Gábor Kornél Tolnai - Gábor Kornél Tolnai - Wikipedia

Gábor Kornél Tolnai
Gábor Kornél Tolnai, 1935.JPG fotosurati
Gábor Kornél Tolnai 1935 yilda
Tug'ilgan(1902-11-22)1902 yil 22-noyabr
Budapesht, Avstriya-Vengriya
O'ldi1982 yil 3 fevral(1982-02-03) (79 yosh)
Stokgolm, Shvetsiya
MillatiShved
FuqarolikShved (1940 yildan keyin)
Venger (1940 yilgacha)
Olma materBudapesht texnik universiteti, Budapesht, Vengriya
Ma'lumYigiruv dastgohlari uchun moslamalar: Markazograf, Teletaxograf, Regulyator
Temperlash mashinasi: Impulsli dvigatel
Yong'inni boshqarish tizimi Shvetsiya milliy mudofaasi uchun (Shvetsiya Qirollik Materiel ma'muriyati: Markaziy asbob va Rapportoskop
Tolnai magnitafonlari o'zi: Tolnai LP16, Tolnai LP20, Tolnai LP24, Tolnai LP28, Tolnai Studymaster.
Ilmiy martaba
MaydonlarMashinasozlik
Aniq muhandislik
Elektrotexnika
InstitutlarLinum-Taussig, Budapesht va Dyor
Diplom. G.K. Tolnai Okl. Gépészmérnök Finommechanikai Kessulékek (Apparatebauanstalt), IX Budapesht, Mester-utca 13, a o'ziga xos nozik asbobsozlik ustaxonasi
Ericsson, Stokgolm va Budapesht
Bofors
AB Gerh. Arehns Mekaniska Verkstad, Stokgolm
Arenco AB, Stokgolm
AB G.K. Tolnay, Stokgolm.
Doktor doktoriDiplom muhandisi darajasi

Gábor Kornél Tolnai, 1902 yil 22-noyabrda tug'ilgan Budapesht, 1982 yil 3 fevralda vafot etgan Stokgolm, edi a Venger -Shved Diplom muhandisi, ixtirochi, konstruktor, muhandis-mexanik, aniq muhandis, elektr muhandisi va yakka tartibdagi ish bilan band bo'lgan kishi.[1] U eng yaxshi tanilgan ixtirolar va patentlar uchun yigiruv mashinalari, Shvetsiya milliy mudofaasi uchun moslamalar va bir nechta turlari magnitafonlar.

Biografiya

Kornél Tolnai 1902 yilda Vengriyada Budapeshtda tug'ilgan va uni qabul qilgan Diplom muhandisi darajasi[2] da Budapesht texnik universiteti 1924 yilda.

1928–1931 yillarda Kornel Tolnay o'zining uchta ixtirosini yaratdi, u "Markaziyograf", "Teletaxograf" va "Regulyator" ni to'liq amalga oshirdi. Shundan so'ng u shved bilan aloqa o'rnatdi LM Ericsson. Ular uning patentlarini sotib oldilar, keyin u LM Ericsson-da ishladi, ikkalasi ham Stokgolm va Budapesht bir necha yil davomida. U Stokgolmda tajriba ustaxonasini tashkil etdi va dizayn va ixtirolar bilan ishladi, ularning ba'zilari patent olishga olib keldi. U 1935 yildan Shvetsiyada faol bo'lgan va 1940 yilda Shvetsiya fuqarosi bo'lgan.

Nikoh va oila

Grand Hotel Royal "Qishki bog '", Stokgolm. (1909 yilgi rasm).

Gábor Kornél Tolnay Gábor Tolnay va uning rafiqasi Ilona Tolnayning o'g'li edi. Uning otasi faol edi Magyar Allamvasutak, Vengriya davlat temir yo'llari, mashhur MÁV.

1932 yilda u shved rafiqasi bilan "Qishki bog '" dagi ziyofatda uchrashgan (Vinterträdgården) da Grand Hotel Royal yilda Stokgolm, Shvetsiya-Vengriya jamiyatida yubiley bo'lganida. Shved rassomi Devid Uollin faqat rasm sotgan edi, Ona va bola,[3] uchun Tasviriy san'at muzeyi yilda Budapesht (Venger: Sépművészeti Múzeum) va Devid Uollinga taklif qilindi Grand Hotel Royal (Grand Hôtel Royal qish bog'i bilan ) va u 22 yoshli qizi Byankani o'zi bilan olib ketdi. U o'qimishli rassom edi. Kornel va Byanka 1935 yil 24 yanvarda unashdilar. 1935 yilda 17 sentyabrda Kornel Tolnay shved rassomiga uylandi. Byanka Uollin (1909-2006). U taniqli rassomning qizi edi Devid Uollin (1876-1957) va uning rafiqasi Elin Uollin (1884-1969). 1935 yilda er-xotin joylashdilar Stokgolm va 1942 yilda u oilasi bilan katta villaga ko'chib o'tdi Bromma, Stokgolmdan tashqarida, u erda 1982 yilda vafot etguniga qadar oilasi bilan yashab, sakson yoshga to'lgan. Uning 1939 yilda tug'ilgan Eva, 1942 yilda tug'ilgan Monika va 1944 yilda tug'ilgan Hillevi ismli uchta qizi bor edi.

Budapeshtdagi tadqiqotlar

Gábor Kornél Tolnay nemis tilida so'zlashuvchi lyuteranga kirdi Fasori Gimnazium Budapeshtda sakkiz yil davomida 1912 yildan 1920 yilgacha. Budapesht – Fasori Evangélikus Gimnázium, 1071 Budapesht, Városligeti fasor 17-21, Budapeshtdagi eng yaxshi maktablardan biri bo'lgan va 1920 yil bahorida oliy maktab guvohnomasini olgan. U sinfdoshi edi. Evgeniya Vigner, taniqli fizik, matematik va Nobel mukofoti 1963 yilda fizika bo'yicha g'olib va ​​maktabdoshi Jon fon Neyman, taniqli matematik, fizik, polimat va ixtirochi. Fasori Evangélikus Gimnázium kuchli akademik an'analarga va taniqli o'qituvchilarga, ya'ni matematika o'qituvchisiga ega edi Laslo Rats, fizika o'qituvchisi Mikola Shandor va sinf rahbari Imre Oppel. Fasori Gimnazium mashhur o'rta maktab Budapeshtda. U yaqinida joylashgan Shahar bog'i.

Gábor Kornélni tugatgandan so'ng Tolnay o'qigan Budapesht texnik universiteti. U 1924 yil bahorida faqat 21 yoshida bo'lgan muhandis diplomi bilan rekord darajada tayyor edi. Budapeshtdagi diplomidan so'ng 1924 yil bahorida Gábor Kornél Tolnay joylashdi. Parij uch yil davomida o'qish va amaliyot uchun.

  • Budapesht Fasori Evangélikus Gimnázium Fasor-lyuteran cherkovi bilan. Bino maktabga tegishli.

  • Budapesht-Fasori Evangélikus Gimnáziuim. 1919 yilda o'rta maktab sinfi. Gábor Kornél Tolnai uchinchi xomashyoda, beshinchisi o'ng tomondan va uning sinfdoshi. Evgeniya Vigner old tomonida (birinchi) xom, ikkinchisi o'ngdan.

  • Gábor Kornél Tolnai, o'ng tomonda, uchrashadi Evgeniya Vigner, o'rtada, Stokgolmda 1963 yil 13 dekabrda. Vigner 1963 yil 10 dekabrda fizika bo'yicha Nobel mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi. Meri Annette Uiler Vigner xonim chap tomonda.

  • Gábor Kornél Tolnai uchrashadi Evgeniya Vigner 1963 yil 13-dekabrda Stokgolmda. Bu erda ular har ikkala oilasi bilan birgalikda uchrashadilar.

Ixtirolar, patentlar, ish bilan ta'minlash va o'z-o'zini ish bilan ta'minlash

Halqa aylanadigan ramka.
Guruch plitasi uchun nozik mexanik ustaxona. Diplom. G. K. Tolnay 1928 yilning kuzida o'zining kompaniyasini ishga tushirdi, u erda uning aniq asbobsozlik ustaxonasi bor edi, Finommechanikai készülékek, på Mester utka 13, IX. Budapesht tumanida Ferentsvaros nomi bilan G.K. Tolnay Okl. Gépészmérnök (Diplom bo'yicha elektr muhandisi), u erda u o'zining apparatlari, mexanik jihozlari va moslamalarini ishlab chiqargan. Surat apparatdagi displey qanday ko'rinishini ko'rsatadi.

Linum-Tussig guruhi

1927 yilning kuzida Tolnay Budapeshtga qaytib keldi va guruhning xodimi bo'ldi Linum-Taussig sifatida Budapeshtda texnik ustun va nazoratchi kompaniyaning sanoat yigiruv mashinalari uchun yigiruvchi to'qimachilik jarayonda ishlab chiqarish (Ishlab chiqarish jarayonini boshqarish, MPM) turli xil xom ashyo tolalaridan iplar yaratish.[4] Yigiruv qadimgi to'qimachilik san'ati unda o'simlik, hayvon yoki sintetik tolalar, hosil bo'lish uchun bir-biriga o'ralgan ip. Linum-Taussig 1922 yilda tashkil etilgan.

