Shvetsiyadagi fohishabozlik - Prostitution in Sweden

To'g'risidagi qonunlar Shvetsiyadagi fohishalik jinsiy aloqani sotib olishni noqonuniy holga keltiring, ammo emas bunday xizmatlar uchun o'z tanasidan foydalanishni sotish. Xarid qilish va faoliyat a fohishaxona noqonuniy bo'lib qoling. Jinsiy aloqa uchun o'z tanasini sotish emas, balki jinsiy aloqani sotib olishning jinoiy javobgarligi birinchi marta qabul qilinganida noyob bo'lgan Shvetsiya 1999 yilda. O'shandan beri bu "Shimoliy model "boshqa bir qator mamlakatlarda jinsiy savdo to'g'risidagi qonun hujjatlari qabul qilingan.

Shvetsiyada fohishalik tarixi

XVIII asrga qadar

Shvetsiyada biron bir qonun matnida fohishalik haqida so'z yuritilmagan o'rta yosh va shu tariqa rasmiy ravishda jinoyat emas edi. Biroq, cherkov ta'siri ostida, nikohdan tashqari jinsiy xatti-harakatlar har qanday jins uchun sharoitlardan qat'i nazar, jinoiy javobgarlikka tortildi, bu fohishalarga ham ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Nikohdan tashqari jinsiy aloqalar uchun odatdagi jazo jarimalar yoki (agar ayblanuvchi ularni to'lay olmasa) pilloriya, qamchi yoki boshqa intizomiy jismoniy jazolar Kirkoplikt.^[1] Nikohdan tashqari jinsiy aloqani taqiqlash fohishabozlik holatlarida ham xuddi shunday edi: xonimning faoliyati Sara Simonsdotter 1618 yilda poytaxtda fosh qilindi, u, uning xodimlari va mijozlari uchun turli xil jazolarga mahkum etildi zino nikohdan tashqari jinsiy aloqaning taqiqlanishiga muvofiq.^[2]

XVIII asr

Fohishalikni aniq taqiqlash to'g'risidagi birinchi qonun shu edi 1734 yilgi Fuqarolik Kodeksi, bu erda mollarni sotib olish va fohishaxona saqlash qamchilash, qamoq va majburiy mehnat bilan jazolangan va majburiy mehnat bilan fohishaxonada fohishalik qilishgan.^[3]

1724 yildan boshlab Stokgolmda turmushga chiqmagan ayollar, ularni advokatura, shaxsiy boylik yoki ularning iqtisodiy qo'llab-quvvatlashiga kafolat beruvchi homiy tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanishini tasdiqlovchi sertifikatsiz, beparvolik uchun hibsga olinishi va uyiga joylashtirilishi mumkin edi. Långholmens spinnhus ularni fohishalarga qarshi tez-tez ishlatib turadigan "beadablik" bilan o'zlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashlariga yo'l qo'ymaslik.^[4] Fohishaxonada fohishalik qilmagan, lekin teatr yoki Opera-da o'z mijozlari bilan uchrashib, ularni o'z uyida yoki uyida qabul qilgan yuqori darajadagi mulozimlar, mijoz tomonidan homiylik yordami to'g'risidagi guvohnoma bilan yoki politsiya tomonidan himoyalangan. qog'ozda rasmiy yuridik kasb, odatda aktrisa yoki qo'shiqchi sifatida.^[5] Bunga parallel ravishda, kabi taniqli fohishaxonalar Platskans jungfrubur, shuningdek amalda politsiyadan himoyalangan edi.

18-asrda Stokgolmda xavotirlar mavjud edi kofexonalar sobiq boy sevgililar tomonidan moliyalashtirilgan ayollar tomonidan boshqariladigan, aslida ofitsiantlar fohishalar deb gumon qilinadigan pablar va barlarda bo'lgani kabi, maskalangan fohishaxonalar edi.^[6] Bu ko'pincha politsiya tomonidan reyd qilingan, vaqti-vaqti bilan ayol xodimlarni jinsiy kasalliklar tarqalishining oldini olish uchun fizik tekshiruvdan o'tkazishga majbur qilishgan, ammo bu aniq bir qonunning ruxsatisiz amalga oshirilgan.^[6]

XIX asr

'På Norrbro på qvällsqvisten', Fohishalik Norrbro 1849 yilda.

1812 yilda jinsiy kasallikka chalinganlikda gumon qilinganlarni majburiy tibbiy ko'rikdan o'tkazishga va davolanishga ruxsat beruvchi qonun ishlab chiqildi, bu amalda asosan poytaxtda politsiya tomonidan fohishalik qilishda gumon qilingan ayollarni majburlashga majbur qilingan, bu esa ta'qiblar noroziligiga sabab bo'ldi. .^[6] Ko'pgina boshqa Evropa mamlakatlari bilan umumiy ravishda, Shvetsiya fohishabozlikni nazorat qilishni 1833 yildan boshlab mahalliy hokimiyatga topshirdi.^[7]

1838-1841 yillarda Stokgolm poytaxtidagi mahalliy hokimiyat tomonidan fohishabozlik va shu orqali jinsiy kasalliklar ustidan davlat litsenziyasiga ega bo'lgan fohishaxonalar bilan tajriba o'tkazib, urinish amalga oshirildi. London va Stadt Gamburg, ammo muvaffaqiyatsiz.^[6]

1847 yildan,^[8]fohishabozlikning aksariyati noqonuniy, ammo toqat qilingan va tartibga solingan, shu jumladan tibbiy ko'riklar va jinsiy kasalliklar uchun xavfsiz kasalxonalar. Fohishaxonalar ham noqonuniy bo'lgan, ammo politsiya nazorati ostida saqlanib qolgan. Boshqa qoidalar fohishalar tez-tez uchrab turadigan joylarni va ular kiyishi mumkin bo'lgan kiyimlarni nazorat qildi. Ushbu siyosat ham gender, ham intruziv edi,^[9] "zarur yovuzlikni" tipiklashtirish^[10]G'arbiy Evropa nutqiga xos bo'lgan fohishabozlikni ramkalash.

Abolitionist idorasi Svenska Federatsiyasi, 1878 yilda Shvetsiyada tashkil etilgan,^[11]va oxir-oqibat norozilik namoyishlari, shu jumladan 1880-yillarda ayollar harakati,^[12] 1903 yilda, 1910 yilda hisobot berib, so'rovni topshirishga olib keldi.^[13] Olingan takliflar feministlar va liberallarning keskin noroziligiga duch keldi,^[14] yuqumli kasalliklar bilan bog'liq qonunchilikdan fohishabozlikning jinsi moddalarini olib tashlashga muvaffaq bo'lgan.

Yigirmanchi asr

1918 yildan keyin fohishabozlikni nazorat qilish milliy mas'uliyat edi, ikkita qonun bo'yicha Lex Veneris (1918),^[15]va Vagrancy qonuni (1885), mos ravishda kasallik va ishsizlik bilan shug'ullanadi, chunki fohishalik orqali topilgan pul noqonuniy deb topilgan.^[16] Ular endi tilda jinsga befarq edi, ammo boshqa joylarda bo'lgani kabi, amalda ham emas,^[17] va yangi beparvolik qoidalar ayollar tomonidan yanada ko'proq majburlov sifatida hukm qilindi.^[18] Bu Skandinaviya edi Sonderweg (Maxsus yo'l).^[19]Olti rasmiy komissiya 1923-1964 yillar oralig'idagi masalalarni ko'rib chiqdi. Amalda, sarson-sargardonlik qoidalari ostida ayblangan ayollar fohishalik uchun hibsga olingan, hanuzgacha ijtimoiy nazorat sifatida majburiy yordam.

1920-yillarning uchta komissiyasi (1923, 1926, 1929) fohishabozlikni oddiygina hibsga olishdan, kasallik tarqalish xavfining axloqiy analogidan farqli o'laroq, tuzatishni talab qiladigan xavfli moyillik sifatida tasvirlashdi. 1929 yilgi hisobotda xalq ta'limi va talabning roli haqida so'z yuritilib, zamonaviy qonunchilik ishlanmalari ilgari surildi. Ayollar ikkiga bo'linib ketishdi, ba'zilari qonunni bekor qilishni talab qilib, amalda jinsi ekanligini ta'kidlashdi, boshqalari esa o'sha paytlarda ommabop bo'lmaganlarni sterilizatsiya qilish bo'yicha ijtimoiy gigiena kontseptsiyasini qo'llab-quvvatlashdi. Ushbu munozaralar jinsiy ishchilarni qidirib topgan erkaklar barcha ayollar uchun xavfli degan fikrni ko'tardi. Sog'liqni saqlash sohasi mutaxassislari yuqumli kasallik haqida bahslashishdan axloqni bahslashishga o'tishdi.

