Proto-cherkes tili - Proto-Circassian language

Proto-cherkes
Proto-Adighe-Kabardian
Qayta qurishCherkes tillari
Qayta qurilgan
ajdod

Proto-cherkes (yoki Proto-Adighe-Kabardian) ning qayta qurilgan umumiy ajdodi Adigiya va Kabardian tillar.

Fonologiya

Cherkes lahjalari shajarasi.
Cherkes lahjalaridagi asosiy farqlar

Undoshlar

Undoshlar tizimi to'rt tomonlama qayta tiklanadi fonatsiya qarama-qarshi to'xtaydi va affrikatlar va ikki tomonlama kontrast fricatives.

Proto
Cherkes
G'arbiy cherkesSharqiy cherkes
Proto
G'arbiy
ShapsugBzhedugChemguiAbzaxProto
Sharqiy
BeshleniKabardian
*b ⟨B⟩*b ⟨B⟩b ⟨B⟩*b ⟨B⟩b ⟨B⟩
*p ⟨P⟩*p ⟨P⟩p ⟨P⟩*b ⟨B⟩b ⟨B⟩
* ⟨Pʰ⟩* ⟨Pʰ⟩ ⟨Pʰ⟩p ⟨P⟩*p ⟨P⟩p ⟨P⟩
* ⟨Pӏ⟩* ⟨Pӏ⟩ ⟨Pӏ⟩* ⟨Pӏ⟩ ⟨Pӏ⟩
*d ⟨D⟩*d ⟨D⟩d ⟨D⟩*d ⟨D⟩d ⟨D⟩
*t ⟨T⟩*t ⟨T⟩t ⟨T⟩*d ⟨D⟩d ⟨D⟩
* ⟨Tʰ⟩* ⟨Tʰ⟩ ⟨Tʰ⟩t ⟨T⟩*t ⟨T⟩t ⟨T⟩
* ⟨Tӏ⟩* ⟨Tӏ⟩ ⟨Tӏ⟩* ⟨Tӏ⟩ ⟨Tӏ⟩
*ɡʲ ⟨G⟩*ɡʲ ⟨G⟩ɡʲ ⟨G⟩d͡ʒ ⟨Dj⟩*ɡʲ ⟨G⟩ɡʲ ⟨G⟩d͡ʒ ⟨Dj⟩
* ⟨K⟩* ⟨K⟩ ⟨K⟩t͡ʃ ⟨Ch⟩*ɡʲ ⟨G⟩ɡʲ ⟨G⟩d͡ʒ ⟨Dj⟩
*kʲʰ ⟨Kʰʰ*kʲʰ ⟨Kʰʰkʲʰ ⟨Kʰʰt͡ʃʰ ⟨Chʰ⟩t͡ʃ ⟨Ch⟩* ⟨K⟩ ⟨K⟩t͡ʃ ⟨Ch⟩
*kʲʼ ⟨Kӏӏ*kʲʼ ⟨Kӏӏkʲʼ ⟨Kӏӏt͡ʃʼ ⟨Kӏ⟩*kʲʼ ⟨Kӏӏkʲʼ ⟨Kӏӏt͡ʃʼ ⟨Kӏ⟩
*ɡʷ ⟨Gu⟩*ɡʷ ⟨Gu⟩ɡʷ ⟨Gu⟩*ɡʷ ⟨Gu⟩ɡʷ ⟨Gu⟩
* ⟨Ku⟩* ⟨Ku⟩ ⟨Ku⟩*ɡʷ ⟨Gu⟩ɡʷ ⟨Gu⟩
