Marlboro psixiatriya kasalxonasi - Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital

Marlboro psixiatriya kasalxonasi
Nyu-Jersi shtati
Geografiya
ManzilMarlboro Township, Nyu-Jersi, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari
Tashkilot
TuriMutaxassis
Xizmatlar
MutaxassisligiPsixiatriya
Tarix
Ochildi1931
Yopiq1998
Vayron qilingan2015
Havolalar
Ro'yxatlarNyu-Jersidagi kasalxonalar

Marlboro psixiatriya kasalxonasi yilda davlat kasalxonasi bo'lgan Marlboro shaharchasi, Monmut okrugi, Nyu-Jersi, Nyu-Jersi shtati tomonidan boshqariladigan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari. Kasalxona qurilishi 1929 yilda boshlangan.[1] U birinchi bo'lib 1931 yil boshida ochilgan, tibbiyot bo'yicha doktor JB Gordon.[2][3] Sayt rejasiga ko'ra, kasalxonaning yotoqxonasi 468 gektar (189 ga) maydonda joylashgan. Perimetr panjarasi mulkni to'liq yopib qo'ydi.[4] Er asosan qishloq sharoitida bo'lgan. Yopilganda, kasalxona 594 gektar maydonda (240 ga) bo'lib, yillar davomida maydonlarni kengaytirdi.[5] 500-800 bemorni sig'dira oladigan quvvat bilan ochildi.[6][7] Qurilish maydonchasi ochilgandan keyin ham davom etdi va qurib bitkazilgandan so'ng, shifoxona 2000 nafar bemorni qabul qilishga qodir.[8] Biroq, 1995 yilda shifoxona kuniga o'rtacha 780 nafar kattalarga xizmat ko'rsatgan, ularning soni 1157 nafar va jami byudjeti 55,5 million dollarni tashkil etgan (1995 moliya yili).[9][10] 1998 yilda byudjet 68 million dollarni tashkil etdi.[2] Muassasa 1998 yil 1-iyulda yopilgan.[11] Kasalxona 2015 yil boshida inshootlarni, tunnellarni, yo'llarni va boshqa infratuzilmani to'liq buzishni tugatdi.

Tavsif

1928 yildan boshlab Nyu-Jersi shtati tomonidan besh yuz to'qqiz gektar maydon sotib olindi. Marlboro psixiatriya kasalxonasini qurish uchun erlarning bir qismi Wickatunkda bo'lgan.[12] Kasalxonaning asl ishchi nomi "Wickatunk-da Hillsdale boshpana" edi.[13] Keyinchalik u "Marlboro psixiatriya shifoxonasi" deb nomlanishidan oldin "Xilddeyl Development" nomi bilan tanilgan.[14] Birinchi qurishda kasalxona 17 ta "eng zamonaviy" kottejlar va markaziy binolardan iborat edi. Har bir kottejda 55 nafar bemor yotar edi.[15] Dastlabki loyiha 6000 000 AQSh dollariga rejalashtirilgan.[13] Qo'shimcha joy kerak bo'lib, 1934 yilda 300000 dollarga ikkita uch qavatli yotoqxona ham qurildi.[16] Kasalxona hududidan tashqari, kasalxonada dastlab Nyu-Jersi markazida ambulatoriya sharoitida "ruhiy gigiena klinikalari" faoliyat ko'rsatgan.[17]

histoire de l'hôpital psikiyatriği de Marlboro

Dastlab kattalarni davolash uchun tashkil etilgan shifoxona 1939 yildan boshlab bolalarni davolashni boshladi.[18] Marlboro psixiatriya kasalxonasida dastlab kottejlar bo'lgan Tudor uslubi har birida 55 dan ortiq bemor bo'lgan yotoqxonalar. Kottec modeli tanlandi, chunki davolanish eng yaxshi tashxis qo'yilgan odamlarni guruhlash orqali amalga oshirilishi mumkin edi.[14] Uylarning barchasi ulkan ellips atrofida qurilgan, faqat zo'ravon bemorlar joylashgan ikkita kottejdan tashqari. Kasalxona kasallarini konditsioner bilan ta'minlash to'g'risida qaror 1965 yilda 40 ming dollar byudjet bilan qabul qilingan. Ushbu pul "Jigger do'koni" deb nomlangan bemorlar buyumlari do'konidan olingan daromaddan olingan.[19] Biroq, faqat bir nechta muhim ustuvor yo'nalishlar bajarildi va shifoxonaning qolgan qismi shartsiz qoldi.[20]

Xizmat ko'rsatiladigan tumanlar doirasini kengaytirish to'g'risida qaror 1972 yilda qabul qilingan. O'sha paytda, Greiston Park psixiatriya kasalxonasi ishlov bergan Esseks okrugi odamlar haddan tashqari ko'p edi va Marlboro Esseks g'arbiy okrugidan bemorlarni qabul qila boshladi. 1972 yil yanvar oyida 150 nafar bemorlar olomonni engillashtirish va Greystoun kasalxonasini kengaytirish imkoniyatini engillashtirish uchun kela boshladilar.[21][22]

Yil oxiridagi bemorlarning soni grafada o'ng tomonda ko'rsatilgan.[23]

Kasalxonani yopish to'g'risida qaror 1995 yilda viloyat hokimi tomonidan qabul qilingan Kristin Todd Uitman; 1993 yilgi o'sha shtat senatori olib borgan tergovdan so'ng Richard J. Kodi, shu vaqt ichida u kasalxonada yashirin yurgan va keng tarqalgan bemorni suiiste'mol qilish, behuda sarf-xarajatlar va boshqa noqonuniy amaliyotlar.[24] Uning hisobotida u bemorlarni "oddiy mahbusga qaraganda kamroq ehtiyotkorlik bilan davolashganini" ko'rganligi aytilgan.[25] Jarayon 1996 yilda boshlanib, uch yil ichida yakunlanishi kerak edi.[26] Maqsad bemorlarni jamoat yordami uylariga joylashtirish edi.[27] Dastlabki rejada oyiga 450 dollar miqdorida stipendiya berilishi kerak edi[11] va "terapiya va uy-joy, dori-darmon va kundalik hayotda yordam berish uchun 40 ta ko'chma jamoalarni tashkil etish. Jamoalar tarkibiga psixologlar, hamshiralar va ruhiy salomatlik himoyachilari kiradi, ular 24 soat davomida chaqiruvda bo'lishadi".[26] Kasalxona 1998 yilda yopilgan.

Tuzilmalar

Yong'inga qarshi qurilish

Binolar yong'inga chidamsiz deb hisoblangan - pollar linolyum bilan qoplangan beton va devorlar va bo'laklar ichi bo'sh plitkadan qilingan. Asbest har qanday yong'in chiqishini to'xtatish uchun quvurlarda va qavatlar orasida ishlatilgan, bu esa buzilish paytida muhim muammoga aylandi.

Kasalxona tunnellari

Har qanday ob-havo sharoitida inshootlar orasidagi materiallar va materiallar ta'minotini engillashtirish uchun binolar o'rtasida tunnellar qurilgan.[28] Ular asbob-uskunalar, oziq-ovqat va bemorlar va xodimlarning harakatini etkazib berishda ishlatilgan. Keyingi yillarda ularning yoshini ko'rsatib, tunnellar muammoli edi. Pastga osilgan quvurlar ko'pincha axloqsizlik va boshqa narsalarni tashlardi. Ular "qorong'i, iflos va yomon hidga ega edi ... pollarda siydik va najas bor edi".[29] Tunnellar, shuningdek, bir qator o'z joniga qasd qilish joylari bo'lgan.

