "AQSh tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan .30 M1 Garand miltigidan kelib chiqqan holda Kalashnikov qo'zg'atuvchisi tizimi juda tez-tez nojo'ya, ba'zan esa juda alamli" tirnoq bilan urish "va sudralib yuruvchi va oldindan aytib bo'lmaydigan tirgak bilan azoblanadi."^[131]

Orqaga qaytish

Aql-idrok, mashg'ulot va amaliyotga muvofiq, AK-47 va M16 bilan qurollangan askarlar o'likdir. Biroq, M16-ning to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yonib turadigan gazni ishlatish tizimi, tekis chiziqli orqaga tortish dizayni va kichikroq kalibri unga kamroq yordam beradi orqaga chekinmoq AK-47 ga qaraganda va to'liq avtomatik boshqaruvni osonlashtiradi.^[150]

"(M16's) Stoner tizimi juda nosimmetrik dizayni bilan ishlovchi qismlarning to'g'ri harakatlanishini ta'minlaydi. Bu orqaga qaytarish kuchlarini orqaga qarab haydashga imkon beradi. Tizimni boshqaradigan ulanish yoki boshqa mexanik qismlar o'rniga yuqori bosimli gaz bu vazifani bajaradi , harakatlanuvchi qismlar va umuman miltiqning og'irligini kamaytirish. "^[151] M16 ning to'g'ri chiziqli orqaga tortish dizayni, bu erda orqaga qaytish prujinasi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri harakatning orqasida joylashgan.^[150] va ishlaydigan buloq va orqaga qaytarish tamponining ikki tomonlama funktsiyasini bajaradi.^[150] Teshikka to'g'ri keladigan zaxira, shuningdek, ayniqsa, avtomatik otish paytida tumshug'i ko'tarilishini kamaytiradi. Qaytish maqsadni sezilarli darajada o'zgartirmasligi sababli, tezroq suratga olish mumkin va foydalanuvchi charchoqlari kamayadi. Shuningdek, hozirgi M16 flesh-supressorlari orqaga qaytishni kamaytirish uchun kompensator vazifasini ham bajaradi.^[152]

AK-47 bilan uzoq zarbli pistonli gaz tizimi, piston mexanik ravishda murvat guruhiga o'rnatiladi va butun ish aylanish jarayonida harakat qiladi. Ushbu tizimning birlamchi kamchiligi - harakat tsikli davomida massa markazining o'zgarishi va murvat tashuvchisi harakatining boshida va oxirida baquvvat va keskin to'xtashlar tufayli maqsadning buzilishidir. Biroq, AK-47 ning og'irligi va olovning sekinlashishi har qanday kamchilikni engillashtirish uchun yaxshi ishlaydi. Bundan tashqari, yangi AK-47 tipidagi miltiqlarda a tormoz yoki kompensator orqaga chekinishni kamaytirish.^[123] AK tipidagi ba'zi miltiqlarda ham bor vertikal oldingi chiziqlar foydalanish xususiyatlarini yaxshilash va ta'siriga qarshi turish orqaga chekinmoq.^[147][148]

Izohlar: Bepul orqaga qaytish miltiqning og'irligi, o'qning og'irligi, tumshug'i tezligi va zaryad og'irligi yordamida hisoblangan matematik tenglama.^[153] Agar miltiq orqaga tortilib, orqaga tortib qo'yilgan bo'lsa, o'lchovni o'lchash mumkin.^[153] Yuqorida ta'kidlab o'tilganidek, miltiqning orqaga qaytarilishi, aniqlab bo'lmaydigan ko'plab boshqa omillarga ham bog'liqdir.^[153]

• 

  AKM qiyalik bilan kesilgan tumshuq tormozi

• 

  Ruminiya bosh vaziri md. 63 vertikal oldingi tirnoq bilan

• 

  AK-103 kompensatori

• 

  AKM otish

• 

  M16A2 flesh-hider va kompensator

• 

  M16A2 uch marta otilib chiqadi

Manzarali joylar

"Uzunroq miltiqning o'qi uzoqroq ko'rish radiusining afzalliklariga ega, nazariy jihatdan o'q otuvchiga faqat diqqatga sazovor joylarning yaxshilangan aniqligidan yuqori aniqlik olish imkonini beradi. Bundan uzunroq o'q ham snaryadning chiqishdan oldin barqarorlashishi uchun uzoqroq yo'lni ta'minlaydi bochka, qo'zg'atuvchi zaryadning snaryad ustida harakat qilishi uchun ko'proq vaqt ajratib turganda, tez-tez tumshug'i tezligi va izchil traektoriyalar paydo bo'lishiga olib keladi .. Uzoq bochka tabiiy ravishda issiqlik uzatish uchun ko'proq massa beradi va shu bilan issiqlik uzatish tezligini oshiradi. tortishish, o'z navbatida, bochkada kamroq jangovar joy ajratib, izchillikni (va pirovardida aniqlikni) yaxshilashga yordam beradi. "^[154]

M16 50,8 sm (20,0 dyuym) barrelga va 500 mm (19,75 dyuym) ko'rish radiusiga ega.^[15] M16 L tipidagi flip, diafragma orqa ko'rinishini ishlatadi va u 0 dan 300 metrgacha va 300 dan 400 metrgacha bo'lgan ikkita sozlash bilan sozlanishi.^[10] Old ko'rinish maydonda balandlik uchun sozlanishi post. Orqa ko'rinishni shamol uchun shamolda sozlash mumkin. Ko'riladigan joylarni o'q uchi bilan sozlash mumkin va askarlar o'zlarining miltiqlarini nolga o'rgatishadi. Ko'rish manzarasi M14, M1 Garand, M1 Carbine va M1917 Enfield bilan bir xil. M16-da "past nurli darajadagi ko'rish tizimi" mavjud bo'lib, u (zulmatda porlab turadigan) radioaktiv Tritium H3 shisha oynasi va kattaroq diafragma orqa ko'zoynagi bo'lgan oldingi ko'rish moslamasini o'z ichiga oladi.^[155] M16 tashish dastagiga ko'lam o'rnatishi mumkin. M16A2 paydo bo'lishi bilan yangi to'liq sozlanishi orqa ko'rinish qo'shildi, bu esa 300 dan 800 metrgacha bo'lgan masofani sozlash uchun orqa ko'rinishni terishga va asbob yoki patronga ehtiyoj sezmasdan shamolni sozlashni ta'minlashga imkon berdi.^[156] Hozirgi M16A4 va M4s chiqarilishi olinadigan tutqichlari va ishlatilishiga ega Picatinny relslari har xil ko'lamlarni va ko'rish moslamalarini ishlatishga imkon beradigan.^[135] Hozirgi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi va havo kuchlari M4 Carbine bilan birga keladi M68 Combat Optic-ni yoping va zaxira nusxasi bo'lgan temir yo'l.^[157][158] Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari ACOG miltiq jangovar optikasi^[159][160] va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari foydalanadi EOTech Golografik qurolni ko'rish.^[161]