*kʷʰ Kkʰu⟩*kʷʰ Kkʰu⟩kʷʰ Kkʰu⟩ ⟨Ku⟩* ⟨Ku⟩ ⟨Ku⟩
*kʷʼ Kkӏu⟩*kʷʼ Kkӏu⟩kʷʼ Kkӏu⟩*kʷʼ Kkӏu⟩kʷʼ Kkӏu⟩
*q Kk⟩*q Kk⟩q Kk⟩*q Kk⟩q Kk⟩
* ⟨Kʰʰ* ⟨Kʰʰ ⟨Kʰʰq Kk⟩*q͡χ ⟨Kx⟩q͡χ ⟨Kx⟩
* ⟨K'u⟩* ⟨K'u⟩ ⟨K'u⟩* ⟨K'u⟩ ⟨K'u⟩
*qʷʰ ⟨Kʰ'u⟩*qʷʰ ⟨Kʰ'u⟩qʷʰ ⟨Kʰ'u⟩ ⟨K'u⟩*q͡χʷ ⟨Kxu⟩q͡χʷ ⟨Kxu⟩
*d͡z Dz⟩*d͡z Dz⟩d͡z Dz⟩*d͡z Dz⟩d͡z Dz⟩
*t͡s ⟨Ts⟩*t͡s ⟨Ts⟩t͡s ⟨Ts⟩*d͡z Dz⟩d͡z Dz⟩
*t͡sʰ ⟨Tsʰ⟩*t͡sʰ ⟨Tsʰ⟩t͡sʰ ⟨Tsʰ⟩t͡s ⟨Ts⟩*t͡s ⟨Ts⟩t͡s ⟨Ts⟩
*t͡sʼ ⟨Tsӏ⟩*t͡sʼ ⟨Tsӏ⟩t͡sʼ / ⟨Tsӏ / sӏ⟩t͡sʼ ⟨Tsӏ⟩*t͡sʼ ⟨Tsӏ⟩t͡sʼ ⟨Tsӏ⟩
*d͡ʑʷ ⟨Djъu*d͡ʑʷ ⟨Djъuʑʷ ⟨Ju⟩ʒʷ ⟨J'u⟩d͡zʷ Zdzu⟩ʒʷ ⟨J'u⟩*v V⟩v V⟩
*t͡ɕʷ ⟨Ch'u⟩*t͡ɕʷ ⟨Ch'u⟩t͡ɕʷ ⟨Ch'u⟩t͡sʷ Tsu⟨t͡ɕʷ ⟨Ch'u⟩*v V⟩v V⟩
*t͡ɕʰʷ Ch'ʰu⟩*t͡ɕʰʷ Ch'ʰu⟩t͡ɕʰʷ Ch'ʰu⟩t͡sʷ Tsu⟨t͡ɕʷ ⟨Ch'u⟩*f ⟨F⟩f ⟨F⟩
*d͡ʒ ⟨Dj⟩*d͡ʒ ⟨Dj⟩d͡ʒ ⟨Dj⟩ʒ ⟨J⟩*d͡ʒ ⟨Dj⟩d͡ʒ ⟨Dj⟩ʒ ⟨J⟩
*t͡ʃ ⟨Ch⟩*t͡ʃ ⟨Ch⟩t͡ʃ ⟨Ch⟩ʃ ⟨Sh⟩*d͡ʒ ⟨Dj⟩d͡ʒ ⟨Dj⟩ʒ ⟨J⟩
*t͡ʂ Ch'⟩*t͡ʂ Ch'⟩t͡ʃ ⟨Ch⟩t͡ʂ Ch'⟩ʂ Sh⟩*d͡ʐ ⟨Dj⟩d͡ʐ ⟨Dj⟩ʒ ⟨J⟩
*t͡ʃʰ ⟨Chʰ⟩*ʃʰ ⟨Shʰ⟩ʃʰ ⟨Shʰ⟩ʃ ⟨Sh⟩*t͡ʃ ⟨Ch⟩t͡ʃ ⟨Ch⟩ʃ ⟨Sh⟩
*t͡ʂʰ ⟨Chʰʰ*ʃʰ ⟨Shʰ⟩ʃʰ ⟨Shʰ⟩ʃ ⟨Sh⟩*t͡ʂ Ch'⟩t͡ʂ Ch'⟩ʃ ⟨Sh⟩
*t͡ʃʼ ⟨Kӏ⟩*t͡ʃʼ ⟨Kӏ⟩t͡ʃʼ ⟨Kӏ⟩ɕʼ / ʔʲ ⟨Shӏ / ӏ⟩*t͡ʃʼ ⟨Kӏ⟩t͡ʃʼ ⟨Kӏ⟩ɕʼ ⟨Shӏ⟩
*t͡ʂʼ ⟨Chӏ⟩*t͡ʂʼ ⟨Chӏ⟩t͡ʃʼ ⟨Kӏ⟩t͡ʂʼ ⟨Chӏ⟩ɕʼ / ʔʲ ⟨Chӏ / ӏ⟩*t͡ʂʼ ⟨Chӏ⟩t͡ʂʼ ⟨Chӏ⟩ɕʼ ⟨Shӏ⟩