Ushbu patologiyalangan nazariya 1930-yillardan boshlab ijtimoiy tibbiyot bilan tavsiflangan davrda nazoratsiz jinsiy aloqa bilan shug'ullanish uchun hukmron nutqga aylandi.^[20] Bu, shuningdek, majburiy izlash, davolash va xulq-atvorini o'zgartirishga rozilik berish orqali jinsiy kasalliklarni yo'q qilishga urinish bilan bog'liq davr edi (Lex Veneris).^[21]Bu fuqarolikni kerakli me'yoriy xatti-harakatlar, shu jumladan "halol mehnat" nuqtai nazaridan belgilaydigan qonunlar to'plamining bir qismini tashkil etdi,^[22] shaxsning erkinliklaridan ustun bo'lgan davlatning ijtimoiy ta'minot davlati^[23] maqsadlarini targ'ib qilish xalq gigienasi (jamoat gigienasi). Fuqarolik ushbu me'yorlarga rioya qilinishiga qarab ierarxik atributga aylandi.^[24]

Ushbu nutq davomida, tuzatishni talab qiladigan munosabatni jazolanadigan xatti-harakatlardan ajratib olishga e'tibor berildi. Parallel nutq aholiga nisbatan tashvish edi va 1935-1938 yillarda Aholishunoslik Komissiyasi talabni nazorat qilish zarurligi to'g'risida izoh berdi. Shuningdek, u fohishabozlikni antisosial deb topdi. 1939 yilgi fohishabozlik komissiyasi fohishabozlik bilan bog'liq faoliyatni jinoiy javobgarlikka tortishni bunday ijtimoiy illatga qarshi kurashning bir qismi sifatida taklif qildi, shu bilan birga mijozlarning harakatlariga, garchi axloqiy emas, balki qonuniy tartibda. Biroq, bu tilni va gomoseksualizm bo'yicha zamonaviy komissiyani o'rganib chiqib, qurilish qolgani aniq heteronormativ va patriarxal. 1940-yillarda tobora eskirgan avara qonunchiligini bekor qilish uchun tazyiqlar davom etmoqda, bu qonun endi cheklangan tarzda amalga oshirilmoqda. 1960-yillar Shvetsiyaga jinsiy axloq qoidalari bo'yicha keng tarqalgan savol tug'dirdi va birinchi marta fohishabozlik normasi sifatida davlat fohishaxonalarini tiklash bo'yicha takliflar bilan birga tushdi.^[25]

1950 yilda Riksdagda bo'lib o'tgan bahs-munozaralarda ayollar fohishabozlikning asosiy sababi 1880 va 1920 yillarda hukumatdan tashqarida nutq so'zlab, erkaklar talabi bo'lganligini ta'kidladilar. 1958 yilga kelib ayollar parlament a'zolari fohishalik barcha zamonlarning eng muhim ijtimoiy muammosi ekanligini ta'kidlashdi,^[26] qo'shimcha komissiyani talab qilish (1958-1962). Hozirga kelib, fohishabozlikni psixopatologiyadan sotsiopatologiyaga qadar yana bir kontseptualizatsiya mavjud edi va natijada paydo bo'lgan qonunchilik 1964 yilda vangrilik to'g'risidagi qonunni antisotsial xatti-harakat qonuni bilan almashtirdi. Fohishalikni tartibga solish ushbu qonunga o'tdi, ammo normativ tushunchani saqlab qoldi. ijtimoiy fuqarolik halol mehnatga asoslangan. Amalda, qonun tobora kamroq qo'llanilib, 1967 yilda sudda muvaffaqiyatli e'tiroz bildirildi va 1969 yilda 1980 yilda "Jinsiy xizmatni sotib olishni taqiqlash to'g'risida" gi qonunga qadar 1980 yilda "Ijtimoiy xizmatlar to'g'risida" gi qonun bilan almashtirildi.^[27] 1999 yil (2005 yil o'zgartirilgan).^[12]

Gender tengligi bo'yicha munozara va Kvinnofrid qonuni (1960–)

Shvetsiya bo'yicha faol bahslar bo'lib o'tdi jinsiy tenglik 1960-yillardan boshlab, bu teng huquqli vazirlik (1976) va Teng imkoniyatlar Ombudsman (1980).^[28]1976 yilda jinsiy zo'ravonlik bo'yicha davlat komissiyasi tomonidan zo'rlash bo'yicha jinsiy tavsiyanoma ham ayollar harakati, ham parlamentdagi ayollar guruhlari o'rtasida ajoyib konsensusni keltirib chiqardi, natijada boshqa fohishabozlik komissiyasini, shu jumladan boshqa so'rovlarni talab qilishiga olib keldi. Olingan so'rov 1981 yilda^[29] juda ziddiyatli edi (ichki va tashqi), fohishalik degan xulosaga keldi emas gender tengligi masalasi. Ular fohishabozlik kamayib borayotganini aniqladilar va jinoyatchilik uni er ostiga olib borishini va stigmatizatsiyani yanada kuchayishini tavsiya qildi. Fohishalikni ixtiyoriy va majburiy bo'lmagan fohishabozlikni farqlashga urinishgan. Jinoyatchilikka qarshi chiqqanlar orasida politsiya, sud va ombudsmanlar, gey huquqlarini himoya qiluvchi guruhlar va boshqalar bor Jinsiy tarbiya bo'yicha assotsiatsiya.Qatnashgan ayollarning boshpanasi va aksariyat ayollar siyosiy guruhlari (konservatorlardan tashqari) mijozni jinoiy javobgarlikka tortishni qo'llab-quvvatladilar. Natijada paydo bo'lgan qonun loyihasi (1982) faqat pornografiya bilan shug'ullangan, ammo fohishabozlik bo'yicha tadqiqotlar uchun bir oz mablag 'ajratgan. Biroq, ritorika aniq edi: fohishabozlik hali ham ijtimoiy yovuzlik bo'lib, tenglikka mos kelmaydi va unga qarshi kurashish kerak.^[7]

1983-1993 yillarda (xususan, 1984-1987 va 1990-1992 yillarda) fohishabozlik bilan bog'liq 50 ga yaqin qonun loyihalari taqdim etildi, ularning aksariyati sotib olish uchun jinoiy javobgarlikni o'z ichiga oldi va Riksdag ichida va tashqarisida ayollar harakati va chaqiriqlaridan kelib chiqqan holda katta lobbi mavjud edi. ko'proq komissiyalar. 1993 yilda boshchiligida yana bir komissiya tuzildi Inga-Britt Tornel, sobiq ombudsman. O'sha paytdagi ayol parlamentariylardan birining loyihasi mijozlarni zudlik bilan jinoiy javobgarlikka tortishni talab qilib, etarli "dalillar" borligiga ishonib, qo'shimcha komissiya talab qilinmasligini aytdi.^[7]

1995 yilda ushbu komissiyaning (SOU 1995: 15) hisobotlari, shuningdek ayollarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik va zo'rlash bo'yicha hisobot (SOU 1995: 60) ko'rib chiqildi. Keyingisi^[30] ayollarning maqsadlarini qondirdi, avvalgisi,^[31][32] ammo, fohishabozlik, shu jumladan, hetero va gomoseksual fohishabozlik bilan bog'liq har ikki tomonni ham jinoiy javobgarlikka tortishni taklif qildi. Keyingi jamoatchilik muhokamalarida patriarxat tarixiy ravishda qayta tiklanishi va bundan keyin qurbonlar (ayollar) ning qurbon bo'lishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik zarurligi haqida gap bordi.^[33]Keyingi maslahatlashuvlarda komissiya tavsiyalari deyarli qo'llab-quvvatlanmadi, aksariyat sharhlovchilar har qanday jinoiy javobgarlikka qarshi. Mijozlarni jinoiy javobgarlikka tortadigan ayol parlamentarilarning qonun loyihalari taqdim etishda davom etdi va hukumat harakatsizligi uchun tanqid qilindi.^[7]

The Kvinnofrid qonun (1999)

Olingan hukumat qonun loyihasi (1998 yil 5-fevral) ikkala komissiya hisobotini ham "Ayollarga qarshi zo'ravonlik to'g'risida" gi qonun sifatida to'pladiKvinnofrid),^[34] shu jumladan, fohishalik qoidalarida sotib olishni jinoiy javobgarlik^[35] va kurashish choralari jinsiy shilqimlik ish joyida. Bu ikkala Bosh vazir tomonidan homiylik qilingan, Göran Persson, va Gender tengligi vaziri, Ulrika Messing. Adliya qo'mitasi jinoyatchilik fohishabozlikni kamaytiradi degan ishonchga ega emas edi, ammo baribir qonun loyihasini tavsiya qildi.^[7]Yvonne Svanstrom (Iqtisodiy tarix kafedrasi, Stokgolm universiteti ) tasvirlaydi^[7][12] munozaralar og'ir jinsga ega. Erkaklar bu jinoyat emas, balki ijtimoiy narsa ekanligini va qonun loyihasi o'z taqdirini o'zi belgilashga qaratilganligini ta'kidlashdi, ayollar esa fohishabozlik jinsiy tenglikni o'z ichiga olgan ijtimoiy buyurtma bilan mos kelmasligini ta'kidladilar. Ular fohishalikni patriarxal zulm deb bilar edilar va shuning uchun nima qilish kerakligi haqida birdamlik kam bo'lsa-da, erkin tanlov emas. Taklifning o'ziga xosligi ta'kidlandi, ularning barchasi mafkuraviy darajada bo'lib o'tdi, empirikaga hech qanday da'vat qilinmadi, bu aniq rad etildi.^[7]Oxir oqibat, qonun loyihasi 1998 yil 4-iyunda qabul qilindi,^[36] 341 a'zoning 181 tomonidan 92 ga Riksdag, 1999 yil 1 yanvardan qonun bo'lib chiqdi.^[7] 2005 yil 1 aprelda ushbu qoida Jinoyat kodeksiga o'tkazildi^[37] yangi jinsiy jinoyatlar bobining 11-bo'limi sifatida (6).

