Tomas Edison - Thomas Edison

"Edison" bu erga yo'naltiradi. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Edison (ajralish).

Tomas Edison
Tomas Edison2.jpg
Edison, v. 1922
Tug'ilgan
Tomas Alva Edison

(1847-02-11)1847 yil 11-fevral
Milan, Ogayo, BIZ.
O'ldi1931 yil 18 oktyabr(1931-10-18) (84 yosh)
West Orange, Nyu-Jersi, BIZ.
Dafn etilgan joyTomas Edison milliy tarixiy bog'i
MillatiAmerika
Ta'limO'z-o'zini tarbiyalash
KasbIxtirochi, tadbirkor
Faol yillar1877–1930
Turmush o'rtoqlar
  • Meri Stilvel
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1871; d. 1884)​
  • Mina Miller
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1886)​
Bolalar
6, shu jumladan
QarindoshlarLyuis Miller (qaynota)
Imzo
Tomas Alva Edison Signature.svg

Tomas Alva Edison (1847 yil 11 fevral - 1931 yil 18 oktyabr) Amerikalik ixtirochi va ishbilarmon bo'lib, u Amerikaning eng buyuk ixtirochisi deb ta'riflangan.[1][2][3] Kabi sohalarda ko'plab qurilmalarni ishlab chiqdi elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarish, ommaviy aloqa, ovoz yozish va kinofilmlar.[4] O'z ichiga olgan ushbu ixtirolar fonograf, kinofilm kamerasi va elektrning dastlabki versiyalari lampochka, zamonaviyga keng ta'sir ko'rsatdi sanoatlashgan dunyo.[5] U ixtiro jarayoniga uyushgan fan va jamoaviy ish prinsiplarini tatbiq etgan birinchi ixtirochilardan biri bo'lib, ko'plab tadqiqotchilar va xodimlar bilan ish olib bordi. U birinchi sanoatni tashkil etdi tadqiqot laboratoriyasi.[6]

Edison Amerikada tarbiyalangan O'rta g'arbiy; kariyerasining boshida u a telegraf operatori, bu uning dastlabki ixtirolarini ilhomlantirgan.[4] 1876 ​​yilda u o'zining birinchi laboratoriya zavodini tashkil etdi Menlo Park, Nyu-Jersi, bu erda uning ko'plab ixtirolari ishlab chiqilgan. Keyinchalik u a botanika laboratoriya Fort Myers, Florida ishbilarmonlar bilan hamkorlikda Genri Ford va Harvey S. Firestone va laboratoriya West Orange, Nyu-Jersi dunyodagi birinchi xususiyatga ega kinostudiya, Qora Mariya. U edi serhosil ixtirochi, 1093 ushlab turish Uning nomidagi AQSh patentlari, shuningdek, boshqa mamlakatlarning patentlari. Edison ikki marotaba turmushga chiqdi va olti farzandni otaladi. 1931 yilda asoratlari vafot etdi diabet.

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Bolaligida Edison

Tomas Edison 1847 yilda tug'ilgan Milan, Ogayo, lekin o'sgan Port Huron, Michigan oila 1854 yilda u erga ko'chib ketganidan keyin.[7] U kichik Semyuel Ogden Edisonning ettinchi va so'nggi bolasi edi (1804–1896, tug'ilgan) Marshalltown, Yangi Shotlandiya ) va Nensi Metyus Elliott (1810–1871, tug'ilgan) Chenango okrugi, Nyu-York ).[8][9] Uning nasabparast oilaviy guruhi edi Golland Nyu-Jersi yo'li bilan;[10] familiya dastlab "Edeson" bo'lgan.[11]

Ilgari maktab o'qituvchisi bo'lgan onasi Edisonni o'qish, yozish va hisoblashni o'rgatgan. U maktabda atigi bir necha oy o'qigan. Biroq, biograflardan biri uni juda ko'p narsalarni o'z-o'zidan o'qish orqali o'rganadigan juda qiziquvchan bola deb ta'riflagan.[12] Bolaligida u texnologiyalarga qiziqib qoldi va uyda tajribalar ustida soatlab ishladi.[13]

Edison 12 yoshida eshitish bilan bog'liq muammolarni rivojlantirdi. Uning karlik sababi uning janjal bilan bog'liq qizil olov bolalik davrida va takrorlanmagan o'rta quloq infektsiyalari. Keyinchalik u karlik sababi haqida uydirma hikoyalar uydirdi.[14] Bir qulog'ida umuman kar bo'lgan, ikkinchisida esa deyarli eshitmaydigan Edison, musiqa pleyerini yoki fortepianoni tinglaganida, uning tovushlarini bosh suyagiga singdirish uchun yog'ochga tishlarini tiqib qo'ygan.[15] Yoshi ulg'aygan sayin, Edison eshitish qobiliyatini yo'qotishi unga chalg'itmaslik va o'z ishiga osonroq e'tibor berishga imkon berganiga ishongan. Zamonaviy tarixchilar va tibbiyot mutaxassislari u bo'lishi mumkin deb taxmin qilishmoqda DEHB.[16]

1875 yilda, 28 yoshida, u to'rt yillik kimyo kursiga o'qishga kirdi Ilm-fan va san'atni rivojlantirish bo'yicha Kuper Ittifoqi.[17]

Erta martaba

Tomas Edison kariyerasini Port Hurondan Detroytgacha ketayotgan poezdlarda konfet, gazeta va sabzavotlar sotish bilan boshladi. U 13 yoshida haftasiga 50 dollar foyda ko'rdi, aksariyati elektr va kimyoviy tajribalar uchun uskunalar sotib olishga sarflandi.[18] U uch yoshli Jimmi MakKenzini qochib ketgan poezd urilishidan xalos qilganidan keyin u telegraf operatoriga aylandi. Jimmining otasi, stantsiya agenti J. U. Makkenzi Klemens tog'i, Michigan, u Edisonni telegraf operatori sifatida o'rgatganidan juda minnatdor edi. Port Hurondan Edisonning birinchi telegrafiya ishi Ontario shtatidagi Stratford Junctionda bo'lgan Katta magistral temir yo'l.[19] U yaqin to'qnashuv uchun javobgar edi. Shuningdek, u ishdan ketguncha sifatli tahlilni o'rgangan va poezdda kimyoviy tajribalar o'tkazgan.[20][21]

Edison yo'lda gazeta sotish bo'yicha eksklyuziv huquqni qo'lga kiritdi va to'rtta yordamchisi yordamida turini o'rnatdi va nashr etdi Grand Trunk Herald, u boshqa qog'ozlari bilan sotgan.[21] Bu Edisonning ishbilarmonlik qobiliyatini kashf etishi bilan uzoq muddatli tadbirkorlik seriyasini boshladi. Ushbu iste'dodlar oxir-oqibat uni 14 kompaniyani, shu jumladan, asos solishga undadi General Electric, hali ham eng kattalaridan biri ommaviy savdo qiladigan kompaniyalar dunyoda.[22][23]

1866 yilda, 19 yoshida, Edison ko'chib o'tdi Louisville, Kentukki, qaerda, xodim sifatida Western Union, u ishlagan Associated Press byuro yangiliklar tel. Edison tungi smenani so'radi, bu unga o'zining sevimli ikki mashg'ulotida - o'qish va eksperimentlarda ko'p vaqt sarflashga imkon berdi. Oxir-oqibat, oldingi ishg'ol uning ishiga zarar etkazdi. 1867 yil bir oqshom u qo'rg'oshin kislotali akkumulyator u to'kilganida sulfat kislota polga. Bu pol taxtalari orasidan va uning xo'jayinining ish stoli ostidan pastga tushdi. Ertasi kuni ertalab Edison ishdan bo'shatildi.[24]

Uning birinchi patenti elektr ovoz yozuvchisi uchun edi, AQSh Patenti 90,646 1869 yil 1 iyunda berilgan.[25] Mashinaga ozgina talab topgan Edison ko'p o'tmay Nyu-Yorkka ko'chib o'tdi. Dastlabki yillarda uning ustozlaridan biri hamkasb va ixtirochi ismli o'rtoq edi Franklin Leonard Papa, kim kambag'al yoshga o'z podvalida yashash va ishlashga ruxsat bergan Elizabeth, Nyu-Jersi, uy, Edison ishlagan paytda Shomuil qonunlari Oltin ko'rsatkichlar kompaniyasida. Papa va Edison 1869 yil oktyabrda elektrotexnika muhandislari va ixtirochilari sifatida ishlaydigan o'z kompaniyalariga asos solishdi. Edison 1874 yilda bir vaqtning o'zida ikkita xabar yuborishi mumkin bo'lgan multipleks telegraf tizimini ishlab chiqara boshladi.[26]

Menlo Park laboratoriyasi (1876-1886)

Tadqiqot va ishlab chiqarish ob'ekti

Edisonning Menlo Park laboratoriyasi, Greenfield Village-da rekonstruksiya qilingan Genri Ford muzeyi Michigan shtatidagi Dyorborn shahrida.