*z Zz⟨*z Zz⟨z Zz⟨*z Zz⟨z Zz⟨
*s Ss⟩*s Ss⟩s Ss⟩*s Ss⟩s Ss⟩
*ʑ ⟨J⟩*ʑ ⟨J⟩ʒ ⟨J⟩ʑ ⟨J⟩*ʑ ⟨J⟩ʑ ⟨J⟩
*ɕ ⟨Sh⟩*ɕ ⟨Sh⟩ʃ ⟨Sh⟩ɕ ⟨Sh⟩*ɕ ⟨Sh⟩ɕ ⟨Sh⟩
*ɕʼ ⟨Shӏ⟩*ʃʼ ⟨Shӏ⟩ʃʼ ⟨Shӏ⟩*ɕʼ ⟨Shӏ⟩ɕʼ ⟨Shӏ⟩
*ʑʷ ⟨J'u⟩*ʑʷ ⟨J'u⟩ʑʷ ⟨Ju⟩ʒʷ ⟨J'u⟩*v V⟩v V⟩
*ɕʷ Shsъu⟩*ɕʷ Shsъu⟩ɕʷ Shchu⟩ʃʷ Shsъu⟩*f ⟨F⟩f ⟨F⟩
*ɕʷʼ Ӏshӏu⟩*ʃʷʼ Ӏshӏu⟩ʃʷʼ Ӏshӏu⟩* ⟨Fӏ⟩ ⟨Fӏ⟩
*ʒ ⟨J⟩*ʒ ⟨J⟩ʒ ⟨J⟩*ʒ ⟨J⟩ʒ ⟨J⟩ʑ ⟨J⟩
*ʐ J⟩⟩*ʐ J⟩⟩ʐ J⟩⟩*ʐ J⟩⟩ʐ J⟩⟩ʑ ⟨J⟩
*ʃ ⟨Sh⟩*ʃ ⟨Sh⟩ʃ ⟨Sh⟩*ʃ ⟨Sh⟩ʃ ⟨Sh⟩ɕ ⟨Sh⟩
*ʂ Sh⟩*ʂ Sh⟩ʂ Sh⟩*ʂ Sh⟩ʂ Sh⟩ɕ ⟨Sh⟩
*ʃʰ ⟨Shʰ⟩*ʃʰ ⟨Shʰ⟩ʃʰ ⟨Shʰ⟩ʃ ⟨Sh⟩*ʃ ⟨Sh⟩ʃ ⟨Sh⟩ɕ ⟨Sh⟩
*ʂʰ Sh⟨ʰ*ʃʰ ⟨Shʰ⟩ʃʰ ⟨Shʰ⟩ʃ ⟨Sh⟩*ʂ Sh⟩ʂ Sh⟩ɕ ⟨Sh⟩
*ɮ ⟨L⟩*ɮ ⟨L⟩ɮ ⟨L⟩*ɮ ⟨L⟩ɮ ⟨L⟩
*ɬ L⟩*ɬ L⟩ɬ L⟩*ɬ L⟩ɬ L⟩
*ɬʼ ⟨Lӏ⟩*ɬʼ ⟨Lӏ⟩ɬʼ ⟨Lӏ⟩*ɬʼ ⟨Lӏ⟩t͡ɬʼ ⟨Tlӏ⟩ɬʼ ⟨Lӏ⟩
*ɣ ⟨G⟩*ɣ ⟨G⟩ɣ ⟨G⟩*ɣ ⟨G⟩ɣ ⟨G⟩
*x Zh⟩*x Zh⟩x Zh⟩*x Zh⟩x Zh⟩
* Xxu⟩*f ⟨F⟩f ⟨F⟩* Xxu⟩ Xxu⟩
*ʁ ⟨G⟩*ʁ ⟨G⟩ʁ ⟨G⟩*ʁ ⟨G⟩ʁ ⟨G⟩
*ʁʷ ⟨G'u⟩*ʁʷ ⟨G'u⟩ʁʷ ⟨G'u⟩*ʁʷ ⟨G'u⟩ʁʷ ⟨G'u⟩
*χ ⟨X'⟩*χ ⟨X'⟩χ ⟨X'⟩*χ ⟨X'⟩χ ⟨X'⟩
*χʷ ⟨X'u⟩*χʷ ⟨X'u⟩χʷ ⟨X'u⟩*χʷ ⟨X'u⟩χʷ ⟨X'u⟩
*ħ Xx⟩*ħ Xx⟩ħ Xx⟩*ħ Xx⟩ħ Xx⟩
*m ⟨M⟩*m ⟨M⟩m ⟨M⟩*m ⟨M⟩m ⟨M⟩
*n ⟨N⟩*n ⟨N⟩n ⟨N⟩*n ⟨N⟩n ⟨N⟩
*r ⟨R⟩*r ⟨R⟩r ⟨R⟩*r ⟨R⟩r ⟨R⟩
*w ⟨U⟩*w ⟨U⟩w ⟨U⟩*w ⟨U⟩w ⟨U⟩
*j Y⟩*j Y⟩j Y⟩*j Y⟩j Y⟩
*ʔ ⟨Ӏ⟩*ʔ ⟨Ӏ⟩ʔ ⟨Ӏ⟩*ʔ ⟨Ӏ⟩ʔ ⟨Ӏ⟩
*ʔʷ ⟨Ӏu⟩*ʔʷ ⟨Ӏu⟩ʔʷ ⟨Ӏu⟩*ʔʷ ⟨Ӏu⟩ʔʷ ⟨Ӏu⟩