Bahslar: kadrlar va aktyorlar

Siyosiy partiyalar

Shvetsiyada mutanosib vakillik va ko'p partiyali tizim mavjud. Sotsial-demokratlar XX asrning katta qismida Shved siyosatida hukmronlik qilgan, ammo ozchilikni tashkil qilgan markazning chap tomoni o'sha davrda hukumat, tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan Markaz partiyasi.

Yakuniy ovoz berishda sotsial-demokratlar, Chap partiya, va Yashillar qonun loyihasini qo'llab-quvvatladi Riksdag faqat mo''tadil edi, muxolifat partiyalari qonun baribir qabul qilinishiga ishonishdi. The O'rtacha partiya va Liberal Xalq partiyasi siyosatiga qarshi chiqdi, ammo Xristian-demokratlar betaraf qoldi Liberal Xalq partiyasi fohishabozlik shunchaki yer ostiga tashlanadi, degan xayolni ilgari surdi, xristian-demokratlar esa jinsiy aloqani sotish va sotib olishni jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilishini istashdi.

Debatni jinsga berish

Shunga qaramay, bu haqida emas edi Ayollar jinsiylik, qonun loyihasi tarafdorlari ayollar o'z tanalarini boshqarishi kerak va bu haqida edi, deb da'vo qildilar Erkaklar ayollar tanasiga kirish. Feministlar va ayollar harakatlari sotib olishni jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish uchun jiddiy lobbichilikni amalga oshirgan, ammo oxir-oqibat parlamentdagi partiyalar tarkibidagi ayollar guruhlari qonunchilikning muvaffaqiyatli o'tishiga, o'zlarining partiyalar saflarini kesib o'tishiga va hatto ularga qarshi chiqishlariga javobgardirlar. ba'zan qabul qilinganidek bir hil. Mo''tadil ayollar bu harakatga hech qachon qo'shilmadilar va mo''tadil va bir qator liberal ayollar ham qonun loyihasiga qarshi chiqdilar.^[32]

Parlamentdagi munozaralarning aksariyati feministik jurnalning sobiq muharriri Ulrika Lorentsi tomonidan olib borilgan ayollar Portlash, "Jinsiy urushlar" deb nomlanadi.^[38]Parlamentdagi 41% o'rinlarni ayollar egallagan, bu Evropada eng yuqori ulushga ega bo'lsa-da,^[39] Hali ham buni amalga oshirish uchun ular o'z partiyalarida erkaklarni qo'llab-quvvatlashni talab qilishlari kerak edi. Ayollar harakati fohishabozlikni kun tartibiga qo'ygan edi, sotib olish uchun jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish yuz yildan beri bu kun tartibida bo'lgan va bunga qarshilik deyarli bo'lmagan. Biroq, keyingi ommaviy munozaralar shved ayollari ham qabul qilingan yondashuv bo'yicha ikkiga bo'linganligini aniqladilar.

Ayollar uchun bu ularning kokus sifatida birlashish va erkaklar hamkasblarining xohish-istaklariga binoan ayollar kun tartibini o'tkazish qobiliyatining sinovi edi. Messingning kun tartibi keng edi: "O'ylaymanki, 20 yil ichida bugungi qaror ayollarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik bilan kurashish va Kvinnofridga etib borishda katta pog'ona deb ta'riflanadi."^[40][41]

Tenglikning roli

Vazirlik va Ombudsmandan tashqari, tenglik masalalari parlamentning gender tengligi qo'mitasiga tegishli edi (1976) va Mehnat departamentida bo'lim tashkil etildi. Qonunchilik 1980 yilda tuzilgan. Bunday holda, ayollar agentliklari mijozlarni jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish talabi atrofida tobora ko'proq birlashib borayotgan ayollar harakatini qo'llab-quvvatlamaydilar, aksincha, tenglikni yanada xolis tartibda olib boradilar. Vazir, aslida, Riksdag ichkarisida ham, tashqarisida ham ushbu taklifni qo'llab-quvvatladi va shuning uchun ayollar siyosiy agentliklari idora va vazir profillari orqali bilvosita rol o'ynagan deb ta'kidlash mumkin.

Asosiy ma'ruzalar

Amalga oid tortishuvlar har qanday sherikni jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish va mijozni jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish kabi spektrda o'zgarib turdi. Muxoliflar jinoyatchilik fohishabozlikni yer ostiga haydashidan xavotir bildirdi va reallik o'rniga ramziy ahamiyatga ega edi. Evropa Ittifoqining qolgan mamlakatlaridagi qonunchilik va amaliyot holati, shu jumladan Shvetsiyani ifloslanishidan qo'rqish va bu Evropaga liberallashuvga qarshi xabar yuborish to'g'risida boshqa tashvishlar bildirildi. Buning boshqa jihatlariga odam savdosi bilan bog'liq muammolar ham kiritilgan.^[32]

Bahslarda paydo bo'lgan va shu vaqtdan beri ommalashgan atama - "Shved modeli"^[42] yoki "Den Svenska Modellen", bu atama uzoq vaqt davomida chet elliklarning shvedlarning ish uslubini anglashini va xususan paternalist 30-yillarda paydo bo'lgan ijtimoiy davlat.Bundan tashqari, bu dunyodagi keyingi bahs-munozaralarda jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilgan xaridni tavsiflovchi eng keng tarqalgan atama bo'ldi.^[7]

Rasmiy lavozim

Shvetsiya hukumati ushbu qonun chiqarilishining sababi jamiyat uchun fohishabozlikka qarshi kurashda muhimligini ta'kidlamoqda.^[43]

Fohishalik shaxslarga ham, butun jamiyat uchun ham jiddiy zarar etkazishi mumkin deb hisoblanadi. Katta miqyosdagi jinoyatlar, shu jumladan jinsiy maqsadlarda odam savdosi, tajovuz, xarid qilish va giyohvand moddalar savdosi, odatda fohishabozlik bilan bog'liq. (...) Fohishalik bilan shug'ullanadiganlarning aksariyati juda og'ir ijtimoiy sharoitlarga ega.

Qonun Shvetsiya qonunlariga muvofiqdir jinsiy tenglik dastur.^[44]Nazariy jihatdan, sotuvchi va xaridorning jinsi qonunga binoan ahamiyatsiz, ya'ni u jinsga befarq. Biroq, qonun siyosiy jihatdan ishlab chiqilgan, muhokama qilingan va erkaklar uchun jinsiy aloqani sotayotgan ayollar kontekstida qo'llaniladi. Shvetsiya hukumati erkaklar uchun "jinsiy aloqa xizmatlarini" sotadigan ayollar bir shaklni tashkil qiladi deb hisoblaydi ayollarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik bu talabni kamaytirish orqali yo'q qilinishi kerak. Ayollarning jinsiy "xizmatlari" ga bo'lgan talab erkaklar ayollarga nisbatan ustunligi va uni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi amaliyot sifatida yaratilgan. patriarxal gegemonlik.^[45][46](qarang Fohishalik haqidagi feministik qarashlar ). "Shved modeli" yoki yaqinda "shved modeli" nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan fohishalikka nisbatan ushbu huquqiy va ijtimoiy yondashuvShimoliy model ", hech bo'lmaganda qisman kontekstida tushunilishi kerak radikal feminizm (Shvetsiyada juda mashhur bo'lgan erkaklar va ayollar o'rtasidagi tengsizlikning patriarxal ildizlari nazariyasiga bag'ishlangan falsafa).^[32]