Kompaniyaning bosh ofisi Linum-Taussig Samuel va Fiai Lenfonó va Szövőipar Részvénytársaság Budapeshtda edi va ularning Gyr shahrida ham filiali bo'lgan. Linum-Taussig Samuel va Fiai Lenfonó va Szövőipari Rt. 1922 yilda tashkil etilgan. Kompaniya uchun Linum-Taussig Kornel Tolnay, shuningdek, shaharda nazoratchi bo'lib ishlagan Dyor (Nemis: Raab) ularning yigiruv mashinalari zavodi U yerda. Dyor - Vengriyaning shimoli-g'arbiy qismidagi eng muhim sanoat shahri va Budapeshtdan 30 km uzoqlikda joylashgan Budapesht va Vena, vagonlar bilan va mashinasozlik zavodlari. Zavod tizimi birozdan keyin keng qo'llanila boshlandi paxta to'qimachilik mahsulotlarini yigirish mexanizatsiyalashgan edi.

Gyr kompaniyasida sirtni qayta ishlash, pardozlash va singdirish uchun mexanik zig'ir va kanop to'qish, jut matolari, sumkalar ishlab chiqarish va chodirlarni tashish bor edi. Zavodda texnik matolardan tayyorlangan dasturxon, sochiqlar, presslar, branda choyshablari va kanvas matolarining keng assortimenti mavjud edi. Kompaniyaning nomi "Linum-Taussig" guruhi bu haqida bo'lganligini ko'rsatadi Linum (zig'ir). Linum - bu tur taxminan 200 turdan iborat gullarni o'simlik oila Linaceae, tug'ma mo''tadil va subtropik dunyoning mintaqalari. Bunga quyidagilar kiradi Oddiy zig'ir (L. usitatissimum), the asosiy tolalar ulardan ishlab chiqarish uchun foydalaniladi zig'ir va ishlab chiqarish uchun urug'lar zig'ir moyi.

O'zining kompaniyasi, G.K. Tolnai nozik mexanik qurilmalari

Bir yil o'tgach, 1928 yilning kuzida u o'zini o'zini ish bilan band deb tan oldi Budapesht faoliyati uchta o'ziga asoslangan bo'lgan aniq asboblar ustaxonasi bilan ixtirolar unda bo'lgan patentlangan. Ushbu ixtirolarning barchasi ro'yxatdan o'tish va ishlashni takomillashtirish uchun mo'ljallangan edi yigiruv mashinalari. Ba'zida uning ustaxonasida o'nga yaqin ishchi bor edi. Uning firmasi nomi edi Diplom. G.K. Tolnai, Finommechanikai készülékek uchun Nozik mexanik qurilmalar, yilda Mester utka 13, IX. Budapesht tumanida Ferentsvaros. Uning ichida mashina ustaxonasi Budapeshtda u o'zi ixtiro qilgan mashinalarni ishlab chiqardi va Linum Taussig kompaniyasi menejeri Pol Hermann bilan hamkorlik qildi (Venger: Hermann Pál), Budaörsi út 45, XI. Budapesht, Újbuda bujbuda tumanida. The mashina edi a vosita bir yoki bir nechta qismdan iborat bo'lgan va ishlatilgan energiya ma'lum bir narsaga erishish maqsad. Mashinalar odatda edi quvvatlanadi mexanik, kimyoviy, termal yoki elektr vositalar yordamida va tez-tez motorlangan. Quvvatli vosita, shuningdek, mashina deb tasniflash uchun harakatlanuvchi qismlarni talab qiladi.

30-yillarning boshlari

Tolnaynikiga tegishli Markazograf yigiruv mashinalari vaqtini ishlab chiqarishni kuzatish va qayd etish uchun. Seminarda olingan fotosurat Budapesht, 1931. Eslatma guruch plitasi ustiga asbob.
Ixtirochi Kornel Tolnay chap tomonida Tolnayning mexanik ustaxonasidagi ba'zi muhandislar bilan birga qoldi Budapesht. 1931 yildagi fotosurat.

1928–1931 yillarda Kornel Tolnay o'zining uchta ixtirosini qildi, Markazograf, Teletaxograf va Regulyator, u buni to'liq amalga oshirdi. U "Centralograph" ni o'zining ustaxonasida "" deb nomlagan.Diplom. GK Tolnay Okl. Gépészmérnök", M. Sc. G K Tolnai mexanika fanlari magistri, Mesterda (1928–1931). The to'qimachilik mahsulotlarini yigirish ishlab chiqarish monitoringi va yigiruv mashinalarining ishlashini ustaxonalar va idoralarda ro'yxatdan o'tkazish bo'yicha yirik sanoat hisoblanadi. Bu uch turdagi tolaga aylanadigan to'qimachilik mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqarish jarayonining bir qismidir ip, keyin matolar.

  • The Markazograf ishlab chiqarishni kuzatish va ishlashni ro'yxatdan o'tkazish uchun foydalanilgan yigiruv mashinalari ustaxonada va ofislarda. Centralograph - bu harakatlanuvchi diagrammada ma'lumotlarni yozib oladigan bir qator bosma birliklar bilan jihozlangan yozib olish vositasi. Yozuv chiziqlar va ustunlar qatoridagi raqamli raqamlar ko'rinishida ko'rinadi. Bosib chiqarish bo'limlari mavjud elektromagnit tashqi impulslar yordamida harakatga keltiriladigan lasan. Diagramma va siyoh lentasi a tomonidan boshqariladi sinxron vosita yoki impulsli dvigatel yordamida. Sinxron motorlar odatda analog elektr soatlarda, taymerlarda va boshqa vaqtlarda to'g'ri vaqt talab etiladigan qurilmalarda qo'llaniladi.
Keyinchalik, Ericsson Tolnay patentini sotib olganida, LM Ericsson Centralograph sanoatda ishlab chiqarish jarayonlarini nazorat qilish va mashinalarning funktsiyasi va ulardan foydalanish darajasini nazorat qilish uchun ishlatilgan. Centralograph a sifatida ishlatilgan xizmatni kuzatish vositasi yilda avtomatik telefon stantsiyalari. LM Ericssonning avtomatik tranzit almashinuvida u shuningdek markerlar va v.f tomonidan aniqlangan nosozliklarni qayd etish uchun ishlatilgan. qabul qiluvchilar. Shvetsiya telekommunikatsiya ma'muriyati (Televerket) avtomatik jarayonlarni nazorat qilish uchun telefon stantsiyalarida Centralograph uchun dastur ishlab chiqdi. Birinchilardan bo'lib qurgan a telefon stansiyasi edi Venger Tivadar Puskas u ishlayotgan paytda 1877 yilda Tomas Edison. 1894 yilda Nikola Tesla tekis spiral spiral qurdi, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining patent va savdo markalari bo'yicha idorasi AQSh Patenti 0,512,340 512,340.
  • The Teletaxograf soat va tezlik ko'rsatkichlarini birlashtirgan "mashinalarni masofadan boshqarish uchun" yigiruv mashinalarini ro'yxatdan o'tkazish va ishlashini takomillashtirish uchun mo'ljallangan qurilma edi (1931-1933).
The Taxograf soat va tezlik o'lchagichining funktsiyalarini birlashtirgan yozib olish moslamasi. Nazoratchi (moslama) - bu dvigatel kabi mashinaning tezligini o'lchash va tartibga solish uchun ishlatiladigan moslama (Yunoncha: tele = uzoq (uzoq), tako = tezlik, grafin = yozish). Taxograf - bu tezlikni va masofani avtomatik ravishda qayd etadigan transport vositasiga o'rnatilgan moslama bilan, shuningdek, rejimlarni tanlashda tanlangan haydovchining faolligi.
Taxograf tezlikni va harakatlanishni va dam olish vaqtlarini nazorat qiluvchi moslama edi. Axborotni yozib olish usullaridan biri bu eski usul qog'oz diagrammasi (analog taxograf). The diagramma yozuvchisi bu elektromexanik elektr yoki mexanik kirish tendentsiyasini qog'ozga yozib oladigan qurilma (diagramma). Diagramma registrlari turli xil rangli qalamlardan foydalangan holda bir nechta yozuvlarni yozishi va chiziqli yoki dairesel jadvallarda yozishi mumkin. The taxograf - bu tanlangan haydovchining faolligi bilan birga tezligi va masofasini avtomatik ravishda qayd etadigan transport vositasiga o'rnatilgan moslama rejimlar. The haydovchi rejimi transport vositasi harakatga kelganda avtomatik ravishda faollashadi.
A takometr vosita yoki boshqa mashinada bo'lgani kabi, mil yoki diskning aylanish tezligini o'lchaydigan asbobdir. Qurilma odatda daqiqada aylanishlar Kalibrlangan analog kadrda (RPM), ammo raqamli displeylar tobora keng tarqalgan. Bu so'z yunon tilidan keladi: gaos, takos, "tezlik" va metron, "o'lchov".
  • The Regulyator ning doimiy tezligini ushlab turish uchun tezlikni o'lchaydigan va tartibga soluvchi moslama edi yigiruv mashinalari yuk bosimidan qat'iy nazar. Yilda avtomatik boshqarish, regulyator - bu belgilangan xususiyatni saqlash funktsiyasiga ega bo'lgan qurilma (1931-1933).