AK-47 41,5 sm (16,3 dyuym) bochka va 378 mm (14,88 dyuym) ko'rish radiusiga ega.^[9] AK-47 datchikli orqa tirnoqli temirdan foydalaniladi, u sozlanishi va 100 dan 800 metrgacha (AKM modellari uchun 100 dan 1000 metrgacha) kalibrlangan.^[145] Old ko'rinish maydonda balandlik uchun sozlanishi post. Shamolni sozlash qurol-yarog 'chiqarilishidan oldin amalga oshiriladi. "Ruxsat etilgan" jangovar parametr 300 metrgacha bo'lgan barcha masofalarda ishlatilishi mumkin.^[145][162] Ushbu "nuqta oralig'i" sozlamasi "P.",^[162] shooterning diqqatga sazovor joylarini sozlamasdan yaqin masofadagi nishonlarga o'q uzishiga imkon beradi. Uzoq diapazon sozlamalari maydonni bostirish uchun mo'ljallangan. Ushbu sozlamalar AK-47 o'rnini bosgan Mosin-Nagant va SKS miltiqlarini aks ettiradi. Ba'zi AK tipidagi miltiqlarda tungi jangni yaxshilash uchun 50 metr balandlikda kalibrlangan yorug 'nuqta bilan old tomondan ko'rish mumkin.^[145] Hozirgi barcha AK-47 rusumli avtomashinalar (100 seriyali), turli xil ko'lamlarni va ko'rish moslamalarini o'rnatish uchun yon panjaraga ega, masalan, PSO-1 Optik Sniper Sight.^[123] Shu bilan birga, ularning yon katlamali zaxiralari o'rnatilgan optik bilan katlanamaz.^[163] AK-47 Yon temir yo'lga o'rnatilgan optikalar va relslar olib tashlash va o'rnatish paytida zarba nolini ushlab turishning afzalligi bor va agar optik nosozlik tufayli operator tezda temir joylarni ishlatishi kerak bo'lsa, tezda ajralib chiqadi. Bundan tashqari, ko'plab optikalar temirning diqqatga sazovor joylarini ham guvohi bo'lishiga imkon beradi. O'rnatish operatorlari o'q otayotganlar yaqinida bo'lganligi sababli, ushbu o'rnatish moslamalari va optikasi qurol muvozanatini buzmaydi.

• 

  Serb Zastava M21S (AK-47 varianti) va GP-30. Izoh: diqqatga sazovor joylar yoqilgan Picatinny relslari

• 

  Xitoyning AK-47 rusumidagi miltig'ini orqadan ko'rish. Eslatma: 100-800 metrni sozlash.

• 

  NSP-3 tungi ko'rish moslamasi bilan yonma temir yo'lga o'rnatilgan AKM

• 

  M16A1 ning orqa ko'rinishi

• 

  M16A2 ning orqa ko'rinishi

• 

  M16A4 / M203 Eslatma: diqqatga sazovor joylar Picatinny relslari

Diapazon va aniqlik

Ultriumlarni qisqacha taqqoslash shuni ko'rsatadiki, M16 engilroq, yuqori tezlikda 5.56 × 45mm Ultrium AK-47 ning og'irligidan ancha yaxshi diapazonga va aniqlikka ega 7.62 × 39mm patron.^{[54][164][165]}

Izoh *: Qurolning samarali masofasi - bu qurolning aniqligi va kerakli effektga erishishini kutish mumkin bo'lgan maksimal masofa.^[167]
Izoh **: gorizontal diapazon - bu o'q miltiqdan 1,6 metr balandlikda va 0 ° balandlikda otilgan masofa, o'q yerga tekkunga qadar.^[168]
Izoh ***: o'ldiradigan masofa - bu kichik qurolli snaryadning maksimal masofasi, shu bilan birga odamni ishdan bo'shatish uchun zarur bo'lgan minimal energiyani saqlab qoladi, odatda 15 kilogramm-metr (108 fut-Ibs) .).^[11] Bu .22LR tabancasının tumshug'i energiyasiga teng.^[169]
Izoh ****: Yengil qurolli snaryadning maksimal masofasiga taxminan 30 ° balandlikda erishiladi. Ushbu maksimal diapazon faqat xavfsizlik uchun javob beradi, ammo otishma uchun emas.^[11]

M16 miltig'i "ta'rifdan tashqari aniq".^[170] Uning engil orqaga chekinishi, yuqori tezlikda va tekis traektoriya o'q otuvchilarga 300 metrgacha bosh bilan o'q uzishga imkon beradi.^[171][172] Yangi M16lar yangi M855 kartridjidan foydalanadilar, ularning samaradorligi 600 metrgacha ko'tariladi.^[124] Ular, shuningdek, oldingilariga qaraganda aniqroq va 100 metrda 1-3 dyuymli guruhlarni otishga qodir.^[173][174] "Fallujada dengiz piyoda askarlari ACOG - jihozlangan M16A4lar shu qadar ko'p bosh tortishishlarni keltirib chiqaradiki, jarohatlar sinchiklab tekshirilguncha, ba'zi kuzatuvchilar qo'zg'olonchilar qatl etildi deb o'ylashdi. "^[175] Eng yangi M855A1 EPR patroni yanada aniqroq va sinov paytida "... O'rtacha 95 foizli tur 600 metr masofada 8 × 8 dyuymli nishonga tegishini ko'rsatdi. "^[176]

AK-47 ning aniqligi har doim "etarlicha yaxshi" deb hisoblanib, kattalar erkak tanasini 300 metrga urib yubordi.^{[173][177][178]} "300 metr balandlikda, o'q otish paytida (AK-47'larni o'q uzish) moyil yoki skameykada dam olish joylarida o'q otayotganlar ketma-ket o'nta turni nishonga olishda qiynalishdi."^[179] Sovet muhandislarining barcha sa'y-harakatlariga qaramay va "o'zgarishlardan qat'i nazar, AK-47 aniqligini sezilarli darajada oshirish mumkin emas edi; aniq otish haqida gap ketganda, u o'jar vasat qo'l edi".^[180] Qizig'i shundaki, yangi shtamplangan po'lat qabul qilgich AKM modellari avvalgilariga qaraganda unchalik aniq emas.^[173] "Soxtalashtirilgan / frezalangan qabul qiluvchilarda ham, shtamplangan qabul qiluvchilarda ham afzalliklari va kamchiliklari bor. Tegirmonlangan / zarb qilingan qabul qiluvchilar ancha qattiqroq, miltiq otilganda kamroq egiladilar, shuning uchun shtamplangan qabul qiluvchilar kabi aniqlikka to'sqinlik qilmaydi. Boshqa tomondan muhrlangan qabul qiluvchilar biroz qo'polroq, chunki u ba'zi narsalarga olib keladi va og'ir foydalanish paytida metall charchash ehtimoli kamroq. "^[173] Natijada, frezalangan AK-47'lar 100 dyuymda 3-5 dyuymli guruhlarni, shtamplangan AKMlar esa 100 metrda 4-6 dyuymli guruhlarni otish imkoniyatiga ega.^[165][173] Eng yaxshi otishni o'rganuvchilar 800 metr balandlikdagi nishonga beshta zarba (moyil yoki qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan holatdan o'q uzish) yoki o'nta zarba berib (tik turib) zarba berishga qodir.^[181]

