Hardtack I operatsiyasi - Operation Hardtack I

Hardtack I operatsiyasi
HardtackOak.JPG
Hardtack I Oak, 8,9 megaton portlash.
Ma `lumot
MamlakatQo'shma Shtatlar
Sinov sayti
  • Bogallua (Elis), Enewetak Atoll
  • Eninmen (Tare), Bikini Atoll
  • Enjebi (Janet), Enewetak Atoll
  • Johnston Island, Johnston Atoll
  • Namu (Charli), Bikini Atoll
  • Tinch okeanining isbotlanadigan asoslari
  • Pokon (Irvin), Enewetak Atoll
  • Runit (Yvonne), Enewetak Atoll
  • Teiter (Gen), Enewetak Atoll
  • Yurochi aka Irioj (It), Bikini Atoll
Davr1958
Sinovlar soni35
Sinov turihavo tomchisi, shar, barja, quruq sirt, baland raketa (30-80 km), suv ostida portlash
Maks. Yo'l bering9.3 megaton TNT (39 PJ)
Sinov qatorlari xronologiyasi
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Hardtack I operatsiyasi 1958 yil 28 apreldan 18 avgustgacha Qo'shma Shtatlar tomonidan o'tkazilgan bir qator 35 yadro sinovlari edi Tinch okeanining isbotlanadigan asoslari.[1][2]:212 Sinov paytida Hardtack I operatsion seriyasida Tinch okeanidagi barcha oldingi yadroviy portlashlarning umumiy sonidan ko'proq yadro portlashi bo'lgan.[3]:1 Ushbu testlar Loyiha 58 / 58A 1957 yil 6 dekabrdan 1958 yil 14 martgacha sodir bo'lgan va Argus operatsiyasi 1958 yilda 27 avgustdan 6 sentyabrgacha bo'lib o'tgan seriyalar.[2]:212–4

Hardtack I operatsiyasi Joint Task Force 7 (JTF 7) tomonidan boshqarilgan. JTF-7 harbiylar va ko'plab tinch aholi o'rtasidagi hamkorlik edi, ammo harbiy tashkilot kabi tuzilgan edi. Uning 19100 nafar xodimi AQSh harbiylari, federal fuqarolik ishchilari va shuningdek, unga aloqador ishchilardan iborat edi. Mudofaa vazirligi (DOD) va Atom energiyasi bo'yicha komissiya (AEC).[3]:1

Uchta asosiy tadqiqot yo'nalishlari mavjud edi. Birinchisi, yangi turdagi yadro qurollarini yaratish edi. Bu AEC ning Los Alamos ilmiy laboratoriyasi va. Tomonidan yaratilgan eksperimental qurilmalarni portlatish orqali amalga oshirildi Kaliforniya universiteti radiatsiya laboratoriyasi (UCRL). DOD ushbu portlashlar bo'yicha tajribalar va sinovlarni o'tkazdi, bu AEC tadqiqotlariga xalaqit bermadi. Ikkinchi tadqiqot yo'nalishi suv osti portlashlari materilga, xususan dengiz kuchlari kemalariga qanday ta'sir qilganini va DOD tomonidan amalga oshirilganligini o'rganish edi. Wahoo sinovi ochiq okeanda, Umbrella lagunda bo'lgan.[3]:1 Tadqiqotning so'nggi yo'li yuqori balandlikdagi yadro sinovlarini tahlil qilish va baland ballistik raketalarga qarshi kurashning mudofaa amaliyotlarini o'rganish edi. Ushbu tadqiqot yo'nalishi uchta individual testdan iborat bo'lib, birinchi balandlikdagi sinovlar edi. Seriyadagi individual testlar to'q sariq, Tik va Yucca. Apelsin va Teak birgalikda "Newsreel" operatsiyasi sifatida tanilgan va raketalar kuchaytirilgan. Yucca sharlar yordamida balandlikka ko'tarildi.[1][2]:187[3]:3

Hardtack I Poplar paytida portlashdan havodan tortishish

Tarixiy ma'lumot

Hardtack I operatsiyasiga qadar bo'lgan ko'plab voqealar va jarayonlar, masalan, avvalgi yadro sinovlari natijalari va global siyosiy atmosfera uning yaratilishiga va dizayniga ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Bunday tarixiy holatlardan biri shundaki, 1956 yilga kelib yadroviy nurlanish xavotirlari ommaviy ravishda va chet ellarda ko'payib borgan 1956 yil Prezident saylovi, yadroviy sinovlarni tugatish kampaniya masalasi edi va yadro xavfsizligi bu munozaraning bir qismi edi. Shu bilan birga, Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikalari Ittifoqi (SSSR) test sinovlariga moratoriy e'lon qilishni taklif qildi.[2]:149

1956 yilda iyun oyi davomida Milliy fanlar akademiyasi (NAS) "Atom nurlanishining biologik ta'siri" deb nomlangan ma'ruzasida keng jamoatchilik uchun radiatsiya ta'sirining yangi chegaralarini tavsiya qildi.[2]:153 Yadro qurolini ishlab chiqaruvchi organ bo'lgan AEC,[4]:3 NAS tomonidan tavsiya etilgan radiatsiya ta'sir qilish chegaralarini qabul qildi. AECning ba'zi a'zolari cheklovlarga noto'g'ri erishilganligini va kelajakda qayta ko'rib chiqilishi kerakligini ta'kidladilar. AEC Biologiya va tibbiyot bo'limi (DBM) direktori Charlz L. Dunhamning aytishicha, yadro nurlanishining yangi chegaralari Nevada shtatida sinovlarni davom ettirishga to'sqinlik qiladi. Dunham, AECning boshqa idoralari va rasmiylari bilan birgalikda, Tinch okeaniga radiologik tushish xavfsizligini aniqlash zaruratini bartaraf etish uchun keyingi sinovlarni o'tkazish bo'yicha tavsiyalar berdi.[2]:154

1956 yilda, AEC, yadro portlashlarini o'z ichiga olgan sinov seriyasini ishlab chiqdi, bu esa yadroviy falokatning katta miqdorini chiqaradi. Serial nomi bilan tanilgan Plumbbob operatsiyasi 1957 yilda 24 apreldan 7 oktyabrgacha bo'lib o'tdi. Plumbbob operatsiyasidan keyin 58 / 58A loyihasi va Hardtack I operatsiyasi bajarildi. Sinov paytida Plumbbob operatsiyasi Nevada sinov maydonida o'tkazilgan eng keng yadro sinovlari seriyasi edi.[2]:159 Prezident Eyzenxauer jamoatchilik tashvishi tufayli Plumbbobni ma'qullashda juda ehtiyotkor edi.[2]:157 Binobarin, AEC, Plumbbob seriyasidagi ba'zi sinovlarni Nevada shtatida va uning atrofidagi radioaktiv tushishni minimallashtirish uchun Tinch okeanining navbatdagi rejalashtirilgan "Hardtack I" operatsiyasiga ko'chirish bo'yicha qisqa va oxir-oqibat samarasiz munozaralarni o'tkazdi.[2]:155

1957 yil bahorida "Plumbbob" operatsiyasi boshlanganda, "Hardtack I" operatsiyasini rejalashtirish jarayoni yaxshi boshlangan edi va rejalashtirilgan yadroviy portlashlar soni "Plumbbob" seriyasidagilardan ko'p edi.[2]:183 Shu bilan birga, butun dunyo bo'ylab radiatsiya va yadroviy tarqalish xavotirlari AQSh, SSSR va boshqa mamlakatlar o'rtasida qurolsizlanish yo'li sifatida yadro sinovlarini global taqiqlashni o'rnatish mavzusida rasmiy muhokamalarga olib keldi. 1957 yilda 9 avgustda AEC raisi Lyuis L. Strauss Prezident Eyzenxauerga "Hardtack I" operatsiyasining dastlabki rejasini taklif qildi. Prezident Eyzenxauer to'rt oylik sinov muddatining davom etishiga e'tiroz bildirdi va rejada 25 marta o'q otish kerak edi,[2]:183 bu Plumbbobdan ko'ra ko'proq edi.[2]:161 Muhokama natijasida Eyzenxauer 15 megatononadan katta bo'lmagan hosil olishga rozi bo'ldi va sinov muddati iloji boricha qisqa bo'lishini buyurdi.[2]:183

58 / 58A loyihasi Plumbbob operatsiyasidan keyin deyarli ikki oy o'tgach, 1957 yildan 6 dekabrda boshlandi. 58 / 58A loyihasi to'rtta xavfsizlik sinovlaridan iborat edi; ular yadroviy nurlanishni keltirib chiqarishi kerak emas edi. To'rttasi ham Nevada sinov saytida bo'lib o'tdi. Xavfsizlik sinovlari bombalarning noto'g'ri ishlashini ta'minlashga qaratilgan edi. Ammo 1957 yilda 9 dekabrda bo'lib o'tgan Coulomb-C nomli sinov noto'g'ri ishlamoqda. Buning natijasida kutilmagan 500 tonnalik portlash sodir bo'ldi. Portlash natijasida yadroviy radiatsiya tushgan bulut tarqaldi va u tomon yo'nalgan Los Anjeles va yadro nurlanishining past darajasiga olib keldi. Bomba muvaffaqiyatsizligi jamoatchilikning yadroviy sinovlarning xavfsizligi to'g'risida tashvishini kuchaytirdi.[2]:186

Eyzenxauerning sinov muddatini qisqartirish haqidagi talablarini qondirish maqsadida ba'zi testlar qisqartirildi, ammo yangi testlar tezda ularning o'rnini to'ldirdi. AEC raisi Strauss ta'kidlashicha, ko'p sonli tortishishlar "DODning turli xil yadro qurollari sonining ko'payishiga bo'lgan talablari" bilan bog'liq.[2]:187 Oxir-oqibat, Eyzenxauer yanvar oyi oxirida Hardtack I operatsiyasining rejasini tasdiqladi, garchi u hali ham 25 ta o'qni o'z ichiga olgan edi. 1958 yil 31 martda SSSR barcha sinovlarni to'xtatib turishini e'lon qildi va AQShni ham shunga chaqirdi. 9 may kuni Sovet Ittifoqi rahbari Nikita Xrushchev, Eyzenxauerning yadroviy sinovlarga moratoriy qo'yish to'g'risidagi texnik muhokamalarga taklifini qabul qildi va muzokaralar o'sha yilning 1 iyulida boshlandi. Eyzenxauer AQShga 1958 yil 22 avgustda ushbu taqiq 31 oktabrda boshlanishini e'lon qildi. AQSh olimlari bunga javoban Hardtack seriyasiga so'nggi imkoniyat bo'lib qolsa, qo'shimcha testlarni qo'shishga intilishdi. Natijada Hardtack operatsiyasi men 35 ta testdan iborat bo'ldim.[2]:189–90