  • Ichki makon nozik mexanik ustaxona yilda Budapesht. Kornel Tolnay chapda. 1931 yildagi fotosurat.

  • Ichki makon nozik mexanik ustaxona yilda Budapesht. Kornél Tolnai eng o'ng tomonda. 1931 yildagi fotosurat.

  • The taxograf - bu tanlangan haydovchining faolligi bilan birga tezligi va masofasini avtomatik ravishda qayd etadigan transport vositasiga o'rnatilgan moslama rejimlar.

  • Analog Taxometr, yoki Taxograf. Taxograf xaritasi bilan zamonaviy taxograf. Dumaloq teshikdan farqli o'laroq, ko'z yoshi shaklidagi teshikka e'tibor bering.

  • Nikola Tesla Yassi spiral spirali, 1894 yil.

Uning ixtirolari ko'rgazmasi

Leypsig savdo yarmarkasi logotip Alte Messe Leypsig, uchun ikki baravar M MesseLeypsig savdo yarmarkasining ramzi bo'lgan.
20-asrning 20-yillarida to'qilgan iplar uchun halqa yigiruv mashinasi Norrköping Shvetsiyada. Norrköpingdagi Draglardan ichki makon. Tolnay 1930 yilda Norrköpingdagi to'qimachilik sanoati bilan aloqa o'rnatdi.

1930 yilda Kornel Tolnay o'zining ixtirolarini namoyish etdi Leypsig savdo yarmarkasi (Nemis:Leypsiger Messesi ), (Ingliz tili: Leypsik Savdo yarmarkasi ), bu savdo bo'yicha yirik yarmarka edi Markaziy Evropa qariyb ming yil davomida, va keyin u bilan aloqada bo'ldi to'qimachilik sanoati yilda Norrköping va Boras. Norrköping a qurilishi bilan rivojlangan paxta neftni qayta ishlash zavodi. Bu 1930 yil bahor yarmarkasida bo'lgan. Norrkepingdagi sanoat, shu jumladan to'qimachilik ishlab chiqaruvchilari 20-asrga qadar kengayib bordi. Boras etakchi hisoblanadi to'qimachilik To'qimachilik fabrikalari uchun joy sifatida boshlangan Shvetsiya shahri. Borasda u AB Hugo Hennig & Company (Sven Byurqvist) to'qimachilik firmasining muhandisi va ijrochi direktori bilan aloqa o'rnatdi, u ham muharriri edi. Skandinaviya to'qimachilik sanoati jurnali, Kornel Tolnayning ba'zi maqolalari bosilgan (ya'ni № 7-8, 1931). Ugo Xennig shuningdek, Shvetsiyada zig'ir etishtirish bo'yicha qo'mitaning a'zosi bo'lgan. U Borasda o'z agentligi va mashinasozlik kompaniyasini asos solgan. Vaqt o'tishi bilan kompaniya uning o'g'illari rahbarligida to'qimachilik sanoati uchun turli xil mashinalar va aksessuarlarni ishlab chiqaruvchilar uchun faqatgina savdo agentligiga aylandi.

1931 yilda Kornel Tolnay yana Leypsig savdo yarmarkasida o'zining ixtirolari va patentlarini yaratdi. Leypsigning 1931 yil fevralidagi bahorgi yarmarkasi. Gábor Kornél Tolnai shved kompaniyasi bilan aloqada bo'ldi Ericsson (LM Ericsson. Telefonaktiebolaget L. M. Ericsson a telekommunikatsiya uskunalari ishlab chiqaruvchi va kompaniya shved shirkatlarining eng yiriklaridan biri bo'lib, telekommunikatsiya uskunalari va ma'lumotlar uzatish tizimlarini va shu bilan bir qatorda bir qator texnologiyalarni qamrab oluvchi xizmatlarni taqdim etadi.

Ericsson Bakelite telefoni, 1931 yil, Ericsson DBH 1001 telefoni. Ushbu telefon telefoni 1931-1947 yillarda ishlatilgan. Bu 1940 va 1950 yillarda Shvetsiyada standart telefon bo'lgan.
Ericsson devor telefoni, 1932, elektr uzatish diagrammasi.

30-yillarning boshlarida yangi material hukmronlik qildi telefon ishlab chiqarishlari. Bu edi Bakalit, erta plastik. Plastik tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Belgiyada tug'ilgan kimyogar Leo Baekeland 1907 yilda Nyu-Yorkda. Bu birinchilardan biri edi plastmassalar sintetik tarkibiy qismlardan tayyorlangan.
The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining patent va savdo markalari bo'yicha idorasi Baekelandga 1909 yil 7-dekabrda "Fenol va formaldegidning erimaydigan mahsulotlarini tayyorlash usuli" ga patent berdi.[5]

1931 yilda L.M.Ericsson tanishtirdi Bakelit telefoni va Tolnayga patent huquqini oldi Centralograph-status-magnitafon. 1931 yilda Ericssonning bakelit telefoni butun dunyoga birinchi marta tarqatilganda Shvetsiya telefon turi va zamonaviy plastik telefon ko'rinishi uchun standartni o'rnating. Ericssonning o'ziga xos uslublari tez orada qoliplarning tobora ko'payib borishi bilan bo'ysundirildi termoplastik telefonlar. 1931 yilda ishlab chiqarilgan Ericsson innovatsion bakelit telefoni, birinchi navbatda, trend yo'nalishi bilan tanilgan (erta qabul qiluvchi ) dizayn, lekin u ham o'z ichiga olgan muhim texnik yangilik tomonga qarshi ohangli birikma deb nomlangan. The telefonlar liniyasi, Ericsson DBH 1001 telefoni, edi Bakelit telefoni Rasmiy ravishda DBH 1001, m33, N1020 yoki DE 702 deb ham nomlangan, 1931-1962 yillarda o'ttiz yildan ortiq vaqt davomida ishlab chiqarilgan shved standart telefon bakelitidir.

LM Ericsson kompaniyasining huquqlarini sotib oldi Markazograf Gábor Kornél Tolnaydan va shunga mos ravishda ular sotib olishdi patent huquqlari undan. Patent berish tartibi, patent egasiga qo'yiladigan talablar va eksklyuziv huquqlar darajasi milliy qonunlar va xalqaro shartnomalarga muvofiq mamlakatlar o'rtasida juda farq qiladi. Patent - bu to'plam eksklyuziv huquqlar tomonidan berilgan suveren davlat ixtirochiga yoki ularning merosxo'riga cheklangan muddat davomida, ixtironing ommaviy ravishda oshkor qilinishi evaziga. Ixtiro ma'lum bir texnologik muammoning echimi bo'lib, u mahsulot yoki jarayon bo'lishi mumkin. Patentlar - bu shakl intellektual mulk. Intellektual mulk (IP) - bu a qonuniy aql uchun yaratilgan narsalar uchun kontseptsiya eksklyuziv huquqlar tan olinadi.

Kungsgatan Stokgolmda. Chap tomonda Janubiy Shohlar minorasi va o'ngda Shimoliy Shohlar minorasi.
Janubiy Shohlar minorasining tepasi Kungsgatan Stokgolmda, qaerda Ericsson ularning idorasi bor edi.
Detail, South Tower, Anxel "Victoria", "LME" iborasi bilan Ericsson telefoni bilan.

Qachon LM Ericsson sotib olgan edi Tolnayning patentlari Kornél Tolnai LM Ericssonning xodimi bo'ldi, ikkalasi ham Stokgolm va Budapesht 1930-1931 yillarda. Stokgolmda Ericssonning Döbelnsgatan 18-da Thulegatan 5, 15, 17 va 19-da ustaxonalari bo'lgan va Budapeshtda Ericsson-ning Vörösmarty útca 67-da ustaxonalari va ofislari bo'lgan filiali bor edi, Budapesht VI, Terezvaros tumanida,[6] yaqinidagi 6-tumanda joylashgan ofis binosi Budapesht-Nyugati temir yo'l terminali (Venger: Budapesht-Nyugati palyaudvar; Ingliz tili: Budapeshtning G'arbiy temir yo'l stantsiyasi), Budapeshtning tarixiy yuragida. U chorrahada yotadi Katta bulvar va Vaci xiyoboni. Bu Vengriya elektr quvvati A.G. Ex Deckert va Homolka edi.[7] Ericsson, Telefonaktiebolaget L.M. Ericssonning to'liq ismi, shved telekommunikatsiya kompaniyasi, xalqaro miqyosda faoliyat yuritmoqda.

Ericsson tomonidan 1876 yilda tashkil etilgan Lars Magnus Ericsson (1846-1926). Vengriya zavodini boshqargan Ericsson kompaniyasi nomi berildi Ericsson Ungarische Elektrizitäts Aktiengesellschaft. Budapeshtdagi manzil Fehevari-út 70, I. Budapesht Budavar tumanida. Shvetsiyadagi Ericsson fabrikalari va idoralari, Ericsson Telephone Ltd. telefon muhandislari va ishlab chiqaruvchilari 14 mamlakatda bo'lgan. Stokgolmda Ericssonning idorasi bor edi Kungsgatan Sodra Kungstornetda 31-33, "Janubiy shohlar minorasi", ikkitadan biri Kungstornen (Ingliz tili: Shohlar minoralari) Stokgolmda.