NATO E-tipidagi siluet maqsadi

Terminal ballistikasi

Ultriumlar orasidagi qisqacha taqqoslash AK-47 og'irroq ekanligini ko'rsatmoqda 7.62 × 39mm Ultrium M16 ning engilroq va yuqori tezligiga qaraganda ancha yaxshi penetratsiyaga ega 5.56 × 45mm patron.^{[12][13][183][184][185]} Shu bilan birga, M16 ning engilroq, yuqori tezlikdagi 5.56mm o'qi zarbada parchalanish tendentsiyasiga ega, bu esa AK-47 ning og'irroq 7.62 mm o'qiga qaraganda katta jarohatlarga olib keladi, bu zarbada parchalanmaydi.^{[12][13][183][186]}

Balistik jelatindagi yara profillari
Izoh: rasmlar bir xil o'lchamda emas

AK-47 7.62 × 39mm

M16 5.56 × 45mm

AK-47 ning og'irroq 7.62 × 39mm dumaloqligi M16 yengilligi 5.56 × 45mm dumaloq bilan taqqoslaganda yuqori darajada penetratsiyaga ega va askar og'ir barglar, devorlar yoki oddiy transport vositasining metall korpusidan o'tib, raqibga urish kerak bo'lgan sharoitda yaxshiroqdir. bu narsalarni qopqoq sifatida ishlating. 7.62 × 39mm M43 snaryad yumshoq to'qimalarda umuman parchalanmaydi^[186] va suyak bilan aloqa qilgandan keyin ham buzilmaslikni odatiy tendentsiyasiga ega. 7.62 × 39mm dumaloq o'q to'qimalarda yiqilib tushganda, sezilarli darajada yaralanadi,^[187] ammo o'q esishni boshlashdan oldin chiqib ketadigan holatlarda nisbatan kichik yaralarni keltirib chiqaradi.^{[183][188][189]} Yawish bo'lmagan taqdirda, M43 dumaloq to'qima orqali nisbatan kam shikastlangan holda qalam bilan o'ralishi mumkin va uning yaralanish potentsiali o'qning o'zi yaratadigan doimiy doimiy yara kanali bilan chegaralanadi.^{[183][186][190]}

The original ammunition for the M16 was the 5.56×45mm M193 round. When fired from a 20" barrel at ranges of up to 100 meters, the thin-jacketed lead-cored round traveled fast enough (above 2900 ft/s) that the force of striking a human body would cause the round to yaw (or tumble) and fragment into about a dozen pieces of various sizes thus created wounds that were out of proportion to its caliber.^{[12][183][186]} These wounds were much larger than those produced by AK-47 and they were so devastating that many considered the M16 to be an inhumane weapon.^{[191][192][193]} As the 5.56mm round's velocity decreases, so does the number of fragments that it produces.^[38] The 5.56mm round does not normally fragment at distances beyond 200 meters or at velocities below 2500 ft/s, and its lethality becomes largely dependent on shot placement.^[38][183]

1970 yil mart oyida AQSh barchaga maslahat berdi NATO kuchlar 5.56 × 45mm patron.^[86] Ushbu siljish harbiylarning uzoq muddatli pozitsiyasining falsafasining kalibr hajmiga nisbatan o'zgarishini anglatadi. By the mid 1970s, other armies were looking at M16-style weapons. Tez orada NATOning standartlashtirish bo'yicha harakatlari boshlandi va 1977 yildan boshlab turli bosqichlarda sinovlar o'tkazildi.^[86] AQSh 5.56 × 45mm M193 turini taklif qildi, ammo uning kengroq joriy etilishi sharoitida uning kirib borishi haqida xavotirlar mavjud edi tana zirhi.^[38] Yakunda Belgiyalik 5,56 × 45 mm SS109 tur tanlandi (STANAG 4172) 1980 yil oktyabrda.^[86] The SS109 round was based on the U.S. cartridge but included a new stronger, heavier, 62 grain bullet design, with better long range performance and improved penetration (specifically, to consistently penetrate the side of a steel helmet at 600 meters).^[38] Due to its design and lower muzzle velocity (about 3110 ft/s)^[15] the Belgian SS109 round is considered more humane because it is less likely to fragment than the U.S. M193 round.^[192] The NATO 5.56×45mm standard ammunition produced for U.S. forces is designated M855.

Most, if not all, of the 7.62×39mm ammunition found today is of the upgraded M67 variety. This variety deleted the steel insert, shifting the center of gravity rearward and allowing the projectile to destabilize (or yaw) at about 3.3 in (8.4 cm), nearly 6.7 in (17 cm) earlier in tissue than the M43 round.^[194] This change also reduces penetration in ballistic gelatin to ≈25 in (64 cm) for the newer M67 round verses ≈29 in (74 cm) for the older M43 round.^[13][194] However, like the M43, the wounding potential of M67 is mostly limited to the small permanent wound channel the bullet itself makes, especially when the bullet yaws (tumbles).^[186][194]

There is now relative parity between the wounding capacity of the M67 and the current M855 5.56×45mm round. However, there have been repeated and consistent reports of the M855's inability to wound effectively (i.e. fragment) when fired from the short barreled M4 carbine (even at close ranges).^[38] The M4's 14.5" barrel length reduces muzzle velocity to about 2900 ft/s.^[195] This reduced wounding ability is one reason that, despite the Army's transition to short-barrel M4's, the Marine Corps has decided to continue using the M16A4 with its 20″ barrel as the 5.56×45mm M855 is largely dependent upon high velocity in order to wound effectively.^[38]