Bugungi kunda qonun butun siyosiy spektrda asosan tortishuvsiz. Fohishalik ayollarni erkaklarga bo'ysundiradigan ijtimoiy tartibning merosi sifatida qarash, rasmiy ravishda qabul qilinmoqda. Binobarin, qonun qonuniyligi va samaradorligini shubha ostiga qo'yadigan tabu mavzuga aylandi. va qonunni tanqid qilganlar katta qarshiliklarga duch kelishdi. Shunga qaramay, parlament ichida va parlamentsiz tanqidlar mavjud, ammo bu rasmiy pozitsiyaga va partiyalar siyosatiga hech qanday ta'sir ko'rsatmadi (quyida ko'rib chiqing).^[47]

Oqibatlari Kvinnofrid qonun

Debatlarning aksariyati, ayollar guruhlarining lobbichiligidan tashqari, parlament doirasida bo'lib o'tdi. Qonun qabul qilingandan keyingina ommaviy munozaralar jamoatchilik oldida bo'lib o'tdi. "Jinsiy aloqa ish sifatida" 1990-yillarda muhokama qilingan, ammo parlament muhokamalarida ishtirok etmagan, ammo keyingi ommaviy munozaralarda ko'proq eshitila boshlangan. Petra Östergren kabi jinsiy aloqalar bo'yicha doktorlik fanlari nomzodi va yozuvchisi taniqli raqib edi, shuningdek, fohishalik faollari Lillian Andersson.^[38][48]Siyosatchi ayollarni sinfiylik va ayollar o'rtasida bo'linishlarni keltirib chiqarganligi sababli tanqidlar qilingan (garchi ular munozarani ayollar emas, balki erkaklar haqida bo'lishgan bo'lsa ham). Shvetsiyaning bu borada noyobligi haqiqatan ham qiziqish uyg'otdi.

Parlament faoliyati davom etdi, shu jumladan jinsiy aloqani sotishni jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish va shvedlarning yondashuvini targ'ib qilish va dunyo bo'ylab fohishabozlik to'g'risidagi qonunlarni liberallashtirishga qarshi qonun loyihalarini kiritish. 2005 yil aprel oyida qonunga jinsiy jinoyatlar islohotining bir qismi sifatida "birinchi bobda keltirilgan narsa, agar to'lov boshqa birov tomonidan va'da qilingan yoki to'langan bo'lsa, amal qiladi" bandini qo'shish uchun kiritilgan bo'lib, unga uchinchi shaxs tomonidan sotib olish kiradi. , bu bo'shliq deb tan olindi. Bolalar bilan jinsiy aloqalar ham qo'shildi (9-bo'lim) va Jinslarni sotib olish to'g'risidagi qonun Jinoyat kodeksiga ko'chirildi.

Qonun qabul qilingandan so'ng, hukumat 7 million kron (1 million AQSh dollari) miqdorida mablag 'ajratdi Milliy politsiya kengashi ijro uchun.^[49]Qo'shimcha politsiya yollangan va ko'cha ishlarining ma'lum joylarida transport vositalari kuzatuv ostiga olingan. 1999 yilda to'qson bir hisobot berilgan va fohishabozlikning haqiqiy faolligini baholash o'ta qiyin bo'lganligi va shunchaki uning ostiga o'tib ketishi mumkinligi tan olinib, ko'rinadigan fohishalikning kamayishi qayd etilgan. Amalga oshirilishdagi qiyinchiliklar qonunga qarshi chiqqan politsiya tomonidan darhol qayd etildi va sud hukmi chiqarish qiyinligi Shvetsiya sud protseduralari va fuqarolarning huquqlari bo'yicha yanada qiyinlashdi. 1999 yildagi ozgina ma'ruzalar tuzilgan. Oltita sud hukmi chiqarilib, jarimalar belgilandi. Hatto qonunni tushunishda ham qiyinchiliklar qayd etildi va fohishalar o'z mijozlariga xabar berish yoki ularga qarshi guvohlik berishni istamadilar. Socialstyrelsen (Sog'liqni saqlash va ijtimoiy ta'minot milliy kengashi) fohishabozlik darajasini taxmin qilish deyarli mumkin emasligini ta'kidladi. Bir qator xabarlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, Shvetsiyada fohishabozlik past darajada bo'lgan va u kamayib bormoqda, ammo 1990-yillarda biroz o'sish kuzatilgan bo'lishi mumkin.^[50]Kutilganidek, repressiv qonunchilikni joriy qiladigan boshqa mamlakatlarda ko'rinib turganidek, ko'rinadigan spektrda darhol pasayish yuz berdi (masalan, g., Ko'cha huquqbuzarliklari to'g'risidagi qonun 1959 yil, Buyuk Britaniya) unchalik ko'rinmaydigan spektrga siljish bilan juda tez ergashdi.^[7]

Tarixchi Yvonne Svanstrom Erkak va ayol (erkak sudya va politsiya kursanti ayol) uchun natijasi juda boshqacha bo'lgan ikkita shunga o'xshash holatlarni tavsiflaydi, chunki qonun ramziy vosita sifatida o'z maqsadiga erishish uchun hech narsa qilmagan bo'lsa ham. patriarxal gegemoniyani bekor qilish va asrlar davomida ayollarning jinsiy hayotini erkaklarnikiga qarab boshqarish.^[12]U buni ko'rsatkich sifatida ko'rdi Eva Lundgren Tezis^[51] tartibga soluvchi tizimlar va konstitutsiyaviy tizimlar o'rtasidagi bo'linish va ikkinchisining nisbiy barqarorligi.^[52]

Modelni eksport qilish

Shvetsiya rasmiylari va faollari^[53] "shved modeli" ni xalqaro miqyosda targ'ib qildilar. Hukumat odam savdosi, jinsiy zo'ravonlik va fohishabozlik masalalariga bag'ishlangan konferentsiyalar o'tkazdi,^[54] va Shvetsiyaning rasmiy tillarini turli tillarda bayon etgan Faktlar varaqalarini chiqardi.^[43][55] Bular fohishabozlik va odam savdosi jabrlanuvchi deb ta'riflangan bir xil erkak jinoyatchilik moyilligining, "ayollarga va bolalarga nisbatan erkak zo'ravonligi" ning namoyon bo'lishi ekanligini ta'kidladi. Kabi taqiqlovchi odam savdosiga qarshi guruhlar bilan ittifoqlar tuzildi Ayollar savdosiga qarshi koalitsiya,^[56] Evropa Ittifoqi, Evropa Kengashi va Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti kabi yuqori darajadagi vakolatxonalar.^[57] Reklama va ta'lim, shu jumladan maktab dasturlari orqali fohishalikka qarshi ommaviy ta'lim yondashildi. Keyinchalik, shved yondashuvi butun dunyo bo'ylab Shvetsiyani namuna sifatida foydalanadigan o'xshash qonunchilikni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi abolitsist guruhlar orasida qo'llab-quvvatlandi.

Evropaning bir qator davlatlari shu kabi huquqiy tizimni muhokama qildilar yoki hozirda muhokama qilmoqdalar.^[58][59] Uzoq munozaralardan so'ng, 2009 yilda shunga o'xshash qonunlar qabul qilindi Norvegiya^[60] va Islandiya.^[61] 2014 yilda, Kanada shunga o'xshash qonunchilikni joriy etdi, so'ngra Shimoliy Irlandiya 2015 yilda ^[62]., Frantsiya 2016 yilda Irlandiya Respublikasi 2017 yilda va 2018 yilda Isroil.^[63][64] Ba'zilar buni ta'kidlaydilar Janubiy Koreya shunga o'xshash qonunchilikni 2004 yilda joriy etgan,^[65] u erda "jinsiy ishning barcha turlari jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilgan".^[66] The Tijorat jinsiy aloqalarini tartibga solishni jazolash to'g'risidagi Koreya qonuni va boshqalar. "jinsiy aloqa" va "tananing og'iz va anus yoki asboblar kabi qismlarini ishlatib, psevdo-jinsiy aloqa" deb ta'riflangan jinsiy harakatlarni sotish va to'lash uchun ham jinoiy javobgarlikka tortiladi. Qonunda tijorat bilan shug'ullanadigan jinsiy aloqada bo'lgan harakatlarni osonlashtirish jinoyati ham jalb qilingan bo'lishidan qat'i nazar.