Edisonning asosiy yangiligi 1876 yilda sanoat tadqiqot laboratoriyasining tashkil etilishi edi Menlo Park, Raritan shaharchasining bir qismi (hozirda shunday nomlangan Edison shaharchasi uning sharafiga) in Midlseks okrugi (Nyu-Jersi), Edison's sotuvidan tushgan mablag 'bilan to'rtburchak telegraf. Telegrafni namoyish qilgandan so'ng, Edison uni 4000 dan 5000 dollargacha sotish bo'yicha dastlabki rejasi to'g'ri ekanligiga amin emas edi, shuning uchun u Western Uniondan taklif berishni iltimos qildi. U ularning 10 ming dollar (bugungi dollar bilan 226 ming dollar) taklif qilishlarini eshitib ajablandi[27]), uni minnatdorchilik bilan qabul qildi.[28] Quadruplex telegraf Edisonning birinchi yirik moliyaviy yutug'i edi va Menlo Park doimiy texnologik yangiliklarni ishlab chiqarish va takomillashtirishni maqsad qilgan birinchi muassasa bo'ldi. Edison qonuniy ravishda u erda ishlab chiqarilgan ixtirolarning aksariyati bilan bog'liq edi, ammo ko'plab xodimlar uning rahbarligi ostida tadqiqot va rivojlantirish ishlarini olib borishdi. Uning xodimlariga, odatda, tadqiqotlarni olib borishda ko'rsatmalarini bajarish kerakligi aytilgan va u ularni natijalarga erishish uchun qattiq haydagan.

Uilyam Jozef Xammer, maslahatchi elektr muhandisi, Edisonda ish boshladi va 1879 yil dekabrda laborant vazifasini boshladi. U telefonda, fonografda, elektr temir yo'lida tajribalarda yordam berdi, temir rudasini ajratuvchi, elektr yoritish va boshqa rivojlanayotgan ixtirolar. Biroq, Hammer birinchi navbatda akkor elektr lampada ishlagan va ushbu qurilmadagi sinovlar va yozuvlar uchun mas'ul bo'lgan (qarang Hammer tarixiy akkor elektr lampalar to'plami ). 1880 yilda u Edison Lamp Works kompaniyasining bosh muhandisi etib tayinlandi. Birinchi yilida zavod bosh menejer ostida ishlaydi Frensis Robbins Apton 50 ming lampa chiqdi. Edisonning so'zlariga ko'ra, Hammer "akkor elektr yoritgichlarining kashshofi" bo'lgan.[29] Frank J. Sprague, malakali matematik va sobiq dengiz zobiti, tomonidan yollangan Edvard X.Jonson va 1883 yilda Edison tashkilotiga qo'shildi. Sploganing Menlo bog'idagi Edison laboratoriyasiga qo'shgan hissalaridan biri Edisonning matematik usullarini kengaytirish edi. Edisonning matematikadan foydalanmaganligi haqidagi umumiy fikrga qaramay, daftarlarini tahlil qilish uning yordamchilari, masalan, Frensis Robbins Upton tomonidan o'tkazilgan matematik tahlilning zukko foydalanuvchisi ekanligi aniqlandi, masalan, uning elektr yoritish tizimining muhim parametrlarini, shu jumladan chiroq qarshiligini ning tahlili bilan Ohm qonuni, Joule qonuni va iqtisodiyot.[30]

Edisonning deyarli barcha patentlari kommunal xizmatlarning patentlari bo'lib, ular 17 yil davomida himoya qilingan va elektr, mexanik yoki kimyoviy xarakterdagi ixtirolar yoki jarayonlarni o'z ichiga olgan. Taxminan o'nlab edi dizayn patentlari, bu bezak dizaynini 14 yilgacha himoya qiladi. Ko'pgina patentlarda bo'lgani kabi, u ta'riflagan ixtirolar yaxshilandi oldingi san'at. Fonograf patenti, aksincha, tovushlarni yozib olish va ko'paytirish uchun birinchi qurilmani tavsiflashda misli ko'rilmagan edi.[31]

O'n yildan ko'proq vaqt ichida Edisonning Menlo Park laboratoriyasi kengayib, ikkita shahar blokini egallab oldi. Edison laboratoriyada "deyarli barcha taxmin qilinadigan materiallar zaxirasi" bo'lishini istashini aytdi.[32] 1887 yilda nashr etilgan gazetadagi maqola uning da'vosining jiddiyligini ochib beradi, laboratoriyada "sakkiz ming turdagi kimyoviy moddalar, har qanday vint, har qanday igna o'lchamlari, har qanday shnur yoki sim, odamlarning sochlari, otlar, cho'chqalar, sigirlar, quyonlar, echkilar, mayinlar, tuyalar ... har qanday to'qimalarda ipak, pilla, turli xil tuyoqlar, akula tishlari, kiyik shoxlari, toshbaqa qobig'i ... qo'ziqorin, qatron, lak va moy, tuyaqush patlari, tovus quyrug'i, reaktiv, kehribar, kauchuk, barcha rudalar ... "va ro'yxat davom etmoqda.[33]

Edison ish stoli ustida plakat turardi Ser Joshua Reynolds "mashhur tirnoq:" Inson fikrlashning haqiqiy mehnatidan qochish uchun murojaat qilmasligi maqsadga muvofiq emas ".[34] Ushbu shior obro'li ravishda boshqa bir nechta joylarda e'lon qilindi.

Menlo Parkda Edison bilimlarni yaratish va keyinchalik ularning qo'llanilishini boshqarish bilan bog'liq birinchi sanoat laboratoriyasini yaratdi.[35] Edisonning nomi 1093 ta patentda ro'yxatdan o'tgan.[36]

Fonograf

Edisonning fonografi bilan fotosurati (2-model), olingan Metyu Brady 1878 yil aprelda Vashington shahridagi DC studiyasi.

Edison o'z faoliyatini kashfiyotchi sifatida boshladi Nyuark, Nyu-Jersi, avtomatik takrorlash moslamasi va boshqa takomillashtirilgan telegraf qurilmalari bilan, lekin ixtiro birinchi bo'lib unga kengroq e'tibor qaratdi fonograf 1877 yilda.[37] Ushbu muvaffaqiyat jamoatchilik tomonidan juda kutilmagan bo'lib, deyarli sehrli bo'lib tuyuldi. Edison Nyu-Jersi shtatidagi "Menlo Parkning sehrgari" nomi bilan mashhur bo'ldi.[5]

Uning birinchi fonografi yozilgan taglik yivli silindr atrofida. Uning cheklanganligiga qaramay ovoz sifati va yozuvlar faqat bir necha marta ijro etilishi mumkin bo'lganligi sababli, fonograf Edisonni taniqli shaxsga aylantirdi. Jozef Genri, Milliy Fanlar Akademiyasining prezidenti va AQShdagi taniqli elektrotexnika olimlaridan biri Edisonni "bu mamlakatda ... yoki boshqa biron bir joyda eng zukko ixtirochi" deb ta'riflagan.[38] 1878 yil aprelda Edison Vashingtonga borib, fonografni Milliy Fanlar akademiyasi, kongressmenlar, senatorlar va AQSh prezidenti Xeys oldida namoyish qildi.[39] The Vashington Post Edisonni "daho "va uning" tarixda yashaydigan sahna ... "sifatida taqdimoti.[40] Garchi Edison 1878 yilda fonograf uchun patent olgan bo'lsa ham,[41] u qadar rivojlantirish uchun ozgina harakat qildi Aleksandr Grem Bell, Chichester Bell va Charlz Teynter mum bilan qoplangan karton tsilindrlardan foydalangan 1880-yillarda fonografga o'xshash moslama ishlab chiqargan.

Uglerodli telefon uzatuvchisi

1876 ​​yilda Edison takomillashtirish bo'yicha ish boshladi mikrofon telefonlar uchun (o'sha paytda "uzatuvchi" deb nomlangan) uglerod mikrofoni, bu tovush to'lqinlarining bosimi bilan qarshilikni o'zgartiradigan uglerod granulalari bilan ajratilgan ikkita metall plitalardan iborat. Plitalar orasidan granulalar orqali doimiy to'g'ridan-to'g'ri oqim o'tkaziladi va o'zgaruvchan qarshilik oqimning modulyatsiyasini keltirib chiqaradi va tovush to'lqinining o'zgaruvchan bosimini qayta ishlab chiqaradigan o'zgaruvchan elektr tokini hosil qiladi.