"Hardtack I" operatsiyasida tortishishlarning soni jamoat salomatligini tashvishga solmoqda.[4]:23 1958 yil mart oyida olib borilgan tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, 640 km uzoqlikdagi odamlar balandlikdagi uchta sinovdan ikkitasida: Teak va Orange tufayli ko'zning to'r pardasi qattiq kuyishi mumkin.[2]:187[4]:257 Keyin ular ko'chib o'tishga qaror qilindi Jonston oroli, eng yaqin aholi orolidan 538 milya (866 km) uzoqlikda joylashgan. Yuqori balandlikdagi yadro sinovlari sun'iy ravishda yaratilgan birinchi baland balandlikni etkazib berdi elektromagnit impulslar (EMP). 252,000 fut (76,8 km) da portlatilgan va 3,8 megatonon bo'lgan teak an avrora -dan ko'rinadigan effekt kabi Gavayi, Portlashdan ko'chirilgan 700 dengiz millari (806 milya, 1297 kilometr). Ko'pgina radioaloqalar zudlik bilan Tinch okeanidan tushib ketdi. Avstraliyada elektr uzilishi 9 soatga, Gavayida esa 2 soatdan kam bo'lmagan.[4]:266–9

Balandlik sinovlari

Shuningdek qarang: Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining yadroviy qurol sinovlari ro'yxati

Hardtack I operatsiyasida uchta effektni o'rganish uchun mo'ljallangan balandlikdagi uchta sinov mavjud edi yadroviy portlash materiallar va elektron tizimlarda bo'lishi mumkin edi. Ular shuningdek, portlash energiyasini va ular qanday energiya hosil bo'lishini sinab ko'rish uchun ishlatilgan. Yucca birinchi balandlikdagi sinovning nomi edi va u yaqinda o'tkazildi Enewetak Atoll Marshall orollarida. Boshqa ikkita baland balandlikdagi sinovlar, apelsin va teak, yaqinida o'tkazildi Johnston Atoll Tinch okeanining janubiy qismida Gavayi orollaridan janubi-g'arbiy qismida 1300 kilometr.[4]:251

Ozon qatlamiga ta'siri

Bunday balandliklarda yadro qurolini portlatish teshikka sabab bo'ladimi yoki yo'qmi degan ba'zi bir noaniqliklar mavjud edi ozon qatlami. Ko'pdan keyin suv osti sinovlari portlash natijasida hosil bo'lgan energiyani ko'rsatadigan dalillar mavjud edi ozon. Loyiha etakchilari ozonning bir oz yo'q qilinishini aniqladilar, uning o'rnini portlash natijasida hosil bo'lgan ozon egallaydi. Agar bu nazariya noto'g'ri bo'lsa, ozon qatlamida hosil bo'lgan teshik hech qanday zarar etkazmaydigan darajada minusula bo'lishiga kelishib olindi. "Newsreel" operatsiyasini tugatgandan so'ng, tabiiy ozon qatlamiga etkazilgan zarar haqida juda kam dalillar mavjudligi aniqlandi.[5]

Yucca

Yucca Hardtack I operatsiyasi paytida amalga oshirilgan birinchi balandlikdagi sinov bo'lib, 1958 yil 28 aprelda portlatilgan. U shar bilan 86000 fut (26,2 km) balandlikka ko'tarilgan va unumdorligi 1,7 ga teng. kilotons.[3]:2[4]:251Kerakli balandlikka erishish uchun qurilma geliy bilan to'ldirilgan katta sharga biriktirilgan bo'lib, uni portlatish balandligiga olib borgan. Enevetak orolida kuchli shamollar bilan bog'liq muammolar tufayli balon yerdan uchirilishi qoniqarsiz bo'lib, yangi usulga ehtiyoj paydo bo'ldi. Keyin sharlar samolyot tashuvchisidan joylashtirildi, bu esa joylashtirish va inflyatsiyaga yordam berdi. Balonlar shishirilayotganda, ular shamoldan juda ko'p kuch ololmadilar, aks holda sharlarning plastik materiallari yirtilib ketardi. Balonlar samolyot tashuvchisida puflaganda, kema shamol tezligiga mos kelishi va unga qarshi turishi mumkin edi, shunda havo sharida havo puflanmoqda. Uchirish muvaffaqiyatli bo'lishiga ishonch hosil qilish uchun 86 ta havo sharini uchirish sinovdan o'tkazildi.[4]:252

Nosozliklar xavfi tufayli ko'plab xavfsizlik choralari qo'llanildi. Qurilishda bo'lganida, bomba ba'zi xavfsizlik xususiyatlarini ko'tarilishidan oldin joylashtirilishining oldini olish uchun bir nechta pinni ishlatgan. Bunday pinlardan biri bomba qurollanmasligi uchun elektr tizimlarini to'xtatish uchun ishlatilgan. Dudlangan taqdirda, bomba shardan ajralib, okeanga tushishiga ruxsat berildi, u erda ko'plab xavfsizlik xususiyatlari harakatga keladi. Ushbu xususiyatlarning ba'zilari elektr tizimini buzadigan sho'r suvlarni aniqlaydigan zondlarni o'z ichiga olgan, shuning uchun o'tkazuvchan dengiz suvi bomba portlatadigan qisqa vaqtga olib kelmasligi mumkin. Yana bir tashvish, okeanda suzib yuruvchi yadro qurilmasi noto'g'ri chiqishi kerak edi. Bunga qarshi kurashish uchun bir necha soat ichida eriydigan qo'shimchalar yaratildi va shu bilan qurilmani buzishdi.[4]:253–4

Ishga tushirish kunida ko'pchilik meteorologik jihatlar hisobga olingan va bomba to'g'ri balandlikka chiqishini ta'minlash uchun hisob-kitoblar qilingan. Bomba samolyot tashuvchisiga yuklangan va tayyorgarlik ishlari boshlangan. Balon puflaganda, sharga bir nechta sinov moslamalari ulangan. Ushbu qurilmalarning ko'rsatkichlari bir nechta kemalar va samolyotlarga yuborilishi kerak edi, shuning uchun portlashdan keyin hech narsa tiklanishi shart emas. Barcha tayyorgarlik ishlari olib borilib, havo pufagi shishirilgandan so'ng, qurilma bo'shatildi va ko'tarila boshladi. Taxminan uch yarim soat ko'tarilgandan so'ng, bomba 26,2 kilometr (16,3 mil) balandlikda portlatildi. Yucca-ni tashigan samolyot tashuvchi portlash joyidan taxminan 4 kilometr (2,5 mil) uzoqlikda bo'lgan. Yucca'dan kelgan zarba to'lqini portlagandan keyin 3 daqiqa va 16 soniya ichida tashuvchiga etib bordi.[4]:255–7

Yucca sinovida ko'p narsalar bo'lgan Mudofaa vazirligi tadqiqot maqsadida unga biriktirilgan loyihalar. Mudofaa vazirligi havo shari tashuvchisidan foydalanishni sinovdan o'tkazish bilan bir qatorda ushbu kemani tadqiq qilishni xohladi elektromagnit yadro portlashidan chiqadigan to'lqinlar. Ushbu sinov yadroviy portlashning ta'sirini aniqlash uchun ishlatiladi elektron qurilmalar. Mudofaa vazirligining ushbu loyihalaridagi barcha ma'lumotlar atrofdagi orollarda va samolyotlarda yozib olish moslamalarida saqlanadi, shuning uchun sinovdan so'ng ma'lumotlarni qayta tiklash kerak bo'lmaydi.[4]:253–4 Biroq, Yucca tadqiqotlarda yordam berish uchun kanistralarda beshta turli xil uzatuvchi moslamalarni olib yurgan. Balon katta muvaffaqiyatga erishgan bo'lsa-da, samolyot tashuvchilardan biridagi uskunalar bilan bog'liq muammolar tufayli kanisterlardan biron bir ma'lumot olinmadi.[6]:201

Tik

The Tik sinov boshlandi Jonston oroli 1958 yil 31-iyulda va 3.8 yukni ko'targan megatonlar.[3]:3[4]:251 Choy Yucca muvaffaqiyatidan keyin ikkinchi baland balandlikdagi sinov bo'ldi. Balon o'rniga Teak sinovi uchun jangovar kallak a tomonidan olib boriladi Redstone raketasi; o'zgartirilgan Redstone raketasi uchirish uchun ishlatilgan Explorer I o'sha yilning yanvar oyida.[4]:256–7 Boshqa yadroviy qurollar Redstone raketasi yordamida sinovdan o'tkazilgan, ammo shu vaqtgacha portlatilgan eng yuqori yuk 3 kiloton bo'lgan Choynak operatsiyasi.[6]:218 Tik megaton diapazonida foydali yukga ega bo'lgan birinchi baland balandlikdagi sinov bo'ladi. Sinov Bikini Atoll. Teak va Orange kompaniyasining foydali yuklari avvalgi balandlikdagi tortishishlarga qaraganda ancha katta bo'lganligi sababli, yaqin atrofdagi mahalliy orol aholisini ko'zning to'r pardasi shikastlanishidan himoya qilish uchun sinov Jonston oroliga ko'chirildi. Ikkala Teak va Orange boshqa joyga ko'chirilganligi sababli, ushbu ikkita sinov Operation Newsreel deb nomlandi. Newsreel nomi ushbu ikkita test Jonson oroliga ko'chirilganligidan kelib chiqqan.[4]:259[tushuntirish kerak ]

Ishtirok etgan jamoalar tomonidan xavfsizlik choralari aniq batafsil bayon etilgan. Ishga tushirishdan bir kun oldin jamoaning 187 a'zosi sinov kuni 727 kishi bilan Jonson orolini evakuatsiya qilishgan. Bu aerodrom va muhim ma'lumotlar vositalarini boshqarishda hali orolda ozgina odamni ushlab turish edi. Jamoa a'zolarini xavotirga solgan yana bir muammo - bu retinaning shikastlanishi. Bomba yuklari juda katta bo'lganligi sababli, samolyotlar har qanday fuqarolik kemalarini Jonston orolining 760 kilometr (470 mil) radiusidan uzoqlashtirishi kerak edi. Bundan tashqari, Fuqarolik aviatsiyasi boshqarmasi har qanday samolyotning Jonson orolidan 965 kilometr (600 milya) masofada uchishi xavfli ekanligi to'g'risida xabar berildi. Sinov kuni Jakston orolida Teakni ishga tushirishga va undan keyin zarur bo'lgan boshqa vazifalarga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun atigi 175 kishi qoldi.[4]:262–3

31-iyul soat 23:47 da Teak ishga tushirildi; 3 daqiqadan so'ng u portlatildi. Dasturlash muammolari tufayli jangovar kallak to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Jonston orolining ustida portladi.[6]:219 Portlash paytida raketa 76,2 kilometr (47,3 milya) balandlikka uchgan. Portlash 1297 kilometr (806 milya) uzoqlikdagi Gavayidan ko'rish mumkin edi va deyarli yarim soat davomida ko'rinib turishi aytilgan. Portlashdan so'ng, Tinch okeani bo'ylab yuqori chastotali shaharlararo aloqa to'xtatildi. Ushbu aloqa muvaffaqiyatsizligi sababli, Jonson oroli portlashdan keyin taxminan sakkiz soat o'tgach, test natijalari to'g'risida maslahat berish uchun o'z rahbarlari bilan bog'lana olmadi. Portlashdan o'ttiz daqiqa o'tgach, jangovar kallak tashiydigan raketadan ajralib chiqqan podani yig'ish uchun ekipaj yuborildi. Pod edi nurlangan va uni boshqarish uchun ekipaj a'zolari o'zlarini himoya qilish maqsadida bir martalik qo'lqoplardan foydalanganlar beta radiatsiya.[4]:265–70