In 2003, the U.S. Army contended that the lack of lethality of the 5.56×45mm was more a matter of perception than fact.^[196][197] With good shot placement to the head and chest, the target was usually defeated without issue.^[196][198] Muvaffaqiyatsizliklarning aksariyati ekstremal kabi hayotiy bo'lmagan sohalarda nishonga tegishidan kelib chiqqan.^[196] Biroq, ko'kragiga bir nechta zarba berishiga qaramay, ozgina muvaffaqiyatsizliklar yuz berdi.^[196] In 2006, a study found that 20% of soldiers using the M4 Carbine wanted more lethality or stopping power.^[54] In June 2010, the United States Army announced it began shipping its new 5.56mm, lead-free, M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round to active combat zones.^[199] This upgrade is designed to maximize performance of the 5.56×45mm round, to extend range, improve accuracy, increase penetration and to consistently fragment in soft-tissue when fired from not only standard length M16s, but also the short-barreled M4 carbines.^{[176][199][200]} The U.S. Army was so impressed with the M855A1 EPR round^{[201][202][203]} that they also developed the 7.62×51mm M80A1 EPR version.^[204][205]

During the 1990s, the Russians developed the AK-101 5.56 × 45mm NATO-da jahon eksport bozori uchun.^[206][207] In addition, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland and Yugoslavia (i.e. Serbia) have also rechambered their locally produced AK variants to 5.56mm NATO.^[208][209] And, Finland, Israel, South Africa and Sweden have made AK type rifles in 5.56×45mm since the 1970s.^[210]

• 

  Russian steel-case 7.62×39mm cartridge

• 

  5.56×45mm cartridge

• 

  Handful of various types of 7.62×39mm cartridges

• 

  5.56×45mm M855 ammo on 10-round stripper clips

• 

  5.56mm M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round and its environmentally friendly projectile

• 

  Modern service rifle cartridges cases: (left to right) 7.62×54mmR, 7.62×51mm NATO, 7.62×39mm M43, 5.56×45mm NATO, 5.45×39mm M74.

Olov kuchi

Rates of fire

Both the AK-47 and the M16 are tanlov-olov weapons capable of firing in semi-automatic and full-auto, or semi-auto and 3-round-burst for the later model M16s. However, the semi-auto and 3-round-burst capability of the M16A2 and M4 models have less combat capability than their predecessors or AK-47 type rifles.^[144] This is due to the elimination of full-auto mode of fire^[144] In addition, the burst mechanism does not recycle; if one or two rounds are fired because the trigger is not held long enough, the next pull of the trigger will not result in a three-round burst, but will result in one or two shots being fired.^[144] The M4A1 and HK416 have abandoned the 3-round-burst capability and returned to the more traditional semi-automatic and full-auto modes of fire, while the M16A4 retains the 3-round burst mode.^[211][212]

Note *: The AK-47 does not have a three-round burst capability. The M16A2 and M4 models have replaced the full-auto mode of fire with a three-round burst capability.^[144]
Note **: Both the AK-47 and the M16 will overheat fairly quickly under normal combat conditions and have a sustained rate of fire as low as 12 to 15 rounds per minute (about the same as a bolt-action rifle).^{[218][219][220]}

Available firepower

The standard magazine capacity for both the AK-47 and M16 type rifles is 30 rounds, although lower and higher capacity magazines are available for both systems. However, the single most limiting factor in terms of firepower is the amount of ammunition that a soldier can carry.^{[221][222][223][224]} A soldier armed with an M16 can carry far more ammo than a soldier armed with an AK-47.^[184][225] Assuming a maximum 10 kilogram ammo-load...

Note *: 10 kg (22 lb) is the maximum amount of ammo that the average soldier can comfortably carry... it also allows for best comparison of the three most common AK-47 magazines to the standard USGI M16 magazine.

Additional firepower

Note: All of these grenades, launchers and shotguns add additional bulk and weight to the soldiers war-load and as a result, they reduce the amount rifle ammunition that soldiers can carry. For example, a modern French AC58 "bullet trap" rifle grenade is 380mm long and weighs 0.5 kg (1.1 lb),^[234] the equivalent of a loaded M16 magazine.^[124] An M203 grenade launcher adds 1.4 kg (3 lb) to an M16's weight^[235] va 40 × 46 mm High Explosive (HE) grenades weigh 0.24 kg (0.53 lb),^[236] about half the weight of a loaded M16 magazine.^[124]

• Media-ni ijro etish

  Video of U.S. troops using GREM (Simon) rifle grenade system

• 

  Israeli paratrooper prepares to launch Simon rifle grenade from M4 Carbine

• 

  M203 attached to an M4 Carbine

• 

  M320 attached to an M4 carbine

• 

  M26 Modular Accessory Shotgun System on M4 Carbine

• 

  KAC Masterkey on M4 Carbine.

• 

  AKM with GP-25 grenade launcher

• 

  AK-103 with GP-34 Grenade Launcher.

• 

  U.S. Marine sights a Zastava M70 with 22mm grenade launcher attached to the muzzle. Note: M59/66 (SKS) to the side which also has 22mm grenade launcher.

• 

  Zastava M70 rifle with grenade sights raised.

• 

  Polsha kbkg wz. 1960 yil with 22mm rifle-grenade launcher attached to muzzle

• 

  AK-47 with Kalashnikov grenade launcher mounted on the muzzle.

Aksessuarlar

Neither the AK-47 nor the M16 were designed to mount accessories, except of course for their respective bayonets and a simple clamp type bipod for the M16.^[237][238] Biroq, paydo bo'lishi bilan Picatinny temir yo'li and by sheer happenstance, the M16 has proven itself to be a remarkably adaptable weapon system, capable of mounting a wide range of accessories, including grenade launchers, fore-grips, removable carry handle/rear sight assemblies, bipods, laser systems, electronic sights, night vision, tactical lights, etc.^[89] The AK-47 can also use Picatinny rail mounted accessories, although its design and smaller fore-stock make it less adaptable.

In addition, the M16 is "the Swiss Army knife of rifles" a modular weapon system whose components can be arranged in a variety of different configuration.^[89][239] For example, an M16A2 with its standard iron sights and a standard fore-stock can be easily converted, in a matter of seconds and without the use of tools to an M16A4 with Picatinny rails, optical sights and a variety of accessories.^[240] This is accomplished by simply pushing in two pins, removing the A2 upper receiver/barrel and replacing it with an A4 upper receiver/barrel.^[240] Or, an M16A4 Rifle can be converted to an M4 Carbine in a few minutes by replacing the upper receiver/barrel and using simple hand-tools to replace the fixed buttstock with a telescoping buttstock.^[240] As such, the M16 can be easily converted into different calibers and different types of weapons.^[241][242] The AK-47 has no such capability.

• 

  M4 Modular Weapon System shown with various accessories

• 

  An M4A1 with SOPMOD package, including Rail Interface System and Trijicon 4× ACOG

• 

  Close-up of M4 carbine with Picatinny rail mounted laser and with M68 Close Combat Optic.