Binoni kengaytirish

1931 yil mart oyida 500 bemorni sig'diradigan beshta bino qurib bitkazildi. Bir necha oydan keyin iyun oyida jami oltita bino qurildi va yana to'rtta kasal uylari deyarli qurib bitkazildi. Dastlab shifoxona "o'zini tutadigan jamoa" sifatida tasavvur qilingan.[30] Dastlab 2000 bemorni tashkil etish uchun mo'ljallangan; ammo, 1933 yilda 3000 bemorga murojaat qilingan.[31] 1937 yilda mablag'lar WPA bino uchun ishlatilgan bo'lib, 650 qo'shimcha bemorni yotqizish uchun qo'shilgan.[32][33] 1939 yilda uchta qo'shimcha ma'muriy bino, siloslar, omborlar va boshqa ba'zi binolar qurildi.[34][35] Odamlarning zichligi 1944 yilda yana ko'rib chiqilgan bo'lib, uning har biri 80 bemorga mo'ljallangan ikkita yotoqxonani shoshilinch ravishda qurish uchun 400 ming dollar miqdorida mablag 'berilishini tasdiqlovchi qonun loyihasi qabul qilindi.[36] Odamlarni haddan tashqari ko'paytirishni davom ettirgan holda, kasalxonalar aholisi 1945 yil dekabr oyida 2812 kishini tashkil etganligi haqida xabar berilgan.[37] 1947 yilda kasalxonani davlat tekshiruvi natijasida 2736 bemor ro'yxatga olingan. Tadqiqotda yana "keksa bemorlarning gavjum joylaridagi sahnalar hech kimning ushbu muhtoj guruhga berilgan qo'llab-quvvatlashdan faxrlanishiga sabab bo'ladigan emas edi" deb ta'kidlangan.[38] 1949 yilda doktor Gordon "bemorlarning bo'limlari podvallarda, quyosh nurlari va koridorlarda tashkil etilgan" deb ta'kidlagan.[39] 1951 yilda keksaygan bemorlar uchun qurilgan 280 o'rinli bino uchun 300000 dollar ajratilgan.[40] Shtat saylovchilari ushbu mulkka to'rtta yotoqxona inshootlarini qurish uchun 730 ming dollarlik zayom taqdim etishdi va qo'shimcha ravishda 312 yotoq bilan ta'minladilar.[41] 1977 yilda qarigan kasalxonada kapitoliyni atrof-muhitni yaxshilash, elektrni yangilash, tomni ta'mirlash va yangi qozonxonalar talab qilingan. Ushbu yangilanishlar uchun pul 1975 yilgi obligatsiyalar ovozida ajratilgan.[42] 1987 yilda kasalxonaning qismlarini qayta qurish bo'yicha 4 million dollarlik reja ikkinchi qabul bo'limini, yana ikkita bemor uylarini va tibbiy xizmat binosini kunduzgi faoliyat markaziga aylantirishni o'z ichiga olgan.[43]

Chapel

1962 yilda kasalxonaga interdenominational kapellasi qo'shilgan. Chapel qurilish byudjeti 80000 AQSh dollarini tashkil qilgan va kasalxonadagi snack do'konidagi daromaddan kelib chiqqan.[44] U diniy xizmatlar uchun ham, maslahat uchun ham qurilgan. Rim katolik ruhoniysi, protestant cherkovi va yarim kunlik episkop va yahudiy ruhoniylari uchun idoralar mavjud edi. Shuningdek, tashrif buyuradigan vazirlar uchun joy bor edi. Uning balandligi 33 fut, uzunligi 64 fut va katta bo'lib, xizmat ko'rsatish uchun 80 kishini sig'dira olardi. Bu tomi qiya qizil g'ishtli bir qavatli bino edi.[45] Marlboro kasalxonasi yordamchisi kapel uchun organ sotib olishga mablag 'ajratdi.[46][47] Orqa bino vertikal ravishda to'xtatilgan bir qator qo'ng'iroqlarni ushlab turardi. Qo'ng'iroqlar kasalxonada taqdim etilgan diniy dasturlarga xizmat qiladigan e'tiqodlarni ifodalaydi.[48] Yopiq o'zgarishlardan tashqari, bino yanada kattaroq yig'ilishlar, kontsertlar va boshqa dasturlarga ruxsat berish uchun tashqi makonga ega edi.[44]

Boshqa tuzilmalar

Qamoqxonadagi katta ombor Prezident Ruzveltning W.P.A ish o'rinlari loyihasi mablag'lari hisobiga qurilgan. Bu shifoxona mulkini qurish va obodonlashtirish uchun 78 761 AQSh dollari miqdorida mablag 'ajratilganidan keyin sodir bo'ldi.[49] 1956 yilda funktsiyalar va xizmatlar uchun qurilgan auditoriya mavjud edi[50] va 1959 yilda bemorlarning kasbiy terapiyasi xizmatlari uchun issiqxona ham qurildi.[51] Tibbiy ta'minot xonasi 1962 yilda 33000 AQSh dollari miqdorida mablag 'ajratilgandan so'ng qo'shilgan. Shuningdek 1962 yilda kanalizatsiya va yong'in gidrantlari ehtiyojga javob bermaydi va yangilanishni talab qiladi.[52]

Tashrif dasturlari

Bridjyuey uyi

Bridjyuey uyi 1959 yil mart oyida boshlangan.[53] Loyiha uch qavatli Viktoriya binosiga aylantirildi Red Bank, Nyu-Jersi. Bu eksperimental va "mamlakatda bunday birinchi" edi. Marlboro kasalxonasida kasallikdan qutulganidan keyin keksa yoshdagi odamlar va psixiatrik bemorlarga turar joy va ijtimoiy imkoniyatlarni ta'minlashga e'tibor qaratildi. Bu kasalxona hayoti va jamiyat hayoti o'rtasida ko'prikni ta'minlashdir.[53] Muassasa bilan bir qatorda, kunduzgi klinika ham Katta kunlik markaz sifatida tashkil etilgan.[54][55] Bridjeway uyining muvaffaqiyatidan so'ng, xuddi shunday dastur ochildi Yelizaveta 1964 yilda.[56] Shuningdek, klinikasi ochildi Pol Kimball kasalxonasi Leykudda.[57]

Discovery House

Discovery House kasalxona hududidagi bino edi. Ushbu binoning asosiy maqsadi giyohvandlik va spirtli ichimliklarni suiiste'mol qilganlar uchun turar joy dasturini qurish edi.[58]

Xodimlar bilan bog'liq muammolar

Byudjet

1995 yilda kasalxonada 1157 nafar xodim ishlaydi. Kasalxonalar byudjeti 1998 yilda 68 million dollarni tashkil etdi.[59]

Tibbiy direktor

Kasalxonaning ishlash muddatini hisobga olgan holda; shifoxonada bir qator tibbiy direktorlar ko'rilgan:

  • Kasalxonaning birinchi tibbiy direktori doktor J. Berkli Gorden edi. U kasalxonaning boshlanishidan boshlangan va 1962 yilda nafaqaga chiqqan.
  • Doktor D. V. Makkreyt direktor vazifasini bajaruvchi bo'lib ishlagan va doktor Gorden nafaqaga chiqqanidan keyin doimiy tibbiyot direktori topilguncha joyni to'ldirishga tayinlangan. Uning faoliyati 1962 yildan 1963 yilgacha bo'lgan.[44]
  • Uning o'rnini doktor Robert P, Nenno egalladi. Doktor Nenno tibbiyot direktori sifatida 1963 yilda ish boshlagan va u erda 1968 yilgacha bo'lgan.[60][61] Marlboro kasalxonasiga tayinlanishidan oldin u Seton Xoll kollejida tibbiyot raisi bo'lgan.[62]
  • Doktor Maykl R. Simon 1968 yildan 1973 yilgacha tibbiyot direktori bo'lgan.[63][64]
  • Doktor Xarold J. Knobb, Simon Simonning iste'fosidan keyin tibbiy direktor vazifasini bajaruvchi sifatida ish boshladi. U 1973 yildan 1974 yilgacha xizmat qilgan.[65]
  • Doktor Herbert Seksinger 1974 yildan 1976 yilgacha tibbiyot direktori bo'ldi.[66]
  • Doktor Charlz Uebber 1976 yilda doktor Seksinger iste'foga chiqqandan so'ng tibbiyot direktori vazifasini bajaruvchisi bo'lib ishlagan va 1977 yilgacha uning o'rnida uning o'rnini bosuvchi topilgan.[67]
  • Roy S. Ettlinger - 1977 yildan 1983 yilgacha bosh ijrochi direktor. U ishdan chiqib, Bostondagi kasalxonaga direktorlik qildi.[68]
  • Doktor Devid Sorensen 1984 yildan 1987 yilgacha bosh ijrochi direktor bo'lib ishlaganida, u rahbarlik qilayotganda bemorlarni suiiste'mol qilish, xodimlarni e'tiborsiz qoldirish va jinsiy tajovuzlarga oid ayblovlardan so'ng lavozimidan chetlatilgan.[69][70]
  • Doktor Maykl Ross 1987 yildan boshlab kasalxonada bosh ijrochi direktor vazifasini bajaruvchi edi.[43] Doktor Ross ushbu lavozimga qadar Graystone Park kasalxonasida bosh ijrochi direktor bo'lgan.[71]

Favqulodda xizmatlar

Marlboro psixiatriya shifoxonasi o'zining yong'in va politsiya shoshilinch bo'limlariga ega edi. Ular Marlboro shaharchasi jamoatidagi favqulodda xizmatlardan mustaqil edi.[72] Biroq, jinoiy tekshiruvlar uchun Nyu-Jersi shtati politsiyasi tergovni o'tkazish va gumonlanuvchilarni ayblash huquqiga ega edi.[73]

Ikkinchi jahon urushidagi kadrlar masalalari

Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida kasalxonada o'qitilgan mutaxassislar jiddiy ravishda yo'q bo'lib ketgan. Qurolli xizmatlar tarkibida 10 vrach, 6 stomatolog va 50 hamshira, 200 xizmatchi hamda boshqa o'qitilgan mutaxassislar qatnashdi. Xodimlar uy-joy va oyiga 15 AQSh dollari miqdorida pul bilan ta'minlangan vijdonan xizmatdan voz kechganlar bilan to'ldirildi.[74][75]

Mennonit lageri

1942 yil noyabrdan[76] 1946 yil oktyabrgacha Mennonit Markaziy qo'mitasi ochildi Fuqarolik davlat xizmatlari lageri mulk asosida. Lager CPS 063-01 deb aniqlandi.[77] The Mennonitlar harbiy xizmatga cheklangan va ko'rib chiqilgan vijdonan voz kechish. Bunday e'tiqodli ba'zi erkaklar kasalxonada yordam berish orqali mamlakatga xizmat qilishni tanladilar. Guruh Pensilvaniyaning markaziy qismidan Mennonit yoki Amish bo'lgan 25 kishi bilan boshlandi.[76] Erkaklarning aksariyati palatada nozir bo'lib xizmat qilishgan, ammo agar ular maxsus iste'dodlarga ega yoki ma'lumotlarga ega bo'lsalar, ular ushbu imkoniyat ostida xizmat qilishlari mumkin. Masalan, bir kishi o'qitilgan shifokor edi (doktor Klark T Case). Unga kasalxonada kasal bemorlarga borishga ruxsat berildi. To'rt yil ichida birlik o'sdi. Bitta hisobotda jami erkaklar bir yuz uch kishini tashkil etgan, ko'plari turmush qurgan.[78] Boshqa bir hisobotda jami erkaklar bir yuz etmish to'qqiz kishini tashkil etgan.[79]

Kasalxonaning tibbiy direktori birinchi yigirma beshta odamni shaxsan Medaryvilldan, Indiana shtatidagi CPS lageridagi № 28 va Genridan, Illinoys shahridagi CPS lageridan 22-sonli shaxsni tanlab oldi. Loyiha ishlayotganini ko'rib, kadrlar etishmasligi sababli doktor Gordon odam yubordi. boshqa odamlarni jalb qilish umidida Merilend va Virjiniya shtatlaridagi boshqa vijdonan voz kechuvchilar lagerlari.[80] CPS ishchilari haqida suhbatda u "ular qat'iy darajada - va ishchi kuchi etishmasligidan xalos bo'lish uchun bizning muassasamizga baraka ... ular qo'rqoqlar emas, shunchaki urushga ishonmaydilar va boshqalar xususan o'z odamlarini o'ldirishda ... diniy sabablarga ko'ra "[81]

Ushbu odamlarni xizmatchi sifatida ishlatish muammosiz bo'lmagan. 1946 yilda, mennonitli ishchi bemorga noto'g'ri dorilarni yuborganidan so'ng, bitta bemor vafot etganida xato yuz berdi, bu yo'talga qaraganda yurak stimulyatori.[82] Ammo, umuman olganda, ular doktor Gordon tomonidan bemorlarga "qimmatli yordam" sifatida xabar berilgan. Urush xizmati tugagandan so'ng, mennonliklardan biri kasalxonaga qaytib, u erda ishlash uchun qaytib keldi.[83]

Eleanor Ruzvelt 1943 yil 16-yanvarda tashrif buyurgan. U kasalxonani ko'zdan kechirdi va CPS erkaklar bilan tashrif buyurdi.[84]

Xodimlarning uy-joylari

Kotteclarning yuqori qavatlaridagi bitta turar joydan tashqari, kasalxonada yolg'iz va turmush qurgan xodimlar uchun jihozlangan uy-joylar mavjud edi. 520-chi yo'lga qaragan kasalxonaning g'arbiy burchagida joylashgan kattaroq uy bor edi. Bu tibbiyot direktori tomonidan ishlatilgan. 1960-yillarda kasalxonada Tibbiy Direktorlar uyi yonida joylashgan ikki qatorli uylardan iborat kichik bino ham qurilgan.[85]

Xodimlar uchun uy 1964 yilgacha ajratilgan edi. O'sha paytda ajratish siyosat olib tashlandi.[86]

Xodimlarning ish tashlashi

Xodimlarning ish tashlashlari

Marlboro psixiatriya shifoxonasi xodimlari turli ishchilar uchun bir nechta kasaba uyushmalariga ega edilar. Kasalxonada ish haqi va ish sharoitlariga norozilik bildirish uchun bir nechta ish tashlashlar bo'lgan.