Shvetsiyadagi fohishabozlik bo'yicha tadqiqotlar

Shvetsiyaning fohishabozlik to'g'risidagi qonuniga bag'ishlangan shved tarixchilaridan biri Yvonne Svanstrom (Stokgolm). Qonunga oid ba'zi tadqiqotlar Shvetsiyadan tashqarida ham amalga oshiriladi.^{[67][68][69][70][71]}2008 yilda Nordic mintaqasida fohishabozlikni o'rganish bo'yicha ma'lumotlar paydo bo'ldi Nordic Gender instituti (NIKK), shu jumladan turli Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarning (Daniya, Finlyandiya, Islandiya, Norvegiya, Shvetsiya) bir nechta mualliflari tomonidan qilingan ishlar.^[72]

1999 yilda Shvetsiyada qonun islohotidan oldin va keyin ishlagan jinsiy aloqa xodimlari sonini Skilbrei "aniqlash qiyin" deb ta'riflagan. Skilbrei va Holmström nashr etilgan ma'lumotlar va hisobotlarni tanqidiy ko'rib chiqishda, ular taqiqlangunga qadar bozor hajmiga oid bilimlar, birinchi navbatda, ijtimoiy ishchilar kim bilan aloqa qilganiga asoslanganligini ta'kidladilar. Ular "bular bozorni to'liq namoyish etadi deb taxmin qilish uchun hech qanday sabab yo'q" degan xulosaga kelishdi. Qonunning ta'sirlari, shuningdek, jinsiy aloqa bilan shug'ullanuvchi xodimlarning taqiqdan oldin va keyin ijtimoiy ishchilar bilan o'zaro munosabatlariga nisbatan ham ko'rib chiqilishi kerak.^[73]

Ba'zilar ta'kidlashlaricha, taqdim etilgan ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, Shvetsiya qonunining eng ko'zga ko'ringan ta'siri, qonun kuchga kirganidan beri, kamroq erkaklar jinsiy aloqa sotib olganliklarini va fohishalar kamroq ko'rinadigan bo'lgan. Biroq, jinsiy aloqani sotib olganligi to'g'risida hisobot bergan erkaklar haqidagi ma'lumotlar bir necha sabablarga ko'ra shubha ostiga qo'yildi. Birinchidan, ko'plab tadqiqotchilar qonunchilikdagi o'zgarishlarning ta'sirini va jinoiy bo'lmagan xatti-harakatga o'tishni savolning mavzusi deb so'rashdi.^{[tushuntirish kerak ]} Har qanday xatti-harakatlar yoki harakatlar jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilgan bo'lsa, odatda bu haqda o'z-o'zini xabar qilish juda kam bo'ladi, ayniqsa intervyu anonim bo'lmaganda (bu erda keltirilgan ma'lumotlarda bo'lgani kabi). Ikkinchidan, Shvetsiyada erkaklar tomonidan jinsiy aloqa sotib olinishi kamayganligi to'g'risidagi eng ko'p keltirilgan ma'lumotlar bu jinsiy hayotni sotib olishga asoslangan savol. Ikki so'rovnoma qanchalik yaqin masofada o'tkazilganligini hisobga olgan holda (o'n yildan kam vaqt oralig'ida), sonning bu qadar pasayishi statistik jihatdan imkonsiz deb topildi. Ya'ni, odamlar jinoyat sodir etilishidan bir necha yil oldin, ko'pchilik jinsiy aloqani hech qachon sotib olmagan holatiga qaytolmaydilar.^[74]

Jinsiy aloqa bilan shug'ullanadigan loyihalarning global tarmog'i (NSWP) singari tashkilotlarning xaritalarni tuzish va jinsiy ishchilar sonini hisoblash borasida o'ta ehtiyotkorlik bilan ishlashni ogohlantirganiga qaramay, bir qator shved model tarafdorlari bunday statistik ma'lumotlarning ishtiyoqmandlari bo'lib qolmoqda (garchi ular ko'pchilik uchun juda ishonchsiz bo'lsa ham) sabablari). NSWP bu kabi yondashuvlardan ehtiyot bo'lib, jinsiy ishchilarni hisoblashda foydali natijalar etishmasligini ta'kidlab, shu bilan birga ushbu "tadqiqotlar" jinsiy ishchilar va ularning oilalari huquqlari va farovonligi uchun o'ziga xos bir qator xavflarni o'z ichiga olganligini ta'kidladi, ayniqsa bu kabi mamlakatlarda. Shvetsiyada bunday jinsiy qonunlar mavjud bo'lib, ular jinsiy ishchilarning farzandlari ustidan saqlanishiga tahdid soladi va mehnat muhojirlarini hatto Evropa Ittifoqidan chiqarib yuborish xavfini tug'diradi.^[75]

Ijtimoiy ishchilar o'n yillik davrda ishtirok etishning bosqichma-bosqich pasayishi va texnologiyalardan ko'proq foydalanish haqida xabar berishdi. Ushbu o'zgarishlarning qanchasini qonunning o'zi bilan bog'lash mumkinligi noma'lum edi. 1995 yil Shvetsiya hukumat komissiyasi (SOU 1995: 15)^[31] Shvetsiyada fohishalik bilan shug'ullanadigan 2500-3000 ayol borligini taxmin qilgan edi, ularning 650 nafari ko'chada edi. Aksincha, 2008 yilgi NIKK hisobotida hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra, ko'chada fohishalik bilan shug'ullanadigan 300 ga yaqin ayol va Internetdan (yopiq fohishalik) foydalanadigan 300 ayol va 50 erkak bor.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Yilda Norvegiya, 4,9 million kishi bilan,^[76] 2654 ayol borligi taxmin qilinmoqda, shundan 2007 yilda 1157 kishi ko'chada bo'lgan (Norvegiyada ko'chada bo'lmaganlar orasida bu raqamlar ijtimoiy agentliklardan yordam so'rab murojaat qilganlar yoki Internetda e'lonlari topilganlarga asoslangan) (qog'ozda), bu Shvetsiya bilan taqqoslaganda 4 martadan ko'proq va jon boshiga 8 baravar ko'pdir. Bundan tashqari, Shvetsiya aholisining milliy namunalarida jinsiy aloqa sotib olish tajribasi haqida xabar bergan erkaklar soni 1996 yildagiga nisbatan 12,7% dan 7,6% gacha kamaygan ko'rinadi.^[77] 2008 yilgacha.^[72]2008 yilda chop etilgan so'nggi so'rovnomada biron bir respondent o'zlarining ko'payganligi yoki Shvetsiyadan tashqarida jinsiy aloqa sotib olishni boshlagani yoki "jismoniy bo'lmagan" shakllarda jinsiy aloqa sotib olishga o'zgarganligi haqida xabar bermagan. Ushbu 2008 yilgi so'rovda 18 yoshdan 2500 nafar erkak va ayolning javoblari olingan. va 74, endi ingliz tilida ham nashr etilgan.^[78]

Ning baholanishi Kvinnofrid qonun

Dastlabki harakatlar

Qonunni baholash, ayniqsa, fohishabozlikni yo'q qilishni emas, balki ayollarga nisbatan zo'ravonlikni va shahvoniy qadriyatlarning madaniy o'zgarishini o'z ichiga olgan mantiqiy asos va maqsadlarning ekspansionistik da'volarini hisobga olgan holda, kontseptual og'irliklarni keltirib chiqaradi. Shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, ushbu qonun joriy etilishidan oldin ham Shvetsiyada boshqa Evropa mamlakatlariga qaraganda fohishalik kam bo'lgan.^[79]Qonun tarafdorlari bu odam savdosi va pimpingni kamayishiga olib keldi, deb ta'kidlaydilar.^[80][81][82]Tanqidchilar, ayniqsa, yashirin fohishabozlik ko'payganini ta'kidlamoqda Internetdagi fohishabozlik.^{[83][84][85][86]} Biroq, NIKK tomonidan nashr etilgan tadqiqotlar (yuqoriga qarang) Shvetsiyada Daniya yoki Norvegiyaga qaraganda yashirin yoki Internetdagi fohishabozlik nisbatan katta qism ekanligini ko'rsatmaydi.^[72]

Socialstyrelsen (Sog'liqni saqlash va ijtimoiy ta'minot milliy kengashi)

Qonunni monitoring qilish va baholash vakolatiga berilgan Socialstyrelsen uchta hisobot (2000, 2004, 2007) tayyorlagan. Ular vaziyatni baholashda qiyinchiliklarni tan oldilar va qonunning biron-bir tarzda o'z maqsadlariga erishganligini tasdiqlovchi dalillarni keltirmadilar. 2007 yilgi hisobotda aytilishicha, dastlabki pasayishdan keyin ko'cha fohishabozligi ko'paymoqda va mijozlar va fohishalar endi aloqa qilish uchun internet va mobil telefondan foydalanadilar.