• 

  Afghan border police aiming an AK type rifle with Picatinny rails, holographic weapon sight and foregrip

• 

  Hungarian AMD-65M with Picatinny rails, new handgrips, Aimpoint sight and sidefolding stock

• 

  AKMS with commercial Picatinny rail fore-stock and folding pistol-grip attachment

Qo'ziqorinlar

Bugun, süngüler are rarely used in combat.^{[243][244][245]} However, both the AK-47 and M16 retain bayonet lugs and bayonets are still issued. Also, bayonets are still used for controlling prisoners and as a weapon of "last resort".^[243] In addition, some authorities have concluded that bayonets serve as useful training aids in building ma'naviy and increasing desired aggression in troops.^[246][247]

The M16 is 44.25 inches (1124mm) long with an M7 süngü biriktirilgan.^[10] The M7 bayonet is based on earlier designs such as the M4, M5, & M6 bayonets, all of which are direct descendants of the M3 jangovar pichoq and have spear-point blade with a half sharpened secondary edge. Yangisi M9 süngü has a clip-point blade with saw teeth along the spine, and can be used as a multi-purpose knife and wire-cutter when combined with its scabbard. Amaldagi USMC OKC-3S süngü dengiz piyodalari ikonikasiga o'xshaydi Ka-bar dastani yaqinidagi serralar bilan jangovar pichoq.

The AK is 40.15 inches (1020mm) long with an AKM type bayonet attached.^[248] The AK-47 has an adequate but unremarkable bayonet. However, the AKM Type I bayonet (introduced in 1959) was a revolutionary design.^[249] It has a Bowie style (clip-point) blade with sawteeth along the spine, and can be used as a multi-purpose knife and wire-cutter when combined with its steel scabbard.^[145][249] This design was copied by other nations and formed the basis of the US M9 bayonet.^[249][250] The AK-74 bayonet (introduced in 1983) represents a further refinement of the AKM bayonet. "It introduced a radical blade cross-section, that has a flat milled on one side near the edge and a corresponding flat milled on the opposite side near the false edge.^[249] Pichoqda yangi nayza uchi bor va yaxshilangan bir bo'lak kalıplanmış plastik tutqich, uni yanada samarali kurash pichog'iga aylantiradi.^[249] Shuningdek, uning soxta chetida arra tishlari va sim kesuvchi sifatida foydalanish uchun odatiy teshik bor.^[249] Some Chinese AK type rifles such as the 56 turini kiriting include an integral folding spike bayonet, similar to the SKS miltiq.^{[145][250][251]}

• 

  M7 Bayonet & M8A1 Sheath

• 

  M9 bayonet in wire-cutter configuration

• 

  USMC OKC-3s bayonet

• 

  Original AK-47 bayonet

• 

  AKM bayonet in wire-cutter configuration

• 

  AKM type II bayonet

Ishonchlilik

Uzoq zarbli gazni ishlatish tizimining diagrammasi

AK-47 long-stroke gas operation system

M16 direct impingement gas system

The AK-47 has always enjoyed a reputation for rugged reliability and has a malfunction rate of one per 1000 rounds fired.^[252][253] Bu ishlatadi long-stroke gas system, where the gas is sent from the barrel to push a piston attached to the bolt carrier, thus operating the action. The gas tube is fairly large and is visible above the barrel with ports or vents to allow the excess "dirty" gas to escape without affecting the action. The AK-47 is often built with generous clearances, allowing it to function easily in a dirty environment with little or no maintenance. This makes it reliable but less accurate.^[254]

The M16 has always had a reputation for poor reliability and has a malfunction rate of two per 1000 rounds fired.^[252] The M16 uses a unique gas powered operating system. "This gas operating system works by passing high pressure propellant gasses tapped from the barrel down a tube and into the carrier group within the upper receiver, and is commonly but incorrectly referred to as a "to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aralashadigan gaz tizimi ". The gas expands within a donut shaped gas cylinder within the carrier. Because the bolt is prevented from moving forward by the barrel, the carrier is driven to the rear by the expanding gasses and thus converts the energy of the gas to movement of the rifle’s parts. The bolt bears a piston head and the cavity in the bolt carrier is the piston sleeve. It is more correct to call it an "internal piston" system."^[151] This design is much lighter and more compact than a gas-piston design. However, this design requires that combustion byproducts from the discharged cartridge be blown into the receiver as well. This accumulating carbon and vaporized metal build-up within the receiver and bolt-carrier negatively affects reliability and necessitates more intensive maintenance on the part of the individual soldier. The DI operation increases the amount of heat that is deposited in the receiver while firing the M16 and causes essential lubricant to be "burned off". This requires frequent and generous applications of appropriate lubricant.^[38] Lack of proper lubrication is the most common source of weapon stoppages or jams.^[38]

The original M16 fared poorly in the jungles of Vetnam and was infamous for reliability problems in the harsh environment. As a result, it became the target of a Congressional investigation.^[255][29] The investigation found that:^[29]

• The M16 was billed as self cleaning (when no weapon is or ever has been).^[29]
• The M16 was issued to troops without cleaning kits or instruction on how to clean the rifle.^[29]
• The M16 and 5.56×45mm cartridge was tested and approved with the use of a DuPont IMR8208M stick powder, that was switched to Olin Mathieson WC846 ball powder which produced much more fouling, that quickly jammed the action of the M16 (unless the gun was cleaned well and often).^[29]
• The M16 lacked a oldinga yordam (rendering the rifle inoperable when it jammed).^[29]
• The M16 lacked a chromed barrel and chamber, causing corrosion problems, contributing to case swelling and extraction failures (which was considered the most severe problem and required extreme measures to clear, such as inserting the cleaning-rod down the barrel and knocking the spent cartridge out).^[29]

When these issues were addressed and corrected by the M16A1, the reliability problems decreased greatly.^[256] According to a 1968 Department of Army report, the M16A1 rifle achieved widespread acceptance by U.S. troops in Vietnam.^[84] "Most men armed with the M16 in Vietnam rated this rifle's performance high, however, many men entertained some misgivings about the M16's reliability. When asked what weapon they preferred to carry in combat, 85 percent indicated that they wanted either the M16 or its submachine gun version, the XM177E2. (The M14 was preferred by 15 percent, while less than one percent wished to carry either the Stoner rifle, the AK-47, the karbin or a pistol.)"^[84] In March 1970, the "President’s Blue Ribbon Defense Panel" concluded that the issuance of the M16 saved the lives of 20,000 U.S. servicemen during the Vietnam War, who would have otherwise died had the M14 remained in service.^[53] However the M16 rifle's reputation continues to suffer.^[256]