  • 1970 yil iyul oyida "kasbiy bo'lmagan kasalxonalar ishchilari" xodimlarning jamoaviy savdolashishini talab qilishlari sababli uch kunlik kasal bo'lib qoldilar.[87]
  • 1977 yil avgust oyida kasalxonada xodimlar "24 soatlik ish aktsiyasi" ni o'tkazdilar. Ushbu ish to'xtashining asosiy yo'nalishi "Ish tartibi va kadrlar bilan bog'liq muammolar" atrofida joylashgan. Ish tashlash kasalxonani minimal xodimlar bilan tark etdi. Ish tashlash paytida 100 tagacha xodim asosiy darvozani piket qildi. Xodimlar uch smenaga chiqib ketishdi. Ertalab soat 7 dan 15 gacha bo'lgan smenada ishlaydigan 161 xodimdan 23 nafari ish uchun hisobot berdi. Bundan tashqari, qamoqxona lageridagi mahbuslar piket chizig'idan o'tishdan bosh tortishdi.[88] Biroq, ko'pincha kasaba uyushmalari kelishuvga kelishmagan. Kasalxonalarda ish tashlashlarning yana bir misolida kasaba uyushma savdolashish bo'limlaridan biri ish tashlashga, boshqa kasaba uyushma bitimlari piket chizig'idan o'tishga ovoz berishdi.[89]
  • 1983 yil avgust oyida xodimlar xavfli ish sharoitlari va bemorlarning haddan tashqari ko'pligi sababli ish tashlash uchun ovoz berishdi.[90]
  • 1987 yil mart oyida 150 nafar xodim kasalxonada yollash amaliyotida irqiy kamsitishni talab qilib, ushbu muassasada ommaviy namoyish o'tkazdilar.[91]

Kasalxona politsiyasi

1978 yil aprelda yigirmaga yaqin kasalxona politsiyasi Marlboro davlat kasalxonasida piket o'tkazdi. Gap shifoxonada navbatchilik paytida qurol olib yurish huquqi to'g'risida edi. Bu masala bir necha kun oldin bosqinchi zobitlarga miltiq otganidan boshlandi. O'sha paytda, agar qurol kerak bo'lsa, shtat politsiyasi mahalliy Marlboro Township politsiya bo'limlari bilan birga chaqirilgan.[92]

Stajyorlar

Marlboro psixiatriya shifoxonasi stajyorlar xizmatidan foydalangan. Kasalxona "Insonlarga xizmat ko'rsatish psixologiyasi" bo'limining "Yosh o'quvchilar" dasturida ishtirok etdi. Bu hududdagi maktablardan psixologiya bo'yicha stajyorlarni tayyorlashga yordam beradigan dastur edi.[93]

Bemorni davolash

Qabul qilish tashxisi

1942 yilda tibbiyot direktori doktor J.B.Gordon o'sha paytda Marlboro psixiatriya kasalxonasiga yotqizishning asosiy sabablarini aniqladi. Uning ta'kidlashicha, barcha qabullarning 7 foizi uchun parez. Shuningdek, u boshqa asosiy sabablarning sababini "Demans preekoks, manik-depressiv psixoz, miya arteriosklerozi, qarilik va alkogolizm."[94] Shifoxonada istiqomat qiluvchi psixiatr, doktor C.Kakli Greyvz haqida gapirib berdi sifiliz kasalxonaga yotqizishning muhim sababi.[95]

Gipnoz

Marlboro kasalxonasida ayollar bo'limi boshlig'i doktor Elsvort Beyker aniqlandi gipnoz kasalxonada bemorlarning ozgina qismi uchun davolash usuli sifatida. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, bu "kasallikning xayoliy alomatlari" asosiy alomatlar sifatida taqdim etilgan holatlar uchun ishlatilgan.[96] Doktor Sidney Xodas, konsalting psixiatr, foydalanishni bildirgan gipnoz taklifi u erdagi bemorlarning taxminan 40 foizida davolanishga yordam berdi.[97]

Bolalar bo'limi

Bolalar bo'limi 1939 yil dekabrda boshlangan. 1942 yil yanvar oyida kasalxonada 7 yoshdan 16 yoshgacha bo'lgan 22 bola bor edi,[17] ammo o'sha dekabrga qadar bu raqam 37 yoshga etdi.[98] 1946 yilda Marlboro kasalxonasi bolalar bo'limini ochdi Artur Brisben Allaire shahridagi mulk.[99] Kasalxona bo'limidan 35 nafar bola u erga ko'chirilgan va faqat o'tkir kasallar Marlborodagi kasalxonada saqlangan. Bolalar bo'limi 1978 yilda yopilgan va yoshlar boshqa bo'limlarga ko'chirilgan.[100][101] 1980 yil iyun oyida o'spirin bemorlar ham kasalxonada davolanishdan voz kechishdi. 1946 yilda Artur Brisben mulki davlat kasalxonasiga vasiyat qilingan. Marlboro kasalxonasi buni "Marlboro davlat bolalar bo'limi" ga aylantirdi[102] va aksariyat bolalar ushbu kasalxonaga ko'chirildi.

Eksperimental davolash usullari

Tibbiy direktorga qo'shimcha ravishda "selektiv sterilizatsiya va evgenika "amaliyotlar,[103] 1937 yilda Marlboro psixiatriya kasalxonasida insulin bo'yicha kelishilgan tajribalar o'tkazildi. Sakkizta erkak va sakkizta ayol eksperimentlarda "aniq davolangan" dan "yaxshilanish yo'q" gacha bo'lgan aralash natijalar bilan foydalanilgan. Davolashning asosiy yo'nalishi davolashga urinish edi demans preekoks[104] Dori vositalarining rivojlanishi giyohvand moddalarni davolash bo'yicha tajribalarni olib keldi. Doktor Jon B.K rahbarligida. Smit 1962 yilda giyohvand moddalarni davolashning to'rtta klassi mavjud edi.[105]

Kasalxonani qayta tashkil etish

1963 yil sentyabr oyida kasalxona to'rt bo'limga qayta tashkil etildi. To'rt birlik, geratriya, bolalar (14 yoshdan kichiklar uchun "16-kottej" va 14-18 yoshdagi "17-kottej" kabi ikkita bo'limga bo'lingan),[56][106] tibbiy-jarrohlik va maksimal xavfsizlik.[107]

Bemorlarni parvarish qilish bilan bog'liq muammolar

1936 yilga kelib, kasalxonada bemorlarga oilaning roziligisiz otopsi o'tkazilayotganda;[108][109] Marlboro psixiatriya shifoxonasida ilgari muammolar bo'lgan. 1967 yilda kasalxonani tomosha qilgandan so'ng, Assambleyachi Jozef Azzolina kasalxonaning ahvoli "shu qadar yomonki, u oshqozonimni o'girgan".[110]

Ovqatdan zaharlanish

1979 yil 2-noyabrda 131 bemor va ikkita xodim kasal bo'lib, beshta bemor ovqatdan zaharlanib vafot etdi.[111] Shubhali sabab shu edi Clostridium perfringens.[112][113] 1987 yil 9-may kuni jamoat advokati tomonidan bemorlarning o'limi bo'yicha sakkizinchi tergov o'tkazildi.[114] Oziq-ovqat zaharlanishidan bir necha oy oldin katta oziq-ovqat xizmati xodimi shtat rasmiylariga "oshxonaning antisanitariya sharoitlari" haqida shikoyat qilgani aniqlandi.[29] Shartlarga kemiruvchilarning axlati, iflos uskunalar va mog'or kiradi. Bemorlar bulg'angan tovuq go'shtini iste'mol qilgandan keyin kasal bo'lib, qattiq ich ketishgan. Navbatchi shifokor bemorlar kasal bo'lib qolgani to'g'risida unga xabar berilgandan keyin olti soat kutib turdi va bemorlar uchun juda og'ir holatga kelguniga qadar u ko'rgan birinchi bemorlarga tashxis qo'ydi.[115] Zaharlanish hodisasidan ikki oy o'tgach, davlat sog'liqni saqlash boshqarmasi mutasaddilari oshxonalarni o'rganayotganda, oziq-ovqat xizmatining shartlari "kelajakda kasallik avj olishi uchun keng imkoniyat" berishda davom etishdi.[116]