1930-yillarda Kornel Tolnay ba'zan L. M. Ericsson bilan uchrashgan boshliqlar kengashi ichida South Kings 'minorasi Kungsgatan 33 da, chunki kompaniya 1940 yilgacha bo'lgan vakolatxona[8] Bu yerga. Janubiy qirollar minorasi ikki minoradan biri, u 17 qavatli va 61 m (200 fut) va 1924-1925 yillarda qurilgan. Ular birgalikda Evropadagi birinchi zamonaviy osmono'par binolar hisoblanadi. Janubiy Shohlar minorasi Rim mifologiyasidan to'rtta minoralar bilan bezatilgan (Fortuna, Merkuriy, Neptun va Viktoriya ) haykaltarosh tomonidan yaratilgan Aron Sandberg. Konstruktor L. M. Ericssonniki edi ko `chmas mulk kompaniyasi va 1940 yilgacha bu erda o'z vakolatxonasi bo'lgan. Agar siz minora raqamlariga diqqat bilan qarasangiz, ulardan biri (Viktoriya) "LME" harflari bilan zarhallangan Ericsson telefonini olib yurishini ko'rasiz. Minora tepasida restoran 1963 yilgacha bo'lgan Pagod Aaron Sandberg tomonidan Xitoy mavzusida bezatilgan mo''tadil restoran bo'lib, uni Najot armiyasi boshqargan.

Budapeshtdagi zavod 1920-yillarda foyda haqida hisobot berishni davom ettirdi, chunki Vengriya PTT telefon uskunalari uchun buyurtmalarining yarmini Ericssonga bergan edi. Kompaniya 1930-yillarda avtomatik tizimlar uchun katta buyurtmalarni kutgan edi, ammo depressiya bu umidlarni puchga chiqardi.

1934 yilda Budapeshtda ma'ruza

Budapesht Texnologiya va Iqtisodiyot Universiteti Budapeshtda.
Budapesht Texnologiya va Iqtisodiyot universiteti kutubxonasi binosidagi sobiq fresk, Vengriya (1922).

In Skandinavisk Tidskrift för Textilindustri (Skandinaviya to'qimachilik sanoati jurnali), N: o 7-8, 1931, da bosilgan AB Borås Tidningstryckeri shved tilida Kornél Tolnai ixtirosi haqida maqola bor edi matn va rasmlar bilan. Maqolaning nomi Sanoat operatsiyasini ratsionalizatsiya qilish uchun qimmatli vosita, Ishbilarmon mutaxassislar, investorlar va ishlab chiqaruvchilar iqtisodiy ishlab chiqarishni talab qilmoqdalar. (In.) Shved: Ett värdefullt hjälpmedel vid ratsionalizatsiyalash va sanoatning drifti, Affärslivet, aktieägare va fabrikanter yrka på en ekonomisk produktion.) Nashr uchun mas'ul noshir, savdo texnik jurnali, Borasdagi to'qimachilik fabrikasidan Ugo Xennig edi. Teletachograf va Centralograf birlashtirildi, masalan, yirik paxta firmasidagi yigiruv fabrikasi menejeri ofisida. Leó Goldbergers textilfabrik (Goldberger Textilm Goldvek Rt.) Budapeshtda. Bu erda ham bor edi Tolnai tizimi halqa iplar zalidagi boshqaruv zavodiga ulangan.

1934 yilda, uning imtihonidan o'n yil o'tgach, 1924 yilda Budapesht Texnologiya va Iqtisodiyot Universiteti, Kornél Tolnai o'zining ixtirolari haqida ma'ruza qildi Teletaxograf va Markazograf da Budapesht Texnologiya va Iqtisodiyot Universiteti (Venger: Budapesti Mzzaki va Gazdaságtudományi Egyetem, BME). Ma'ruzaning nomi To'qimachilik sanoatining samaradorligini oshirish. Ma'ruza Vengriya savdo texnik jurnalida chop etilgan ma'lumotlarga ega edi "Magyar Textiltechnologusok Lapja", 1934 yil 25-may "TEXTIL-IPAR", Budapesht. O'sha paytda, 1934 yilda Budapeshtdagi texnik litseyga nom berildi Qirol Jozef Texnik Universiteti. U 1871 yilda qayta tashkil qilingan va mamlakatdagi boshqa universitetlar bilan teng darajaga ko'tarilgan. 1910 yilda u Gellért maydoniga yaqin joylashgan joyiga ko'chib o'tdi (yonida Art Nouveau Gellért mehmonxonasi ). 1934 yilda u yana Palatine nomi bilan qayta tashkil etildi Jozef Texnologiya va Iqtisodiyot Universiteti va u dominant rol o'ynadi urushlararo Vengriyada muhandislik va iqtisodchi kadrlar tayyorlash bilan birgalikda sanoatlashtirish jarayoni. Vengriyada o'rta maktab nomi shunday edi M. kir. József nádor Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetemet. Venger tilida maktab qisqartirilgan BME, Inglizcha rasmiy qisqartma BME, eng muhim hisoblanadi Texnologiya universiteti Vengriyada, shuningdek, eng qadimiylaridan biri Texnologiya institutlari dunyoda.

Harbiylar uchun inshootlar

Zenit Bofors 40 mm qurol. 1943 yilda yaratilgan / nashr etilgan. Rasmda AQShning zenit artilleriya ekipaji o'z o'rnida bo'lganligi tasvirlangan.
Bofors 40 mm L70 AA qurol zenit-avtomat tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va ishlab chiqarilgan Bofors va butun dunyo bo'ylab litsenziyalar asosida ishlab chiqarilgan.

1935 yilda Kornel Tolnay an tajriba ustaxonasi Stokgolmda, Arago, Tjärhovsgatan 23 da Södermalm. U modellar va o'lchash asboblarini qurdi va ularning ba'zilari olib kelgan qurilish va ixtirolarni amalga oshirdi patentlar.

Impulse Engine

Ayni paytda u harbiy zenitga qarshi mudofaa uchun o'zining eng muvaffaqiyatli ixtirolaridan bir nechtasini yaratdi. Ixtiro zenit qurollari uchun temperaturani pasaytirish mashinasi bo'lgan va u joriy qilingan harbiy zenitga qarshi vositalar. Boshqa narsalar qatori u ham hamkorlik qildi AB Bofors uning ixtirosi haqida Impulsli dvigatel, uchun temperaturali mashina zenit avtokannalari. The Bofors 40 mm havo kemalari, ko'pincha oddiygina Bofors tabancası deb nomlangan, an zenit / ko'p maqsadli avtomatik qurol tomonidan 1930 yillarda ishlab chiqilgan Shved qurol ishlab chiqaruvchi AB Bofors. Bu eng mashhur o'rta vaznli zenit tizimlaridan biri edi Ikkinchi jahon urushi. 1930-yillarning o'rtalarida kompaniyaning eng mashhur mahsuloti - Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida turli mamlakatlarda 10000 nusxada ishlab chiqarilgan 40 mm avtomat Bofors poydevori qo'yildi.

Avtomatik zambarak - bu avtomat zambarakning o'qidan farqli o'laroq, snaryadni otayotgan tez o'q otadigan qurol. AB Bofors bosh qarorgohi Shvetsiyada joylashgan sanoat kompaniyasi va qurol ishlab chiqaruvchilar edi Karlskoga yilda Örebro okrugi Vermlandda. 19-asrning oxirida Karlskoga o'zgargan temir ishlaydi a to'p ishlab chiqaruvchisi 20-asrda esa diversifikatsiya qilingan mudofaa sanoati. Shvetsiya kompaniyasining eng taniqli egasi Bofors, Karlskoga shahrida joylashgan edi Alfred Nobel 1894 yildan vafotigacha 1896 yil dekabrida kompaniyaga egalik qilgan. U temir ishlab chiqaruvchini zamonaviy holatga keltirishda muhim rol o'ynagan. to'p ishlab chiqaruvchisi va kimyo sanoati. Bofors nomi 350 yildan ortiq vaqt davomida temir sanoati bilan bog'liq.

Bofors Dastlab temir va po'latdan umumiy foydalanish edi va 1800 yillarning oxirlarida dala to'pi ichidagi texnologik o'zgarishlar yangi po'lat markalari va ishlab chiqarish texnikasidan foydalanilganligini anglatganda qurol ishlab chiqaruvchisi bo'lishi kerak edi. Bofors 40 mm qurol mashhur zenit avtomatik qurol shved firmasi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Bofors. Bu Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida g'arbiy ittifoqchilarning aksariyati va boshqa turli xil kuchlar tomonidan ishlatilgan eng mashhur o'rta vaznli zenit tizimlaridan biri edi. Uni ko'pincha Bofors qurollari deb atashadi. Bofors nomi 350 yildan ortiq vaqt davomida temir sanoati bilan bog'liq. U Shvetsiyaning Karlskoga shahrida joylashgan va 1646 yilda tashkil etilgan "Boofors" bolg'a tegirmonidan kelib chiqqan. Kompaniya 1873 yilda tashkil etilgan.

Reportoskop

Kornel Tolnay o'zining tajribalarini Stokgolmdagi Södermalmdagi o'z ustaxonasida o'tkazdi. 1936 yilda u o'z ixtirosini yaratdi, Reportoskopu qurgan va qurgan Berlin u buni to'g'ri ko'rsatdi 1936 yil yozgi Olimpiya o'yinlari Berlinda bo'lib o'tdi. Tolnay o'zining ixtirosini qurgan edi Reportoskop va u buni davomida namoyish etdi Berlinda Olimpiya o'yinlari 1-16 avgust kunlari u sportchiga (sportchiga), masalan, yugurish yo'lakchisiga ergashishi kerak edi. 1975 yilda uning uchun patent olishidan oldin qirq yil o'tdi Reportoskop.