Kutilmagan oqibatlar masalasi 1996 yilda Shvetsiyada taklif qilingan qonunchilik tanqidchilari tomonidan amalga oshishidan uch yil oldin ko'tarilgan,^[87] aynan shu narsa ayollarni er osti fohishaligiga olib boradi, zo'ravonlik xavfini oshiradi, aholining ijtimoiy himoyaga muhtoj qatlamiga zarar etkazadi va buni amalga oshirish deyarli imkonsiz bo'ladi.^[88]Biroq, 2003 yilgi hisobotda "zo'ravonlik ko'paygani yoki yo'qligi haqida aniq aytish mumkin emas [fohishalik bilan shug'ullanish] ... Ba'zi informatorlar katta xatarlar haqida gapirishadi ... ozgina qismi haqiqiy o'sishni kuzatgan ... O'qigan politsiya zo'ravonlik sodir bo'lganligi o'sishning dalillarini topa olmadi ... Suhbat ma'lumotlari va boshqa tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, zo'ravonlik va fohishabozlik har qanday qonunchilik amal qilishi mumkin.^[89]Ushbu baho 2007 yilda Boshqaruv tomonidan keyingi kuzatuv hisobotida o'zgartirilmagan.^[90]2001 yilgi politsiya hisoboti bunga zid edi (pastga qarang).

Ba'zi kuzatuvchilar ta'kidlashlaricha, amaliyotchilar o'z savdolarini boshqa joylarda amalga oshirish uchun Shvetsiyani tark etishgan, Afrika bir manzil.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Politsiya va ommaviy axborot vositalari xabar qilmoqda

2001 yilda Malmö politsiya qonun zo'ravonlikni kamaytirganligi to'g'risida hech qanday dalil yo'qligini xabar qildi; aksincha, uning ko'payganligi haqida dalillar mavjud edi,^[91]

2007 yilda, Der Spiegel, nemis yangiliklar jurnali, Shvetsiya politsiyasining ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Shvetsiyaga har yili fohishalik qilish uchun 400 dan 600 gacha chet ellik ayollar olib kelinishini ta'kidlagan. Shvetsiyadan atigi yarmiga teng bo'lgan Finlyandiyada bu raqam 10000 dan 15000 gacha ayolni tashkil qiladi. O'sha yili Jonas Trolle, bir birlik inspektori Stokgolm Jinsiy savdoga qarshi kurashga bag'ishlangan politsiyaning so'zlari keltirilgan: "Bizda Stokholmda bugun (Internetda ham, ko'chada ham faqat 105 dan 130 gacha ayollar bor)".^[92]

2008 yilda, Kajsa Volberg,^[93] Shvetsiya milliy politsiya kengashidagi odam savdosi bo'limi xodimi aniq statistikani olish qiyinligini tan oldi, ammo Shvetsiyada fohishalar soni 40 foizga kamaydi, 1998 yildagi 2500 dan 2003 yilda 1500 taga.^[94]However, by 2010, she had conceded that the policy had failed, and that issues around prostitution were increasing,^[95] as noted in the media which carried out surveys on the street.^[96][97][98]Yilda Stokgolm, police sources reported increased activity on Malmskillnadsgatan in the city centre (which with Artillerigatan ichida Ostermalm district was a traditional site for street prostitution in Stokgolm ).^[99][100]Sudyalar^[101] and senior police officials have been caught purchasing sex,^[102][103] while most recently, the Mehnat vaziri, Sven Otto Littorin, was also accused of purchasing sex (Littoringate).^[104]

Hukumat harakati

Amongst other concerns about the law, taxing the proceeds of prostitution (recognised since 1982) is raising questions as to the rationality of a law prohibiting purchase.^[105]On 10 July 2008, the Government announced a new Action Plan^[106] on prostitution including the investment of another 200 million kroner, action at an international level and further educational measures to ‘help them [people] rethink their attitudes’. Stories about prostitution appear almost daily in the media, often with commentary from Gender Equality officials. The increasing emphasis on the ramziy nature of the law, ‘sending a message’, by the authorities also sends a message that the instrumental value is in doubt.

Jamoatchilik fikri

Opinion polls have shown high public support. Polls conducted by the opinion and social research consultancy, SIFO, in 1999, and again two years later, showed a rise - from 76% to 81% - in the number of people who favoured this law. The percentage of respondents who wanted the law to be repealed was 15% in 1999, and 14% two years later. The rest "didn't know".^[107]In the 2008 survey conducted by NIKK (see above), 71% of Swedes said they supported the ban on paying for sex, although only 20% of respondents believed that the number of people who pay for sex had been reduced. 79% of women and 60% of men favored the law. The young adult population (18-38), particularly women, were most in favor of the law.^[108][109]

A 2005 sex survey conducted online by Durex has shown that out of the 34 countries surveyed, Sweden had the lowest percentage of respondents who had paid for sex (3% of those who answered the question. Respondents included both men and women). The methodology has been criticised.^[110]

A 2010 survey by Järfälla tjejjour^[111] found that 25% of Swedish men were in favour of repealing the law, compared with 7% of women.^[112]

Skarhed commission and report (Ban on purchase of sexual services: An evaluation 1999-2008) 2010

In 2008, the Swedish government appointed Supreme Court Justice and later Justice Chancellor (Justitiekanslern ), Anna Skarhed, to lead an official inquiry into the effects that the purchase law has had on prostitution and human trafficking in Sweden.^[113]This evaluation attracted great interest internationally. Ammo Susanne Dodillet, akademik Gyoteborg universiteti va muallifi Är sex arbete? (Is Sex Work?),^[114][115]was sceptical that the review would add much to what we know.^[116] She criticised the fact that the report, regardless of its results, would not be allowed to suggest repeal of the law.

One group of scholars, politicians, and NNTlar made a submission to the Commission on 17 March 2008, arguing that the Government should provide a civil rights remedy to people in prostitution in order to support their exiting the trade.^[117]Their submission stated that the judiciary were misinterpreting the law, and that this should be recognised and corrected. In support of this, they cited a 2001 case^[118]in which it was held that the law did not provide a woman with a civil right to damage awards from a purchaser in a sexual transaction. Among this group of thirteen petitioners, were the Swedish Association of Women's Shelters and Young Women's Empowerment Centres^[119] (one of the two national umbrella shelter-organisations), the Social Democrat's Women's Federation (S-Kvinnor ), and the immigrant-oriented women's shelter Terrafem.^[120]

Hisobot

The final report of the commission was submitted to Adliya vaziri Beatrice Ask 2010 yil iyulda.^[121] The report stated that the law worked, and had achieved its objectives, but suggested that the sentence for purchasing sex be doubled. It stated that since the introduction of the ban on buying sex, street prostitution had been halved, and that: "This reduction may be considered to be a direct result of the criminalisation of sex purchases."^[122]

It was also found that there had been no overall increase in prostitution in Sweden. "People working in the field do not consider that there has been an increase in prostitution since the ban was introduced." It also stated that the law has had a positive effect on human trafficking. "According to the National Criminal Police, it is clear that the ban on the purchase of sexual services acts as a barrier to human traffickers and procurers considering establishing themselves in Sweden."

The report also acknowledged Internet (indoor) prostitution as an expanding market, which is more difficult to study and verify than street prostitution, and which, in the last five years, has increased in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark; however, it stated, concurring with the NIKK report (above), that "the scale of this form of prostitution is more extensive in our neighbouring countries, and there is nothing to indicate that a greater increase in prostitution over the Internet has occurred in Sweden than in these comparable countries.

This indicates that the ban has not led to street prostitution in Sweden shifting arenas to the Internet." It also stated that there was no evidence of an increase of abuse towards the prostitutes and of worse living conditions for prostitutes. "As far as we can judge from the written material, and the contacts we have had with public officials and people involved in prostitution, these fears have not been realised", concurring with the Board of Welfare assessment (above) that persons in prostitution are not worse off as an effect of the law.

It was also noted that there were many limitations to evaluating the situation of prostitution in Sweden, due to the nature of prostitution and trafficking which are "complex and multifaceted social phenomena which partly occur in secret" and the fact that many empirical surveys had limited scope, and different methodologies and purposes.

Sweden's position on prostitution was re-affirmed: "Those who defend prostitution argue that it is possible to differentiate between voluntary and non-voluntary prostitution, that adults should have the right to freely sell and freely purchase sex (...) However, based on a gender equality and human rights perspective, (...) the distinction between voluntary and non-voluntary prostitution is not relevant." The report also addressed the suggestion of civil remedy, stating that the "person exploited in prostitution may normally be considered the injured party", implying a civil right to damages under the law.