Shu paytgacha mikrofonlar, masalan, ishlab chiqilganlar Yoxann Filipp Reys va Aleksandr Grem Bell, zaif oqim hosil qilish orqali ishlagan. The uglerod mikrofoni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri tokni modulyatsiya qilish orqali ishlaydi va keyinchalik transformator yordamida signalni telefon liniyasiga uzatadi. Edison telefon orqali ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan mikrofonni yaratish orqali ishlaydigan elektr tokini modulyatsiya qilish orqali uni ishlab chiqarish bilan shug'ullanadigan ko'plab ixtirochilarning biri edi.[42] Uning ishi bilan bir vaqtda edi Emil Berliner gevşek kontaktli uglerod transmitteri (keyinchalik Edisonga qarshi uglerod transmitterlari ixtirosi bo'yicha patent ishini yo'qotgan[43]) va Devid Edvard Xyuz bo'shashgan kontaktli uglerodli transmitterlar fizikasi bo'yicha tadqiqotlar va nashr etilgan maqolalar (Xyuz patent berishga qiynalmagan ish).[42][44]

Edison 1877 yilda yaxshilangan telefonni yaratish uchun uglerod mikrofoni kontseptsiyasidan foydalangan Western Union.[43] 1886 yilda Edison takomillashtirish yo'lini topdi Qo'ng'iroq telefoni mikrofon, bo'shashgan tuproqli ugleroddan foydalangan, agar u uglerod bo'lsa, u ancha yaxshi ishlaganligini aniqladi qovurilgan. Ushbu turdagi 1890 yilda foydalanishga topshirilgan[43] va 1980-yillarga qadar Bell qabul qiluvchisi bilan birga barcha telefonlarda ishlatilgan.

Elektr chiroq

Asosiy maqola: Akkor lampochka
Tomas Edisonning birinchi muvaffaqiyatli lampochka modeli, 1879 yil dekabr, Menlo Parkdagi ommaviy namoyishlarda ishlatilgan

1878 yilda Edison gaz va neftga asoslangan yoritish bilan raqobatlashishi mumkin bo'lgan elektr yoritish tizimida ish boshladi.[45] U uzoq vaqt davomida ishlaydigan akkor chiroqni yaratish muammosini hal qilishni boshladi, bu ichki sharoitda foydalanish uchun kerak bo'ladi. Biroq, Tomas Edison lampochkani ixtiro qilmagan.[46] 1840 yilda ingliz olimi Uorren de la Rue o'ralgan platina filamanidan foydalangan holda samarali lampochkani ishlab chiqardi, ammo platinaning yuqori narxi lampochkani tijorat muvaffaqiyatiga aylantirdi.[47] Ko'pgina boshqa ixtirochilar, shu jumladan, akkor lampalar ishlab chiqdilar Alessandro Volta 1800 yilda porlab turgan simning namoyishi va tomonidan ixtirolar Genri Vudvord va Metyu Evans. Erta va tijorat maqsadlarida amaliy bo'lmagan akkor elektr lampalarni ishlab chiqargan boshqalar Xempri Devi, Jeyms Bowman Lindsay, Musa G. Fermer,[48] Uilyam E. Soyer, Jozef Svan va Geynrix Göbel.

Ushbu dastlabki lampochkalarda juda qisqa umr va yuqori talab qiladigan kamchiliklar bor edi elektr toki tijorat maqsadlarida ularni qo'llashni qiyinlashtiradigan faoliyat.[49]:217–218 Ushbu muammolarni hal qilish uchun birinchi urinishlarida Edison siqilgan lampochka bilan karbonlangan kartondan yasalgan ipdan foydalanishga harakat qildi. Bu doimiy yorug'likni ta'minlash uchun juda tez yonib ketgan. Keyin u eng yaxshi filament sifatida bambukka joylashishdan oldin turli xil o'tlar va kanop, palmetto kabi qamishlarni sinab ko'rdi.[50] Edison ushbu dizaynni takomillashtirishga urinishni davom ettirdi va 1879 yil 4-noyabrda "uglerod filamenti yoki lentasi platinali aloqa simlariga ulangan" yordamida elektr lampa uchun AQShning 223,898-sonli patentiga (1880 yil 27-yanvarda berilgan) murojaat qildi.[51]

Patentda uglerod filamentini yaratishning bir qancha usullari, jumladan, "paxta va zig'ir iplari, yog'och shpillari, turli xil usullar bilan o'ralgan qog'ozlar" tasvirlangan.[51] Patent berilganidan bir necha oy o'tgachgina Edison va uning jamoasi a karbonlangan bambuk filament 1200 soatdan ko'proq davom etishi mumkin.[52]

AQSh Patenti # 223898: Elektr chiroq. 1880 yil 27 yanvarda chiqarilgan.

1878 yilda Edison tashkil etdi Edison Electric Light kompaniyasi Nyu-York shahrida bir nechta moliyachilar bilan, shu jumladan J. P. Morgan, Spenser Trask,[53] va a'zolari Vanderbiltlar oilasi. Edison o'zining akkor lampochkasining birinchi ommaviy namoyishini 1879 yil 31-dekabrda Menlo bog'ida o'tkazdi. Aynan shu vaqt ichida u: "Biz elektrni shunchalik arzonlashtiramizki, shunchaki boylar sham yoqishadi", dedi.[54]

The Oregon temir yo'l va navigatsiya kompaniyasi yangi paroxod Kolumbiya, 1880 yilda Edisonning akkor lampochkasi uchun birinchi savdo dastur edi.

Genri Villard, prezidenti Oregon temir yo'l va navigatsiya kompaniyasi, Edisonning 1879 yilgi namoyishida qatnashgan. Villard taassurot qoldirdi va Edisondan Villard kompaniyasining yangi paroxodiga elektr yoritish tizimini o'rnatishni iltimos qildi Kolumbiya. Avvaliga ikkilanib tursa ham, Edison Villardning iltimosiga rozi bo'ldi. Ishlarning aksariyati 1880 yil may oyida yakunlandi va Kolumbiya Edison va uning xodimlari o'rnatilgan Nyu-York shahriga bordilar Kolumbiya 'yangi yoritish tizimi. The Kolumbiya bu Edisonning akkor lampochkasi uchun birinchi tijorat arizasi edi. Edison uskunalari olib tashlandi Kolumbiya 1895 yilda.[55][56][57][58]

1880 yilda, Lyuis Latimer, chizmachi va patent bo'yicha sud ishlarining ekspert guvohi, Edisonning raqibi tomonidan boshqariladigan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Elektr Yoritish Kompaniyasida ishlay boshladi. Xiram S. Maksim.[59] Maksimda ishlayotganda Latimer lampochkalar uchun uglerod filamentlarini ishlab chiqarish jarayonini ixtiro qildi va Nyu-York, Filadelfiya, Monreal va London uchun keng ko'lamli yoritish tizimlarini o'rnatishga yordam berdi. Latimer 1881 yilda chiqarilgan elektr lampaning patentiga va 1882 yilda chiqarilgan "uglerod ishlab chiqarish jarayoni" (akkor lampalarda ishlatiladigan filament) uchun ikkinchi patentga ega.

1883 yil 8 oktyabrda AQSh patent idorasi Edisonning patentini ishiga asoslangan deb qaror qildi Uilyam E. Soyer va shuning uchun yaroqsiz edi. Sud jarayoni qariyb olti yil davom etdi. 1885 yilda Latimer lagerlarini almashtirib, Edison bilan ishlashni boshladi.[60] 1889 yil 6-oktabrda sudya Edisonning "yuqori qarshilikka ega bo'lgan uglerod filamenti" uchun elektr yorug'ligini yaxshilash bo'yicha da'vosini haqiqiy deb topdi.[61] Boshqa bir raqib bilan yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo'lgan sud jangidan qochish uchun, Jozef Svan Britaniyalik patent Edisondan bir yil oldin berilgan, u va Svan qo'shma kompaniyani tashkil etishgan Edisvan ixtironi Britaniyada ishlab chiqarish va sotish.