After the introduction of the M4 Carbine, it was found that the shorter barrel length of 14.5 inches also has a negative effect on reliability, as the gas port is located closer to the chamber than the gas port of the standard length M16 rifle: 7.5 inches instead of the 13 inches.^[257] This affects the M4's timing and increases the amount of stress and heat on the critical components, thereby reducing reliability.^[257] In a 2002 assessment the USMC found that the M4 malfunctioned three times more often than the M16A4 (the M4 failed 186 times for 69,000 rounds fired, while the M16A4 failed 61 times).^[258] Thereafter, the Army and Colt worked to make modifications to the M4s and M16A4s in order to address the problems found.^[258]

Direct impingement gas system

Qisqa zarbli gaz pistoni

In tests conducted in 2005 and 2006 the Army found that on average, the new M4s and M16s fired approximately 5,000 rounds between stoppages.^[258][259] In 2010, U.S. Marines operating in Afghanistan reported no reliability problems with their M16 rifles and M4 carbines.^[260] "This is more so given the account of Chief Warrant Officer Joshua S. Smith, the Marine responsible for weapons training and performance in the Third Battalion, Sixth Marines, which is engaged in daily fighting in Marja. 'We've had nil in the way of problems; we've had no issues,' he said of the M-4s and M-16s. The battalion has about 350 M-16s and 700 M-4s, he said."^[260]

The newest version of the M16 in U.S. service is the HK416 (a.k.a. M27 piyoda avtomatik miltiq )^{[261][262][263][264][265]} which uses a proprietary gas system derived from the HK G36, o'rniga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri impedment gas system used by the standard M16/M4.^[266] The HK system uses a short-stroke gas piston driving an operating rod to force the bolt carrier to the rear. This design prevents combustion gases from entering the weapon's interior, a shortcoming with direct impingement systems.^[267][268] The reduction in heat and fouling of the bolt carrier group increases the reliability of the weapon and extends the interval between stoppages.^[268][269] The short-stroke gas piston require less maintenance and cleaning.^[268] It reduces operator cleaning time and stress on critical components.^[268] "Improving the service interval requirements provides a major benefit to soldiers that may not have the ability or opportunity to thoroughly clean their rifle. Also, the design of the external gas piston system is less susceptible to build up of other contaminants in extreme environments."^[268] During factory tests the HK416 fired 10,000 rounds in full-auto without malfunctioning.^[270]

Jurnallar

"Magazines are one of the most important elements of any firearm design. They are responsible for the feeding portion of the cycle of operation. Even in the most proven arm that reliably extracts and ejects, the magazine has to be 100-percent reliable for it to consistently feed properly."^[271]

The AK-47's 30-round magazines have a pronounced curve that allows them to smoothly feed ammunition into the chamber. Their heavy steel construction combined with "feed-lips" (the surfaces at the top of the magazine that control the angle at which the cartridge enters the chamber) machined from a single steel billet makes them highly resistant to damage. These magazines are so strong that "Soldiers have been known to use their mags as hammers, and even bottle openers."^[272] This makes the AK-47 magazine more reliable, although heavier than U.S. and NATO magazines. The early slab-sided steel AK-47 magazines weigh 0.43 kg (0.95 lb) empty.^[126] The later steel AKM magazines had lighter sheet-metal bodies with prominent reinforcing ribs weighing 0.33 kg (0.73 lb) empty.^[122][126] The current issue steel-reinforced plastic magazines are even lighter, weighing 0.25 kg (0.55 lb) empty.^[237] Early steel AK-47 magazines are 9.75 inches long, and the later ribbed steel AKM and newer plastic magazines are about an inch shorter.^[5][273]

The M16's magazine was meant to be a lightweight, disposable item.^[89][271] Shunday qilib, u presslangan / shtamplangan alyuminiydan tayyorlangan va bardoshli bo'lishi uchun mo'ljallanmagan.^[89] Therefore, it is easier to damage than an AK-47 magazine and the feed lips are proportionally weaker when compared to the AK-47.^[271] The M16 originally used a 20-round magazine which was later replaced by a bent 30-round design.^[271] As a result, the magazine follower tends to rock or tilt, causing malfunctions.^[271] Many non-U.S. and commercial magazines have been developed to effectively mitigate these shortcomings (e.g., H&K's all-stainless-steel magazine, Magpul's polymer P-MAG, etc.).^[38][271] Standard USGI aluminum 30-round M16 magazines weigh 0.11 kg (0.24 lb) empty and are 7.1 inches long.^[274][275] The newer plastic magazines are about a half inch longer.^[276] The newer steel magazines are about a half inch longer and 4 ounces heavier.^[277] The M16's magazine has become the unofficial NATO STANAG jurnali and is currently used by many Western Nations, in numerous weapon systems.^[278][279]

In 2009, the U.S. Military began fielding an "improved magazine" identified by a tan-colored follower.^[280][281] "The new follower incorporates an extended rear leg and modified bullet protrusion for improved round stacking and orientation. The self-leveling/anti-tilt follower minimizes jamming while a wider spring coil profile creates even force distribution. The performance gains have not added weight or cost to the magazines."^[281]

In July 2016, the U.S. Army introduced the new Enhanced Performance Magazine.^[282] These new magazines have tan bodies and blue followers.^[282] "Unlike previous magazines, the EPM uses a new, modified magazine body (and therefore not interchangeable, hence the different color) which presents the rounds at a more favorable angle to the rifle’s feedway, improving reliability and, importantly, preventing the hardened steel tips of new 5.56mm M855A1 Enhanced Performance Rounds from contacting the aluminum feed ramp section on M4 type rifles."^[282] This allows for a dramatic 300% increase in the number of rounds fired between stoppages.^[282]

• 

  Feed-lips of plastic AK-47 magazine

• 

  Feed-lips of steel AK-47 magazine

• 

  Plastic AK-47 magazines

• 

  Feed-lips of M16 magazine

• 

  Vietnam era 20-round M16 magazine (left) and current issue NATO STANAG 30-round magazine (right).