Markaziy asbob

Asosiy qismlari ko'rsatilgan oddiy elektromexanik o'rni tasviri.

1937-1938 yillarda Tolnay uchun bir nechta vaqtinchalik topshiriqlar mavjud edi armiya uning patentlaridan foydalangan Shvetsiyada ma'muriyat, shu jumladan boshqalar qatorida haydash o'rni, an elektr bilan operatsiya qilingan almashtirish, keyinchalik bu uning qurilishining bir qismiga aylandi Markaziy asbob (asosiy vosita). Ko'p o'rni an elektromagnit kommutatsiya mexanizmini mexanik ravishda boshqarish uchun, ammo boshqa ishlash tamoyillari ham qo'llaniladi. Struktura bir yoki bir nechta fizik kattaliklarni o'lchash uchun ishlatiladi. Talab qilinadigan asosiy jismoniy vazifalar nuqtai nazaridan haydovchi yo'nalishni, tezlashishni va sekinlashishni boshqarishi kerak. Birlashtiruvchi o'rni ikkita bo'shashgan holatga ega (bistable). Ular "impuls", "ushlab turish" yoki "qolish" o'rni deb ham nomlanadi.

  • Markaziy asbob, qurolni nishonga qanday urish kerakligini ko'rsatadigan kalkulyator bo'lgan asosiy vosita. 1900 yillarning boshlarida ishlab chiqarilgan birinchi asosiy vositalar. 1900-yillarning o'rtalariga qadar analog mexanik kalkulyatorlardan iborat edi. Hozirgi kunda ular kompyuterlardan iborat bo'lib, barcha turdagi qurol tizimlarida qo'llaniladi. Zenit mudofaasi havo hujumidan himoya qiluvchi kompyuterlarni (asosiy asbob) va masofadan boshqarishni joriy etishdan oldin, to'plar va boshqa artilleriyani tez va aniq tekislashi kerak. Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida parvoz tezligi oshdi. Bu optik aniqlash, tanib olish va kuzatishga xalaqit berdi, ammo yong'inni boshqarish radarlari havoga qarshi mudofaa o'zlarining olov kuchlarini saqlab qolishi va kengaytirishi mumkin edi. A yong'inni boshqarish tizimi birgalikda ishlaydigan bir qator komponentlar, odatda a qurol ma'lumoti kompyuter, a direktor va radar, yordam berish uchun mo'ljallangan qurol tizimi nishonga urishda. Bu inson kabi bir xil vazifani bajaradi qurolli qurol qurolni otish, ammo buni tezroq va aniqroq qilishga urinish.
Tolnay qurgan Rapportoskop, a Markaziy asbob tomonidan patentlangan zenit to'plari uchun (1937) Arenco 12 mamlakatda (1937-1939), Shvetsiya Qirollik Materiel ma'muriyati, Qirollik armiyasi oddiy ombor departamenti ma'muriyati, 1938. Rapportoskop 1938 yilda foydalanishga topshirildi, ushbu dizayn Arenco markaziy asbobining boshlanishi edi.
  • Yong'in nazorati, zenit mudofaasi havodan mudofaa qilish uchun kompyuterlarni (asosiy asbob) va masofadan boshqarishni joriy etishdan oldin, to'plar va boshqa artilleriyani tez va aniq tekislashi kerak. Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida parvoz tezligi oshdi. Bu optik aniqlash, tanib olish va kuzatishga xalaqit berdi, ammo yong'inni boshqarish radarlari havoga qarshi mudofaa o'zlarining olov kuchlarini saqlab qolishi va kengaytirishi mumkin edi.
Zenit mudofaasi havo hujumidan himoya qiluvchi kompyuterlarni (asosiy asbob) va masofadan boshqarishni joriy etishdan oldin, to'plar va boshqa artilleriyani tez va aniq tekislashi kerak. Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida parvoz tezligi oshdi. Bu optik aniqlash, tanib olish va kuzatishga xalaqit berdi, ammo yong'inni boshqarish radarlari havoga qarshi mudofaa o'zlarining olov kuchlarini saqlab qolishi va kengaytirishi mumkin edi.
1949 yilda Tolnay bunyod etdi Markaziy asbob (Model Tolnai), zenit to'plari uchun markaziy vosita, Shvetsiya Qirollik Materiel ma'muriyati, Qirollik armiyasi ordnance bo'limi ma'muriyati, 1949 yil nashr.

1940-yillarning ixtirochisi va konstruktori

1939-1949 yillarda Tolnayning xodimi bo'lgan AB Gerh. Arehns Mekaniska Verkstad (AB Gerhard Arehn muhandislik ustaxonasi) Alströmeratan 15 va 17 da Kungsholmen keyinchalik Stokgolmda Arenco AB, ixtirochi va konstruktor sifatida u erda Gábor Kornél Tolnay Shvetsiya armiyasining zenitli to'plar uchun yangi markaziy vositasini ("Rapportoskop") qurdi. U zenit to'plari uchun asosiy asbobni ixtiro qildi (Arenco). Arenco AB shved sanoat kompaniyasi bo'lib, boshqa narsalar qatori qadoqlash mashinalarini ishlab chiqaradi. Arenco 1917 yilda Svenska Tändsticks AB (STAB) tarkibiga gugurt mashinalaridan tashqari, qadoqlash va baliqni qayta ishlash mashinalaridan tashqari, turli xil mahsulot turlarini qamrab olgan. Mahsulotlarning sifati har doim eng yuqori o'rinda deb hisoblangan. Diplom muhandisi Ernst fon Segebaden 1912 yildan Arenco AB-da muhandis bo'lgan, keyin u 1949-1955 yillarda Arenco direktori bo'lgan.

O'zining magnitafonlarini qurish va 1950-yillarda "Tolnai Study Master"

Tolnai "LP20", 1950-yillarning o'rtalarida Kornél Tolnai tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va 1960-yillarning oxiriga qadar ishlab chiqarilgan 20 ta trekka ega bo'lgan uzoq o'ynaydigan magnitafon. Stokgolmdagi Shvetsiya milliy fan va texnologiyalar muzeyi, Stokgolmdagi texnik muzey. Shuningdek, bitta magnitofon mavjud Näringslivshistoria uchun markaz Stokgolmda.

Gábor Kornél Tolnai 1950 yilda boshlangan AB G.K. Tolnay o'ziniki ustaxona va laboratoriya yilda Stokgolm. Xonalar u apparatni ishlab chiqarish uchun zarur bo'lgan asbob-uskunalar va jihozlarni etkazib beradigan maydon edi.

1950-1977 yillarda Kornel Tolnay bir nechta xodimlar bilan birgalikda o'z kompaniyasini boshqargan, dastlab Främlingsvägen 47 da Gägersten, so'ngra Hälsingegatan 6 da Vasastan, ikkalasi ham Stokgolmda.

Gannover ko'rgazmasi

O'z-o'zini ish beruvchi sifatida Tolnay muntazam ravishda 1950, 1960 va 1970 yillarda bir nechta sanoat yarmarkalariga tashrif buyurgan Gannover ko'rgazmasi (Nemis: Hannover Messe), o'z uskunalarini namoyish qilish va ularni sotish. 1964 yilda u tashrif buyurdi Butunjahon ko'rgazmasi magnitafonlarini targ'ib qilish uchun Chikagoda.

The Gannover ko'rgazmasi dunyodagi eng yirik sanoat yarmarkasi. U o'tkaziladi Gannover yarmarkasi yilda Gannover Germaniyada. Odatda, taxminan 6000 eksponentlar va 200,000 mehmonlar mavjud. The Gannover Messe Urushdan keyingi Germaniyaning iqtisodiy rivojlanishini kuchaytirish uchun 1947 yilda boshlangan. Dastlab deyarli barchasi Gannoverning ishdan chiqqan Germaniya reyxining sobiq "ko'rgazma poytaxti" - Leypsigni ortda qoldirish ehtimoliga shubha bilan qarashgan. Ammo keyingi yillarda Gannover ko'rgazmasi Germaniyaning iqtisodiy mo''jizasining ramziga aylandi. Yarmarka juda muvaffaqiyatli bo'lib o'tdi va shu sababli har yili takrorlanib, Hannoverdagi yarmarkaning o'sha paytdagi o'rnini egallashidagi muvaffaqiyatiga katta hissa qo'shdi.Sharqiy nemis shahri Leypsig uchun yangi yirik yarmarka shahri sifatida G'arbiy Germaniya.

Orqaga 1948 yilda, birinchi telefon aloqasi savdo yarmarkasi kompaniyasi va Nyu-York o'rtasida tashkil etilgan. Inqilob simsiz telekommunikatsiya 1900 yillarning birinchi o'n yilligida kashshof o'zgarishlar bilan boshlandi radioaloqa.