Mahen teatri yilda Brno (hozirgi Chexiya Respublikasida), 1882 yilda ochilgan va dunyodagi birinchi Edisonning elektr lampalaridan foydalangan jamoat binosi bo'lgan. Frensis Jehl, Edisonning chiroq ixtiroidagi yordamchisi, o'rnatishni nazorat qildi.[62] 2010 yil sentyabr oyida Brno shahrida teatr oldida uchta ulkan lampochkadan haykal o'rnatildi.[63]

Elektr energiyasini taqsimlash

1879 yil 21-oktabrda tijorat maqsadlarida ishlaydigan elektr lampani yaratgandan so'ng, Edison elektr ishlab chiqardi "qulaylik "mavjud bo'lgan gaz yoritgichlari bilan raqobatlashish.[64] 1880 yil 17-dekabrda u Edison yorituvchi kompaniyasi va 1880-yillarda u tizimni patentladi elektr energiyasini taqsimlash. Kompaniya investorlarga qarashli birinchi elektrotexnika korxonasini 1882 yilda tashkil etdi Pearl Street stantsiyasi, Nyu-York shahri. 1882 yil 4 sentyabrda Edison uni yoqdi Pearl Street 110 voltni ta'minlaydigan elektr stantsiyasining elektr energiyasini taqsimlash tizimi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri oqim (DC) 59 dan past mijozlarga Manxetten.[65]

1882 yil yanvar oyida Edison birinchi bug 'ishlab chiqaradigan elektr stantsiyasini yoqdi Holborn Viaduct Londonda. DC ta'minot tizimi stantsiyadan qisqa masofada joylashgan ko'cha chiroqlari va bir nechta xususiy uylarni elektr ta'minoti bilan ta'minladi. 1883 yil 19-yanvarda birinchi standartlashtirilgan akkor elektr yoritish tizimi ishga tushirildi havo simlari yilda xizmat boshladi Rozel, Nyu-Jersi.

Oqimlar urushi

Asosiy maqola: Oqimlar urushi
Elektr chiroqlarining g'ayrioddiy namoyishlari tezda 1897 yildagi ushbu rasmda bo'lgani kabi ommaviy tadbirlarning o'ziga xos xususiyati bo'ldi Tennessi yuz yillik ko'rgazmasi.

Sifatida Edison kengaytirdi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri oqim (DC) elektr ta'minoti tizimi, u kompaniyalar tomonidan qattiq raqobat oldi o'zgaruvchan tok (AC) tizimlari. 1880-yillarning boshidan boshlab, AC yoyni yoritish ko'chalar va katta maydonlar uchun tizimlar AQShda kengayib borayotgan biznes edi. Ning rivojlanishi bilan transformatorlar Evropada va tomonidan Westinghouse Electric 1885-1886 yillarda AQShda o'zgaruvchan tokni uzoqroq masofani ingichka va arzon simlar orqali uzatish va foydalanuvchilarga tarqatish uchun boradigan joyidagi kuchlanishni "pasaytirish" mumkin bo'ldi. Bu o'zgaruvchan tokni ko'cha yoritgichlarida va kichik biznes va mahalliy mijozlar uchun yoritishda ishlatishga imkon berdi, bozor Edisonning patentlangan past kuchlanishli doimiy akkor lampalar tizimi etkazib berishga mo'ljallangan edi.[66] Edisonning DC imperiyasi o'zining asosiy kamchiliklaridan biriga duch keldi: u faqat yirik shaharlarda joylashgan mijozlarning zichligi uchun mos edi. Edisonning doimiy shahar zavodlari elektr energiyasini iste'molchilarga stansiyadan bir chaqirim uzoqlikda etkazib bera olmadi va zavodlar o'rtasida etkazib berilmagan xaridorlarning yamoqlarini qoldirdi. Kichik shaharlar va qishloq joylar Edison uslubidagi tizimni umuman sotib ololmaydilar va bozorning katta qismini elektr xizmatisiz qoldiradilar. O'zgaruvchan tok kompaniyalari bu bo'shliqni kengaytirdilar.

Edison o'zgaruvchan tokni ishlamaydigan va ishlatilgan yuqori voltajlarning xavfli ekanligi to'g'risida fikr bildirdi. Sifatida Jorj Vestingxaus birinchi o'zgaruvchan tok tizimlarini 1886 yilda o'rnatgan, Tomas Edison o'zining asosiy raqibiga qarshi shaxsan zarba bergan "O'lim kabi aniq, Vestingxaus xaridorni har qanday o'lchamdagi tizimni o'rnatgandan keyin olti oy ichida o'ldiradi. U yangi narsaga ega bo'ldi va uni amalda ishlashiga erishish uchun katta tajribalar talab etiladi."[67] Edisonning o'zgaruvchan tokga qarshi pozitsiyasi uchun ko'plab sabablar ilgari surilgan. Bir tushuncha shundaki, ixtirochi o'zgaruvchan tokning orqasida mavhumroq nazariyalarni anglay olmadi va o'zi tushunmaydigan tizimni rivojlantirishdan qochishga urindi. Bundan tashqari, Edison noto'g'ri o'rnatilgan AC tizimlarining yuqori voltaji mijozlarni o'ldirishi va umuman elektr energiyasi tizimlarining sotilishiga zarar etkazishidan xavotirda edi.[68] Birlamchi narsa shundaki, Edison Electric o'zlarining dizayni past kuchlanishli shaharga asoslangan va 100 dan ortiq tizimni o'rnatgandan so'ng standartni almashtirishga asoslangan edi, Edisonning fikriga ko'ra, gap bo'lishi mumkin emas edi. 1887 yil oxiriga kelib, Edison Electric, Edisonning doimiy shaharga asoslangan 121 stantsiyasiga AC-ga asoslangan 68 ta elektr stantsiyasini qurgan Westinghausga bozor ulushini yo'qotib qo'ydi. Vaziyatni Edison uchun yomonroq qilish uchun Tomson-Xyuston elektr kompaniyasi Massachusets shtatidagi Lin (boshqa AC raqobatdosh) 22 ta elektr stantsiyasini qurdi.[69]

Edison va o'zgaruvchan tok kompaniyalari o'rtasidagi raqobatning kengayishiga parallel ravishda 1888 yil bahorida yuqori voltli o'zgaruvchan tok liniyalari tufayli sodir bo'lgan bir qator o'limlar tufayli jamoatchilik g'azabini kuchaytirmoqda. Bu yuqori voltli o'zgaruvchan tok va uni ishlatgan ochko'z va beparvo yoritish kompaniyalariga qarshi ommaviy g'azabga aylandi.[70][71] Edison o'zgaruvchan tokni jamoatchilik tomonidan xavfli deb qabul qilishidan foydalanib, o'zini Nyu-Yorkdagi o'zgaruvchan AC salibchilariga qo'shildi. Xarold P. Braun targ'ibot kampaniyasida, Braunga hayvonlarni elektr toki bilan elektr toki bilan urishida yordam berish va o'zgaruvchan tokni o'rnatish va kuchlanishni (uni samarasiz elektr energiyasini etkazib berish tizimiga aylantirishgacha) boshqarish va qattiq cheklash bo'yicha qonunchilikni qo'llab-quvvatladi. "oqimlar jangi". Ning rivojlanishi elektr stul o'zgaruvchan tokni DC va ga qaraganda ko'proq o'ldirish potentsialiga ega deb tasvirlashga urinishda ishlatilgan qoralash Vestingxaus bir vaqtning o'zida Edison orqali Braun va Vestingxausning o'zgaruvchan tokning asosiy raqibi Tomson-Xyuston elektr kompaniyasi bilan til biriktirib, birinchi elektr stulni Westinghouse AC generatoridan quvvat olishiga ishonch hosil qildi.

Tomas Edisonning ACga qarshi qat'iy taktikasi o'z aktsiyadorlariga yoqmadi. 1890-yillarning boshlariga kelib, Edisonning kompaniyasi AC raqobatchilariga qaraganda ancha kichik foyda keltirar edi va 1892 yilda Oqimlar urushi tugaydi va Edison o'z kompaniyasini boshqarishga majbur bo'ldi. O'sha yili moliyachi JP Morgan Edison General Electric kompaniyasining Tomson-Xyuston bilan birlashishini ishlab chiqdi va bu Tomson-Xyuston boshqaruv kengashini yangi kompaniyaga mas'ul qildi. General Electric. General Electric endi AQSh elektrotexnika biznesining to'rtdan uch qismini boshqargan va o'zgaruvchan tovar bozori uchun Westinghouse bilan raqobatdosh bo'lgan.[72][73]

G'arbiy Orange va Fort Myers (1886–1931)