Teak sinovi paytida Jonson oroli va uning atrofidagi barcha ekipajga himoya ko'zoynagi berildi chirog'li ko'rlik portlashdan. Portlashdan keyin ko'rlik xavfi bilan bir qatorda termal nurlanish yana bir tashvish tug'dirganligi aniqlandi - hatto 76 kilometr balandlikda (47 milya). O'sha paytda Jonston orolida bo'lgan ekipaj a'zosi, orolga etib kelgan termal radiatsiya miqdoridan ozgina quyosh yonishini aytgan. Bu ekipaj a'zosiga ozgina bo'lsa ham, mahalliy hayvonot dunyosiga muammo tug'dirdi. Jonson orolida qayg'uga botgan ko'plab qushlar ko'rindi. Bunga ko'rlik yoki termal nurlanish sabab bo'lganiga amin emasmiz, loyiha a'zolari "Orange" sinovi paytida mahalliy yovvoyi tabiatni muhofaza qilish choralarini ko'rishga qaror qilishdi.[5]

apelsin

Apelsin Teakdan o'n ikki kun o'tgach, 1958 yil 11-avgustda chiqarildi.[4]:251 Teak singari apelsin ham Redstone raketasi yordamida uchirilgan va 3,8 megaton hosil bergan.[3]:3[4]:271 Teak tomonidan ishlatilgan xavfsizlik choralari Orange-ni ishga tushirish uchun amalga oshirildi. Teakni uchirish uchun evakuatsiya qanday muammosiz o'tganini ko'rib, evakuatsiyani uchirishdan bir kun oldin amalga oshirishga hojat yo'qligi to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi va sakkiz yuz sakkiz kishi 11 avgustda 70 km (43 mil) shimoliy-sharqdagi samolyot tashuvchisiga evakuatsiya qilindi. orolning. Loyiha ekipajini himoya qilish bilan bir qatorda Teakdan keyin mahalliy qushlarning boshpanasi bo'lgan Sand orolining ham portlashdan himoyaga muhtojligi to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi. Yovvoyi tabiatning aksariyati xavfsiz ekanligiga ishonch hosil qilish uchun Qum oroli ustida tutun pardasi yaratildi. Gavayiga bo'lgan qiziqish tufayli 11 avgust kuni soat 22.00 dan 6.00 gacha yadro sinovi o'tkazilishi ma'lum qilindi.[4]:271

Jangovar kallakni olib ketayotgan raketa soat 11: 27da Jonston orolidan uchirilgan va janubga qarab sayohat qilgan. Teak singari parvoz ham 3 daqiqa davom etdi va soat 23:30 da Jonston orolidan janubda 41 kilometr (25 milya) yaqinda 43 kilometr balandlikda (27 milya) portlatildi.[4]:271Teakni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri orol ustida portlatish bilan bog'liq voqeadan so'ng, to'q sariq rangli traektoriya katta muvaffaqiyatga erishdi.[6]:219 Orange bilan birga bo'lgan podani tiklash ekipaji raketa bilan uchirilgan tadqiqot podasini topa olmadi. Apelsin Gavayidan ko'rinib turgan bo'lsa-da, bu Teak kabi ajoyib tomosha emas edi. Portlash nurlari taxminan 5 daqiqa davomida ko'rinib turardi. Portlash, shuningdek, bulut bilan qoplanishi bilan Jonston orolidagi ekipaj uchun biroz yashiringan edi. "Orange" dan portlash Teak tomonidan yuzaga kelgan katta aloqani uzishiga olib kelmadi, ammo Gavayiga ba'zi tijorat reyslari qisqa vaqt ichida aviadispetcherlar bilan aloqani uzgani aytilmoqda.[4]:271

Yuzaki sinovlar

Hardtack I operatsiyasidagi 35 ta yadroviy sinovdan to'rttasi: Kaktus, Koa, Quince va Fig. Bu sinovlar 1958 yil maydan avgustgacha bo'lib o'tdi. Enewetak Atoll. Yuzaki sinovlar tabiiy ravishda yuqori balandlikdagi yoki suv osti portlashlariga qaraganda ko'proq radioaktiv ta'sir qilish imkoniyatlarini taqdim etadi. Buning sababi shundaki, Yer yuziga yaqin bo'lganligi sababli va ortiqcha portlashlar natijasida hosil bo'lgan kraterlardan qazilgan tuproq va boshqa minerallar tufayli ortiqcha neytronlar tomonidan radioaktiv qoldiqlarga aylantiriladigan ko'proq materiallar mavjud. Ushbu qo'shimcha materialning mavjudligi katta radioaktiv zarrachalarni yaratishga va portlash bulutiga ko'tarilishga imkon beradi va pastga tushish paytida yuzaga tushadi.[4]:28Yuzaki va er usti sinovlari radioaktiv ta'sirlanish ehtimoli yuqori bo'lsa-da, radioaktiv elementlar atmosferaga yuborilganda yashash muddatlari ancha qisqaroq. Sirt tipidagi sinovlardan olingan radioaktiv bulutlar maksimal balandligi 20 km (12 milya) ga etganligi sababli va stratosferaning quyi qatlamidan yuqoriga ko'tarilmasligi sababli, yashash vaqtlari 13 yilgacha kam bo'lishi mumkin. balandlik portlashlar.[5]:38 1954 yilda kontseptsiyani dastlabki rejalashtirish paytida Enewetak Hardtack I operatsiyasi davomida o'tkazilgan kichikroq sinovlarning joyi bo'lishi kerak edi, chunki ob-havo sharoiti va siyosat o'zgarishi tufayli 1958 y. UCRL da o'tkazilishi rejalashtirilgan testlar Bikini Atoll Enewetak-ga ko'chirildi. Bunga keyinchalik behi va anjir sinovlarida ikkita sirt portlatish moslamalari kiritilgan.[4]:149–87

Kaktus

Hardtack I kaktus operatsiyasi Kraterni otib tashladi Runit oroli

Kaktus sinovi 1958 yil 6 mayda soat 0615 da bo'lib o'tdi. 18 kilotonlik quruqlikdagi otishma shimoliy uchidagi platformada portlatildi. Runit, Enewetak Hardtack I operatsiyasi uchun 35 ta testning ikkinchisida.[4]:2Portlashdan dastlabki bulut birinchi o'n daqiqada 19000 fut (5.79 km) balandlikka etgan va portlashdan 20 daqiqa o'tib 15000 fut (4.57 km) atrofida joylashgan. Yadroviy qulashni bashorat qilish xaritasi aniq tushgan oraliqni va intensivlikni aniqlashda aniqligini isbotladi.[4]:149–87Yiqilishning eng yuqori intensivligi Atollning shimoliy uchida joylashgan portlash joyidan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri uch soatda 440 R ga yetdi. Orolning o'rta qismida radiatsiya 1,7 R. ga teng edi. Janubiy uchi juda oz miqdordagi radiatsiyani oldi, sharqiy shamollar tufayli 0,005 R.

Ro'yxatdagi sakkizta dasturdan DOD-ga tegishli 1.4, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.12, 2.8, 3.2, 5.2, 5.3, 6.4, 6.5 va 6.6 loyihalari Kaktus testini o'z ichiga olgan.[4]:149–87

Ushbu testning maqsadlaridan biri kraterning fizik xususiyatlarini o'rganish va 1.4 loyihasi bilan bog'liq portlashdan oldin va keyin portlash. RB-50 samolyotiga kamera o'rnatildi va natijada paydo bo'lgan krater fotogrammetriya yordamida xaritaga tushirildi. Portlashdan oldin ham, keyin ham o'lchovlar 152 metrdan nolgacha tuproqdan olindi. Natijada paydo bo'lgan nurlanish miqdori xavfsiz darajaga tushmaguncha, Kaktus testining tadqiqot o'lchovlari amalga oshirilmadi.[4]:114–38 Fotogrammetrik radial o'lchovlar bilan bir qatorda, Airblast o'lchovlari ham 1.7-loyihaga muvofiq Kaktus uchun sirt nolga yaqin joyda qayd etildi. 1.8 loyihasiga o'xshash 1.9 loyihasi portlash bosimining er osti tuprog'idan o'tkazilishini aniqlashga intildi. Qirq uchta baraban Kaktus portlashining er osti nolidan 600 fut (183 metr) turli chuqurliklarda ko'milgan. Jismoniy shaxslar Havo kuchlarining ballistik raketa bo'limi - TRW kosmik texnologiyalari laboratoriyasi 1.12 loyihasining shok spektrlarini o'rganishga intildi. O'lchov o'lchagichlari portlash joyidan 625 dan 965 futgacha (191 va 294 m) masofada joylashgan. Yiqilish o'lchovlari va namunalari 2.8-loyiha doirasida portlash natijasida samolyotlar tomonidan olingan. Ushbu tadqiqotlar qisman o'ziga xos radionuklidlarning umumiy yadroviy tushishiga ta'sirini aniqlash uchun ishlab chiqilgan. Portlashdan keyin namunalar yangi raketa namuna oluvchisi yordamida olingan UCRL, keyinchalik ularni ta'qib qildilar B-57D va WB-50 samolyot. Portlashdan keyingi to'rt soatdan yigirma to'rt soatgacha WB-50 300 metr balandlikda bir nechta namunalarni yig'di. 3.2 loyihasi gofrirovka qilingan po'lat kamarlarning strukturaviy sinovlarini o'z ichiga oladi. Ushbu kamarlardan biri Kaktus portlash joyidan 980 fut (299 metr) uzoqlikda joylashgan. Sinovdan sakkiz kun o'tgach, kamarni olish uchun 13 kishilik ekipajga nol yuzasi yaqinida ruxsat berildi. Ekstraksiya taxminan o'n ikki soat davom etdi va bu vaqt ichida radioaktivlik darajasi maksimal 0,420 R / s ga yetdi. 5.2-loyiha portlashning ikkita A4D-1 samolyotiga, ham issiqlik nurlanishida, ham bosimda ta'sirini aniqlashga intildi. Radiatsiyani o'lchash uchun har bir samolyotga to'qqizta plyonka qo'yilgan. Gamma dozimetr Uchuvchi tomonidan 827 samolyotda kiyilgan bo'lsa, neytron ta'sirining darajasi 0,105 rem bo'lgan. 831 samolyotida uchuvchi kiygan dozimetr haqida ma'lumot mavjud emas. To'qqiz plyonkaning oltitasi tomonidan qayd etilgan radiatsiya 0,49-1,74R oralig'ida. Uchuvchining o'ng oyog'ida, chap yengida va chap jiletida joylashgan qolgan uchta plyonka ma'lumotlari mavjud emas. Uchuvchining ta'sirlari ikkalasi ham 3R dan katta edi. 5.3 loyihasi 5.2 ga juda o'xshash edi, bu erda portlashning ikkita sinov tuzilishiga ta'siriga e'tibor qaratildi FJ-4 samolyot. 467 samolyotidagi plyonkalardan olingan nurlanish 0,52-3,71 R va 310 raqamli samolyot uchun 1,23-5,06 R oralig'ida bo'lgan. 6.4-loyihada Armiya signallarini tadqiq qilish va rivojlantirish laboratoriyasi (SRDL) elektromagnit portlashdan keyingi impulslar, ikkita asbobdan biri, birida Wotho (Enewetakdan taxminan 240 dengiz masofasi) va Kusaie (Enewetakdan 440 dengiz masofasi atrofida). Kaktus loyihasi 6.5-da eslatib o'tilgan bo'lsa-da, uning maqsadi olovli shardan radar aks sadolarini o'rganish edi, ammo yo'q qiluvchilar qanday ishtirok etgani aniq emas. Teak, Fir va Yucca sinovlari uchun yo'q qiluvchilar aniq aytilgan. 6.6-loyiha, Kaktus sinovini o'z ichiga olgan so'nggi loyihalar, portlashdan keyin stabillashgan radioaktiv bulutning fizik xususiyatlarini o'lchashga intildi.[4]:114–38