Oddiylikka intilgan undoshlar

Proto-Cherkesda bir qator bor edi aspiratsiyalangan undoshlar boshqa shevalarda oddiy undoshga aylanib, shapsug va bzhedug shevalarida saqlanib qolgan.

So'zProto
Cherkes
Shapsug
Bzhedug
Abzax
Chemgui
Kabardian
shovqinpʰa ⟨pʰe⟩pʰa ⟨pʰe⟩pa ⟨pe⟩pa ⟨pe⟩
o'tkirpʰaːɣa ⟨pʰagenpʰaːɣa ⟨pʰagenpaːɣa агpagenpaːɣa агpagen
yostiqaːntʰa ⟨sh'xantʰe⟩ʂħaːtʰa ⟨shъhatьeʰaːnta ⟨sъxante⟩ɕħaːnta ⟨shxante⟩
junt͡sʰə ⟨tsʰy⟩t͡sʰə ⟨tsʰy⟩t͡sa ⟨cy⟩t͡sa ⟨cy⟩
akat͡ʃʰə ⟨chʰy⟩ʃʰə ⟨shʰy⟩ʃə ⟨shi⟩qʷaʃ ⟨k'uesh⟩
oqsoqːʃʰaːʃʰa ⟨lyashʰe⟩ːʃʰaːʃʰa ⟨lyashʰe⟩ːʃaːʃa ⟨lyashe⟩ːʃaːʃa ⟨lyashe⟩
sonkʰʷa ⟨kʰo⟩kʰʷa ⟨kʰo⟩kʷa ⟨ko⟩kʷa ⟨kues
qabrqʰa ⟨kʰe⟩qʰa ⟨kʰe⟩qa ⟨kъ⟩q͡χa ⟨kxe⟩
cho'chqaqʷʰa ⟨kʰ'o⟩qʷʰa ⟨kʰ'o⟩qʷa ⟨k'o⟩q͡χʷa ⟨kxuue⟩

Oddiy ovozsiz undoshlar

Proto-Cherkesda bir qator bor edi zamon undoshlari bu sharqiy shevalarda yangradi.

So'zProto
Cherkes
Bzhedug
Chemgui
BaslaneyKabardian
bizta ⟨te⟩ta ⟨te⟩da ⟨de⟩da ⟨de⟩
rahbartħamaːta ⟨txemate⟩tħamaːta ⟨txemate⟩tħamaːda ⟨txemade⟩tħamaːda ⟨txemade⟩
baliqpt͡saʐəja ⟨psec'yee⟩pt͡saʐəja ⟨psec'yee⟩bd͡zaʐej ⟨bdzaj'ey⟩bd͡zaʑej ⟨bdzecey⟩
stakanaːpkʲ ⟨apk⟩aːpt͡ʃ ⟩apch⟩ʔaːbɡʲ ⟨abg⟩ʔaːbd͡ʒ ⟨abdj⟩
tovuqkʲat ⟨ket⟩t͡ʃatə ⟨hety⟩ɡʲad ⟨ged⟩d͡ʒad ⟨djed⟩
kechat͡ʃaɕ ⟨chesh⟩t͡ʃaɕə ⟨cheshchy⟩d͡ʒaɕ ⟨djesh⟩aɕ ⟨jeshch⟩
qishloqt͡ʃaɮa ⟨chile⟩t͡ʃaɮa ⟨chile⟩d͡ʒaɮa ⟨djyle⟩aɮa ⟨yze⟩
sigirt͡ʃam ⟨chem⟩t͡ʃamə ⟨chemy⟩d͡ʒam ⟨djem⟩ʒam ⟨jem⟩
daraxtt͡ʂ͡ʂɣ ⟨chъyg⟩t͡ʂəɣə ⟨ch'igi⟩d͡ʐaɣ ⟨djy⟩⟩ʒəɣ ⟨jyg⟩
sichqonchat͡saʁʷa ⟨tsyъo⟩t͡saʁʷa ⟨tsyъo⟩d͡zəʁʷa ⟨dzyъué⟩d͡zəʁʷa ⟨dzyъué⟩
qisqakʲʼaːkʷa ⟨kӏako⟩t͡ʃʼaːkʷa ⟨kӏako⟩kʲʼaːɡʷa ⟨kӏague⟩t͡ʃʼaːɡʷa ⟨kӏague⟩
bug'doykʷat͡s ⟨kots⟩kʷat͡sa ⟨kotsy⟩ɡʷad͡z ⟨guedz⟩ɡʷad͡z ⟨guedz⟩