1950 yilda chet eldan birinchi eksponentlar "Deutsche Industrie-Messe" ("Germaniya sanoat yarmarkasi") deb nomlandi va 1961 yilda "Gannover yarmarkasi" atamasi rasmiy ravishda qabul qilindi. Tez orada bu texnologiya va sanoat o'rtasidagi o'zaro aloqalar uchun taniqli, jahon miqyosidagi voqea bo'ldi.

Magnitafonlarni qurish

Tolnai "LP16", Standart. 16-trekka ega bo'lgan, uzoq vaqt o'ynash uchun lenta yozuvchisi, 35 millimetrli lenta, ijro etish vaqti 16 soat, bu 1950 yillarning o'rtalarida Kornél Tolnai tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va 1960 yillarning oxirigacha ishlab chiqarilgan. Shvetsiya milliy fan va texnologiyalar muzeyi yilda Stokgolm (Shved: Tekniska museet).
Tolnai "LP20", 1950-yillarning o'rtalarida Kornél Tolnai tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va 1960-yillarning oxiriga qadar ishlab chiqarilgan 20 ta trekka ega bo'lgan uzoq o'ynaydigan magnitafon. Shvetsiya milliy fan va texnologiyalar muzeyi yilda Stokgolm (Shved: Tekniska museet).

Gábor Kornél Tolnay o'zining qurilishini boshladi magnitafonlar Tasma texnologiyasi kirib kelgan 1950 yillarning boshlarida. Magnitafon yoki magnitafon - bu an audio xotira odatda foydalanadigan ovozni yozib oladigan va ijro etadigan qurilma magnit lenta. Magnit lenta ovoz yozish sanoatini o'zgartirdi va 1950-yillarning oxiriga kelib savdo yozuvlarning aksariyati lentada o'zlashtirildi.

Kornél Tolnai allaqachon ixtiro qilingan sim pleyerlarni qabul qildi va dizaynni ishlab chiqdi. Ba'zi kompaniyalar eng zo'r sifatli g'altak-lenta magnitafonlari bilan mashhur edilar, ya'ni. Tandberg va Revox. Tandberg ishlab chiqaruvchisi videokonferentsaloqa joylashgan tizimlar Oslo, Norvegiya (mahsulot ishlab chiqarish, sotish va tarqatish) va Nyu-York shahri, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari (sotish va tarqatish). Tandberg Radiofabrikk endi LM Ericssonga tegishli bo'lib, fabrikalarda radiolar, kompyuter uskunalari, lingafon laboratoriyalari, televizor, magnitafon va stereo uskunalar ishlab chiqarilmoqda. Tandberg 50- va 60-asrlarda radio, televidenie va magnitofon sohalarida jahon miqyosidagi obro'sini yaratdi. 1950 va 60-yillarda Tandbergning magnitafoni eng yaxshilar qatoriga kirgan. The magnit lenta 1950-1970 yillarda ishlatilgan, iste'molchilar uchun keng tarqalgan va odatiy bo'lgan 7 dyuymli g'altakning 1⁄4 dyuym kengligidagi audio yozuvlar lentalari. ReVox - bu tovar nomi Shveytsariya tomonidan yaratilgan audio uskunalar Studer 1950-yillarda.

Kornél Tolnai kafe mashinalari deb nomlanuvchi kafelar uchun magnitafon yaratdi. U 40 soatlik kanallarga qadar keng diapazonli magnitafonda patentlarni ishlab chiqdi va oldi. Standard models are called "LP16" with 16 channels on 35 mm tape, duration 16 hours, Special versions "LP24" with 24 channels on 50 mm tape, duration 24 hours and Special versions "LP28" with 28 channels on 35 mm tape, duration 28 hours and Super "LP28" with 16-28 channels with variable channel width, duration 16-28 hours.[9][10]

Kornél Tolnai sought to get the perfect stereofonik tovush (Yunoncha, stereos = "solid" and phōnē ="sound"), commonly called "stereo", on new constructions of tape recorders. Stereo yoki stereofonik tovush is the reproduction of sound using two or more independent audio channels through a nosimmetrik ning konfiguratsiyasi karnaylar in such a way as to create the impression of sound heard from various directions, as in natural hearing. Bu ko'pincha qarama-qarshi monofonik, or "mono" sound, where audio is in the form of one channel, often centered in the sound field (analogous to a ko'rish maydoni ).

Ovoz yozish va ko'paytirish bu elektr yoki mexanik inscription and re-creation of tovush waves, such as spoken ovoz, qo'shiq aytish, cholg‘u musiqasi, or sound effects. The two main classes of sound recording technology are analog yozuv va raqamli yozuv. Analog (or analogue) recording (Yunoncha, ana = "according to" and logos = "relationship") is a technique used to store signals of audio yoki video information for later playback. In digital recording, the analog signal of video or sound is converted into a stream of discrete numbers, representing the changes in chroma and luminance values (video) orair-pressure (audio) through time, thus making an abstract template for the original sound or moving image. In 1967, the first raqamli audio magnetic tape recorder is invented. A 12-bit 30 kHz stereo device using a kompander to extend the dynamic range.

Information Bochures, History of Sound Recording

  • Tolnai "LP 16" Long Playing recorder. Long playing tape recorder, the music collector's dream now realized, a world first in design, apparatus of absolute world class. Very stable, robust features, simple design. 16-28-40 hours of continuous play without changing tapes. Accurate position indicator finds exactly the desired position on the tape. High quality sound with Hi-Fi. Accelerating, incredibly fast rewind. Easy to maneuver. (1954–1959)
  • Tolnai "LP 20" Long Playing recorder, Super-Stereo Multitrack recorder. The recorder had 20-30-40 tracks. Each track plays an hour at the highest possible speed, automatic track change and a continuous play time of 20–40 hours, stereo and independent two-track recording (as in two separate recorders). (1954–1959)
  • Stålex tape recorder, "Stålex bandspelare". A world first. Stålex portable tape recorder intended to satisfy high demands for a long time. It was equipped sith two speeds with a running time of 16 resp. 32 hours of actual play time. Stålex tape was reliable with high precision and comfortable and easy to maneuver. The higher ratte was designed for high-quality music, while the lower speed was perfectly adequate for speech, theater, conferences and simpler music. (1964–1967)
  • Studymaster tape recorder, "Studymaster Centralapparat". For language teaching in schools. The panel worked with a "storage tape", 2" with 28 tracks, the normal duration 40 minutes (maximum 60 minutes) and a tape loop ("forever loope") with 28 tracks. Turnaround 40 seconds, or shorter if necessary. For the 28 tracks of the loop there are 12 pieces recorded with homework, the other 16 pieces are empty and they are intended for the students exercises. (1960–1972)

The early sound recording and reproduction

The ovoz yozish tarixi can cover mechanical, acoustical, electrical, magnetic and digital recording. Methods and media for ovoz yozish are varied and have undergone significant changes between the first time sound was actually qayd qilingan for later playback until now. Engineers at AEG, working with the chemical giant IG Farben a Nemis chemical industry in Frankfurt am Main, created the world's first practical magnetic tape recorder, K1, which was first demonstrated in 1935. The three major firms BASF, Bayer va Hoechst produced several hundred different dyes, along with the five smaller firms Agfa, Kassella and some other companies.

In 1857 the first device that could record sound waves as they passed through the air was invented. Bu edi fonotograf. The phonograph expanded on the principles of the fonotograf. Perfected by Tomas Edison in 1878, the phonograph was a device with a cylinder covered with an impressionable material such as tin foil, lead, or wax on which a stylus etched grooves. Ning paydo bo'lishi elektr yozuvi made it possible to use mikrofonlar to capture the sound of the performance. The leading record labels switched to the electric microphone process in 1925, and most other record companies followed their lead by the end of the decade.

Magnit yozuv was demonstrated in principle as early as 1898 by Valdemar Poulsen uning ichida telegraf. Magnit simli yozuv va uning vorisi, magnit lentani yozib olish, involve the use of a magnetizable medium which moves with a constant speed past a recording head. Muhandislar AEG, working with the chemical giant IG Farben, created the world's first practical magnetic tape sound recorder, the 'K1', which was first demonstrated in 1935. By 1943 AEG had developed stereo tape recorders. Development of magnetic tape recorders in the late 1940s and early 1950s is associated with the Brush Development Company and its licensee, Ampex; the equally important development of magnetic tape media itself was led by Minnesota konchilik va ishlab chiqarish corporation (now known as 3M).

The next major development in magnetic tape was multitrek yozuv, in which the tape is divided into multiple tracks parallel with each other. Analog magnetic tape recording introduces noise, usually called "hiss", caused by the finite size of the magnetic particles in the tape. There is a direct tradeoff between noise and economics. Signal-to-noise ratio is increased at higher speeds and with wider tracks, and decreased at lower speeds and with narrower tracks. By the late 1960s, disk reproducing equipment became so good that audiophiles soon became aware that some of the noise audible on recordings was not sirt shovqini or deficiencies in their equipment, but reproduced tape hiss. Before 1963, when Flibs tanishtirdi Yilni audio kasseta, almost all tape recording had used the g'altakning g'ildiragi (also called "open reel") format. Previous attempts package the tape in a convenient cassette that required no threading met with limited success. The most successful tape was 8 ta patron used primarily in automobiles for playback only.