Suiiste'mol qilish va e'tiborsizlik

1986 yilda 38 yoshli bemor Marlboro psixiatriya kasalxonasiga o'tkazildi. Uning jismoniy holati og'ir edi; uning qonida kam ovqatlanishdan natriy miqdori past bo'lgan. Kasalxonada uning qoni xodimlar tomonidan nazorat qilinmagan. Xalq himoyachisi kasalxonada ushbu bemorga ko'rsatilayotgan g'amxo'rlikni "beparvolik va beparvolik" deb ta'riflagan.[117]

Pul o'g'irlash

1992 yilda bemorni kasalxonadagi hisob raqamidan pul olib, uni xodimga topshirishga undashgan. Buning evaziga bir xodim bemorni Monmut savdo markaziga olib borishini aytgan edi. Bu kasalxona siyosatiga zid edi.[118]

Kasalxonani ruxsatsiz tark etish

Vaqti-vaqti bilan matbuotda xabar berilishicha, ko'plab bemorlar shifoxonada davolanishdan uzoqlashishgan. Ba'zi e'tiborga loyiq holatlar quyidagilardir:

  • 1937 yil sentyabr oyida ikki ayolning shikoyatidan so'ng qochib ketgan bemor "axloqiy ayblovlar" bilan ushlab turilgan.[119]
  • 1942 yil, xodimlar darajasining pastligi (urush sababli), kamida 12 mahbus kasalxonadan chiqib ketishdi.
    • Edna Gilsenan kasalxonadan uzoqlashdi va "juda xavfli" deb hisoblandi[120]
    • Devid Xardenbruk temir yo'l ko'prigiga bordi va 60 metr pastroqdagi o'tloqqa "sho'ng'idi" (u tirik qoldi).[121]
  • 1948 yil iyun oyida, yaqin atrofdagi shaharchadagi kasalxonaning tashqarisida ikkita kasal "shubhali" topilgan.[122]
  • 1971 yil iyun oyida Genri Mayer, zo'ravonlik bilan jinoyatchi qizini qattiq kaltaklagandan so'ng kasalxonaga yotqizilgan.[123]
  • 1973 yil noyabrda Uilyam Koburn kasalxonada nazoratni tark etdi. U 6 kun davomida maydonchada yashirinib, nihoyat taslim bo'ldi. Kuchli ta'sir tufayli muzlash tufayli ikkala oyog'i amputatsiya qilingan.[124]
  • 1974 yil dekabrda 5 kasal kasalxonadan qochib ketadi. Ulardan biri kasalxona hududida ushlangan, yana 4 nafari mahalliy turar joydan mashinani o'g'irlamoqda. Ishga tushgandan ko'p o'tmay ular avtohalokatga uchraydilar. Voqea sodir bo'lganidan keyin ular mashinani tashlab, piyoda qochib ketishadi.[125]
  • 1976 yilda Marlboro shaharchasi meri gubernator Bayndan favqulodda holat e'lon qilishni talab qildi, chunki bemorlarning ruxsatisiz chiqib ketish holatlari ko'p. Bu bemorni polni tark etib, politsiyachiga hujum qilgani haqidagi voqeadan keyin.[126] Shahar hokimi institutdan uzoqlashib ketgan 650 nafar bemor borligini aytib o'tdi.[127]
  • 1979 yilda otasi va ukasini machete bilan o'ldirgan odam kasalxona maydonini tark etib, Marlboroda shinani o'g'irlamoqchi bo'lganligi aniqlandi.[128]
  • 1980 yilda bir kasal 10-kottejdan chiqib, mehmonning kalitini uning qo'lidan ushlab, mashinani o'g'irlab ketgan. U shifoxona tashqarisidagi kasalxona hududidan o'tib ketdi. U kasalxonaga yaqin boshqa transport vositasida avtohalokatga uchragan va uning bo'limiga qaytarilgan.[129]
  • 1984 yilda kasalxonani tark etgan bemorlarning 151 hodisasi qayd etilgan.[130] Bemor kasalxonadan ikki marta qochib chiqib, mahalliy uyga bostirib kirgan. Bir voqeada, uy egasi bemorni hibsga olish uchun politsiya yetib kelguniga qadar stakanni stakan bilan urib yuborgan.[131]
  • 1995 yilda ota-onasini o'ldirganidan keyin kasalxonaga yotqizilgan Uilyam Jenningsga imtiyozlar berilgan va kasalxonani tark etishgan.[132] U Florida shtatidagi Uolt Disney dunyosida chalkash va yo'naltirilgan holda topilgan.[133]

Marlboroda o'tkazilgan maxsus jamoat yig'ilishida doktor Saksinger so'nggi bir yarim yil ichida 900 nafar bemor bo'lmaganligini aytdi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, shifoxona tizimni o'zgartiradi va kasalxonalarda bemorlar tomonidan foydalanish uchun maxsus o'tish tizimini yaratadi.[134] 1984 yilga kelib bemorlarning bedarak yo'qolishi bilan bog'liq 151 voqea sodir bo'ldi.[25]

O'z joniga qasd qilish

O'z joniga qasd qilish doimiy muammo bo'lib, shifoxonaning ochilishiga yaqin bo'lgan vaqtga to'g'ri keladi.[135] 1949 yilda nutq so'zlagan doktor Gordon so'nggi 18 yil ichida 15 o'z joniga qasd qilish holatlari bo'lganligini ta'kidladi. Uning ta'kidlashicha, ushbu muassasada o'z joniga qasd qilish holatlari "agar bizda bemorlarning xavfsizligini ta'minlash uchun sharoit bo'lsa edi".[39] 1972 yilda, ikki oy ichida, kasalxonadagi bino podvalida kamida 4 o'z joniga qasd qilish holatlari bo'lgan.[136]

Bemorni suiiste'mol qilish

  • 1946 yilda kasalxonada xizmat ko'rsatuvchi xodim "jahlini chiqarganidan" keyin bemorni jag'ini ikki joyda sindirib urganlikda ayblangan.[137] * Kasalxonada uning yo'qolganini payqaganidan 48 soat oldin g'oyib bo'lgan ayol tashqarida muzlab o'lgan holda topilgan. Tufayli bir ayol suyuq oziq-ovqat bilan cheklangan edi ovqatlanish buzilishi, kimdir unga er yong'oq moyi sendvichini berganida, u bo'g'ilib o'lgan. A kasalligi miyaning shishishi natijasida vafot etdi natriy etishmovchiligi 6 hafta oldin o'z jadvallarida qayd etilgan, ammo davolanmagan. 5 kundan beri 80 soat davomida karavotga bog'lab qo'yilgan odam vafot etdi qon pıhtıları cheklovlardan kelib chiqqan (har ikki soatda bo'shatilishi kerak).[138]
  • 1995 yil noyabr oyida 64 yoshli bemor Regina Killen poldan ko'tarilib, boshini g'ildirakli stulga bog'lab qo'ygandan so'ng, bo'ynining singanligidan vafot etdi.[139] Ammo, otopsi hisobotida boshqa muammolar ham sanab o'tilgan: "uchtasi umurtqasi singan, ettita qovurg'asi singan va umurtqa pog'onasi shikastlangan, shuningdek, iyagidan tizzasigacha qon ketishi va ko'karishlar".[140][141]
  • Politsiya 1997 yilda hamshirani ikki ayol kasalga jinsiy tajovuz qilganlikda ayblagan. Shuningdek, unga kasalxonada tinchlantiruvchi vositalarni tarqatishda ayblangan.[142]

Psixiatrik bo'lmagan davolash

Kasalxonada birinchi navbatda psixiatrik davolanish bo'lgan bo'lsa, boshqa tibbiy muolajalar haqida xabarlar mavjud. Apandisit operatsiyasi kabi protseduralar haqida xabar berilgan.[143][144] Bundan tashqari, kasalxonada bemorlar va xodimlar uchun pnevmoniya holatlarini davolash belgilangan.[145]