• 

  Improved M16 magazine follower

Xizmat muddati

AK-47 type rifles are made in dozens of countries, with "quality ranging from finely engineered weapons to pieces of questionable workmanship." ^[283] As a result, the AK-47 has a service/system life of approximately 6,000,^[284] to 10,000,^[285] to 15,000^[286] turlar.^[43] The AK-47 was designed to be a cheap, simple, easy to manufacture assault rifle,^[287] perfectly matching Soviet military doctrine that treats equipment and weapons as disposable items.^[288] As units are often deployed without adequate logistical support and dependent on "battlefield cannibalization" for resupply, it is actually more cost-effective to replace rather than repair weapons.^[288]

Both the AK-47 and the M16 have small parts and springs that need to be replaced every few thousand rounds.^[89][289] However "Every time (an AK) is disassembled beyond the field stripping stage, it will take some time for some parts to regain their fit, some parts may tend to shake loose and fall out when firing the weapon. Some parts of the AK-47 line are riveted together. Repairing these can be quite a hassle, since the end of the rivet has to be ground off and a new one set after the part is replaced."^[110]

M16 type rifles are made by dozens of manufactures around the world, to the highest standards "the goal of which is to ensure that products designed for military use meet the necessary requirements with regard to quality, durability, ruggedness, commonality, interchangeability, total cost of ownership, logistics and other military and defense-related objectives."^[290] The M16's barrel life is approximately 15,000 rounds for standard issue M16A4s and M4s.^[259] Cold hammer forged steel barrels such as those used on the HK416 have service life of 20,000 to 50,000 rounds depending on the intensity of use.^{[289][261][291]} A badly worn M16 barrel will cause the bullets to tumble in flight.^[292] However, the M16's upper receiver/barrel may be swapped out in a matter of seconds, without the use of tools, simply by pushing out two pins.^{[293][294][295]} The M16 was designed to be a serviceable assault rifle,^[296] perfectly matching American military doctrine where units are resupplied on a continuous basis, and are expected to perform most of their own maintenance and repairs in the field.^[288] As such, American units are well supplied and are quickly provided with whatever spare-parts they need by their logistical support systems.^[288]

An M16 rifle that has been declared non-serviceable may be sent to a Small Arms Repair Facility, where it is overhauled, upgraded and returned to service.^[297][298] The M16 rifle may be recycled almost infinitely,^[299] as any individual part can be easily replaced until none of the original parts remain.

Turli xil

M16	AK-47
Texnik
5.56×45mm cartridge dimensions	7.62×39mm cartridge dimensions
The M16 has a chamber pressure of 52,000 psi[296]	The AK-47 has a chamber pressure of 50,000 psi[300]
The M16s Rifling is: early models have 4 grooves, right hand twist, 1 turn in 14 inches (355.6 mm); later models have 6 grooves, right hand twist, 1 turn in 12 inches (304.8 mm); most current models have 6 grooves, right hand twist, 1 turn in 7 inches (177.8 mm); some current models have 6 grooves, right hand twist, 1 turn in 9 inches (228.6 mm) [296][301][302][303][304]	The AK-47s Rifling is: 4 grooves, right hand twist, 1 turn in 9.25 inches (235 mm)[305]
Xususiyatlari
The M16 has a flash-hider[306] or flash-suppressor.[134] Also, current M16 flash-suppressors also act as compensators.[152]	The AK-47 does not have a flash-hider. However, all AKM and current AK models have a simple slant-type muzzle-brake[123] or compensator.
The M16 can mount several types of silencers and sound suppressors[307]	The AK-47 can mount PBS-1 silencer (sound suppressor)[308]
The M16 uses synthetic furniture which is more durable than wood.	The AK-47 uses wood furniture which can break, split, crack and rot. However, later model AKs use synthetic furniture.
The M16 can be field stripped without tools	The AK-47 can be field stripped without tools
The M16 has a large storage compartment in the buttstock[134] that holds the rifle's cleaning kit (or anything else that will fit inside).	The AK-47 has a small storage compartment in the buttstock that only holds the rifle's cleaning kit capsule.
The M16s multi-piece cleaning rod is located in the buttstock[134] (or wherever else the soldier put it), and it cannot be easily reached and assembled if needed to clear a malfunction.	The AK-47s one-piece cleaning rod is located below the barrel and can be easily reached if needed to clear a malfunction.
The M16 can be disassembled into upper and lower halves, shortening the overall length for ease of storage and transport.[309]
The M16s bolt carrier group is small enough that an extra group can be carried as a back-up. If necessary a malfunctioning group can be quickly and easily removed, and replaced.[310]
Kamchiliklar
Early model M16 barrels could bend under rough handling or while firing as the barrel overheats.[311] However, this shortcoming was corrected by the M16A2.[144]
Early model M16 furniture could be damaged by rough handing.[143] However, this shortcoming was corrected by the M16A2.[144]
Barrels smaller than .25 caliber, such as those found on the M16, have a propensity to retain water, due to surface tension and capillary attraction, causing excessive overpressure when the weapon is fired.[312] This requires the user to open the chamber while draining the barrel.[312] However, the U.S. military provides a protective muzzle cap to keep water out of the M16s barrel.[313]	Barrels larger than .25 caliber, such as those found on the AK-47 do not retain water and the water drains freely (even when loaded).[312]
	The AK-47s receiver top-cover may fall off under rough handling or while firing.[314] Also, the recoil impulse of launching 40mm grenades from the GP-25 and GP-30 grenade launchers would cause the receiver top-cover to fly off.[131] As a result, the newer AK-100 series have a "spring-loaded button at the top end of the recoil spring's guide rod (that) prevents the top cover from flying off into the Siberian sunset."[131]
	The AK-47s exposed gas cylinder is easily dented by rough handling, sometimes causing malfunctions.[315]
Variantlar
The M16 has variants with shortened barrels and adjustable telescoping buttstocks.[149]	The AK-47 has variants with both standard and shortened barrels, and both under and side folding buttstocks.[123]
M16 type rifles are currently made in 5.56×45mm NATO, 6.8×43mm SPC and .300 AAC Blackout caliber.[316]	AK-47 type rifles are currently made in 7.62×39mm, 5.45×39mm and 5.56×45mm NATO.[206]
The 7.62mm NATO SR-25 va M110 are based on the original AR-10, but feature additional refinements to maximize parts commonality with the M16.[317]	Zastava qurollari makes 7.62×51mm NATO, 7.62×54mmR and 7.92×57mm AK versions, and the IMI Galil is also made in 7.62mm NATO.
The M16 has a smaller 9mm, closed bolt, blowback operated, submachine gun version called the Colt SMG.	The AK-47 has smaller 9mm, submachine gun versions called the Vityaz-SN.[318] va Bizon[319]
The M16 has an open-bolt light machine gun version called the Colt Avtomatik miltiq with a heavier barrel and integrated bipod. It has a distinctive squared shaped hand-guard with forward pistol grip and carrying handle. It can also use larger MWG 90-round "snail drum" and 100-round Beta C-mags.[320]	The AK-47 has a widely used closed-bolt light machine gun version called the RPK with a stronger receiver, longer heavier barrel, an attached bipod and can use larger 40-round box and 75-round drum magazines.[321]
The M16 has belt-fed light machine gun versions made by several manufactures,[322][323][324] shu jumladan Ares Defense Shrike 5.56.
The M16's lower receiver may also be mated with the AR-57 and .50 caliber bolt-action upper receivers.[325][326]
The M16 has .410 gauge shotgun versions; Safir T-14 and the ATI OMNI.[327]	The AK-47 has shotgun versions; The Sayg'oq-12 and KSK[328]
Qo'shimcha
The M16 has .22 caliber conversion kits.[329]	The AK-47 has .22 caliber conversion kits.[330]
The M16s sound level is: for shooter = 155 (dB)[331] 1 m to side = 163 (dB)[331] 10 m to side = 141 (dB)[331]	The AK-47s sound level is: for shooter = 159 (dB)[331] 1 m to side = 163 (dB)[331] 10 m to side = 141 (dB)[331]
The M16s sling is not only used to carry the rifle, but also to help support and stabilize the rifle while shooting, to allow for more accurate fire.[332] "Vintovka slingi to'g'ri sozlanganda, u qurol uchun maksimal darajada barqarorlikni ta'minlaydi va miltiqning orqaga tortilishi oqibatlarini kamaytirishga yordam beradi. Miltiqni slingni uchta asosiy turi mavjud: ilmoq slingi, shoshilinch sling va uch nuqta sling. "[332]