Tomas A. Edison Industries ko'rgazmasi, asosiy batareyalar bo'limi, 1915 yil

Edison 1884 yilda birinchi xotini Meri vafotidan keyin Menlo Parkdan ko'chib o'tdi va "nomi bilan tanilgan uyni sotib oldi.Glenmont "1886 yilda uning ikkinchi rafiqasi Mina uchun to'y sovg'asi sifatida Llevellin bog'i yilda West Orange, Nyu-Jersi. 1885 yilda Tomas Edison 13 gektar mulkni sotib oldi Fort Myers, Florida, taxminan $ 2,750 evaziga qurilgan va keyinchalik nima deb nomlanganini qurgan Seminole turar joyi qishki chekinish sifatida.[74] Asosiy uy va mehmon uyi vakili Italiya me'morchiligi va Qirolicha Anne uslubidagi arxitektura. Qurilish materiallari Nyu-Angliyada Kennebec Framing Company va Fairfield Meynning Stiven Nye Lumber kompaniyasi tomonidan oldindan kesilgan. Keyinchalik materiallar qayiqda jo'natildi va har biri 12000 AQSh dollari miqdorida qurildi, bu ichki jihozlarning narxini o'z ichiga olgan.[75] Edison va Mina Fort Myersdagi uylarida ko'plab qishlarni o'tkazdilar va Edison tabiiy kauchukning mahalliy manbasini topishga harakat qildi.[76]

Atrofdagi xavfsizlik sababli Birinchi jahon urushi, Edison AQSh armiyasiga maslahat va tadqiqotlar bilan ta'minlash uchun fan va sanoat qo'mitasini tuzishni taklif qildi va u rahbarlik qildi Dengiz kuchlari bo'yicha maslahat kengashi 1915 yilda.[77]

Edison Amerikaning chet eldan rezina etkazib berishga bo'lgan ishonchidan xavotirga tushib, mahalliy rezina ta'minotini topishga qaror qildi. Edisonning kauchuk ustida ishi asosan Fort Myersdagi Milliy tarixiy kimyoviy yodgorlik sifatida belgilangan ilmiy laboratoriyasida bo'lib o'tdi.[78]

Laboratoriya Tomas Edison, Genri Ford va Xarvi Firestone tomonidan 75000 AQSh dollarini yig'ib, Edison Botanika Tadqiqot Korporatsiyasini tashkil etgandan so'ng qurilgan. Dastlab, faqat Ford va Firestone loyihaga mablag 'kiritishi kerak edi, Edison esa barcha tadqiqotlarni olib bordi. Ammo Edison 25 ming dollar miqdorida mablag 'qo'shishni xohladi. Edison tadqiqot va ekishning aksariyat qismini bajarib, natijalarini va rezina qoldiqlarini G'arbiy Orange laboratoriyasiga yubordi. Edison ikki qismdan foydalangan Kislota asosini ajratib olish, quritilgan va kukunga qadar ezilganidan so'ng o'simlik materialidan lateks olish.[79] 17000 o'simlik namunalarini sinovdan o'tkazgandan so'ng, u oxir-oqibat Goldenrod zavodida etarli manbani topdi. Edison qaror qildi Solidago leavenworthii, shuningdek, Leavenworth's Goldenrod nomi bilan tanilgan. Odatda, taxminan 3-4 fut balandlikda o'sadigan o'simlik 5% lateks hosildorligi bilan, Edison tomonidan ikki baravar kattalikdagi va 12% lateks hosildorlik bilan o'simliklarni etishtirish uchun o'zaro boqish orqali moslashtirildi.[80]

1911 yildagi Nyu-Yorkdagi elektr ko'rgazmasi paytida Edison mis sanoati vakillariga aytadiki, uning "uning bo'lagi" yo'q. Vakillar "mis sanoatida doimiy stimulyatsiya" da qatnashganligi uchun minnatdorchiliklari bilan 486 funt og'irlikdagi qattiq mis kubik berishga qaror qilishdi.[81][82][83]

Boshqa ixtirolar va loyihalar

Floroskopiya

Edison tijoratda mavjud bo'lgan birinchi loyihani ishlab chiqargan va ishlab chiqargan floroskop, ishlatadigan mashina X-nurlari olmoq rentgenografiya. Edison buni topmaguncha kaltsiy volfram floroskopiya ekranlari bariydan ko'ra yorqinroq tasvirlarni yaratdi platinotsianid dastlab tomonidan ishlatiladigan ekranlar Vilgelm Rentgen, texnologiya juda zaif tasvirlarni ishlab chiqarishga qodir edi.

Edisonning floroskopining asosiy dizayni bugungi kunda ham qo'llanilmoqda, garchi Edison o'zining ko'zini yo'qotganidan va yordamchisiga jiddiy shikast etkazganidan keyin loyihani tark etgan bo'lsa ham, Klarens Dally. Dally o'zini fluoroskopiya loyihasi uchun g'ayratli inson dengiz cho'chqasiga aylantirdi va zaharli dozada nurlanish ta'siriga uchradi; keyinchalik u (39 yoshida) ta'sirlanish, mediastinal saraton bilan bog'liq jarohatlar tufayli vafot etdi.[84]

1903 yilda tebrangan Edison shunday dedi: "Men bilan rentgen nurlari haqida gaplashmang, men ulardan qo'rqaman".[85] Shunga qaramay, uning faoliyati bugungi kunda ham qo'llaniladigan texnologiyani ishlab chiqishda muhim ahamiyatga ega edi.[86]

Tasimetr

Edison juda sezgir qurilmani ixtiro qildi va u unga nom berdi tasimetr, o'lchagan infraqizil nurlanish. Uning yaratilishiga turtki bu issiqlikni o'lchash istagi edi quyosh toji jami davomida 1878 yil 29 iyuldagi Quyosh tutilishi. Qurilma patentlanmagan, chunki Edison buning uchun ommaviy bozorda amaliy dastur topa olmagan.[87]

Telegrafni takomillashtirish

Edisonning boyligining kaliti telegrafiya edi. Ko'p yillar davomida telegraf operatori sifatida ishlashdan olgan bilimlari bilan u elektr energiyasining asoslarini o'rgandi. Bu unga o'zining dastlabki boyligini birja savdolari, elektr energiyasiga asoslangan birinchi eshittirish tizimi. 1892 yil 9-avgustda Edison ikki tomonlama telegraf uchun patent oldi.

Harakatli Rasmlar

1894 yil iyun oyida Leonard-Kushing jangi. Kinetoskop tomonidan qayd etilgan oltita bir daqiqali turlarning har biri ko'rgazma ishtirokchilari uchun 22,50 dollarga taqdim etildi.[88] So'nggi raundni tomosha qilgan mijozlar Leonardning nokdaun holatini ko'rganligini ko'rishdi.

Edisonga kinofilm kamerasi yoki "Kinetograf" uchun patent berildi. U o'z ishchisi paytida elektromexanik dizaynni amalga oshirgan Uilyam Kennedi Dikson, fotograf, fotografik va optik rivojlanish ustida ishlagan. Ixtiro uchun berilgan kreditning katta qismi Diksonga tegishli.[49] 1891 yilda Tomas Edison a Kinetoskop yoki teshikni tomosha qiluvchi. Ushbu qurilma odamlar qisqa, oddiy filmlarni tomosha qilishlari mumkin bo'lgan penny arkadalarda o'rnatildi. Kinetograf va kinetoskop ikkalasi ham birinchi bo'lib 1891 yil 20-mayda namoyish etildi.[89]

1896 yil aprelda, Tomas Armat "s Vitaskop, Edison fabrikasi tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan va Edison nomi bilan sotilgan, Nyu-York shahridagi ommaviy namoyishlarda kinofilmlarni loyihalash uchun ishlatilgan. Keyinchalik u film bilan mexanik ravishda sinxronlashtirilgan silindr yozuvlarida ovozli soundtrack bilan kinofilmlarni namoyish etdi.

Rasmiy ravishda kinetoskop Evropaga badavlat amerikalik ishbilarmon bo'lganida kirib keldi Irving T. Bush (1869-1948) Frank Z. Maguire va Joseph D. Baucus'ning Continental Commerce Company-dan o'nlab mashinalarni sotib oldi. Bush 1894 yil 17 oktyabrdan Londonda birinchi kinetoskoplarni joylashtirdi. Shu bilan birga, ushbu mashinalarni Frantsiyaning Kinetoskop kompaniyasi Edison Mishel va Aleksis Verner Frantsiyadagi bozor uchun sotib olgan. 1894 yilning so'nggi uch oyida Continental Commerce Company Evropada yuzlab kinetoskoplarni sotdi (ya'ni Gollandiya va Italiya). Germaniyada va Avstriya-Vengriya, kinetoskop Lyudvig Stollwerk tomonidan asos solingan Deutsche-österreichische-Edison-Kinetoscop Gesellschaft tomonidan kiritilgan.[90] Scholaden-Sussswarenfabrik Stollwerck & Co of Kyoln.