Koa

13-may kuni soat 0630 da Koa sirt qurilmasi Dridrilbvijning g'arbiy qismida portlatildi. Portlash hajmi 1,37 MT ni tashkil etdi, bu avvalgi sirt sinovi Kaktus rentabelligidan 76 baravar katta edi. Sinov katta suv idishida o'tkazildi. Portlashdan 17 daqiqa ichida sirt bulutlari taxminan 1800 km ga yetdi. Yadro halokati Koa uchun prognozlar Kaktusga qaraganda kattaroq va kengroq diapazonni qamrab oldi, portlash atrofidagi mintaqada radiatsiya darajasi ancha yuqori bo'lib, kattaligi kattaroq edi.[4]:44 1956 yilda Dridrilbvij orolidan kattaroq yadroviy barja portlashi - 1.85 MT Apache sinovi, 1956 yilda orol omon qoldi.[7] Biroq, Koa qurilmasining portlashi orolning to'liq yo'q qilinishiga olib keldi.[4]:44

Mudofaa vazirligi (DOD) Koa uchun bir qator eksperimentlarni homiylik qildi: 1.4, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.12, 2.9, 3.2, 3.6, 5.1, 5.3. 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.9. va 6.11.[4]:149–87 Portlashdan keyin er kraterlarini bir necha marta o'qqa tutishni o'rganishga harakat qilgan 1.4 loyihasi, noldan 2500 futgacha (760 m) er osti o'lchovlarini o'tkazdi. Portlashdan to'rt kun o'tgach radiatsiya darajasi tufayli batafsil o'lchovlarni amalga oshirish mumkin emas edi. Qayiqdan foydalanib, kraterning katta qismi xaritaga tushirildi, ammo 1959 yilda Koa portlash joyi atrofida radioaktivlik darajasi tufayli ba'zi o'lchovlarni amalga oshirish mumkin emas edi. 1.9-loyihada tuproq orqali portlash natijasida hosil bo'lgan bosim 43 barabanni 0 dan 20 futgacha va Koa portlash joyidan 3000 fut (910 m) chuqurlikgacha ko'mish orqali o'lchandi. Odatda UCRL raketa namuna oluvchisi yordamida Project 2.8 loyihasi doirasida post-shot to'plangan dastlabki radioaktiv bulut namunalari, Koa sinovidan so'ng texnik qiyinchiliklar tufayli olinmadi. B-57D va WB-50 samolyotlaridan foydalangan holda baland va past balandliklarda qulash texnik muammolarsiz o'lchandi. Faqatgina Koa-da o'tkazilgan 3.6-loyiha portlashning nol yuzasiga yaqin ko'milgan temir-beton plitalarga ta'sirini sinovdan o'tkazdi. Bir stansiya portlash joyidan 1830 fut (560 m) masofada, ikkinchisi esa 3100 fut (940 m) masofada joylashgan. Loyiha 5.2 samolyotning turli joylarida va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri uchuvchida plyonkalar yordamida nurlanish darajasini o'lchash uchun mo'ljallangan. Koa ushbu loyihaning o'rtacha sakkizta zarbasi bo'yicha o'rtacha o'rtacha radiatsiya o'lchovlariga ega edi, 827 samolyotlari 0,01-0,02R gacha va 831 samolyotlari 0,03-0,19R oralig'ida hisobot berishdi. Kaktus sinovidan farqli o'laroq, ikkala samolyotning to'qqizta plyonkasi muvaffaqiyatli tiklandi va ularga xabar berildi.[4]:114–38

Ayva va shakl

Ayva va anjir Runit markazida avgust oyining boshlarida yuz bergan bir qator sirt tortishishlari edi. Ular Enewetak Atoll-da o'tkazilgan Hardtack testlarining oxirgisi edi. Ayva 1958 yil 6 avgust kuni soat 14:15 da portlatilgan. O'n ikki kundan keyin Anjir qurilmasi 1958 yil 18 avgust kuni soat 16:00 da portlatilgan. Ayva va Anjir DOD va AEC orqali homiylik qilgan UCRL qurilmalari bo'lgan, ammo bu sinovlarning asosiy yo'nalishi qurol ishlab chiqarish edi. Ushbu ikkita sinovning asosiy farqlaridan biri shundaki, 130 tonnadan ortiq tuproq Nevada sinov joyi yuborilgan va anjir sinovining nol yuzasiga qo'yilgan. Ayva portlashidan kelib chiqqan radioaktiv bulut 1500 futga (460 m) ko'tarildi. Runiit ham anjir uchun portlash joyi bo'lishi kerakligi sababli, bu kvinalar sinovidan so'ng bu hudud zararsizlantirilishi kerak edi. Uchdan besh dyuymgacha ifloslangan tuproq qatlami noldan shamolga qarshi shamoldan 75 futdan 25 futgacha bo'lgan joydan olib tashlandi. Portlash joyidagi 60 kvadrat metr maydonni qirib tashladilar, shuningdek yuqori uch dyuymli tuproqni olib tashlashdi. Ushbu ehtiyot choralari bilan ham o'lchangan alfa faolligi 20000 atrofida edi daqiqada hisoblangan (CPM) va xodimlarning kirishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun nol yuzasiga eng yaqin joy yopilgan. Portlash paytida, Anjir qurilmasi tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan qo'ziqorin buluti taxminan 6000 futga (1,8 km) ko'tarildi, bazasi esa taxminan 4,300 fut (1,3 km). Portlashdan 30 minut o'tgach, portlash joyida radiatsiya o'lchovlari soatiga 10 000 R dan oshdi.[4]:219–22

Ayva va anjir uchun DOD tajribalari 1.4, 1.7 loyihalarini o'z ichiga olgan. 2.4, 2.9, 2.10, 2.11, 2.14. va 8.7.[4]:219–22

Barja sinovlari

Barjaga o'rnatilgan sinovli detonatsiyalar birinchi marta 1954 yilda ishlatilgan va HPda er etishmasligi uchun kompensatsiya qilingan. Sinov paytida qaytib keldi Bikini atoll barjalardan tortishish nuqtasi boshlanganligi sababli foydalanish, muhim ustunlik bilan, radioaktiv yuzaning nol zonalari ishlab chiqilmagan. 1954 yilda ikkita yirik suv osti kraterlari shakllangan va ular barjalardan otilgan portlashlar uchun keyingi sirt nollari sifatida ishlatilgan. Bu mavjud bo'lgan er maydonini tabiiy parchalanish yoki qimmat va uzoq muddatli zararsizlantirish bilan radiologik sovutish uchun zarur bo'lgan uzoq kechikishlarsiz o'lchov asboblarini joylashtirish va bir xil yorilish nuqtasini qayta ishlatish uchun ishlatishga imkon berdi. Nolinchi nuqtalarni qayta ishlatish, shuningdek, asbob-uskunalar joylashgan joylarni va ro'yxatdan o'tish joylarini bir nechta sinovlar uchun qayta ishlatishga imkon berdi, bu qurilish xarajatlari va vaqtini tejash hamda sinovlarni rejalashtirishning moslashuvchanligini oshirishdir. HARDTACK-da, 26 barjada faqat beshta portlash joylari ishlatilgan.[3][4]

Fir

FIR falokat, yer usti radiologik chiqarib tashlanish (radex) zonalari, kema holati va samolyotlarning ishtirokini taxmin qildi. FIR - Hardtack seriyasining birinchi Bikini portlashi. 1958 yil 12-may kuni soat 0550 da portlatilgan. FIR 1,36 Mt rentabellikga ega bo'lgan BRAVO krateridagi barjada portlatilgan.[3] Portlashdan so'ng, bulut 60.000 dan 90.000 futgacha ko'tarildi (18.3-27.4 km). Birozdan so'ng FIR portlashi Enewetak-da BUTTERNUT portlashi bilan 25 daqiqadan so'ng sodir bo'ldi. FIR uchun DOD tomonidan homiylik qilingan tajribalar 3.7, 5.1, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6 va 6.11 loyihalarini o'z ichiga olgan.[3]:2[4]:152

Butternut

BUTTERNUT falokat, yer usti radiologik chiqarib tashlanadigan joylar (radex), kema pozitsiyalari va samolyotlarning ishtirokini bashorat qilgan. Butternut Enewetakda FIR portlatilgandan 25 daqiqadan so'ng, 1958 yil 12 may kuni soat 0615 da portlatilgan. BUTTERNUT g'arbdan 4 ming fut (1,22 km) masofada joylashgan barjada portlatilgan Runit, 81 kt rentabellikga ega.[3] Bulut 35000 futga (11 km) ko'tarilib, 30000 futga (9,1 km) barqarorlashdi. BUTTERNUT uchun DOD tomonidan homiylik qilingan tajribalar 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.5, 6.6 va 6.9 loyihalari edi.[3]:2[4]:152

Xolli

HOLLY falokat, yer usti radiologik chiqarib tashlash (radex) zonalari, kema pozitsiyalari va samolyotlarning ishtirokini bashorat qildi. HOLLY 1958 yil 21 may kuni soat 0630 da Runitdan g'arbiy barjada, orolning eng yaqin chetidan 4000 fut (1,22 km) masofada portlab, 5,9 kt hosil oralig'ini hosil qildi.[3] Portlash natijasida 15000 fut (4,6 km) bulut hosil bo'lib, uning tepasida 12000 fut (3,7 km) balandlikda va uning bazasida 7500 fut (2,3 km) balandlikda barqarorlashdi. Loyiha 6.6, HOLLY uchun DOD tomonidan homiylik qilingan yagona tajriba bo'lib, Enewetak orolida o'tkazildi.[3]:2[4]:192

Muskat yong'og'i

NUTMEG falokat, yer usti radiologik chiqarib tashlanish zonasi (radex), kema pozitsiyalari va samolyotlarning ishtirokini bashorat qildi. Ikkinchisi Bikini otilgan NUTMEG 1958 yil 22 may kuni soat 0920 da portlatilgan. NUTMEG barjada portlatilgan. ZUNI krateri va 25,1 kt rentabellikga ega bo'ldi.[3] Patlatish buluti 0926 yilgacha 20000 fut (6,1 km) da barqarorlashdi. DUT tomonidan homiylik qilingan NUTMEG tajribalari 6.3, 6.3a, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6 va 6.11 loyihalari edi. 6.3 va 6.3a loyihalarida Eneman orolidagi portlash nuqtasi yaqinida stantsiyalar mavjud edi.[3]:2[4]:156