The reel-to-reel format

Yilda analog audio yozuv a takometr is a device that measures the speed of audio lenta u boshdan o'tayotganda. The reel-to-reel format was used in the very earliest magnetic tape sound recorders, including the pioneering German Magnetofon 1930-yillarning mashinalari. Dastlab, ushbu formatning nomi yo'q edi, chunki magnitning barcha turlari magnitafonlar used it. Ism faqat uni bir necha turdagi lentalardan ajratish zarurati bilan paydo bo'lgan patronlar yoki kassetalar kabi cheksiz pastadir patroni, Fidelipak, developed for radio station commercials and spot announcements in 1954, the to'liq o'lchamdagi kasseta, 1958 yilda RCA tomonidan uyda foydalanish uchun ishlab chiqilgan, shuningdek ixcham kasseta tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Flibs 1962 yilda dastlab diktant uchun. Reel-to-reel tape was also used in early lenta disklari ma'lumotlarni saqlash uchun asosiy ramka kompyuterlar, video magnitafon (VTR) machines, and high quality analog audio recorders, which have been in use from the early 1940s, up until the present.

Ko'p trekka yozuvchi

Tandberg. Makaradan g'altakka audio magnitofon, Tandberg Serie 14.
7" reel of ¼" recording tape, typical of audiophile, consumer and educational use in the 1950s–60s.
Internals of an Ampex tape recorder from 1965. Courtesy of Bill Wray.
Ampex Corporation HQ, the American electronic company, is based in Redvud Siti, Kaliforniya, Qo'shma Shtatlar.

Uy audio essentially, refers to any audio elektronika intended for home use, such as uy stereolari va atrofdagi tovush receivers, which are becoming the most popular piece of home audio equipment.

Kornél Tolnai sought to get the perfect stereofonik tovush (Yunoncha, stereos = "solid" and phōnē ="sound"), commonly called "stereo", on new constructions of tape recorders. Stereo or stereophonic sound is the reproduction of sound using two or more independent audio channels through a nosimmetrik ning konfiguratsiyasi karnaylar in such a way as to create the impression of sound heard from various directions, as in natural hearing. Bu ko'pincha qarama-qarshi monofonik, or "mono" sound, where audio is in the form of one channel, often centered in the sound field (analogous to a ko'rish maydoni ).

Magnetic tape and Reel-to-Reel Tape Recording

Reel of magnetic tape as used in the mid-1960s. The picture shows 7-inch reel of 1⁄4-inch-wide (6.4 mm) recording tape, typical of non-professional use in the 1950s–1970s. Studios generally used 10 1⁄2 inch reels on PET film backings.
A typical home "portable" reel-to-reel tape recorder, this one made by Sonora. U stereo chorak trek lentalarini ijro etishi mumkin, ammo faqat bitta chorak trekda mono yozuvlarni yozishi mumkin. Yo'qotilgan xususiyatlarga ega bo'lgan uy jihozlari 1950 va 1960 yillarda juda keng tarqalgan edi.[iqtibos kerak ]

For the magnetic tape sound recording Kornél Tolnai used magnit lenta uchun vosita sifatida magnit yozuv, made of a thin magnetizable coating on a long, narrow strip of plastik. Most audio, video and computer data storage is this type. It was developed in Germany, based on magnetic wire recording. Devices that record and play back audio and video using magnetic tape are magnitafonlar va keyinroq video magnitafonlar. A device that stores computer data on magnetic tape is a lenta drayveri (tape unit, streamer).

Magnetic tape revolutionized broadcast and recording. Magnetic tape was invented for recording sound by Fritz Pflyumer in 1928 in Germany, based on the invention of magnetic wire recording by Valdemar Poulsen in 1898. Pfleumer's invention used an iron oxide (Fe2O3) powder coating on a long strip of paper. This invention was further developed by the German electronics company AEG, which manufactured the recording machines and BASF, which manufactured the tape. In 1933, working for AEG, Eduard Shuller developed the ring shaped tape head. Eduard Schüller, was a German engineer and he had a decisive role in the development of the rape recorder and the videorecorders. Previous head designs were needle shaped and tended to shred the tape.

An important discovery made in this period was the technique of AC biasing which improved the fidelity of the recorded audio signal by increasing the effective linearity of the recording medium. Ampex korporatsiyasi, Amerika electronics company's first tape recorder, the Ampex Model 200A, was first shipped in April 1948. During the early 1950s Ampex began marketing one- and two-track machines using ¼" tape. The line soon expanded into three- and four-track models using ½" tape. In the early 1950s Ampex moved to 934 Charter St. Redwood City, California. Ampex sotib olindi Orradio Industries 1959 yilda bosh qarorgohi Ampex Magnetic lenta bo'limiga aylandi Opelika, Alabama. Bu Ampexni ham yozuvchisi, ham lenta ishlab chiqaruvchisiga aylantirdi. O'sha o'n yillikning oxiriga kelib Ampex mahsulotlariga talab katta edi ovoz yozish studiyasi butun dunyo bo'ylab. Ampex built a handful of multitrack machines during the late 1950s that could record as many as eight tracks on 1 inch tape. In 1966 Ampex built their first 16-track recorder, the model AG-1000, at the request of Mirasound Studios in New York City. In 1967 Ampex introduced a 16-track version of the MM 1000 which was the world's first 16-track professional tape recorder put into mass-production. Kornél Tolnai often ordered his tapes from the American electronics company Ampex korporatsiyasi 1950 va 1960 yillarda.

Kornél Tolnai often visited a factory in Lyudvigshafen am Rhein (Reynland-Pfalz in Germany) for his business with the company. There he had contacts with BASF, the largest chemical company in the world. BASF SE is a German chemical company, founded in 1865, and SE stands for Societas Europea. The company is a pioneer in the chemical industry and has operations worldwide. 1925–1952 it was part of IG Farben. BASF originally stood for Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik (Baden Aniline and Soda Factory). Today, the four letters are a registered savdo belgisi va kompaniya ro'yxatiga kiritilgan Frankfurt fond birjasi, London fond birjasi va Zurich Stock Exchange. The BASF Group's headquarters are located in Ludwigshafen

Hi-Fi

For his tape recorders the specified recording times were at the highest Hi-Fi lenta tezligi. Yuqori sadoqat – or hi-fi – reproduction is a term used by home stereo listeners and uy audio enthusiasts (audiofayllar ) to refer to high-quality reproduction of sound or tasvirlar that are very faithful to the original performance.

In the 1950s, the terms "yuqori sadoqat "yoki"salom " were popularized for equipment and recordings which exhibited more accurate tovushni ko'paytirish. Tolnai's tape had three engines and 35 or 50 mm wide strip. Belt speed was usually 5”, but there were also other speeds. Optional accessories could be the cluster head for reproducing multiple channels simultaneously, or for the registration of multiple processes simultaneously.

Voice recording in the home and schools

Inexpensive reel-to-reel tape recorders were widely used for voice recording in the home and in schools before the Flibs ixcham kasseta, 1963 yilda taqdim etilgan bo'lib, asta-sekin o'zlashtirdi. Kassetalar oxir-oqibat iste'molchilar uchun foydalanish uchun makaradan g'altakka yozib qo'ydi.

The g'altak-g'altak audio magnitafon and the cafe machine was a kind of jukebox (disc changer), and for music reproduction at home and at school as well as for teaching purposes, a so-called "Study Master" or tape recorder called Tolnai Study Master for language teaching in schools. Here he collaborated with AB Stålex during the years 1964–1967. The new language of the machine represented a major development of the technical tools for the teaching of language laboratories. "Study Master" was welcomed as a major step in the right direction by language scholars. The g'altak-g'altak audio magnitafon were sold in Sweden, Finlyandiya, Hungary and the United States. He constantly worked with improvements in sound recording and reproduction (audio technology).

Patentlar

Patents in various countries

Some inventions which Gábor Kornél Tolnai received patents for in various countries were:

  • Centralograph, for production monitoring and registration of the running of the spinning machines in workshops and offices,
a) manufactured in his own workshop, called "Dipl.ing. GK Tolnai Okl. Gépészmérnök" (M. Sc. G K Tolnai Master of Science Mechanical), in Mester útca 13, Budapest IX (1928–1931),
b) manufactured of L.M. Ericsson in Stockholm (with employment for G. K. Tolnai),
Anordning för kontinuerlig uppteckning av rotationshastighet eller arbetsprestation hos maskiner, Patent SE83509, Telefonaktiebolaget L. M. Ericsson, Stockholm, Inventor: G. K. Tolnai och P. Hermann. Sweden, Kungl. Patent- och registreringsverket. Patent SE83509. Patent time from July 9, 1931. Published May 28, 1935. 4 pages (incl. drawing).
Registreringsapparat, Registreringsapparat, Telefonaktiebolaget L. M. Ericsson, Stockholm, Inventor: G. K. Tolnai. Sweden, Kungliga Patent- och registreringsverket. Patent nr SE82180. Patented from July 10, 1931. Published December 11, 1934. 3 pages (incl. drawing).
c) constructed with patent royalti for G. K. Tolnai and ordered by Director and Insurance Manager Torsten Hammarstrand, Göta Veritas Insurance, Kungsgatan, Stockholm (1934–1949). Ism "Bureau Veritas " was included in both the French dictionary Larousse and Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary.
  • Teletachograph, a tachograph, a device for registration and improvement of the running of spinning machines, "for remote control of machinery", which combines the functions of a clock and a speedometer (1931–1933).
Registreringsapparat. Inventor: G.K. Tolnai. Swedish Patent, Kungl. Patent- och registreringsverket. Telefonaktiebolaget L.M. Ericsson, Stockholm. Patent SE82180. Allowed from July 10, 1931. Published December 11, 1934.
  • Regulyator, a device to measure and regulate the speed to keep constant speed of the spinning machines regardless of load pressure (1931–1933).
  • Anordning för återgivande på avstånd av fria kroppars rörelse, Patent SE90397, G. K. Tolnai, Stockholm. Shvetsiya. Kungl. Patent- och registreringsverket. Patent SE90397. Prioritet craving from April 16, 1935 (Germany). Allowed July 29, 1937. Patent time from June 29, 1935. Published September 28, 1937. Class 74: c: 12-01. 8 pages (incl. 3 pages drawings).
  • Rapportoskop, Central Instrument for anti-aircraft cannons (1937), was patented by Arenco in 12 countries (1937–1939), (Royal Army Ordnance Depot Department Administration, 1938). Rapportoskop was commissioned in 1938, this design was the beginning of the Central Instrument of Arenco.
  • Yuqish, drive device (Gerhard Arehn Engineering Workshop) (1942)
Variabel utväxlingsanordning, Patent SE108544, Aktiebolaget Gerh. Arehns Mekaniska Verkstad, Stockholm. Uppfinnare: G. K. Tolnai, Stockholm. Shvetsiya. Kungl. Patent- och registreringsverket. Patent SE108544. Allowed July 22, 1943. Patent time from September 10, 1941. Published November 23, 1943. Class 47: h: 14. 3 pages (incl. drawing).
Variabel utväxlingsanordning, Patent SE103900, Aktiebolaget Gerh. Arehns Mekaniska Verkstad, Stockholm. Inventor: G. K. Tolnai, Stockholm. Shvetsiya. Kungl. Patent- och registreringsverket. Patent SE103900. Allowed December 30, 1941. Patent time from February 21, 1940. Published March 3, 1942. Class 47: h: 14. 3 pages (incl. drawing).

Patents in the United States

Some of the inventions Gábor Kornél Tolnai received patent in the U.S. were:

Patent Licensing & enforcement US and European patent litigations[11]

1. 1963–1967. An arrangement in sound reproducing appliances having tapelike sound recording carriers, particularly for teaching purposes.

Gabor Kornel Tolnai Jun, 7 1967: GB1070864.
1,070,864. Recording and playback. G. K. TOLNAI. Aug. 4, 1964 [Dec. 10, 1963], No. 30720/64. Heading G5R. Recording and play-back apparatus for teaching purposes including an endless tape 12 associated with a number of heads 16 arranged in a line transverse to the tape is characterized in that a...

2. 1939–1941. Improvements in driving mechanism for rotary members.

Gabor Kornel Tolnai Sep, 3 1941: GB539278.
539,278. Variable-speed friction gearing. TOLNAI, G. K., and AKTIEBOLAGET G. AREHNS MEKANISKA VERKSTAD. March 1, 1940, No. 3901. Convention date, March 1, 1939. [Class 80 (ii)] In means for controlling the speed of a rotating member by means of step-by-step rotary movements, the rotation of a...

3. 1939–1941. Improvements in devices for electric remote control.

Gabor Kornel Tolnai Sep, 2 1941: GB539242.
539,242. Electric synchronous movements. TOLNAI, G. K., and AKTIEBOLAGET G. AREHNS MEKANISKA VERKSTAD. March 1, 1940, No. 3900. Convention date, March 1, 1939. [Class 40 (iii)] [Also in Group XXXVIII] In an arrangement for conveying angular or rotary movement from one shaft to another, each shaft...

4. 1935–1936. Improvements in or relating to apparatus for reproducing or repeating the movement of a moving object.

Gabor Kornel Tolnai Dec, 1 1936: GB457601.
457,601. Electric signalling systems. TOLNAI, G. K., 14, De Geersgatan, Stockholm. June 29, 1936, Nos. 18036 and 26289. Convention dates, June 29, 1935 and June 15, 1936. [Class 40 (i)] [See also Groups XIX and XX] In a system for optically reproducing sporting events such as races, pointing...

5. 1931–1932. Improvements in apparatus for recording the performance of machines.

Gabor Kornel Tolnai Dec, 15 1932: GB384697.
384,697. Recording- apparatus. TOLNAI, G. K., 13, Mester U, Budapest. July 31, 1931, No. 21870. [Class 106 (iv).] Recording particular operations.-An apparatus for recording the performances of a number of working machines on a common record-strip driven uniformly comprises a printing hammer 1,...

6. 1931–1932. Improvements in and relating to apparatus for recording the speed of working of machine or other revolving shafts.

Gabor Kornel Tolnai Oct, 31 1932: GB382664.
382,664. Recording-apparatus. TOLNAI, G. K., 13, Mester Utca, and HERMANN, Paul, 45, Buda rsi Ut., both in Budapest. July 31, 1931, No. 21869. [Class 106 (iv).] An apparatus for recording the speed or working of a machine comprises a recording member periodically restored to and started anew from a...

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ Aniq muhandislik ning subdiplinasi hisoblanadi elektrotexnika, dasturiy ta'minot, elektron muhandislik, Mashinasozlik va optik muhandislik juda past bo'lgan mashinalar, moslamalar va boshqa inshootlarni loyihalash bilan bog'liq bag'rikenglik, takrorlanadigan va vaqt o'tishi bilan barqaror. Ushbu yondashuvlarda dastur mavjud dastgoh asboblari, MEMS, NEMS, optoelektronika dizayn va boshqa ko'plab sohalar.
  2. ^ An muhandis darajasi rivojlangan ilmiy daraja yilda muhandislik that is conferred in Evropa, ba'zi mamlakatlar lotin Amerikasi, and a few institutions in the United States. In Europe, the engineer degree is ranked at the same academic level as a Magistrlik darajasi, and is often known literally as an "engineer diploma" (abbreviated Dipl.-Ing. yoki DI). Ba'zi mamlakatlarda lotin Amerikasi and the United States, the engineer's degree can be studied after the completion of a master's degree and is usually considered higher than the master's degree but below the doktorlik in engineering (abbreviated Doktor Ing. ) Evropada. In other countries of Latin America, there is no proper engineer's degree, but the title of Muhandis is used for bachelor's graduates in the context of an bakalavriat daraja.
  3. ^ Rasm Ona va bola tomonidan Devid Uollin da namoyish etildi Tasviriy san'at muzeyi in Budapest in 1926. Later on the museum bought this artwork, and it is now in the collections of the Museum of Fine Arts in Budapest in Hungary.
  4. ^ Spinning textiles is a major industry. It is part of the textile manufacturing process where three types of tolalar ga aylantiriladi ip, keyin matolar, which undergo finishing processes such as bleaching to become to'qimachilik. The textiles are then fabricated into kiyim-kechak or other products. Ip tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan yigirish raw fibres of jun, zig'ir, paxta, or other material to produce long strands. Textiles are formed by to'quvchilik, to'qish, to'qish, tugunlash yoki tolalarni bir-biriga bosish (his qildim ).
  5. ^ US patent 942699, Leo H. Baekeland, "Method of making insoluble products of phenol and formaldehyde", issued 1909-12-07 
  6. ^ Budapeshtdagi tumanlar ro'yxati
  7. ^ Ericsson Austria emerged from the telecommunications company Deckert & Homolka, founded in Vienna in 1872 and produced in Kindberg in Styria (Steiermark). 1908 yilda qachon Deckert & Homolka entered into a partnership with Ericsson, the company already employed about 1,000 employees. From this collaboration, the company Ericsson Austria AG electricity went out in 1911.
  8. ^ A vakolatxona tomonidan tashkil etilgan idora kompaniya o'tkazish marketing va boshqa tranzaktsion bo'lmagan operatsiyalar, odatda a filial yoki sho''ba korxonasi kafolat berilmaydi. Vakolatxonalarni, odatda, filial yoki sho''ba korxonaga qaraganda osonroq tashkil etishadi, chunki ular haqiqiy "biznes" (masalan, savdo) uchun ishlatilmaydi va shuning uchun ularni tartibga solish uchun kamroq rag'bat mavjud.
  9. ^ Tekniska museet, Digitalt museum, Objekt TEKS0007600. Tolnai bandspelare.
  10. ^ Tolnai LP16 Tape Recorder. TEKS0007600. Kringla.nu
  11. ^ "Patentmaps.com, Assignee Gábor Kornél Tolnai". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015-09-24. Olingan 2013-04-04.

Vakil

Gábor Kornél Tolnai is buried together with his wife, the artist Byanka Uollin ichida Family Grave of David Wallin da Norra begravningsplatsen Stokholm tashqarisidagi Solna shahrida.
Diplom muhandisi Gábor Kornél Tolnai arxivi va 1924-1982 yillar orasidagi asl hujjatlar bilan yozuvlar Biznes tarixi markazida saqlanadi. "Kornél Tolnai va u qoldirgan qog'ozlar" bu erda, shuningdek uning ixtirolaridan biri, magnitofon, LP16-28. Biznes tarixi markazi shved kompaniyasi tarixini saqlaydi va taqdim etadi va bu erda siz arxiv tadqiqotlari bilan shug'ullanishingiz mumkin.

Tashqi havolalar