Initial responses to report

The report was sent to the consultation process, where interested groups were provided with the opportunity to comment on it (see below). Release of the report attracted many initial commentaries in both English^[123][124] and Swedish.^{[125][126][127]}The Swedish media originally reported this in a largely factual manner, with two exceptions, one positive,^[128] and one critical.^[129] Commentaries have largely focussed on the ideological and political background. The law's supporters see the report as affirmation, while critics complain it adds nothing since it is not based on empirical research. They have commented on the lack of methodology and evidence and the failure to adequately consult with prostitutes themselves and have questioned the scientific validity. They have also raised the question as to whether it should be translated into English (only a summary is available) to allow a wider examination.^[130]

At the time of the release of the report, the Littoringate affair (see above) was occupying the media, leading people to question the law's purpose and underlying rationale when even government ministers were ignoring it. For instance, lawyer Alice Teodorescu yozgan Aftonbladet that Sweden has double standards in morality,^[131] esa Isabelle Ståhl, kuni Sveriges Television, questioned the underlying qurbonlik nazariya,^[132] and Elisabet Höglund in Aftonbladet suggested the law be scrapped, calling it one of the weirdest laws in Swedish history and legally implausible because of its asymmetry.^[133]Such open challenging of the law has been unusual in the last 10 years since it was passed. However, the debate continues to be very divisive.^[134]Other criticism came from Paulina Neuding, muharriri Neo.^[135]Some of the debate raised the broader question of state paternalism versus individual choice, and whether there should even be moral laws (Morallagar),^[136][137] given the pending Swedish elections on 19 September 2010.^[138]

One of the conclusions rests on comparisons between Sweden and surrounding Nordic countries (see NIKK study above). Some have considered the numbers on street prostitution in Denmark to be over reported, based on a report from the Danish prostitutes' organisation Sexarbejdernes Interesse tashkiloti (SIO).^[139][140]SIO stated that street prostitution in Copenhagen was overestimated by 1000 persons, attributing over reporting to an NGO, Reden, that works with women in prostitution, and the numbers of women that they had seen. Other data suggests that any over reporting would not be as large and even if so the number of persons in prostitution in total is many times larger in Denmark than in Sweden and Danish numbers on indoor prostitution were estimated at 3278. These numbers were mainly based on advertising, not Reden. Assuming 1415 is the number for outdoor prostitution in Denmark, that only amounts to a fourth of prostitution in Denmark. Therefore, it seems unlikely that street prostitution could be so significantly lower as SIO claims. However, whatever the numbers, the scientific question is whether this has anything to do with the sex purchase law or, rather, reflects historical patterns and cultural attitudes.

Two researchers stated that they had evidence, based on cross-national data, that the Swedish ban was an effective counter-trafficking tool,^[141] but this was criticised on methodological grounds by commentators.^[142]

The debate moved to the political arena when a government member of parliament, Kamilla Lindberg^[143] (Liberal ) (Dalarna ) and Opposition member Marianne Berg (Chapda ) (Malmö ) published a bi-partisan article in Ekspresen, stating that the law did not protect women, but rather, hurt them, by reinforcing patriarchal attitudes towards women's control of their sexuality.^[144]Berg was criticised within her own party by Karin Rågsjö in a party newsletter.^[145]Criticism also came from Gudrun Shiman ning Feministiskt tashabbusi,^[146] and in an editorial in Linberg's own constituency.^[147]This was then followed by a joint manifesto from parliamentary candidates of five political parties, including Helena von Schantz (Liberal) va Hanna Wagenius (Markaz ), attacking the evaluation process and report as "immoral".^[148]The Pirat partiyasi had no official position on the law, but stands for basic freedoms, and party members have unofficially opposed it,^[149] and the party published a very liberal manifesto for the 2010 election.^[150]A Xristian demokrat feministik, Sofie Jakobsson, has also supported re-opening brothels, but, as with other critics of the Swedish approach, did not find much support within her party.^[151]

Xalqaro sharh

In the United Kingdom, one supporter of the Swedish approach, Julie Bindel, stated that she hoped that the evaluation would put an end to the claims that the sex-purchase law had been detrimental. She also wrote that, "No doubt, critics of this law will soon be arguing that the research that formed the basis of this evaluation is flawed and biased".^[152]

Yilda Kvinslend, Australia, the state government body responsible for regulating prostitution, the PLA, issued its own critique of the Skarhed Report, describing it as rhetoric that was not substantiated by evidence.^[153]

Konsultatsiya jarayoni

52 remissvar (responses) were received. While many were favourable, those from academic sources, such as the Department of Kriminologiya at Stockholm University were very critical. Two Swedish researchers, Petra Östergren va Susanne Dodillet, analysed the responses and compared them to the official report and found major contradictions. Their study concluded that there was no evidence to support the official claims.^[154]

Qonunchilik javobi

The Swedish Government announced that it intended to increase the penalty for purchasing sex from six months to one year's imprisonment, effective July 1, 2011.^[155]The proposal was debated and passed on May 12, 2011, with a vote of 282 for and 1 against.^[156]The sole opponent was Federley; however, he claimed that attempts were made to prevent him from speaking against the proposal by the Markaz partiyasi.^[157]

Continuing political and public debate

After passage of purchase law (1998)

Although the political scene had changed by 2005, the parties that had voted against the sex purchase law in 1998, and were now in power, no longer opposed it, and it became a non-partisan issue, although individual politicians still questioned the wisdom of the policy.

On 3 May 2009, Hanna Wagenius^[158] ning Yoshlar markazi introduced a motion to repeal the sex purchase law, arguing that it did not help women involved in prostitution and that trafficking had actually increased since the law came into effect. The motion was passed 56: 39.^[159][160]In October 2009, Centre Party MP Fredrik Federley introduced a motion for repeal of the law.^[161]He also wrote a commentary in the 9 October Aftonbladet, explaining this - Avskaffa sexköpslagen! (Abolish the Sex Purchase Law!).^[162]

In May 2010, the law was criticised by Swedish MP Kamilla Lindberg (Dalarna, Liberal)^[163] in an interview^[164] bilan Dalarnas Tidningar, who favoured a regulated system.^{[165][166][167]}

After publication of the evaluation (2010)

The law continues to remain controversial in Sweden, with regular debates in the media. On 30 January 2011, writing in Newsmill,^[168] Helena von Schantz challenged the Liberal party leadership as to why it supported the lengthening of sentences for buying sex.^[169]These penalties came into force on 1 July 2011.^[170]

In 2011, a research paper on the consequences of the Swedish legislation to sex workers concluded that the realisation of the desired outcomes of the legislation is hard to measure, whereas the law has stigmatised the already vulnerable sex workers.^[171][172]2012 yil aprel oyida Program on Human Trafficking and Forced Labor issued a report on the effects of the law, concluding that it had failed in its purpose.^[173] In July 2012, a report by the BMT -backed Global Commission on HIV and the Law recommended all countries to decriminalise "private and consensual adult sexual behaviours", including same-sex sexual acts and "voluntary sex work". It specifically pointed out that this also applies to the Swedish model, claiming it has actually resulted in consequences for the sex workers, even though reported as a success to the public.^[174] Further criticism has come from the Jinsiy aloqa bo'yicha loyihalar tarmog'i.^[175]

Current legal status

Purchasing sex (Brottsbalk 6.11)

Shvetsiya "s Sex Purchase Act (Shved: Sexköpslagen ), enacted in 1999, makes it illegal to purchase "sexual services" (sexuell tjänst), but not to sell them. The rationale for criminalising the purchaser, but not the seller, was stated in the 1997 government proposition, namely that "...it is unreasonable to also criminalise the one who, at least in most cases, is the weaker party who is exploited by others who want to satisfy their own sexual desires".^[176]

The Act (amended to be part of the Criminal Code, or Brottsbalk 2005 yilda)^[177] aytadi:

6.11 Den som, i annat fall än som avses förut i detta kapitel, skaffar sig en tillfällig sexuell förbindelse mot ersättning, döms för köp av sexuell tjänst till böter eller fängelse i högst sex månader.

Vad som sägs i första stycket gäller även om ersättningen har utlovats eller getts av någon annan. Lag (2005:90).^[37]

6.11 A person who, otherwise than as previously provided in this Chapter [on Sexual Crimes], obtains a casual sexual relation in return for payment, shall be sentenced for purchase of a sexual service to a fine or imprisonment for at most six months.

The provision of the first paragraph also applies if the payment was promised or given by another person.^[178]

Enforcement of law

In 2008, the number of police reports was 1,500, with 86 convictions in 2006. A Supreme court ruling has prevented the optional jail term being applied, and some parliamentarians have called for a minimum one-year jail term.^[179][180]To date, nobody has been imprisoned, according to Swedish Public Radio.^[181]A number of sources suggest that the law is not being enforced very strictly.^[182]Figures released in July 2010, suggest a large increase in the number of men reported for paying sex, which was attributed to increased police activity. The number of convictions was not reported.^[183][184]

Third party activities (Brottsbalk 6.12)

Prior to the sex purchase law, third party activities were already criminalised under the Criminal Code, as 6.12, so that the 1999 law increased the sanctions directed against sexual exchange.

6.12 Den som främjar eller på ett otillbörligt sätt ekonomiskt utnyttjar att en person har tillfälliga sexuella förbindelser mot ersättning, döms för koppleri till fängelse i högst fyra år.