Sariq daraxt

YELLOWWOOD falokat, sirt rentgenologik (radix) chiqarib tashlash maydoni va kema holatini oldindan aytib berdi. YELLOWWOOD 1958 yil 26 may kuni soat 1400 da portlatilgan. YELLOWWOOD janubi-g'arbdan 1,5 ming fut (1,5 km) uzoqlikda joylashgan barjada portlatilgan. Enjebi va 330 kt rentabellikga ega bo'ldi.[3] DOD YELLOWWOOD uchun 13 ta tajribaga homiylik qildi: 2.4, 2.8, 3.7, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.8, 6.9, 6.11 va 8.1 loyihalari. 2.4 loyihasi uchun asboblar stantsiyalari lagundagi shamshiralarda joylashgan. Qolgan loyihalar uzoqroq stantsiyalarga ega edi yoki birinchi navbatda havoga uchadigan edi.[3]:2[4]:193–5

Magnoliya

Predicted fallout, surface radiological exclusion (radix) area, ship positions, and aircraft participation. MAGNOLIA was detonated at 0600 on May 27, 1958. MAGONLIA was detonated on a barge 3,000 feet (914 m) southwest of the center of Runit, and produced a 57 kt yield range.[3] The detonation produced a 44,000-foot (13.4 km) cloud that stabilized at 41,000 feet (12.5 km) with its base at 15,000 feet (4.6 km). The DOD-sponsored experiments for MAGNOLIA were Projects: 3.7, 5.2, and 5.3. Instruments for Project 3.7 were on Boken, Enjebi, and Runit.[3]:2[4]:197

Tamaki

TOBACCO predicted fallout, surface radiological exclusion (radix) area, ship positions, and aircraft participation. TOBACCO was detonated at 1415 on May 30, 1958. TOBACCO was detonated on a barge 3,000 feet (914 m) northwest of Enjebi, and produced an 11.6 kt yield range.[3] The detonation produced an 18,000-foot (5.5 km) cloud that stabilized at 16,000 feet (4.9 km) by 1430. The DOD-sponsored experiments for TOBACCO were Projects 3.7, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, and 6.8. The project activity for Project 3.7 was on Boken, Enjebi, and Runit. Project 6.8 simply monitored TOBACCO from stations off Enewetak and Parry islands.[3]:2[4]:199

Sycamore

SYCAMORE predicted fallout, surface radiological exclusion (radex) area, ship positions, and aircraft participation. SYCAMORE was detonated at 1500 on May 31, 1958. SYCAMORE was detonated on a barge moored in the BRAVO crater, and produced a 92 kt yield range.[3] DOD-sponsored experiments for SYCAMORE were Projects: 3.7, 5.1, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, and 6.11. Only Project 6.11 had an instrument site at the Bikini Atoll.[3]:2[4]:160

Chinor

MAPLE predicted fallout, surface radiological exclusion (radex) area, ship positions, and aircraft participation. MAPLE was detonated on June 11 at 0530 1958. MAPLE was detonated on a barge just south of Lomilik, and produced a 213 kt yield range.[3] The 40,000 feet (12.2 km) cloud produced by the detonation was tracked by radar from Benner. The DOD-sponsored experiments for MAPLE were Projects 5.1, 6.3, and 6.3a. Projects 6.3 and 6.3a shared the same, rather close-in sites on Lomilik.[3]:2[4]:162

Aspen

ASPEN predicted fallout, surface radiological exclusion (radex) areas, ship positions, and aircraft participation. ASPEN was detonated on 15 June 58 at 0530. ASPEN was detonated on a barge in the BRAVO crater of Bikini, 4,000 ft (1.22 km) southwest of Nam. ASPEN produced a 319 kt yield range.[3] The detonation produced a 48,600-foot (14.8 km) cloud as measured by radar from Benner. No experiments were sponsored by the DOD for this shot.[3]:2[4]:154

yong'oq

WALNUT predicted fallout, surface radiological exclusion (radex) areas, ship positions, and aircraft participation. WALNUT was detonated on June 15, 1958 at 0630, 1 hour after the ASPEN event at Bikini. WALNUT was detonated on a barge 5,000 feet (1.52 km) southwest of Enjebi Island in Enewetak. The detonation produced a 61,000 feet (18.6 km) cloud, and produced a 1.45 Mt yield range.[3] The DOD-sponsored experiments for WALNUT included Projects 2.4, 2.8, 3.7, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, and 8.1.[3]:2[4]:154

Jo'ka

LINDEN predicted fallout, surface radiological exclusion (radex) area, ship positions, and aircraft participation. LINDEN was detonated on June 18, 1958 at 1500. LINDEN was detonated on a barge 4,000 ft (1.22 km) west of the center of Runit Island at Enewetak. The detonation produced a 20,000-foot (6.1 km) cloud with a 7,000-foot (2.1 km) base, and produced an 11 kt yield range.[3] No DOD-sponsored experiments were conducted during LINDEN.[3]:2[4]:203

Redwood

REDWOOD predicted fallout, surface radiological exclusion (radex) areas, ship positions, and aircraft participation. REDWOOD was detonated on June 28, 1958 at 0530. REDWOOD was detonated on a barge south of Lomilik in Bikini. REDWOOD was followed by the ELDER detonation at Enewetak Atoll one hour later. The detonation cloud base was at 28,000 feet (8.5 km) and the top stabilized at 55,000 feet (16.8 km), and produced a 412 kt yield range.[3] The only DOD-sponsored experiment for REDWOOD was Project 5.1.[3]:2[4]:168

Oqsoqol

ELDER predicted fallout, surface radiological exclusion (radex) areas, ship positions, and aircraft participation. ELDER, detonated on June 28, 1958 at 0630. ELDER was the second of a tandem shot with REDWOOD (detonated an hour earlier on Bikini). ELDER was detonated on a barge 1 nmi (1.85 km) southeast of Enjebi Island in Enewetak. Initial cloud height had been well over 65,000 feet (19.8 km), and produced an 880 kt yield range.[3] The only DOD-sponsored experiment for ELDER was project 5.1.[3]:2[4]:168

Eman

OAK predicted fallout, surface radiological exclusion (radex) area, and ship positions. OAK, one of the largest detonations at Enewetak Atoll, and was fired at 0730 on June 29, 1958. OAK was detonated on a barge moored on the reef 21,000 feet (6.40 km) southwest of Bokoluo Island. It was followed at noon by the HICKORY shot at Bikini. The Initial height of the cloud was estimated to be 78,000 feet (23.8 km), and produced an 8.9 MT yield range.[3] Two DOD-sponsored experiments were included for OAK: Projects 2.8 and 5.1.[3]:2[4]:205

Hikori

HICKORY predicted fallout, surface radiological exclusion (radex) area, ship positions, and aircraft participation. HICKORY was detonated on June 29, 1958 at 1200. HICKORY was detonated on a barge off the west end of Enema at Bikini, 4½ hours after the OAK shot at Enewetak Atoll. The detonation cloud rose to 24,200 feet (7.4 km) with an estimated 12,000-foot (3.7 km) base, and produced a 14 kt yield range.[3] Projects 6.3 and 6.3a were the only DOD-sponsored experiments for HICKORY.[3]:2[4]:170

Sequoia

SEQUOIA predicted fallout, surface radiological exclusion (radex) area, ship positions, and aircraft participation. SEQUOIA was detonated on July 2, 1958 at 0630. SEQUOIA was detonated on a barge 2,000 feet (610 m) west-northwest of Runit Island at Enewetak. The cloud stabilized at 15,000 feet (4.57 km), and produced a 52 kt yield range.[3] SEQUIA had no DOD-sponsored experiments.[3]:2[4]:209

Sidr

CEDAR predicted fallout, surface radiological exclusion (radex) area, ship positions, and aircraft participation. CEDAR was detonated on July 3, 1958 at 0530. CEDAR was detonated on a barge in the BRAVO crater southwest of Nam, 4,000 feet (1.2 km) from the edge of the island at Bikini. The CEDAR detonation produced a 50,000-foot (15.2 km) cloud, and produced a 220 kt yield range.[3] The only DOD-sponsored experiment for CEDAR was Project 5.1.[3]:2[4]:172

Dogwood

DOGWOOD predicted fallout, surface radiological exclusion (radex) area, ship positions, and aircraft participation. DOGWOOD was detonated on July 6, 1958 at 0630. DOGWOOD was detonated on a barge southwest of Enjebi, 4,000 feet (1.22 km) from the edge of the island at Enewetak. The cloud rose to 58,000 feet (17.7 km), stabilizing at 54,000 feet (16.5 km) with a 35,000-foot (10.7 km) base, and produced a 397 kt yield range.[3] The only DOD-sponsored experiment for DOGWOOD Was Project 5.1.[3]:2[4]:211

Kavak

POPLAR predicted fallout, surface radiological exclusion (radex) area, ship positions, and aircraft participation. POPLAR was detonated on July 12, 1958 at 1530. POPLAR was detonated on a barge southwest of Nam, at Bikini. The detonation cloud quickly rose above the tracking radar limits of 61,000 feet (18.6 km), and the base was established at 42,000 feet (12.8 km) at 1540, and produced a 9300 kt yield range.[3] The only DOD-sponsored experiment for POPLAR was Project 3.7.[3]:2[4]:176

Scaevola

SCAEVOLA predicted fallout, surface radiological exclusion (radex) area, ship positions, and aircraft participation. Scaevola was detonated on July 14, 1958 at 1600. Scaevola was detonated on a barge west of Runit Island at Enewetak. Its yield was low and the explosion did not destroy the shot barge but only damaged it, producing a 0 kt yield range.[3] No DOD-sponsored experiments were scheduled for Scaevola.[3]:2[4]:213

Pisoniya

PISONIA predicted fallout, surface radiological exclusion (radex) area, ship positions, and aircraft participation. PISONIA was detonated on July 18, 1958 at 1100. PISONIA was detonated on a barge 10,000 feet (3.05 km) west of Runit Island at Enewetak. The cloud rose immediately to 55,000 feet (16.8 km), and produced a 255 kt yield range.[3] No DOD-sponsored experiments were scheduled for PISONIA.[3]:2[4]:215

Juniper

JUNIPER predicted fallout, surface radiological exclusion (radex) area, ship positions, and aircraft participation. JUNIPER, the last nuclear detonation to occur at Bikini, was detonated on July 22, 1958 at 1620. JUNIPER was detonated on a barge 4,000 feet (1.22 km) from the west end of Eneman in the ZUINI crater at Bikini . The detonation cloud rose to 40,000 feet (12.2 km) with an estimated 24,000-foot (7.32 km) base, and produced a 65 kt yield range.[3] No DOD-sponsored experiments were scheduled for JUNIPER.[3]:2[4]:180

Zaytun

OLIVE predicted fallout, surface radiological exclusion (radex) area, ship positions, and aircraft participation. OLIVE was detonated on July 23, 1958 at 0830. OLIVE was detonated on a barge southwest of Enjebi Island, at Enewetak Atoll. 4,000 feet (1.22 km) from the nearest land at Enewetak. The cloud rose to 50,000 feet (15.2 km) with an estimated 15,000-foot (4.57 km) base, and produced a 202 kt yield range.[3] No DOD-sponsored experiments were scheduled for OLIVE.[3]:2[4]:217