Birinchi kinetoskoplar Belgiyaga etib keldi Yarmarkalar 1895 yil boshida. Belgiyaning Edison's Kinétoscope Français kompaniyasi 1895 yil 15 yanvarda Frantsiyaning Monako va Frantsiya mustamlakalarida kinetoskoplarni sotish huquqiga ega bo'lgan Bryusselda tashkil etilgan. Ushbu kompaniyaning asosiy investorlari Belgiya sanoatchilari edi.[91]

1895 yil 14-mayda Bryusselda Edisonning Kinetoskop Belge'siga asos solindi. Londonda yashovchi, ammo Belgiya va Frantsiyada faol ishbilarmon Ladislas-Viktor Levitski ushbu biznesni boshlash tashabbusi bilan chiqdi. U bilan aloqalar mavjud edi Leon Gaumont va Amerika mutoskopi va biografiyasi 1898 yilda u Frantsiya uchun Biografiya va Mutoskop kompaniyasining aktsiyadoriga aylandi.[91]

Edisonning kinostudiyasi 1200 ga yaqin filmlar yaratdi. Aksariyat filmlar qisqa metrajli filmlardan iborat bo'lib, akrobatlardan tortib paradlargacha o't o'chirish chaqiruvlari, shu qatorda unvonlari aks etgan Fred Ottning hapşırması (1894), O'pish (1896), Buyuk poezdni talon-taroj qilish (1903), Elisning mo''jizalar dunyosidagi sarguzashtlari (1910) va birinchi Frankenshteyn 1910 yilda film. 1903 yilda, qachon egalari Luna Park, Koni oroli ijro etilishini e'lon qildi Top fil bo'g'ib o'ldirish, zaharlanish va elektr toki bilan urish (oxir oqibat filni o'ldirish bilan), Edison Manufacturing shu yilning o'zida unvon bilan ozod qilib, uni suratga olish uchun ekipaj yubordi. Filni elektr bilan kesish.

Tomas Edison bilan bir kun (1922)

Kino biznesi kengaygani sayin, raqobatdosh eksponentlar bir-birlarining filmlarini muntazam ravishda ko'chirib va ​​namoyish etishdi.[92] Filmlarga mualliflik huquqini yaxshiroq himoya qilish uchun Edison ularning izlarini uzun chiziqlarga joylashtirdi fotografik qog'oz bilan AQSh mualliflik huquqi bo'yicha idorasi. Ushbu qog'oz nashrlarining aksariyati o'sha davrdagi filmlarga qaraganda uzoqroq va yaxshi holatda saqlanib qoldi.[93]

1908 yilda Edison Motion Picture Patents kompaniyasi to'qqizta yirik kinostudiyalarning konglomerati bo'lgan (odatda Edison Trust nomi bilan tanilgan). Tomas Edison uning birinchi faxriy a'zosi edi Amerikaning akustik jamiyati, 1929 yilda tashkil etilgan.

Edisonning aytishicha, uning sevimli filmi Xalqning tug'ilishi. U shunday deb o'yladi talkies uning uchun "hamma narsani buzgan" edi. "Ekranda yaxshi aktyorlik mavjud emas. Ular hozir ovozga diqqatni jamlaydilar va qanday harakat qilishni unutdilar. Men buni sizdan ko'ra ko'proq anglay olaman, chunki men karman".[94] Uning sevimli yulduzlari edi Meri Pikford va Klara Bou.[95]

Konchilik

1870-yillarning oxiridan boshlab Edison kon qazishga qiziqib qoldi. Qo'shma Shtatlarning sharqiy qirg'og'ida yuqori darajadagi temir rudasi kam edi va Edison past darajadagi rudalarni qazib olishga harakat qildi. Edison 10 tonnagacha toshlarni maydalashga qodir bo'lgan rollarda va maydalagichlardan foydalangan holda jarayonni ishlab chiqdi. Keyin chang temir rudasini changdan tortib oladigan uchta ulkan magnit o'rtasida yuborildi. Uning qazib oluvchi kompaniyasining muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lishiga qaramay, Edison Ore frezeleme kompaniyasi, Edison sement ishlab chiqarish uchun ba'zi materiallar va jihozlardan foydalangan.[96]

1901 yilda Edison sanoat ko'rgazmasiga tashrif buyurdi Sudberi Kanadaning Ontario shahridagi maydon va u erda elektr jihozlarini ishlab chiqarishda nikel va kobalt konlaridan foydalanish mumkin. U tog'-kon qidiruvchisi sifatida qaytib keldi va uning asl kashfiyoti bilan taqdirlandi Falconbridge ruda tanasi. Uning ruda tanasini qazib olishga urinishlari muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi va u 1903 yilda qazib olish bo'yicha da'vosidan voz kechdi.[97] Falconbridge-dagi ko'cha, shuningdek Edison binosi bosh ofisi bo'lib xizmat qilgan Falconbridge Mines, uning nomi berilgan.

Zaryadlanuvchi batareya

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Nikel-temir batareyalar § Tarix
Edison akkumulyator batareyasi kompaniyasining ulushi, chiqarilgan 19. oktyabr 1903 yil

1890-yillarning oxirlarida Edison engilroq va samaraliroq ishlab chiqarish ustida ishladi qayta zaryadlanuvchi batareya (o'sha paytda "akkumulyator" deb nomlangan). U ularga mijozlar o'zlarining fonograflarini ishlatish uchun ishlatishi mumkin bo'lgan narsa sifatida qaradi, lekin batareyaning yaxshilanganligi uchun boshqa usullarni, shu jumladan elektr avtomobillar.[98] Keyin mavjud qo'rg'oshin kislotasi bilan qayta zaryadlanadigan batareyalar juda samarali emas edi va bu bozor allaqachon boshqa kompaniyalar tomonidan bog'langan edi, shuning uchun Edison foydalanishni davom ettirdi gidroksidi kislota o'rniga. Laboratoriyada u ko'plab turdagi materiallar ustida ish olib borgan (taxminan 10 000 ta kombinatsiyani bosib o'tgan) va oxir-oqibat nikel-temir birikmasiga asoslangan. Edison o'zining tajribasidan tashqari, ehtimol 1899 yildagi patentlarga ega bo'lishi mumkin edi nikel-temir batareyasi shved ixtirochisi tomonidan Valdemar Jungner.[99]

Edison 1901 yilda nikel-temir batareyasi uchun AQSh va Evropa patentini oldi va Edison Storage Battery Company kompaniyasiga asos soldi va 1904 yilga kelib u erda 450 kishi ishladi. Ular ishlab chiqargan birinchi qayta zaryadlanuvchi batareyalar elektromobillar uchun bo'lgan, ammo xaridorlarning mahsulotdan shikoyat qilishida ko'plab nuqsonlar bo'lgan. Kompaniyaning kapitali sarflanganda, Edison kompaniyani shaxsiy pullari bilan to'lagan. Edison did not demonstrate a mature product until 1910: a very efficient and durable nickel-iron-battery with lye as the electrolyte. The nickel–iron battery was never very successful, by the time it was ready electric cars were disappearing and lead acid batteries had become the standard for turning over gas powered car boshlang'ich motorlar.[99]

Kimyoviy moddalar

Boshida Birinchi jahon urushi, the American chemical industry was primitive. Most chemicals were imported from Europe. The outbreak of war in August 1914 resulted in an immediate shortage of imported chemicals. One of particular importance to Edison was fenol, which was used to make fonograf records—presumably as fenolik qatronlar ning Bakalit turi.

At the time, phenol came from coal as a by-product of coke oven gases or ishlab chiqarilgan gaz uchun gaz yoritgichi. Phenol could be nitrated to prikol kislotasi va aylantirildi ammoniy pikrat, a shock resistant yuqori portlovchi suitable for use in artillery shells. A telling of the phenol story is found in The Aspirin Wars.[100] Most phenol had been imported from Britain, but with war, Parliament blocked exports and diverted most to production of ammoniy pikrat. Britain also blockaded supplies from Germany.

Edison responded by undertaking production of phenol at his Silver Lake facility using processes developed by his chemists.[101] He built two plants with a capacity of six tons of phenol per day. Production began the first week of September, one month after hostilities began in Europe. He built two plants to produce raw material benzol da Johnstown, Pensilvaniya va Bessemer, Alabama, replacing supplies previously from Germany. Edison also manufactured aniline dyes, which previously had been supplied by the German dye trust. Other wartime products include ksilen, p-fenilendiamin, Shellac va pyrax. Wartime shortages made these ventures profitable. In 1915, his production capacity was fully committed by midyear.

Phenol was a critical material because two derivatives were in high growth phases. Bakalit, asl nusxasi termoset plastic, had been invented in 1909. Aspirin, too was a phenol derivative. Invented in 1899 had become a block buster drug. Bayer had acquired a plant to manufacture in the US in Rensselaer, Nyu-York, but struggled to find phenol to keep their plant running during the war. Edison was able to oblige.