Xayriya kontsentratsion lager

1977 yilda doktor Roy Ettlinger - tibbiyot direktori - mablag 'va davlat tomonidan ajratilgan mablag'larning qisqarishi natijasida kasalxonaning "xayrixoh kontsentratsion lager" ga aylanishini taklif qildi.[146]

Haddan tashqari odam

Esseks okrugida mahalliy muassasalarga qabul qilish muzlatilganligi sababli, Marlboro psixiatriya shifoxonasi ushbu hududga murojaatlarni ko'paytirdi. Kasalxona faqat 790 bemorni qabul qila olardi. Biroq, bemorlarning soni bu raqamdan oshib ketdi - "Odamlarning ko'pligi butun kasalxonaning umumiy ishiga aylandi".[147] 1983 yilda kasalxonada odamlarning haddan tashqari ko'p bo'lishiga qarshi kurashish uchun "Adolatli ob-havo" dasturi ishga tushirildi. Aslida, bu deinstitutsiyalashtirish rejasi edi.[148]

Deinstitutsionizatsiya

Marlboro psixiatriya shifoxonasi Nyu-Jersidagi yirik psixiatriya muassasalaridan birinchisi bo'lib yopildi. "Deinstititsializatsiya" deb nomlanuvchi jarayon bemorlarni mahalliy hamjamiyatga ko'chirish bo'yicha davlat rejasi edi.[149] Kasalxona yopilganda, bemorlar doimiy davolanishga, davlat tomonidan moliyalashtiriladigan mustaqil yashashga va boshqa psixiatriya shifoxonalariga o'tkazildi.[150] Ba'zi bemorlar boshqa psixiatriya muassasalariga o'tkazildi.[151] Kasalxona 760 bemorni uchta boshqa kasalxonaga yubordi: Trenton psixiatriya kasalxonasi, Ancora psixiatriya kasalxonasi va Greiston Park kasalxonasi.[152] Biroq, Monmut okrugi katta rol o'ynadi deinstitutsionizatsiya kasalxona aholisi. Nomutanosib sonli odamlar qirg'oq bo'yidagi qirg'oq jamoalaridagi ko'plab yirik pansionatlarga joylashtirilgan.[153] Bemorlarga xona va ovqat uchun oyiga 450 dollar miqdorida stipendiya berildi.[149]

Bemorlarning ijtimoiy takliflari

Orkestr

Kasalxonada doktor Yulius A.Toren rahbarligidagi bemorlar orkestri bor edi. 1937 yilda boshlanib, tezda 1939 yilda 45 a'zoga o'sdi.[154] 1940 yilda orkestrga janob Mankoff rahbarlik qildi.[155] Ular mintaqaviy ravishda tanilgan va Marlboro Fire House,[156] Freehold Presviterian cherkovi va Marlboro baptist cherkovi,[157] Orkestr 1939 yil 13 oktyabrda Asbury Parkdagi Berkli Karteretda ham ijro etdi va radio orqali eshittirildi.[158]

Atıştırmalıklar do'koni

Kasalxonada bemorlar uchun kichik shaxsiy buyumlar va atıştırmalıklar sotib olish uchun kichik do'kon mavjud. "Jigger do'koni" deb nomlangan snack do'koni operatsiyadan tushadigan daromadni ijtimoiy tadbirlar va kapitalni obodonlashtirishga, masalan, shifoxona hududida ibodatxona qurishga yo'naltirdi.[44][159]

Kiyim do'konlari

Yordamchi shifoxona tomonidan boshqariladigan ikkita kiyim-kechak do'koni ("Esquire" va "Vanity Fair") mavjud bo'lib, ularda asosan ehson qilingan kiyimlar bo'lgan. Bir qator mato ham kasbiy terapiya bo'limida tayyorlangan. Ruxsat bilan, bemor do'konga borib, tashrif buyurish, dam olish kunlari yoki uyga tashrif buyurish uchun foydalanish uchun kiyim tanlashi mumkin edi.[160]

Ijtimoiy faoliyat

Kartochkalar, gazetalar, jurnallar, jumboqlar, bingolardan tashqari[161] basketbol va shuffleboard kabi sport anjomlari; Kasalxonada kasalxonada faol yordamchi mavjud edi[162] va ular bemorlar uchun ko'plab ijtimoiy tadbirlarni yaratdilar, radio va televizion xonalarni yaratdilar,[163][164][165] haftalik filmlarni taqdim etdi, hunarmandchilik bilan shug'ullanadi,[166] vaqti-vaqti bilan raqslar[167][168] va mavsumiy partiyalar yaratdi:[169][170][171]

  • Marlboro kasalxonasi yordamchisi tomonidan bemorlarga do'stlari va oilalari uchun Rojdestvo sovg'alarini sotib olishda yordam beradigan "Rojdestvo do'koni" har yili tashkil etilgan.[172]
  • 1947 yilda boshlangan, yoz oylarida ikkita piknik bo'lgan (ko'pincha ko'proq)[173]) talabalar shaharchasidagi suv havzasida 50 nafar bemorga rejalashtirilgan.[174]
  • Ko'p yillar davomida 1950-yillarda Marlboro Post Amerika legioni yordamchisi davlat kasalxonasida faxriylarni xursand qildi - yil davomida turli spektakllar namoyish etdi.[175] lekin Rojdestvo bayramida - Sigaret sovg'a sifatida tarqatildi.[176]
  • Kasalxonada "oylik kontsertlar berish uchun" Monmut grafligi simfonik orkestri tashkil etildi.[177][178] Shu bilan birga, boshqa tashkilotlarning boshqa musiqiy chiqishlari ham mavjud edi.[179]
  • Mahalliy Ayollar klublari va American Legion "kartochkalar" tashkil qiladi va taqdim etadi;[180] "ijtimoiy choylar", musiqa va raqslar,[181] va tez-tez kasalxonada bemorlar uchun muzqaymoq ijtimoiy tarmoqlari.[182][183]
  • Ba'zida mahalliy teatr asarlari[184] yoki sehrli namoyishlar[185] kasallar uchun kasalxonada chiqish qilar edi.
  • Keramika, rasm[186] Yog'ochdan ishlangan hunarmandchilik xonalari va ko'plab go'zallik salonlari, shuningdek, kasalxonada yordamchi tomonidan jihozlangan va bemorlar uchun ishlatilgan.[187][188] Vaqti-vaqti bilan turli joylarda badiiy asarlarning ko'rgazmalari mavjud edi.[189][190]
  • Kasalxonada vaqti-vaqti bilan guruhlar va konsertlar namoyish etildi. Bir vaqtning o'zida, Bryus Springstin guruhi Kastiliyalar kasalxonada o'ynagan.[191] Ushbu chiqish paytida bemorlar "Biz bu joydan chiqib ketishimiz kerak!" Qo'shig'i bilan qo'shiq kuylashdi.[192]
  • 1960-yillarning oxiridan 1970-yillarning o'rtalariga qadar kasalxona har yili o'tkaziladigan "Qulupnay festivali" ga homiylik qildi.[193]

Musiqiy asboblarni yig'ish uchun harakat 1949 yilda amalga oshirildi[194] va yana 1953 yilda. O'sha paytda, to'plangan 15 pianinodan tashqari, kasalxona bemorlari foydalanishi uchun boshqa musiqa asboblari ham olingan.[195] Keyingi yil asboblar ta'mirlandi[196] bemorlar qattiq foydalanishni boshlaganlar.