Om en person som med nyttjanderätt har upplåtit en lägenhet får veta att lägenheten helt eller till väsentlig del används för tillfälliga sexuella förbindelser mot ersättning och inte gör vad som skäligen kan begäras för att få upplåtelsen att upphöra, skall han eller hon, om verksamheten fortsätter eller återupptas i lägenheten, anses ha främjat verksamheten och dömas till ansvar enligt första stycket.

Är brott som avses i första eller andra stycket att anse som grovt, döms för grovt koppleri till fängelse i lägst två och högst åtta år. Vid bedömande av om brottet är grovt skall särskilt beaktas om brottet avsett en verksamhet som bedrivits i större omfattning, medfört betydande vinning eller inneburit ett hänsynslöst utnyttjande av annan. Lag (2005:90).^[37]

6.12 A person who promotes or improperly financially exploits a person’s engagement in casual sexual relations in return for payment shall be sentenced for procuring to imprisonment for at most four years.

If a person who, holding the right to the use of premises, has granted the right to use them to another, subsequently learns that the premises are wholly or to a substantial extent used for casual sexual relations in return for payment and omits to do what can reasonably be requested to terminate the granted right, he or she shall, if the activity continues or is resumed at the premises, be considered to have promoted the activity and shall be held criminally liable pursuant to the first paragraph.

If a crime provided for in the first or second paragraph is considered gross, imprisonment for at least two and at most eight years shall be imposed for gross procuring. In assessing whether the crime is gross, special consideration shall be given to whether the crime has concerned a large-scale activity, brought significant financial gain or involved ruthless exploitation of another person.^[185]

Jinsiy savdo

Sweden is a destination and, to a lesser extent, source and transit country for women and children subjected to jinsiy aloqa savdosi. Sex trafficking victims largely originate from Sharqiy Evropa, Afrika, Sharqiy Osiyo, va Yaqin Sharq, though Swedish women and girls are vulnerable to sex trafficking within the country. "Roma", birinchi navbatda Ruminiya va Bolgariya, jinsiy aloqa savdosiga qarshi himoyasiz. Most traffickers are the same nationality as their victims and are often part of criminal networks engaged in multiple criminal activities, although an increasing number of reported cases involve traffickers who are family members or have no ties to organised crime. Street children in Sweden, especially boys from Marokash, are vulnerable to bolalarning jinsiy savdosi and forced criminality. Approximately 4,000 to 5,000 Swedes commit bolalar jinsiy turizmi offenses abroad annually, primarily in Asia.^[186]

The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Davlat departamenti Odam savdosini nazorat qilish va unga qarshi kurashish idorasi ranks Sweden as a '1-daraja 'mamlakat.^[186]

Statistika

Sex trafficking statistics for Sweden from the US Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons annual reports which are based on figures from the Swedish government and judiciary.

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

Tarix

• Fohishaliklar muammosi va lösdrivarlagen. Morgonbris. 1924 yil fevral (Fohishalik muammosi va vagranlik qonunlari)
• Yoxan Edman. Lösdrivarlagen och den samhällsfarliga lättjan.

Qiyosiy tadqiqotlar

• Susanne Dodillet. Fohishalik to'g'risidagi madaniy to'qnashuv: 1990-yillarda Germaniya va Shvetsiyada fohishabozlik to'g'risida bahs-munozaralar, Margaret Breen va Fiona Piters (tahr.) Shaxsning nasabnomalari: Jinsiy va jinsiy aloqalar bo'yicha fanlararo o'qishlar, Rodofi, Amsterdam 2005
• (PDF versiyasi)
• Jinsiy ishmi? Shved va Germaniyaning fohishabozlik siyosati 70-yillardan boshlab. Syuzan Dodillet tomonidan, Gyoteborg universiteti, 2009 y.
• Emma Dahlin. Germaniya va Shvetsiyada fohishabozlik: nima to'g'ri va nima yomon, 2008 yil

Qonun

• Brottsbalk 1962 Jinoyat kodeksi (Jinslarni sotib olish to'g'risidagi qonun 6.11)

Jinsiy aloqa xodimining istiqboli

• "Shvetsiyalik sexworker mijozlarni jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish to'g'risida", Pye Jakbsson bilan intervyu, HCLU-SWAN filmi, da YouTube

Qonunni baholash

Shvetsiyani pro-Shvetsiyani sotib olish to'g'risidagi qonun

• De Santis, Mari (2004 yil 20-dekabr). "Shvetsiya fohishalikka ayollarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik sifatida qaraydi". Sizif.
• Ekberg, Gunilla S. (2004 yil oktyabr). "Jinsiy xizmatni sotib olishni taqiqlovchi Shvetsiya qonuni: fohishabozlik va odam savdosining oldini olish bo'yicha eng yaxshi amaliyotlar". Ayollarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik. 10 (10): 1187–1218. doi:10.1177/1077801204268647. S2CID  73297880. PDF.
• Reymond, Janis (2010 yil 7 sentyabr). "Jinsiy aloqa sotiladi: nega Shvetsiya xaridorlarni jazolaydi". Christian Science Monitor (Fikrlar bo'limi).
• Uoltman, Maks (2011). "Jinsiy aloqani sotib olishni taqiqlash va odam savdosiga chek qo'yish: Shvetsiya fohishalik to'g'risidagi qonun" (PDF). Michigan Xalqaro huquq jurnali. 33 (1): 133–157.
• Uoltman, Maks (2011 yil sentyabr). "Shvetsiyada jinsiy aloqa sotib olishni taqiqlash: qonunning sabablari, ta'siri va salohiyati". Ayollar tadqiqotlari xalqaro forumi. 34 (5): 449–474. doi:10.1016 / j.wsif.2011.06.004. Bepul onlayn versiya. PDF.

Shvetsiyaga qarshi jinsiy aloqa to'g'risida qonun

• "Mijozlarni jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish bo'yicha Shvetsiya qonuni: ijtimoiy muhandislikdagi muvaffaqiyatsiz tajriba". Jinsiy aloqa bo'yicha loyihalarning global tarmog'i (NWSP). 2012 yil 4 aprel.
• Dodillet, Syuzanna; Östergren, Petra. Shvetsiyadagi jinsiy aloqani sotib olish to'g'risidagi qonun: da'vo qilingan muvaffaqiyat va hujjatlashtirilgan effektlar (PDF). Gaaga. Xalqaro seminarda taqdim etilgan konferentsiya ishi: Fohishalik va undan tashqarida jinoyatchilik: Amaliy tajribalar va qiyinchiliklar, 2011 yil 3 va 4 mart.
• Jeykobs, Rut (2013 yil 3 sentyabr). ""Jinsiy aloqani sotib olish uchun jinoiy javobgarlik: Shvetsiyadan darslar "- doktor Jey Levi o'zining yangi kitobini muhokama qilmoqda". Rut Jeykobsning blogi.
  • Kitob tafsilotlari: Levy, Jey (2015). Jinsiy aloqani sotib olish uchun jinoiy javobgarlik: Shvetsiyadan darslar. Abingdon, Oksfordshir, Nyu-York, Nyu-York: Routledge. ISBN  9780415739320.
• Osborne, Xanna (2014 yil 27-yanvar). "Jinsiy aloqalar bo'yicha ekspert Belinda Bruks-Gordon: Nimaga shimoliy fohishalik modeli ishlamaydi". International Business Times.

Neytral

• "Fohishalikni politsiya qilish: eng qadimgi jumboq: qizil chiroqlar butun Evropada o'chadi - lekin boshqa joylarda emas". Iqtisodchi. Amsterdam / Oklend: Iqtisodchilar guruhi. 30 oktyabr 2008 yil.
• Marshal, Kler (2007 yil 8-fevral). "Shvetsiya fohishalik bilan qanday kurashadi". Stokgolm, Shvetsiya: BBC yangiliklari.
• Sallivan, Tom (2009 yil 28-iyun). "Shvetsiya fohishabozlik to'g'risidagi qonunni qayta ko'rib chiqadi: uning qattiq pozitsiyasi namuna sifatida qo'llab-quvvatlanadi; ammo u ish beradimi?". Christian Science Monitor.

Boshqa manbalar

• Yvonne Svanstrom. Shvetsiyadagi fohishabozlik: 1980-2004 yillarda munozaralar va siyosat, Gangoli G, Westmarland N. Fohishalikka xalqaro yondashuvlar. Policy Press, London 2006, 67ff bet
• Yvonne Svanstrom. John - Shvetsiya gender modeli ?, "Outshoorn J (tahr.)" Fohishalik siyosati: Ayollar harakati, demokratik davlatlar va jinsiy tijoratning globallashuvi. Kembrij 2004, 225ff