Qarag'ay

PINE predicted fallout, surface radiological exclusion (radex) area, ship positions, and aircraft participation. PINE was detonated on July 27, 1958 at 0830. PINE was detonated on a barge southwest of Enjebi Island, 8,500 feet (2.59 km) from the nearest land, at Enewetak. The cloud rose quickly to 66,000 feet (20.1 km) with an estimated 38,000-foot (11.6 km) base as measured by radar, and produced a 2 Mt yield range.[3] No DOD-sponsored experiments were scheduled for PINE.[3]:3[4]:220

Underwater tests

Underwater tests were conducted to assess the damages to Navy boats and materials. The location for these tests was Enewetak due to the uniformity of the sea bottom in the area. This is critical for the tests so that proper moorings of the target ships can be secured on the sea floor. The underwater explosions create a bubble from the expended energy of the blast. This bubble is due to the vaporization of water that directly absorbs the heat of the blast. This bubble may break the surface depending on how much energy is dispersed and the depth of the nuclear device. The bubble displaces large amounts of water that then collapses in on the bubble after all the energy is expended. The water collapsing in on the cavity is called the "radioactive pool" and has the highest concentration of radioactive material.[4]:28–9

Many different projects were put in place to test the two underwater blasts. Wave generation, hydrodynamic variables, and energy released were all studied using multiple sensors. These sensors were placed in multiple areas such as target ships and floating balloons. Oceanographic, seismographic and hydrographic surveys were completed after each nuclear blast. A project that used a nuclear blast to clear minefields was studied using the Umbrella blast. 120 inert mines were placed at different distances ranging from 1,500 to 8,000 feet (460 to 2,440 m). These mines were then picked out of the water to study the effects of the blast at each interval.[4]:111–49

Radiation preparations

Another reason for underwater tests was to detect radiation contamination of ships after an underwater nuclear explosion. This meant that the contaminated ships required unique "radsafe" preparations so that the data could be quickly accounted for. After the data on the damage and radiation was recorded, the ships needed decontamination work completed before repairs could be completed. The Radiological and Decontamination Unit consisting of 200 enlisted and one officer was created for the task of decontamination.[4]:70–86 After decontamination, the target ships were repaired for use in a second underwater nuclear weapons test. The amount of radiation exposure was debated for the safety of the crews. Roentgens (1 R = ca 0,01 Yigit in soft tissue) were used to gauge the gamma nurlanishi that affected the units working on the nuclear tests.

For the underwater test crew, a limit of 5 R per blast along with 10 R per operation was referenced as the limit for exposure. These initial limits were rejected and maximum permissible exposure standards (MPE) were solidified by commanders for the crews working on the decontamination unit. Due to the fast recovery of ships, high contamination values were expected by commanders and set the standard to four roentgens per hour (R/hr). An excess of 4 R/hr was designated off limits of recovery units. Personnel were given special breathing equipment to work in the interior of ships with an R/hr higher than one. High numbers of personnel working the tests were used to keep individuals within the MPE. Times were calculated to keep the total exposure below two roentgens for the personnel working on the ships. A floating decontamination facility was created on board a transport ship for the Wahoo and Umbrella nuclear tests. This allowed important data analysis and an increase in recovery efficiency.[4]:70–86

Wahoo preparation

The nuclear explosion was carried out in open ocean outside of Enewetak. This nuclear test codenamed Wahoo was the first underwater test in the Operation Hardtack series. This test could be considered a continuation of the Wigwam nuclear blast (a deep water nuclear test 500 nautical miles (930 km; 580 mi) off the coast of San Diego).[8] Like its predecessor, the Wahoo shot was a scientific program that studied the effects of an underwater nuclear blast on Navy systems. The nuclear device was positioned 500 feet (150 m) deep in the Pacific Ocean. This deep water test required precise targeting arrays to be set up around the blast location, which presented unique problems for the arrays as the winds, sea currents and tides needed to be within certain limits for the data to be accurate. Testing arrays were placed at depths of 400 to 800 fathoms (2400 to 4800 feet, 732 to 1463 meters) around the nuclear device. The deep water mooring systems needed for the test proved to be difficult to position, leading many analysts to believe the data skewed. The target ships to be used for this program consisted of three destroyers, an active submarine, a submarine mockup used in Wigwam tests, and a merchant marine ship.[4]:225 It was predicted that no air blast or thermal effects would be presented from the underwater blast. The fallout from the blast was also predicted to stay within the target array due to the southwest surface winds.

Wahoo blast

The test conditions were met on May 16 allowing for the nuclear device to be detonated. Within a second of detonation, a spray dome was created that reached a height of 840 feet (260 m) after seven seconds. The overall shape of the spray dome resembled a cone with 45 degree sloped sides. Plumes were seen breaking through the spray dome after six seconds in every direction. The vertical plume continued rising until 12 seconds after the blast while the lateral plumes traveled for 20 seconds before collapsing. The diameter of the spray dome was approximately 3,800 feet (1,200 m) at the 20 second mark.[4]:237 The base surge reached a radius of 8,000 feet (2,400 m) in the downwind direction after 1.7 seconds. The downwind surge aided by a 15 knot wind reached speeds of 21 knots (24.2 mph). This base surge could be seen for three and a half minutes and for longer from the air as it continued to move across the ocean. When the spray dome and base surge had dissipated, a foam patch could be seen spreading from the surface zero water to reach over 6,000 feet (1,800 m).[4]:238 The nuclear blast was calculated to be nine kilotons. All fallout stayed within the predicted fallout area with a maximum of 0.030 R/hr. The target ship at 5,900 yards (5,400 m) was directly hit by the shockwave, vibrating the entire ship and shaking it violently. The Moran merchant marine ship moored at 2,346 feet (715 m) away was immobilized due to shock damage to its main and auxiliary equipment while also suffering minor hull damage. One hour and ten minutes after detonation, a five-gallon water sample was taken directly above the blast location showing 5 R/hr. The retrieval team entered a 3.8 R/hr field after an hour and thirty five minutes.

Umbrella preparation

The second underwater explosion of the Operation Hardtack series was code-named Umbrella. This test was conducted in the lagoon inside Enewetak. This test could be considered a continuation of underwater test Baker, which was conducted in Bikini Lagoon. Explosions in shallow water can create an underwater crater if close enough to the bottom. The target ships from the Wahoo test were towed into the lagoon to be used again for the Umbrella test. The damage from Wahoo was minor in all cases with the exception of the Moran which required extra refurbishing of the hull. These ships had to be washed down and have the measuring equipment replaced before being put into use. The mooring for Umbrella was considerably easier than for Wahoo due to the location and depth of the lagoon. Information gathered from the Wahoo shot directly affected the Umbrella plans with regard to target array placement and decontamination times. The device was placed with a buoy at a depth of 150 feet (46 m).[8]

Umbrella blast

June 9 saw the second underwater nuclear test of the Hardtack I series. The detonation occurred at 11:15 AM (local time) with clear skies and a 15 to 17-knot wind from the east-northeast. Within one-tenth of a second, the spray dome had broken through the surface. The overall shape of the spray dome resembled a vertical column with the plumes helping create the shape. Within 20 seconds of detonation, the maximum height of the column reached 5,000 feet (1,500 m). The base surge reached a distance around 10,000 feet (3,000 m) downwind, reaching out approximately 6,000 feet (1,800 m) in all directions. This base surge could be seen from the air for about 25 minutes and the foam patch over the blast location lasting even longer.[4]:248 The blast yield of the nuclear device was measured to be eight kilotons. The Umbrella blast created a crater 3,000 ft (910 m) in diameter and 20 ft (6.1 m) in depth in the lagoon. The maximum radiation reading was found to be 0.350 R/hr by an aircraft flying over the blast location. Radiation was reported to be of small portions, and re-entry was granted 30 minutes after detonation. Out of the major target ships, the highest radiation reading was logged at 0.0015 R/hr of the stern of the Moran. After all scientific data had been gathered from the target ships, they were restored to be seaworthy and towed back to Pearl Harbor. The Moran was concluded to be unseaworthy due to the blast and was sunk by naval gunfire near Ikuren Island.[4]:251

The underwater nuclear tests (Wahoo and Umbrella) gathered scientific data that helped the Department of Defense understand the effects of nuclear weapons on Navy ships. Some of the key points found were that underwater nuclear blasts create less fallout due to the absorption of radioactive material in the water and vaporized droplets. Direct gamma radiation was found to be extremely low, but the base surge was found to be highly radioactive as it passed measurement devices. Smaller radiation concentrations followed in waves mimicking the initial base surge. Almost all free-field radiation activity was found to disappear after fifteen minutes allowing for return to normal operations.[6]:86 The impact of shock waves was less than previously expected. The damage from the shockwave was found to be negligible on the destroyers at the ranges tested, but equipment failure from the blast could immobilize the ships. The preliminary tests of explosive tapered charges were proven to simulate the shock waves of a nuclear device according to the data gathered.[6]:91