Bemorlar uchun muhim ijtimoiy tadbirlarni amalga oshirishdan tashqari, Marlboro kasalxonasi yordamchi kompaniyasi tadbirlarni e'lon qilish va turli xil loyihalarni moliyalashtirish uchun jamoat xayriya mablag'lariga murojaat qilish uchun axborot byulletenini nashr etdi.[197]

Rasm tashabbusi

1975 yil iyul oyida kasalxonaning ijtimoiy qo'mitasi ushbu hududdagi odamlardan kasalxona haqida rasmlar yuborishni so'ragan. Bemorlarning joylariga osib qo'yish uchun 8x10 rasmlarni hoshiya qilish, kasalxonani kamroq institutsional ko'rinishga keltirishdan iborat edi.[198]

Skautlarni jalb qilish

Boy skaut 236-to'plam kasalxonada 1964 yilda kichik bemorlar uchun tuzilgan; 236-sonli qo'shin. Richard J, Lord ham kubmaster, ham skaut ustasi bo'lgan.[199] Bu asosan an bilan og'rigan bemorlar uchun edi Intellektual nogironlik kasalxonada yashash diagnostikasi. Ularga tungi lager tadbirlarida qatnashish va kampus tashqarisida ovqat tayyorlashga ruxsat berildi. Ular skautlar kengashi faoliyatida ham qatnashishdi.[200][201] 1964 yilda qo'shin a'zolaridan biri bir haftalik navbatchilik safari uchun tanlangan Nyu-Yorkdagi dunyo ko'rgazmasi xizmat ko'rsatma sifatida.[202] Kengashning yana bir tadbirida ular skautlar uchun makkajo'xori po'stlog'ini yasashayotgani qayd etildi Ikki yillik kengash faoliyati.[203] Doktor Nenno talabalar shaharchasidagi Boy Skaut qo'shinlari "ular uchun juda yaxshi ish qildi. Ba'zilari kasalxonada yillar davomida yotishdi. Bu ularga hayot baxsh etdi. Endi ular o'zlarini bir oz ko'proq odamdek his qilishdi. mashhurroq ".[204]

Yarim pro basketbol jamoasi

Kasalxona ochilgandan ko'p o'tmay, u yarim pro basketbol jamoasiga egalik qildi. They recruited players from the local high schools. Hymie Welling was recruited in December 1934.[205]

Prior land use

The grounds which became the hospital were largely rural farms before construction began. However, there was a rather large distillery on the property which was torn down to make room for the hospital.[206] From 1825 to about 1850, part of the land was used as a tannery by John Hulse.[207] The 509 acres purchased by the state for the hospital grounds were purchased for $76,000. It was reported that the houses and farms which were obtained in 1928 were considered "very old". Some of the structured destroyed for the hospital and farm were built before the Revolutionary War.[208]

Homeless housing

In 1988, the Freehold Township council suggested a plan to use some of the property at the Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital to house homeless families. The plan was suggested to place families in mobile homes on the "Doctors Circle", a remote part of the property. Other plans were offered to use 32 small rooms in a building at the hospital to house people.[209]

Dehqonchilik

Hospital farm

The hospital had a 760 acre[210] working farm on some of the hospital grounds. The farm provided vegetables, pigs, poultry, grains, strawberries, peas, beans, carrots, fruit trees and 120 Holstein cows for dairy products. The produce was used by the hospital for internal consumption as well as was canned and sold to other institutions in the state. In 1951, the farm and slaughterhouse provided 32 percent of the food needed to sustain the hospital population. The hospital patients were used to provide the labor in the fields and during the food production process. It was felt that the "open air work provides relief from the boredom of the hospital wards." The work was voluntary and supervised when the patients were in the field. In 1951, the cannery turned out 60,000 gallons of caned vegetables and fruit and over 60,000 pounds of pork. There were forty acres of apple and peach trees on the farm.[211] The Dairy Barn to house the cows burned in February 1948.[212]

Rahway Prison

In addition to psychiatric patients, Rahway Prison had a work camp unit established in 1959[213] on 15 acres across the road from the hospital.[214] Called the "Rahway State Prison Honor Camp",[215] it was one of 5 similar camps established in the state.[216] the prison farm helped with the care of the livestock and farming, were groundskeepers, laundry and kitchen aids. It was an ultra-minimum security prison farm located on the hospital property.

It housed 120 inmates and all of them were trustees. In addition to helping at the hospital, the inmates were also eligible for college classes offered through the Brookdale Community College.[217] Generally, one and two classes were offered at a time, three nights a week at the prison camp.[218]

Occasionally, prisoners would escape from this institution. Clyde Norton left the hospital laundry in 1963 and was picked up in Somervil, Nyu-Jersi.[219] In 1972, Johnnie Cooper; serving a sentence for armed robbery, was found after another one such escape attempt.[220] Community concern peaked in 1976 when over a 6-month period 15 inmates escaped the facility.[216] However, this continued to be a problem during the life of the prison camp. Escapes would continue to periodically happen. In 1974, a policy was established to provide Marlboro Township police with mugshots of all prisoners housed at the prison farm to facilitate capture of escapees.[221]

In 1977, two prisoners who attempted to escape were charged with the rape of a female patient.[222] Starting in the late 1970s largely in response to community requests, hospital pressures, and inmate escapes; the inmate population started to decrease. The population in 1980 was about 70 inmates.[223] However, prison issues continue; Timothy Knight left the grounds in 1983 and was captured close-by in Holmdel shaharchasi, Nyu-Jersi.[224]

Qishloq xo'jaligi tajriba stantsiyasi

Started in 1938 as the "Erosion Research Station",[225] part of the farm was turned over to the state agricultural college at Rutgers and the US department of agriculture for experimental use. It was on this property that alternative tilling was done, various fertilizers were tried, Irrigation methods used and various experimental farming practices were tried. At one part of the property "contour farming was used" and experimentation tried. Crops produced on this land using these methods were turned over to the hospital for consumption.[211] The Director of the experimental station initially was Dr. Jacob G. Lipman.[226] The second Director was Gerow Brill who left the post in 1942 after being called to active service by the Army.[227]

Hospital investigations

Codey investigation

Senator Richard J. Codey wanted to determine the standards of employee hiring and training in state institutions.[228] To accomplish this, he went undercover to work at Marlboro Hospital.[229] He had gained access to the hospital by applying for employment using the ID of a convicted rapist and social security number of a deceased convicted felon/possible sex offender.[230] His background was never checked and he was assigned to work on one of the most regressed cottages at the hospital; Cottage 16. This cottage housed patients on two levels; first floor and basement. The basement level, all male, housed patients who were often speechless, incoherent or actively psychotic and included those who had murdered outside or inside the hospital. Senator Codey used his experience at the hospital to advocate for stricter rules of employment, including fingerprint and background checks. Additionally, the investigation resulted in the head of the hospital, Dr. David A. Sorenson, being "reassigned".[70]

1993 investigation

In an executive summary issued in mid-1993, after the 15 month 1993 investigation, showed 'irregularities and questionable activities' at the hospital. "The results of the investigation reveal a tableau of waste, fraud, thievery and corruption in which the squandering of taxpayer dollars virtually has become business as usual at this institution. Senior Hospital officials repeatedly exercised lax supervision and poor judgment, allowing multiple abuses to flourish either by directly participating in them or by simply turning a blind eye."[231] The result was a number of personnel suspended or removed, contracts stopped, and changes to the procedures at the hospital.[232]

1987 investigation

A report by the US Health Care Financing Administration issued a report that Marlboro Hospital could lose its hospital accreditation. This warning was after the report suggested the hospital was understaffed and it was warned it needed to increase the size of its staff.[233] The report also found a general "insensitivity on the part of the administration to patients, staff and community needs".[234]