Bayer relied on Chemische Fabrik von Heyden, yilda Piscataway, Nyu-Jersi, to convert phenol to salicylic acid, which they converted to aspirin. (Qarang Great Phenol plot.) It is said that German companies bought up supplies of phenol to block production of ammoniy pikrat. Edison preferred not to sell phenol for military uses. He sold his surplus to Bayer, who had it converted to salitsil kislotasi by Heyden, some of which was exported.

Oxirgi yillar va o'lim

Yakuniy yillar

Genri Ford, Thomas Edison, and Xarvi Firestone navbati bilan. Ft. Myers, Florida, February 11, 1929

Genri Ford, the automobile magnate, later lived a few hundred feet away from Edison at his winter retreat in Fort Myers. Ford once worked as an engineer for the Detroytning Edison Illuminating kompaniyasi and met Edison at a convention of affiliated Edison illuminating companies in Brooklyn, NY in 1896. Edison was impressed with Ford's internal combustion engine automobile and encouraged its developments. They were friends until Edison's death. Edison and Ford undertook annual motor camping trips from 1914 to 1924. Xarvi Firestone va tabiatshunos Jon Burrouz ham ishtirok etdi.

In 1928, Edison joined the Fort Myers Civitan Club. He believed strongly in the organization, writing that "The Civitan Club is doing things—big things—for the community, state, and nation, and I certainly consider it an honor to be numbered in its ranks."[102] He was an active member in the club until his death, sometimes bringing Henry Ford to the club's meetings.

Edison was active in business right up to the end. Just months before his death, the Lackawanna temir yo'li inaugurated suburban electric train service from Xoboken ga Montkler, Dover va Gladston, Nyu-Jersi. Electrical transmission for this service was by means of an overhead catenary system using direct current, which Edison had championed. Despite his frail condition, Edison was at the throttle of the first electric MU (Multiple-Unit) train to depart Lackawanna Terminal in Hoboken in September 1930, driving the train the first mile through Hoboken yard on its way to Janubiy to'q sariq.[103]

This fleet of cars would serve commuters in northern New Jersey for the next 54 years until their retirement in 1984. A plaque commemorating Edison's inaugural ride can be seen today in the waiting room of Lackawanna Terminal in Hoboken, which is presently operated by Nyu-Jersi tranziti.[103]

Edison was said to have been influenced by a popular moda dietasi in his last few years; "the only liquid he consumed was a pint of milk every three hours".[49] He is reported to have believed this diet would restore his health. However, this tale is doubtful. In 1930, the year before Edison died, Mina said in an interview about him, "correct eating is one of his greatest hobbies." She also said that during one of his periodic "great scientific adventures", Edison would be up at 7:00, have breakfast at 8:00, and be rarely home for lunch or dinner, implying that he continued to have all three.[94]

Edison became the owner of his Milan, Ohio, birthplace in 1906. On his last visit, in 1923, he was reportedly shocked to find his old home still lit by lamps and candles.[104]

O'lim

Edison died of complications of diabetes on October 18, 1931, in his home, "Glenmont" in Llevellin bog'i yilda West Orange, Nyu-Jersi, which he had purchased in 1886 as a wedding gift for Mina. Rev. Stiven J. Xerben officiated at the funeral;[105] Edison is buried behind the home.[106][107]

Edison's last breath is reportedly contained in a test tube at Genri Ford museum near Detroit. Ford reportedly convinced Charlz Edison to seal a test tube of air in the inventor's room shortly after his death, as a memento.[108] Shiva o'lim maskasi and casts of Edison's hands were also made.[109] Mina died in 1947.

Nikoh va bolalar

On December 25, 1871, at the age of 24, Edison married 16-year-old Mary Stilwell (1855–1884), whom he had met two months earlier; she was an employee at one of his shops. Ularning uchta farzandi bor edi:

Mary Edison died at age 29 on August 9, 1884, of unknown causes: possibly from a miya shishi[113] yoki a morphine overdose. Doctors frequently prescribed morphine to women in those years to treat a variety of causes, and researchers believe that her symptoms could have been from morphine poisoning.[114]

Edison generally preferred spending time in the laboratory to being with his family.[36]

Mina Miller Edison in 1906

On February 24, 1886, at the age of 39, Edison married the 20-year-old Mina Miller (1865–1947) in Akron, Ogayo shtati.[115] She was the daughter of the inventor Lewis Miller, hammuassisi Chautauqua instituti, and a benefactor of Metodist xayriya tashkilotlari. They also had three children together:

Mina outlived Thomas Edison, dying on August 24, 1947.[119][120]

Wanting to be an inventor, but not having much of an aptitude for it, Thomas Edison's son, Thomas Alva Edison Jr., became a problem for his father and his father's business. Starting in the 1890s, Thomas Jr. became involved in ilon moyi products and shady and fraudulent enterprises producing products being sold to the public as "The Latest Edison Discovery". The situation became so bad that Thomas Sr. had to take his son to court to stop the practices, finally agreeing to pay Thomas Jr. an allowance of $35 (equivalent to $996 in 2019)[27] per week, in exchange for not using the Edison name; the son began using aliases, such as Burton Willard. Thomas Jr., suffering from alcoholism, depression and ill health, worked at several menial jobs, but by 1931 (towards the end of his life) he would obtain a role in the Edison company, thanks to the intervention of his brother.[121][122]

Ko'rishlar

On politics, religion, and metaphysics

This 1910 Nyu-York Tayms Magazine feature states that "Nature, the supreme power, (Edison) recognizes and respects, but does not worship. Nature is not merciful and loving, but wholly merciless, indifferent." Edison is quoted as saying "I am not an individual—I am an aggregate of cells, as, for instance, New York City is an aggregate of individuals. Will New York City go to heaven?"

Historian Paul Israel has characterized Edison as a "erkin fikrlovchi ".[49] Edison was heavily influenced by Tomas Peyn "s Aql davri.[49] Edison defended Paine's "scientific deizm ", saying, "He has been called an ateist, but atheist he was not. Paine believed in a supreme intelligence, as representing the idea which other men often express by the name of deity."[49] In 1878, Edison joined the Theosophical Society in New Jersey,[123] but according to its founder, H. P. Blavatsky, he was not a very active member.[124] In an October 2, 1910, interview in the Nyu-York Tayms jurnali, Edison stated:

Nature is what we know. We do not know the gods of religions. And nature is not kind, or merciful, or loving. If God made me—the fabled God of the three qualities of which I spoke: mercy, kindness, love—He also made the fish I catch and eat. And where do His mercy, kindness, and love for that fish come in? No; nature made us—nature did it all—not the gods of the religions.[125]

Edison was accused of being an atheist for those remarks, and although he did not allow himself to be drawn into the controversy publicly, he clarified himself in a private letter:

You have misunderstood the whole article, because you jumped to the conclusion that it denies the existence of God. There is no such denial, what you call God I call Nature, the Supreme intelligence that rules matter. All the article states is that it is doubtful in my opinion if our intelligence or soul or whatever one may call it lives hereafter as an entity or disperses back again from whence it came, scattered amongst the cells of which we are made.[49]

He also stated, "I do not believe in the God of the theologians; but that there is a Supreme Intelligence I do not doubt."[126]

Zo'ravonlik was key to Edison's moral views, and when asked to serve as a naval consultant for Birinchi jahon urushi, he specified he would work only on defensive weapons and later noted, "I am proud of the fact that I never invented weapons to kill." Edison's philosophy of nonviolence extended to animals as well, about which he stated: "Nonviolence leads to the highest ethics, which is the goal of all evolution. Until we stop harming all other living beings, we are still savages."[127][128] He was a vegetarian[129] lekin a vegan in actual practice, at least near the end of his life.[49]

In 1920, Edison set off a media sensation when he told B. C. Forbes ning Amerika jurnali that he was working on a "spirit phone" to allow communication with the dead, a story which other newspapers and magazines repeated.[130] Edison later disclaimed the idea, telling the Nyu-York Tayms in 1926 that "I really had nothing to tell him, but I hated to disappoint him so I thought up this story about communicating with spirits, but it was all a joke."[131]

On the monetary system

Thomas Edison was an advocate for monetary reform in the United States. He was ardently opposed to the oltin standart and debt-based money. Famously, he was quoted in the New York Times stating "Gold is a relic of Julius Caesar, and qiziqish is an invention of Satan."[132]

In the same article, he expounded upon the absurdity of a monetary system in which the taxpayer of the United States, in need of a loan, can be compelled to pay in return perhaps double the principal, or even greater sums, due to interest. His basic point was that, if the Government can produce debt-based money, it could equally as well produce money that was a credit to the taxpayer.[132]

He thought at length about the subject of money in 1921 and 1922. In May 1922, he published a proposal, entitled "A Proposed Amendment to the Federal Reserve Banking System".[133] In it, he detailed an explanation of a commodity-backed currency, in which the Federal Reserve would issue interest-free currency to farmers, based on the value of commodities they produced. During a publicity tour that he took with friend and fellow inventor, Genri Ford, he spoke publicly about his desire for monetary reform. For insight, he corresponded with prominent academic and banking professionals. In the end, however, Edison's proposals failed to find support and were eventually abandoned.[134][135]

Mukofotlar

Portrait of Edison by Abraham Archibald Anderson (1890), Milliy portret galereyasi

The Prezident ning Uchinchi Frantsiya Respublikasi, Jyul Grevi, on the recommendation of his Tashqi ishlar vaziri, Jyul Bartelemi-Sen-Xiler, and with the presentations of the Pochta va telegraf vaziri, Louis Cochery, designated Edison with the farqlash ning Hurmat Legioni xodimi (Légion d'honneur ) by decree on November 10, 1881;[136] Edison was also named a Chevalier in the Legion in 1879, and a Commander in 1889.[137]

In 1887, Edison won the Matteuchchi medali. In 1890, he was elected a member of the Shvetsiya Qirollik Fanlar akademiyasi.