Palato-alveolyarga velar undoshlari

Proto-cherkes tilida palatizatsiya mavjud ovozli velar to'xtashi [ɡʲ] ⟨G⟩, palatalizatsiyaga intilgan ovozsiz velar to'xtashi [kʰʲ], palatalizatsiya qilingan ovozsiz velar to'xtashi [kʲ] Chk⟩ va palatalized velar ejekti [kʲʼ] ⟨Kӏӏ. Undoshlar g [ɡʲ ], k [ ] va kӏ [kʲʼ ] ichida omon qolish Shapsug shevasi, ichida Besleney shevasi Kabardian Uzunyayla shevasida.[1] Boshqa cherkes shevalarida ular bilan birlashtirildi palato-alveolyar undoshlar dj [d͡ʒ ], ch [t͡ʃ ] va kӏ [t͡ʃʼ ] navbati bilan.[2][3][4]

So'zProto
Cherkes
ShapsugBzhedug
Chemgui
Abzax
BaslaneyKabardian
yo'talmoqpskʲʰan ⟨psk⟩en⟩pskʲʰan ⟨psk⟩en⟩pst͡ʃan ⟨pshen⟩pskʲan ⟨psken⟩pst͡ʃan ⟨pshen⟩
o'yinɡʲaɡʷ ⟨gegu⟩ɡʲaɡʷ ⟨gegu⟩d͡ʒaɡʷ ⟨djegu⟩ɡʲaɡʷ ⟨gegu⟩d͡ʒaɡʷ ⟨djegu⟩
ko'ylakɡʲaːna ggane⟩ɡʲaːna ggane⟩d͡ʒːna ⟨djane⟩ɡʲaːna ggane⟩d͡ʒːna ⟨djane⟩
stakanaːpkʲ ⟨apk⟩aːpkʲ ⟨apk⟩aːpt͡ʃ ⟩apch⟩ʔaːbɡʲ ⟨abg⟩ʔaːbd͡ʒ ⟨abdj⟩
tovuqkʲat ⟨ket⟩kʲat ⟨ket⟩t͡ʃatə ⟨hety⟩ɡʲad ⟨ged⟩d͡ʒad ⟨djed⟩
qisqakʲʼaːkʷa ⟨kӏako⟩kʲʼaːkʷa ⟨kӏako⟩t͡ʃʼaːkʷa ⟨kӏako⟩kʲʼaːɡʷa ⟨kӏague⟩t͡ʃʼaːɡʷa ⟨kӏague⟩
arqonkʲʼaːpsa ⟨kӏapsezkʲʼaːpsa ⟨kӏapsezt͡ʃʼaːpsa ⟨kӏapsé⟩kʲʼaːpsa ⟨kӏapsezt͡ʃʼaːpsa ⟨kӏapsé⟩

Frikativga affrikat

Abzax va kabardian lahjalarida afrika pochta-parcha undoshlari fricative bo'ldi.