United States' Hardtack I series tests and detonations
Ism [eslatma 1]Sana vaqti (UT )Mahalliy vaqt zonasi [2-eslatma][9]Manzil [3-eslatma]Balandlik + balandlik [4-eslatma]Yetkazib berish [5-eslatma]
Maqsad [6-eslatma]		Qurilma [7-eslatma]Yo'l bering [8-eslatma]Adabiyotlar
Izohlar
Yucca1958 yil 28 aprel 02:40:00.3edst (12 hrs)
Tinch okeanining isbotlanadigan asoslari 12°37′01″N 167°01′30″E / 12.617°N 167.025°E / 12.617; 167.025 (Yucca)0 + 26.21 kilometres (16.29 mi)shar,
qurol ta'siri		W-251,7 kt[1][8][10][11][12]ABM development - part of Newsreel operatsiyasi (high-altitude tests). Fired "about 85 nmi (157 km; 98 mi) northwest of Bikini".
Kaktus1958 yil 5-may 18:15:00.1MHT (11 soat)
Runit (Yvonne), Enewetak Atoll 11°33′09″N 162°20′50″E / 11.55255°N 162.34727°E / 11.55255; 162.34727 (Kaktus)1 m (3 ft 3 in) + 1 m (3 ft 3 in)quruq sirt,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		Mk-43 birlamchi18 kt[1][8][10][11][12] LASL test of a MK-43 primary in a thermonuclear system mockup. O'xshash Oqsoqol. 596 ft (182 m) crater southwest of the Redwing Lacrosse crater; crater later became the Cactus Dome.
FirMay 11, 1958 17:50:00.1MHT (11 soat)
Namu (Charlie), Bikini Atoll 11°41′27″N 165°16′24″E / 11.6908°N 165.2733°E / 11.6908; 165.2733 (Fir)0 + 3 m (9.8 ft)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		1.4 Mt[1][8][10][12] Clean 2-stage TN device, only 90 kt fission, 93.4% fusion yield.
ButternutMay 11, 1958 18:15:00.1MHT (11 soat)
Runit (Yvonne), Enewetak Atoll 11°32′19″N 162°20′37″E / 11.53859°N 162.34367°E / 11.53859; 162.34367 (Butternut)0 + 3 m (9.8 ft)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		TX-46 primary ?81 kt[1][8][10][12] TX-46 primary test, similar to Eman va Sariq daraxt.
Koa1958 yil 12-may 18:30:00.1MHT (11 soat)
Teiter (Gene), Enewetak Atoll 11°40′12″N 162°11′54″E / 11.66997°N 162.19847°E / 11.66997; 162.19847 (Koa)2 m (6 ft 7 in) + 0.81 m (2 ft 8 in)quruq sirt,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		XW-351.4 Mt[1][8][10][12] XW-35 ICBM warhead test.
Vahoo1958 yil 16-may 01:30:00.5MHT (11 soat)
Pokon (Irvin), Enewetak Atoll 11°19′35″N 162°09′47″E / 11.32646°N 162.16309°E / 11.32646; 162.16309 (Vahoo)0 - 150 m (490 ft)suv ostida,
qurol ta'siri		MK-79 kt[1][8][10][12] Mk-7 deep suv ostida portlash effects, water depth 3,200 ft (980 m).
Xolli1958 yil 20-may 18:30:00.1MHT (11 soat)
Runit (Yvonne), Enewetak Atoll 11°32′25″N 162°21′01″E / 11.54029°N 162.35039°E / 11.54029; 162.35039 (Xolli)0 + 4 m (13 ft)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		XW-31Y35,9 kt[1][8][10][12] XW-31Y proof test.
Muskat yong'og'i1958 yil 21 may 21:20:00.2MHT (11 soat)
Eninmen (Tare), Bikini Atoll 11°30′13″N 165°22′20″E / 11.50355°N 165.3722°E / 11.50355; 165.3722 (Muskat yong'og'i)0 + 3 m (9.8 ft)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		erta XW-47  ?25.1 kt[1][8][10][12] 2 stage thermonuclear device, possible W47.
Sariq daraxt1958 yil 26 may 02:00:00.1MHT (11 soat)
Enjebi (Janet), Enewetak Atoll 11°39′27″N 162°13′18″E / 11.65751°N 162.22168°E / 11.65751; 162.22168 (Sariq daraxt)0 + 3 m (9.8 ft)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		TX-46, became W-53330 kt[1][8][10][11][12] LASL developmental test of a "clean" TX-46 warhead design. Fizzled, low burn in secondary. Retry in Eman.
Magnoliya1958 yil 26 may 18:00:00.1MHT (11 soat)
Runit (Yvonne), Enewetak Atoll 11°32′22″N 162°20′54″E / 11.53932°N 162.34841°E / 11.53932; 162.34841 (Magnoliya)0 + 4 m (13 ft)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		"Puma"57 kt[1][8][10][12] Proof test.
Tamaki1958 yil 30-may 02:15:00.2MHT (11 soat)
Enjebi (Janet), Enewetak Atoll 11°39′38″N 162°13′36″E / 11.66056°N 162.22663°E / 11.66056; 162.22663 (Tamaki)0 + 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		XW-5011,6 kt[1][8][10][12] Exploratory shot, XW-50 Nike-Zeus prototype, 2nd stage failed to ignite.
Sycamore1958 yil 31 may 03:00:00.1MHT (11 soat)
Namu (Charlie), Bikini Atoll 11°41′50″N 165°16′29″E / 11.69722°N 165.27486°E / 11.69722; 165.27486 (Sycamore)0 + 3 m (9.8 ft)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		TX-4192 kt[1][8][10][12]"Clean" TX-41 fizzle; predicted yield 5 Mt total, 200 kt fission; low level burning in 2nd stage; o'xshash Kavak va Qarag'ay.
Gul1958 yil 2-iyun 18:45:00.1MHT (11 soat)
Runit (Yvonne), Enewetak Atoll 11°32′21″N 162°20′45″E / 11.53926°N 162.34593°E / 11.53926; 162.34593 (Gul)0 + 4,5 m (15 fut)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		XW-49 ? Birlamchi15 kt[1][8][10][12] Exploratory shot, possible XW-49, 80 kt fusion expected, 2nd stage failed to ignite.
Soyabon1958 yil 8-iyun 23:15:00.2MHT (11 soat)
Pokon (Irvin), Enewetak Atoll 11°22′30″N 162°11′38″E / 11.37498°N 162.19399°E / 11.37498; 162.19399 (Soyabon)0 - 50 m (160 ft)suv ostida,
qurol ta'siri		MK-78 kt[1][8][10][11][12] Sayoz suv ostida portlash on lagoon bottom at 150 ft (46 m). Crater 915 m × 6 m (3,002 ft × 20 ft).
Chinor1958 yil 10-iyun 17:30:00.1MHT (11 soat)
Yurochi aka Irioj (Dog), Bikini Atoll 11 ° 41′29 ″ N. 165°24′57″E / 11.6915°N 165.41582°E / 11.6915; 165.41582 (Chinor)0 + 3 m (9.8 ft)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		213 kt[1][8][10][12]"Dirty" 2-stage test, predicted to be 89% fission.
Aspen1958 yil 14 iyun 17:30:00.1MHT (11 soat)
Namu (Charlie), Bikini Atoll 11°41′27″N 165°16′24″E / 11.6908°N 165.2733°E / 11.6908; 165.2733 (Aspen)0 + 3 m (9.8 ft)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		XW-47  ?319 kt[1][8][10][12] Possible XW-47 prototype, 2 stage.
yong'oq1958 yil 14 iyun 18:30:00.1MHT (11 soat)
Enjebi (Janet), Enewetak Atoll 11°39′27″N 162°13′18″E / 11.65751°N 162.22168°E / 11.65751; 162.22168 (yong'oq)0 + 2 m (6 fut 7 dyuym)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		1.5 Mt[1][8][10][12] Thermonuclear prototype development test.
Jo'ka1958 yil 18-iyun 03:00:00.1MHT (11 soat)
Runit (Yvonne), Enewetak Atoll 11°32′26″N 162°21′04″E / 11.54061°N 162.35106°E / 11.54061; 162.35106 (Jo'ka)0 + 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		XW-50 primary ?11 kt[1][8][10][12] Possible XW-50 primary.
Redwood1958 yil 27 iyun 17:30:00.1MHT (11 soat)
Yurochi aka Irioj (Dog), Bikini Atoll 11 ° 41′29 ″ N. 165°24′57″E / 11.6915°N 165.41582°E / 11.6915; 165.41582 (Redwood)0 + 3 m (9.8 ft)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		XW-47  ?412 kt[1][8][10][12] Possible XW-47 prototype, 2-stage, 250 kt fission yield expected; o'xshash Aspen, Nutmeg, Dogwood qurilmalar.
Oqsoqol1958 yil 27 iyun 18:30:00.1MHT (11 soat)
Enjebi (Janet), Enewetak Atoll 11°39′38″N 162°13′36″E / 11.66056°N 162.22663°E / 11.66056; 162.22663 (Oqsoqol)0 + 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		TX-43880 kt[1][8][10][12] TX-43 laydown bomb test, 50% fission yield expected, similar to Kaktus.
Eman1958 yil 28 iyun 19:30:00.1MHT (11 soat)
Bogallua (Alice), Enewetak Atoll 11°36′11″N 162°06′09″E / 11.60309°N 162.10259°E / 11.60309; 162.10259 (Eman)0 + 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		TX-46/538.9 Mt[1][8][10][11][12] Prototype test of the LASL designed TX-46 system. O'xshash Butternut va Sariq daraxt. Crater 1,750 m × 80 m (5,740 ft × 260 ft).
Hikori1958 yil 29 iyun 00:00:00.9MHT (11 soat)
Eninmen (Tare), Bikini Atoll 11°29′46″N 162°22′15″E / 11.4961°N 162.3708°E / 11.4961; 162.3708 (Hikori)0 + 3 m (9.8 ft)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		XW-47 primary ?14 kt[1][8][10][12] Possible XW-47 primary test, similar to Hardtack II Neptune va Titaniya.
Sequoia1958 yil 1-iyul 18:30:00.1MHT (11 soat)
Runit (Yvonne), Enewetak Atoll 11°32′26″N 162°21′04″E / 11.54061°N 162.35106°E / 11.54061; 162.35106 (Sequoia)0 + 2 m (6 fut 7 dyuym)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		XW-50 primary ?5,2 kt[1][8][10][12] O'xshash Hardtack II Otero, test of Hardtack I Pisonia birlamchi.
Sidr1958 yil 2-iyul 17:30:00.1MHT (11 soat)
Namu (Charlie), Bikini Atoll 11°41′50″N 165°16′29″E / 11.69722°N 165.27486°E / 11.69722; 165.27486 (Sidr)0 + 3.4 m (11 ft)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		220 kt[1][8][10][12] 2-stage "clean" thermonuke device, predicted fission yield 30 kt.
Dogwood1958 yil 5-iyul 18:30:00.2MHT (11 soat)
Enjebi (Janet), Enewetak Atoll 11°39′38″N 162°13′36″E / 11.66056°N 162.22663°E / 11.66056; 162.22663 (Dogwood)0 + 3 m (9.8 ft)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		XW-47 ? Pikkolo397 kt[1][8][10][12] O'xshash Redwood, Aspen, Nutmeg; possible XW-47 prototype, Piccolo 2nd stage.
Kavak1958 yil 12-iyul 03:30:00.1MHT (11 soat)
Namu (Charlie), Bikini Atoll 11°41′49″N 165°16′01″E / 11.69704°N 165.26708°E / 11.69704; 165.26708 (Kavak)0 + 3 m (9.8 ft)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		TX-419.3 Mt[1][8][10][12] TX-41 "clean" 2-stage variant; o'xshash Qarag'ay va Sycamore; largest of Hardtack I, and 5th largest U.S. test ever.
Scaevola1958 yil 14-iyul 04:00:??MHT (11 soat)
Runit (Yvonne), Enewetak Atoll 11 ° 32′48 ″ N. 162°21′07″E / 11.54662°N 162.35199°E / 11.54662; 162.35199 (Scaevola)2 m (6 ft 7 in) + 6 m (20 ft)barja,
xavfsizlik tajribasi		XW-34hosil yo'q[1][8][10][12][13] XW-34 1-point safety test, successful.
Pisoniya1958 yil 17-iyul 23:00:??MHT (11 soat)
Runit (Yvonne), Enewetak Atoll 11 ° 33′N 162 ° 19′E / 11.55°N 162.31°E / 11.55; 162.31 (Pisoniya)0 + 2 m (6 fut 7 dyuym)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		XW-50 ? TN, sequoiah pr255 kt[1][8][10][12][13] Probable prototype XW-50 thermonuclear design, modified Tamaki device, used Sequoia birlamchi.
Juniper1958 yil 22-iyul 04:20:00.1MHT (11 soat)
Eninmen (Tare), Bikini Atoll 11°30′13″N 165°22′20″E / 11.50355°N 165.3722°E / 11.50355; 165.3722 (Juniper)0 + 3 m (9.8 ft)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		XW-4765 kt[1][8][10][11][12]"Most radical UCRL shot", "entirely new concept", last Bikini atmospheric shot, probable XW-47 candidate.
Zaytun1958 yil 22-iyul 20:30:00.2MHT (11 soat)
Enjebi (Janet), Enewetak Atoll 11°39′38″N 162°13′36″E / 11.66056°N 162.22663°E / 11.66056; 162.22663 (Zaytun)0 + 3 m (9.8 ft)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		202 kt[1][8][10][12] Concept feasibility test, 2-stage thermonuclear device, established high yield/light weight; weight 100 kg (220 lb) (yield/weight ratio 2 kt/kg).
Qarag'ay1958 yil 26-iyul 20:30:00.2MHT (11 soat)
Enjebi (Janet), Enewetak Atoll 11 ° 39′05 ″ N 162°12′51″E / 11.6513°N 162.21414°E / 11.6513; 162.21414 (Qarag'ay)0 + 3 m (9.8 ft)barja,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		Mk-412 Mt[1][8][10][12] TX-41 "clean" 3-stage variant; o'xshash Kavak va Sycamore.
Pinon
(bekor qilingan)		1958 yil avgustedst (12 hrs)
Tinch okeanining isbotlanadigan asoslari 12 ° N 162 ° E / 12°N 162°E / 12; 162 (Pinon)3 m (9.8 ft) +havo tushishi,
qurol ta'siri		noma'lumA proposed international demonstration of a clean thermonuke. Cancelled by President Eyzenxauer in the runup to the 1958 test moratorium.
Tik1958 yil 1-avgust 10:50:05.6jamt (-11 hrs)
Believed in use during Dominic, Fishbowl,HT I.[5]:4		Launch from Johnston Island, Johnston Atoll 16°44′01″N 169°31′31″W / 16.73365°N 169.52534°W / 16.73365; -169.52534 (Launch_Teak), elv: 3 + 0 m (9.8 + 0.0 ft);
Detonation over Johnston Island, Johnston Atoll 16°44′38″N 169°32′00″W / 16.7439°N 169.5333°W / 16.7439; -169.5333 (Tik)		N/A + 81.3 kilometres (50.5 mi)high-alt rocket (30–80 km),
qurol ta'siri		W-393.8 Mt[1][8][10][12]ABM effects test. Miscalculation resulted in detonation directly above launch site. Part of Operation Newsreel (high-altitude tests), carried on a Redstone rocket.
Behi1958 yil 6-avgust 02:15:??MHT (11 soat)
Runit (Yvonne), Enewetak Atoll 11 ° 32′54 ″ N. 162°21′03″E / 11.54828°N 162.35079°E / 11.54828; 162.35079 (Behi)1 m (3 ft 3 in) + 1 m (3 ft 3 in)quruq sirt,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		XW-51  ?hosil yo'q[1][8][10][12][13] Probable XW-51 test, fizzle.
apelsin1958 yil 12-avgust 10:30:08.6jamt (-11 hrs)
Believed in use during Dominic, Fishbowl,HT I.[5]:4		Launch from Johnston Island, Johnston Atoll 16°44′01″N 169°31′31″W / 16.73365°N 169.52534°W / 16.73365; -169.52534 (Launch_Orange), elv: 3 + 0 m (9.8 + 0.0 ft);
Detonation over Johnston Island, Johnston Atoll 16 ° 21′30 ″ N. 169°32′08″W / 16.3583°N 169.5356°W / 16.3583; -169.5356 (apelsin)		N/A + 45.5 kilometres (28.3 mi)high-alt rocket (30–80 km),
qurol ta'siri		W393.8 Mt[1][8][10][12]ABM effects test, W-39 warhead, part of Operation Newsreel (high-altitude tests), carried on a Redstone rocket.
Anjir1958 yil 18-avgust 04:00:??MHT (11 soat)
Runit (Yvonne), Enewetak Atoll 11°32′58″N 162°20′56″E / 11.54955°N 162.34879°E / 11.54955; 162.34879 (Anjir)1 m (3 ft 3 in) + 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in)quruq sirt,
qurol ishlab chiqarish		XW-51  ?20 t[1][8][12][13] Probable XW-51 test, similar to Behi, successful, last atmospheric shot at Enewetak.
  1. ^ AQSh, Frantsiya va Buyuk Britaniya o'zlarining sinov tadbirlarini kod bilan nomlashdi, SSSR va Xitoy esa bunday deb nomlamadilar va shuning uchun faqat test raqamlariga ega (ba'zi istisnolardan tashqari - Sovet tinch portlashlari nomlangan). So'z tarjimasi ingliz tiliga qavs ichida, agar ism tegishli ism bo'lmasa. Chiziq, so'ngra raqam, shov-shuvli hodisaning a'zosini bildiradi. Shuningdek, AQSh ba'zida shunday portlash testida individual portlashlarni nomlar, natijada "name1 - 1 (name2 bilan)" bo'ladi. Agar test bekor qilingan yoki bekor qilingan bo'lsa, unda sana va joylashuv kabi qatorlar ma'lum bo'lgan joyda rejalashtirilgan rejalarni ochib beradi.
  2. ^ UT vaqtini standart lokalga aylantirish uchun UT vaqtiga qavs ichida soat sonini qo'shing; mahalliy yozgi vaqt uchun yana bir soat qo'shing. Agar natija 00:00 dan oldin bo'lsa, 24 soat qo'shing va kundan boshlab 1ni oling; agar soat 24:00 yoki undan keyin bo'lsa, 24 soatni olib tashlang va kuniga 1 qo'shing. Dan olingan tarixiy vaqt zonasi ma'lumotlari IANA vaqt zonasi ma'lumotlar bazasi.
  3. ^ Taxminan joy nomi va kenglik / uzunlik bo'yicha ma'lumotnoma; raketa orqali olib boriladigan sinovlar uchun, agar ma'lum bo'lsa, ishga tushirish joyi portlash joyidan oldin belgilanadi. Ba'zi joylar juda aniq; boshqalar (masalan, aeroportlar va kosmik portlashlar) juda noto'g'ri bo'lishi mumkin. "~" shu hududdagi boshqa testlar bilan bo'lishishi mumkin bo'lgan pro-formaning taxminiy joyini bildiradi.
  4. ^ Balandlik - dengiz sathiga nisbatan portlashning to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ostidagi nuqtadagi er sathi; balandlik - minora, shar, mil, tunnel, havo tushishi yoki boshqa noqulayliklar bilan qo'shilgan yoki chiqarilgan qo'shimcha masofa. Raketa portlashlari uchun er sathi "N / A" dir. Ba'zi hollarda balandlik mutlaq yoki erga nisbatan aniq emas, masalan, Plumbbob / Yuhanno. Hech qanday raqam yoki birlik qiymati noma'lumligini bildiradi, "0" esa nolni anglatadi. Ushbu ustunda saralash balandlik va balandlik qo'shilib qo'shiladi.
  5. ^ Atmosfera, aerodrom, shar, qurol, qanotli raketa, raketa, yer usti, minora va barjaga man etilgan. Yadro sinovlarini qisman taqiqlash to'g'risidagi shartnoma. Muhrlangan mil va tunnel yer osti ostidadir va PTBT ostida foydali bo'lib qoladi. Qasddan kratering sinovlari chegara hisoblanadi; ular shartnomaga binoan sodir bo'lgan, ba'zida norozilik bildirilgan va agar sinov tinch maqsad deb e'lon qilingan bo'lsa, umuman e'tibordan chetda qolgan.
  6. ^ Qurollarni ishlab chiqish, qurol effektlari, xavfsizlik sinovlari, transport xavfsizligi sinovlari, urush, ilm-fan, qo'shma tekshirish va sanoat / tinchlik, bu qo'shimcha ravishda buzilishi mumkin.
  7. ^ Ma'lum bo'lgan joylarda test topshiriqlari uchun belgilar "?" oldingi qiymatga nisbatan ba'zi bir noaniqliklarni, tirnoqlarda ma'lum qurilmalar uchun taxalluslarni ko'rsatadi. Ushbu toifadagi ma'lumotlar ko'pincha rasmiy ravishda oshkor qilinmaydi.
  8. ^ Taxminan energiya samaradorligi tons, kilotons, and megatons. Bir tonna TNT ekvivalenti 4,184 gigajul (1 gigakaloriya) sifatida belgilanadi.