AK-74 va boshqalar M16A2

" AK-74 avtomat AQShning M16 samolyotiga berilgan javob edi. "^{[333][334][335]} Ruslar, M16 AKMga nisbatan aniqroq masofa va aniqlikka ega ekanligini va uning engilroq patroni askarlarga ko'proq o'q-dorilar olib yurish imkoniyatini berishini angladilar. Shuning uchun 1967 yilda SSSR AKM va 7.62 × 39mm kartrijni almashtirish to'g'risida rasmiy talabni e'lon qildi.^[336] Tez orada ular rivojlana boshladi AK-74 va 5.45 × 39mm patron.^{[30][tekshirib bo'lmadi ][337]} AK-74 ishlab chiqarish 1974 yilda boshlangan,^[338] va u 1977 yilda, har yili o'tkazilgan Qizil maydon paradida Sovet parashyut qo'shinlari tomonidan olib borilganida ochilgan.^[339] Tez orada u AKM o'rnini egallaydi va standart Sovet piyoda miltig'iga aylanadi.^[339] 1979 yilda AK-74 birinchi marta jangovar ko'rdi Afg'oniston.^[340]

5.56mm NATO (chapda) va
5.45 mm ruscha (o'ngda) holatlar

7.62 × 39mm va 5.45 × 39mm lentalari.

AK-74 eng yaxshi o'zgartirilgan versiyasi sifatida tavsiflanadi 7.62 × 39mm AKM miltiq.^[339][341] Ushbu o'zgartirishlar, birinchi navbatda, miltiqni 5.45 × 39mm patron,^[339] ba'zi dastlabki modellar AKM-lar bilan qayta to'ldirilganligi haqida xabar berilgan.^[341] AK-74 va AKM 9 ta assambleyani va 52 qismni bo'lishadi (mos ravishda 36% va 53% qismlar umumiyligi).^[342]

5.45 × 39mm patron uning o'rnini bosgan 7.62 × 39mm dumaloqdan ancha engil bo'lib, askarlarga 1,5 marta ko'proq o'q-dorilarni olib yurishga imkon beradi.^[336] AK-74 AKM ga nisbatan yaxshilangan diapazon va aniqlikni ham taqdim etadi.^[343] Biroq, bir manbaga ko'ra, AK-74 samolyotlari aniqligi va aniqligi hali ham G'arb qurollarining ko'pchiligidan, shu jumladan hozirgi M16 rusumidagi miltiqlardan kam.^[344]

5,45 mm o'q yumshoq to'qimalarda qulab tushadi va 10 sm (3,9 dyuym) va 35 sm (13,8 dyuym) chuqurlikda vaqtincha bo'shliqlar hosil qiladi.^[183] Ushbu effekt 7.62 × 39mm kartridjga qaraganda tezroq, ammo tezroq.^[183] 5.45 mm dumaloq AQSh turiga yaxshi kirib borishni taklif qiladi.^[13][345] Biroq, hamkasbidan farqli o'laroq, 5.45 mm dumaloq "yumshoq to'qimalarni urish paytida deformatsiyalanmaydi yoki parchalanmaydi".^[13][345] Shunga qaramay, davomida Afg'on urushi Mujohidlar 5.45 × 39mm dumaloqni "Zahar o'qi" deb atashdi, chunki u ekstremitalarga etkazilgan og'ir jarohatlar va shu sababli amputatsiya qilinishi kerak.^{[346][347][348]}

Izohlar *: Guruh = Guruhning haddan tashqari tarqalishi ... Xitlar = 39 "balandlikdagi × 19" kenglikdagi siluetlar

NATO E-tipidagi siluet maqsadi

Balistik jelatindagi yara profillari
Izoh: rasmlar bir xil o'lchamda emas

AK-74 5.45 × 39mm

M16A2 5.56 × 45mm NATO

5.45 × 39mm patron o'lchamlari

• 

  5.45 × 39mm, sovet hamkasbi 5.56mm NATO

• 

  Dastlabki AK-74 avtomati, zang rangli plastik jurnal va qatlamli yog'och mebellari bilan

• 

  Maydon AK-74ni echib tashladi

• 

  AKS-74 shtamplangan po'latdan yasalgan uchburchak shaklidagi yonma-katlama tayanch bilan

• 

  AK-74M dolzarb nashrida plastik mebel va yonma-yon bukilgan tayanch mavjud

Miltiqni baholashni o'rganish

Quyidagi Xulosa to'g'ridan-to'g'ri "Miltiqni baholashni o'rganish" dan olingan, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi, jangovar rivojlanish qo'mondonligi, ADA046961, 1962 yil 20-dekabr.^[5] Qo'shimcha ma'lumotni "miltiqni baholashni o'rganish", Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi, piyoda askarlarning jangovar rivojlanish agentligi, ADA050268, 1962 yil 10-dekabrda topish mumkin.^[184]

Izoh: Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi birinchi marta AR-15 / M16 va AK-47 ni taqqosladi.

Kecha otish

AR-15 ushbu sinovni o'tkazishda hech qanday chirog'ni bosuvchi bilan jihozlanmagan. Bundan tashqari, AK-47da foydalanish uchun ozgina miqdorda o'q-dorilar mavjud edi. Natijada, AR-15 va AK-47 ning tungi otish qobiliyati to'g'ri sinovdan o'tkazilmagan. Fort Benningdagi keyingi sinovda flesh-supressor bilan jihozlangan AR-15 M14 va AK-47 ga qarshi sinovdan o'tkazildi. AK-47 flesh-supressor bilan jihozlanmagan.^[184]

Dunyo bo'ylab foydalanish

Dunyo bo'ylab foydalanish

AK-47
Tayyorlangan raqamlar: ~ 100 million.^[17]

M16
Tayyorlangan raqamlar: ~ 8 million.^[18]

Adabiyotlar