The Filadelfiya shahar kengashi named Edison the recipient of the Jon Skot medali 1889 yilda.[137]

In 1899, Edison was awarded the Edvard Longstreth medali ning Franklin instituti.[138]

He was named an Honorable Consulting Engineer at the Louisiana Xaridlar ko'rgazmasi Jahon ko'rgazmasi 1904 yilda.[137]

In 1908, Edison received the American Association of Engineering Societies Jon Fritz medali.[137]

In 1915, Edison was awarded Franklin medali ning Franklin instituti for discoveries contributing to the foundation of industries and the well-being of the human race.[139]

1920 yilda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari department awarded him the Dengiz kuchlari uchun xizmat uchun medal.[137]

1923 yilda Amerika elektr muhandislari instituti created the Edison Medal and he was its first recipient.[137]

In 1927, he was granted membership in the Milliy fanlar akademiyasi.[137]

On May 29, 1928, Edison received the Kongressning oltin medali.[137]

1983 yilda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi, pursuant to Senate Joint Resolution 140 (Public Law 97–198), designated February 11, Edison's birthday, as National Ixtirochilar kuni.[140]

Hayot magazine (USA), in a special double issue in 1997, placed Edison first in the list of the "100 Most Important People in the Last 1000 Years", noting that the lampochka he promoted "lit up the world". In the 2005 television series Eng buyuk amerikalik, he was voted by viewers as the fifteenth greatest.

In 2008, Edison was inducted in the Nyu-Jersi shon-sharaf zali.

In 2010, Edison was honored with a Texnik Grammy mukofoti.

In 2011, Edison was inducted into the Tadbirkor Shon-sharaf xiyoboni and named a Great Floridian by the governor and cabinet of Florida.[141]

Xizmatlar

Places and people named for Edison

Thomas Edison commemorative stamp, issued on the 100th anniversary of his birth in 1947

Several places have been named after Edison, most notably the town of Edison, Nyu-Jersi. Tomas Edison davlat universiteti, nationally known for adult learners, is in Trenton, Nyu-Jersi. Two community colleges are named for him: Edison State College (hozir Florida janubi-g'arbiy shtat kolleji ) in Fort Myers, Florida, andEdison Community College in Pikua, Ogayo shtati.[142] There are numerous high schools named after Edison (see Edison o'rta maktabi ) and other schools including Thomas A. Edison Middle School. Futbolchi Pele 's father originally named him Edison, as a tribute to the inventor of the light bulb, but the name was incorrectly listed on his birth certificate as "Edson".[143]

Kichik shaharcha Alva just east of Fort Myers took Edison's middle name.

In 1883, the City Hotel in Sunbury, Pensilvaniya was the first building to be lit with Edison's three-wire system. The hotel was renamed The Mehmonxona Edison upon Edison's return to the city on 1922.[144]

Tomas ko'li Edison in California was named after Edison to mark the 75th anniversary of the akkor lampochka.[145]

Edison was on hand to turn on the lights at the Mehmonxona Edison in New York City when it opened in 1931.[146]

Three bridges around the United States have been named in Edison's honor: the Edison Bridge in New Jersey,[147] The Edison Bridge in Florida,[148] va Edison Bridge in Ohio.[149]

In space, his name is commemorated in asteroid 742 Edisona.

Mount Edison in the Chugach Mountains of Alaska was named after him in 1955.[150]

Museums and memorials

Statue of young Thomas Edison by the railroad tracks in Port Huron, Michigan. The Moviy suv ko'prigi orqa fonda ko'rish mumkin.

In West Orange, New Jersey, the 13.5 acres (5.5 hectares) Glenmont estate is maintained and operated by the Milliy park xizmati sifatida Edison National Historic Site, as is his nearby laboratory and workshops including the reconstructed "Qora Mariya" —the world's first movie studio.[151] The Tomas Alva Edison yodgorlik minorasi va muzeyi is in the town of Edison, New Jersey.[152] Yilda Bomont, Texas, bor Edison muzeyi, though Edison never visited there.[153]The Port Huron muzeyi, yilda Port Huron, Michigan, restored the original depot that Thomas Edison worked out of as a young news butcher. The depot has been named the Tomas Edison Depot muzeyi.[154] The town has many Edison historical landmarks, including the graves of Edison's parents, and a monument along the Sent-Kler daryosi. Edison's influence can be seen throughout this city of 32,000.

In Detroit, the Edison Memorial Fountain in Grand Circus Park was created to honor his achievements. The limestone fountain was dedicated October 21, 1929, the fiftieth anniversary of the creation of the light bulb.[155] Xuddi shu kechada, The Edison Institute was dedicated in nearby Azizim.

U tarkibiga kiritildi Avtomobil shon-sharaf zali 1969 yilda.[156]

A bronze statue of Edison ga joylashtirilgan Milliy haykallar zali to'plami da Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kapitoliy in 2016, with the formal dedication ceremony held on September 20 of that year. The Edison statue replaced one of 19th-century state governor Uilyam Allen that had been one of Ohio's two allowed contributions to the collection.[157]

Companies bearing Edison's name

Edison in 1915

Awards named in honor of Edison

The Edison medali was created on February 11, 1904, by a group of Edison's friends and associates. To'rt yildan so'ng Amerika elektr muhandislari instituti (AIEE), later IEEE, entered into an agreement with the group to present the medal as its highest award. The first medal was presented in 1909 to Elihu Tomson. It is the oldest award in the area of elektrotexnika va elektronika muhandisligi, and is presented annually "for a career of meritorious achievement in electrical science, electrical engineering or the electrical arts."

In the Netherlands, the major music awards are named the Edison mukofoti undan keyin. The award is an annual Dutch music prize, awarded for outstanding achievements in the music industry, and is one of the oldest music awards in the world, having been presented since 1960.

The Amerika mexanik muhandislari jamiyati concedes the Thomas A. Edison Patent Award to individual patents since 2000.[158]

Other items named after Edison

The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari deb nomlangan USS Edison (DD-439), a Gleaves sinfini yo'q qiluvchi, in his honor in 1940. The ship was decommissioned a few months after the end of World War II.[159] In 1962, the Navy commissioned USS Tomas A. Edison (SSBN-610), a fleet ballistic missile nuclear-powered submarine.[160]

Ommaviy madaniyatda

Asosiy maqola: Tomas Edison ommaviy madaniyatda

Thomas Edison has appeared in popular culture as a character in novels, films, comics and video games. His prolific inventing helped make him an icon and he has made appearances in popular culture during his lifetime down to the present day. Edison is also portrayed in popular culture as an adversary of Nikola Tesla.[161]

On February 11, 2011, on what would have been Thomas Edison's 164th birthday, Google's homepage featured an animated Google Doodle commemorating his many inventions. When the cursor was hovered over the doodle, a series of mechanisms seemed to move, causing a light bulb to glow.[162]

People who worked for Edison

The following is a list of people who worked for Thomas Edison in his laboratories at Menlo Park or West Orange or at the subsidiary electrical businesses that he supervised.

Shuningdek qarang

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Bibliografiya

Tashqi video
video belgisi Kitoblar kuni Nil Bolduin bilan intervyu Edison: Asrni ixtiro qilish, 1995 yil 19 mart, C-SPAN
video belgisi Kitoblar Jill Jonnes bilan suhbat Nur imperiyalari, 2003 yil 26 oktyabr, C-SPAN

Tashqi havolalar

Muzeylar

Axborot va ommaviy axborot vositalari

Mukofotlar va yutuqlar
Oldingi
Leon Trotskiy		 Muqovasi Vaqt jurnalMuvaffaqiyatli
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