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n o p q r s t siz v w x y z aa ab ak reklama ae af ag ah ai aj ak Yang, Syaopin; Shimoliy, Robert; Romni, Karl (2000 yil avgust), CMR yadro portlashi ma'lumotlar bazasi (3-qayta ko'rib chiqish), SMDC Monitoring tadqiqotlari
  2. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n o p q Battlefield of the Cold War: The Nevada Test Site Volume I, Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Testing, 1951-1963 (PDF) (DOE/MA-0003), Washington, D.C.: United States of America Department of Energy, September 1, 2006, olingan 19 aprel, 2016
  3. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n o p q r s t siz v w x y z aa ab ak reklama ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar kabi da au av aw bolta ay az ba bb miloddan avvalgi bd bo'lishi bf Operation Hardtack I Fact Sheet (PDF), Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Threat Reduction Agency, May 1, 2015, olingan 19 aprel, 2016
  4. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n o p q r s t siz v w x y z aa ab ak reklama ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar kabi da au av aw bolta ay az ba bb miloddan avvalgi bd bo'lishi bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp Hardtack I operatsiyasi (PDF) (DNA6038F, ADA136819), United States of America Department of Defense, 1958, olingan 19 aprel, 2016
  5. ^ a b v d e Hoerlin, Herman (October 1976), United States High-Altitude Test Experiences: A Review Emphasizing the Impact on the Environment (LA-6405), Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, hdl:2027/mdp.39015086460626 Reference for time zone at Johnston Island 1958-1962.
  6. ^ a b v d e f Operation Hardtack Preliminary Report (ITR-1660-(SAN), ADA369152), September 23, 1959
  7. ^ Military Effects on Operation REDWING : AFSWP and Joint Task Force 7 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. (nd). Retrieved April 17, 2016, from https://archive.org/details/MilitaryEffectsonOperationRedwing1956
  8. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n o p q r s t siz v w x y z aa ab ak reklama ae af ag ah ai aj ak Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining yadroviy sinovlari: 1945 yil iyuldan 1992 yil sentyabrgacha (PDF) (DOE/NV-209 REV15), Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, December 1, 2000, olingan 19 aprel, 2016
  9. ^ "Vaqt mintaqasi tarixiy ma'lumotlar bazasi". iana.com. Olingan 8 mart, 2014.
  10. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n o p q r s t siz v w x y z aa ab ak reklama ae af ag ah Operation Hardtack, Technical Summary , Table A (ITR-1660-SAN), olingan 6 yanvar, 2014
  11. ^ a b v d e f Sublette, Carey, Yadro qurollari arxivi, olingan 6 yanvar, 2014
  12. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n o p q r s t siz v w x y z aa ab ak reklama ae af ag ah ai Xansen, Chak (1995), Armageddonning qilichlari, Vol. 8, Sunnyvale, CA: Chukelea nashrlari, ISBN  978-0-9791915-1-0
  13. ^ a b v d Norris, Robert Stendish; Kokran, Tomas B. (1994 yil 1-fevral), "Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari yadro sinovlari, 1945 yil iyuldan 1992 yil 31 dekabrigacha (NWD 94-1)" (PDF), Yadro qurollari to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar jadvali, Vashington, DC: Tabiiy resurslarni himoya qilish bo'yicha kengash, arxivlangan asl nusxasi (PDF) 2013 yil 29 oktyabrda, olingan 26 oktyabr, 2013

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