So'zProto
Cherkes
Bzhedug
Chemgui
AbzaxBaslaneyKabardian
tulkibaːd͡ʒa ⟨badje⟩baːd͡ʒa ⟨badje⟩baːʒa ⟨baje⟩baːd͡ʒa ⟨badje⟩baːʒa ⟨baje⟩
qishloqqʷaːd͡ʒa ⟨k'uadje⟩qʷaːd͡ʒa ⟨k'uadje⟩qʷaːʒa ⟨k'uaje⟩qʷaːd͡ʒa ⟨k'uadje⟩qʷaːʒa ⟨k'uaje⟩
qishloqt͡ʃaɮa ⟨chile⟩t͡ʃaɮa ⟨chile⟩aɮa ⟨shile⟩d͡ʒaɮa ⟨djyle⟩aɮa ⟨yze⟩
kechat͡ʃaɕ ⟨chesh⟩t͡ʃaɕə ⟨cheshchy⟩ɕaɕə ⟨shashchy⟩d͡ʒaɕ ⟨djesh⟩aɕ ⟨jeshch⟩
sigirt͡ʃam ⟨chem⟩t͡ʃamə ⟨chemy⟩amə ⟨shemy⟩d͡ʒam ⟨djem⟩ʒam ⟨jem⟩
yangit͡ʃʼa ⟨kӏe⟩t͡ʃʼa ⟨kӏe⟩ʃʼa ⟨shӏe⟩t͡ʃʼa ⟨kӏe⟩ɕʼa ⟨shcheӏ
qisht͡ʃʼəmaːxʷa ⟨kӏymaxo⟩t͡ʃʼəmaːfa ⟨kӏymefe⟩ʃʼəmaːfa ⟨shӏymefe⟩t͡ʃʼəmaːxʷa ⟨kӏymaxue⟩ɕʼəmaːxʷa ⟨shӏymaxue⟩
Yosh yigitt͡ʃʼaːɮa ⟨kӏalezt͡ʃʼaːɮa ⟨kӏalezːɮaːɮa zelezt͡ʃʼaːɮa ⟨kӏalezːɮaːɮa ⟨shӏalez
uxlamoqt͡ʂ͡ʂjan ⟨ch'yen⟩t͡ʂ͡ʂjan ⟨ch'yen⟩ʂajan ⟨sh'yen⟩d͡ʐajən ⟨djein⟩ʒajən ⟨jein⟩
daraxtt͡ʂ͡ʂɣ ⟨chъyg⟩t͡ʂəɣə ⟨ch'igi⟩əɣə ⟨sh'igi⟩d͡ʐaɣ ⟨djy⟩⟩ʒəɣ ⟨jyg⟩
yugurmoqt͡ʂan ⟨chъen⟩t͡ʂan ⟨chъen⟩tʂan ⟨shъen⟩d͡ʐan ⟨djen⟩ʒan ⟨jen⟩
maydont͡ʂʼəpʼa ⟨chӏypӏe⟩t͡ʂʼəpʼa ⟨chӏypӏe⟩ʃʼəpʼa ⟨shӏypӏe⟩t͡ʂʼəpʼa ⟨chӏypӏe⟩ɕʼɕʼpʼa ⟨shӏypӏe⟩
temirʁʷet͡ʂʼə ⟨g'uchӏy⟩ʁʷet͡ʂʼə ⟨g'uchӏy⟩ʃʼʃʼpʼa ⟨g'ushӏy⟩ʁʷet͡ʂʼə ⟨g'uchӏy⟩ɕʼepʼa ⟨g'ushchӏy⟩

Labialized ovozsiz velar fricative

Proto-Cherkesian labiya qilingan ovozsiz velar frikativi a bo'lganida sharqiy shevalarda saqlanib qolgan [xʷ] ovozsiz labiodental frikativ [f] g'arbiy lahjalarda.

  • Dxu⟩ → f ⟨F⟩
So'zProto
Cherkes
G'arbiySharqiy
insont͡sʼəxʷ ⟨tsӏyxu⟩t͡sʼaf ⟨tsӏyf⟩t͡sʼəxʷ ⟨tsӏyxu⟩
oqxʷʷʑ xujj⟩fʑʑa fyjy⟩xʷʷʑ xujj⟩
issiqxʷaːba xuabeабfaːba ⟨fabe⟩xʷaːba xuabeаб
kunmaːxʷa ⟨maxo⟩maːfa ⟨mefe⟩maːxʷa ⟨maxue⟩

Labialized mailveolar

Proto-Cherkesning lablari bor edi pochta-parcha undoshlari (t͡ɕʷ, ʑʷ, ɕʷ va ɕʷʼ). Ushbu undoshlar g'arbiy lahjalarda omon qolgan, sharqiy lahjalarda esa labiodental undoshga aylangan.