Joint Commission (1979)

The Qo'shma komissiya on Accreditation of Hospitals reviewed the hospital and the hospital gained accreditation. This allows the hospital to accept medicaid payments for indigent patients. They stayed three days and investigated staff levels, quality of care, facilities and management practices. The reviewers were impressed with the way patient audits were conducted at the hospital by the staff and stated they wanted to use the system developed at Marlboro Hospital as a model for other psychiatric hospitals.[235]

1965 investigation

The New Jersey Tenement House Commission reported deficiencies at the hospital. At that time 272 bedridden patients occupied the fourth floor of a building. In addition, the staff are housed on the top floor of the building. There was no outside fire escape and only one stairway for egress in an emergency.[236] These issues were noted in reports from the state fire marshal in 1947 as well as a report in 1953.[237]

1963 investigation

In 1963, the Monmouth County Grand Jury looked into the treatment of sex offenders and reviewed if the hospital is following the NJ Statue concerning treatment of people committed to the hospital due to sexual offences. It concluded that there was a lack of personnel, lack of program and facilities were unable to give the people the specialized treatment for sexual offence treatment. They found that the doctor to patient ratio was 400 to one and there was one nurse per floor; which was considered inadequate.[238] A solution was reached in that if these patients become security risks, they will be transferred to the Vroom building at Trenton psixiatriya kasalxonasi.[239]

G'ayrioddiy voqealar

  • In 1954, bad weather forced a light plane to land on the hospital property. Robert S. Miller was the pilot of the plane.[240]
  • In June 1963 a full circus was presented to the patients, on the hospital grounds.[241] The circus was performed by the Hunt Brothers Circus in front of 1700 patients who then were served a picnic supper.[242] A circus was again brought in in 1964. The Von Brothers Circus performed before almost 2000 patients.[243]
  • In 1964, the hospital was used as a backdrop for a film production. "Gateway to Return" was a 27.5 minute color film designed to follow two patients from the entrance to discharge from the state hospital system.[244] It premiered at the hospital on May 23, 1965.[245]
  • A bomb scare was called into the hospital on October 29, 1972. The hospital evacuated about 500 patients from the hospital. The caller said the bomb would go off at 5:00 PM. The staff waited till 5:15 PM, as there was no event, the patients at the hospital were returned to the units.[246]

Abandoned hospital grounds

Before demolition, Marlboro Township was informed by the U.S. military that it would be using the property for military training. This training exercise included using explosives in and around the buildings on the property.[247] The property was also used by the New Jersey State Police for training exercises.

Since its 1998 closing, the abandoned hospital has become the focus of numerous local legends. Tashlab ketilgan qassobxona on the property fueled legends of a murderous farmer.[248] It was said that the farmer would lure you down "death row," as he had to two slain hospital guards.[249] Trespassing at the slaughterhouse became a frequent problem, and the township publicly stated that trespassers would be prosecuted.[250] Ning bir soniga ko'ra G'alati Nyu-Jersi magazine, and the book Yaqinlashish, soya odamlari were often spotted in, or around, the slaughterhouse. The slaughterhouse was razed.

In January 2010, a fire was reported in one of the buildings at the former hospital. Local fire companies responded and extinguished the fire but the building was a total loss.[251]

Buzish

The state demolished eight cottages built between 1929 and 1974 in the hospital complex, in part due to the ghost stories and trespassing of ghost hunters who illegally enter the property and in part because of the serious health hazard caused by asbestos used throughout the buildings. The police reported about 100 calls to the property annually.[252]

In June 2013, the demolition of the hospital buildings started. The demolition of the buildings is through a contract with the NJDPMC.[253] Destruction of the buildings could be seen from the main road Route 520.[254] By 2015 the property had been completely demolished. Buildings, streetlights, roads and underground structures were demolished and removed from the property.[255]

The only structures left on the property was an active waste treatment facility and related buildings.[256] The waste treatment plant services New Hope Project qulaylik. In June 2011, $3.58 million was appropriated from Clean Waters bond fund for sewerage infrastructure improvements so the plant could continue to function.[257]

Kelajakdagi rejalar

1998 yilda New Jersey Economic Commission put most of the property at the hospital up for sale.[258] Various land-use suggestions became known. Among the various options were a corporate park, residential development, nursing or assisted living facility, and a school campus. In 2002, Marlboro Township voted to select a developer the rights to develop the property for residential use.[259]

They later reversed themselves after lobbied by multiple parties to create New Jersey Open Space. On November 18, 2011, New Jersey state officials announced that the hospital site would become open space for recreational use. It was no longer be under state jurisdiction. Instead, the Monmouth County Park System would oversee the property. Demolishing buildings and cleaning up the property to meet environmental standards was necessary for completing the $27 million project. In 2013, the clean-up of the contaminated soil, asbestos, and wastewater facility had climbed to $75 million.[260]

The project was slated for completion in 2013,[261] but was pushed back to 2016.[262] The park system has reclaimed some of the hospital land and has opened "Big Brook Park " in 2011. Demolition of the buildings began in May 2014[263] and has since been completed. All the structures on the property have been removed both above and below ground.

On February 21, 2019, Marlboro Township voted to provide $1.78 million to, in part, provide for the installation of a water main at the Marlboro Hospital Main Loop / Conover Road.[264]

Marlboro Cemetery grave locator.

Kasalxona qabristoni

The hospital operated a cemetery on County Route 520.[265] It is located across from the former main hospital entrance. Designed as part of the original grounds plan, it opened along with the hospital in 1931. The cemetery administrators laid out the plat of burial spaces and numbered them. They proceeded to order inexpensive stone grave markers, marked only with corresponding numbers. Except for one, there are over 920 graves which are either metal or cement headstones.

Some patients died without having had contact with family for many years and an immediate next of kin was not readily identified. Under those circumstances the entire record, which may have spanned decades of hospitalization was researched in an attempt to locate a responsible party. In the event that no next of kin was located or they were unable to provide a private burial, a state burial was authorized. The first patient to die with no next of kin at Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital was buried in plot One, and Marker 1 was placed on the grave. The 600th patient to die was placed in grave site 600 and Marker 600 was placed upon the grave, etc. There are 924 graves in the cemetery. The first 600 markers were made of a concrete substance with numbers on them, and after that all the markers were thin and made of pre-fabricated metal.[iqtibos kerak ]

Originally, the standard practice was followed for cemetery visitors to check a printed list for the plot number of their deceased of interest. They used a printed map of the cemetery to find the burial location. But as burial numbers increased, a different location method was chosen.[iqtibos kerak ]

In 1991, the state built a pavilion that provided a cross reference for the numbers to names. The names/numbers on the bronze tablets are all in date order. A central location was chosen for constructing the raised, stone dais or platform. The names and plot numbers of the deceased were engraved in brass frames, arranged at waist level in a huge circle. Long since gone, the dais had a rotating azimuth – like a weather vane – which could be aimed at the target marker. This allowed visitors to choose a landmark in or outside the cemetery boundary, and commence walking towards it, in order to reach the correct marker.

Adabiyotlar

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  264. ^ Marlboro shaharchasi kengashining bayonnomasi, 2019 yil 21 fevral
  265. ^ AQSh Geologiya xizmati geografik nomlar haqida ma'lumot tizimi: Davlat kasalxonasi qabristoni; 40 ° 20′07 ″ N. 74 ° 13′49 ″ V / 40.33528 ° N 74.23028 ° Vt / 40.33528; -74.23028

Tashqi havolalar

Koordinatalar: 40 ° 20′35 ″ N. 74 ° 14′13 ″ V / 40.34306 ° 74.23694 ° Vt / 40.34306; -74.23694