So'zProto
Cherkes
G'arbiySharqiy
ho'kizt͡ɕʷə ⟨tsu⟩t͡ɕʷə ⟨tsu⟩va ⟨vy⟩
poyabzalt͡ɕʷaːqa ⟨tsuake⟩t͡ɕʷaːqa ⟨tsuake⟩vaːqa ⟨vake⟩
Yulduzːʁʷaːʁʷa ⟨j'uag'o⟩ːʁʷaːʁʷa ⟨j'uag'o⟩vaːʁʷa ⟨vaguue⟩
toshmʑʷʑʷa ⟨myj'o⟩mʑʷʑʷa ⟨myj'o⟩mava ⟨myve⟩
torzaʑʷə ⟨ezeju⟩zaʑʷə ⟨ezeju⟩qo'shimcha izezy⟩
siz (pl.)ɕʷa ⟨shoo⟩ɕʷa ⟨sh'o⟩fa féf⟩
asalɕʷaw ⟨sh'ouu⟩ɕʷaw ⟨sh'ouu⟩faw ⟨fo⟩
xotinɕʷaz ⟨sh'uz⟩ɕʷaz ⟨sh'uz⟩fez ⟨fyz⟩
qoraɕʷʼət͡sʼa ⟨shӏutsӏe⟩ɕʷʼət͡sʼa ⟨shӏutsӏe⟩fʼət͡sʼa ⟨fӏytsӏe⟩
olovmashӏo ⟨maːɕʷʼa⟩mashӏo ⟨maːɕʷʼa⟩mafke ⟨maːfʼa⟩
iflosajə⟨shӏoi⟩ajə⟨shӏoi⟩fʼaj ⟨fӏey⟩

Grammatika

Raqamlar

Ingliz tiliProto-cherkesUbyxG'arbiy cherkesKabardianBaslaney
IPAKirillchaIPAKirillchaIPAKirillchaIPAKirillchaIPAKirillcha
Bittasizaziyzazezaziyzaziyzaziy
Ikkitʷʼatӏutʼqʷʼatkӏuatʷʼatӏutʷʼatӏutʼʼtӏu
Uch.ashchy.asha.ashchy.ashchy.ashchy
To'rtpt͡ɬʼəptlӏypʼɬʼaplӏypɬʼaplӏypɬʼaplӏypt͡ɬʼəptlӏy
Beshtxʷətxuəxəshxytfatfytxʷətxutxʷətxu
Oltixaxyfafyxaxyxaxyxaxy
Yettibɮablyblablyybɮablybɮablybɮably
Sakkizjai.aguajaijaijai
To'qqizbʁʷabg'ubʁʲabg'ubʁʷabg'ubʁʷabg'ubʁʷabg'u
O'npʃʼapshӏy.aj'uyipʃʼapshӏypɕʼapshchypʃʼapshӏy

Shleyxerning ertagi

Shleyxerning ertagi proto-cherkes tilida:

χʷǝ chčara-gjǝ

χʷǝ ja laśʷam mä q́ˤ: an

č́ʷara péʎ́an;

mǝ χwanǝta k: éǝm q: irǝ,

mé čʷǝχʷa chčam,

mǝ ć̣ǝm pasa méš́ʷrǝ.

sé chčara q̇́ˤan:

"źǝʁʷǝ sā é,,

q: ać̣am ć̣arǝ č́ʷara ḳ́ʷarǝ. "

chčara q̇́ˤan: "q: ́ˤʷa χʷǝ!"

źǝʁʷǝ shša ǵʷǝ ć̣arǝ,

q: ać̣a, ́́a, chčara laśʷam

ʎ́ʷa ḳ́ač̣ʷǝm ché-wé,

χʷiara-gjǝ laśʷam mä q́ˤ: a. "

nǝ q: ́aˤʷasa χʷǝ rǝq: ada q: ˤʷan.

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

  • STAROSTIN, Sergey A.; NIKOLAYEV, Sergey L. (1994). Shimoliy Kavkaz etimologik lug'ati: Muqaddima.
  • Umumiy G'arbiy Kavkaz: uning fonologik tizimini qayta tiklash va uning leksikasi va morfologiyasi qismlari. Leyden, Niderlandiya: CNWS tadqiqot maktabi, 1996; xxvi, 452 p. : kasal. ; 24 sm. ISBN  9073782732