Radiotelefoniya protsedurasi - Radiotelephony procedure

Radiotelefoniya protsedurasi (shuningdek efirdagi protokol va ovozli protsedura) so'zlashuv aloqalarini aniqlashtirish, soddalashtirish va standartlashtirish uchun ishlatiladigan turli xil usullarni o'z ichiga oladi ikki tomonlama radiolar, qurolli kuchlar tomonidan foydalanishda, yilda fuqaro aviatsiyasi, politsiya va yong'inga qarshi tizimlar, fuqarolar guruhi radiosi (CB) va havaskor radio.

Ovozli protsedura kommunikatsiyalari og'zaki nutqning ravshanligini maksimal darajada oshirish va qabul qilingan nomenklatura yordamida og'zaki xabardagi xatolarni kamaytirishga qaratilgan. U CB radiosi kabi qisqartirilgan kodlardan foydalanish kabi signalizatsiya protokolidan iborat o'n kod, Q kodlari havaskor radio va aviatsiya, politsiya kodlari va boshqalarda va jargonlarda.

Ovoz protsedurasining ba'zi elementlari ko'plab dasturlarda tushuniladi, ammo sezilarli farqlar mavjud. Qurolli kuchlari NATO mamlakatlarda hamjihatlikni osonlashtirish maqsadida shunga o'xshash protseduralar mavjud va psevdo-harbiy tashkilotlar ko'pincha o'z protseduralarini shu asosda tuzadilar, shuning uchun u erda ba'zi umumiylik mavjud.

Standart protseduralarda yaxshi o'qitilmagan radio operatorlarining ta'siri, operatsion muammolarni va kechikishlarni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin, bunga misol sifatida havaskor radio operatorlarining bir misolida misol keltirilgan. Katrina bo'roni, unda:

... joylashtirilgan ko'plab operatorlar juda yaxshi moslamalar va texnik qobiliyatlarga ega edilar, ammo transportni boshqarish mahoratiga jiddiy ehtiyoj sezdilar. Bitta holatda 25 ta xabarni yuborish uchun deyarli 15 daqiqa vaqt ketdi.^[1]

Kirish

Radiotelefoniya protseduralari xalqaro aloqalarni, rasmiy protseduralarni, texnik standartlarni va radioaloqaning barcha rejimlari orqali samarali, ishonchli va bir-birlari bilan ishlashni ta'minlashga qaratilgan konventsiyalarni o'z ichiga oladi. Eng yaxshi ishlab chiqilgan va ommaviy tartib-qoidalar Kombinatsiyalangan aloqa elektronika kengashi ACP 125 (G) ittifoqdosh aloqa protsedurasi: Aloqa bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar Radiotelefon protseduralari.^[2]

Ushbu protseduralar turli xil tarkibiy qismlardan iborat. Eng muhim uchta narsa:

1. Ovozli protseduralar - nima deyish kerak^[3]
2. Nutq texnikasi - buni qanday aytish kerak^[3]
3. Mikrofon texnikasi - uni mikrofonga qanday aytish mumkin

Ushbu protseduralar 1900 yillarning boshlaridan beri ko'p marta ishlab chiqilgan, eng qiyin sharoitlarda sinovdan o'tkazilgan va keyin olingan saboqlarni amalga oshirish uchun qayta ko'rib chiqilgan. ACP 125 (G) bo'yicha^[2] va Virjiniya mudofaa kuchlarining signallarini ishlatish bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar:^[4]

Ovozli protsedura nutqni uzatishning eng tezkor va aniq usulini ta'minlashga mo'ljallangan. Barcha xabarlar oldindan rejalashtirilgan, qisqa va tushunarli bo'lishi kerak. Ideal holda, xabarlar yozilishi kerak: hatto qisqa yozuvlar ham xato xavfini kamaytiradi. Qabul qiluvchini chalg'itmaslik uchun xabarlar aniq va mantiqiy ravishda tuzilishi kerak.

Ovozli protsedura zarur, chunki:

1. Tiqilib qolgan ovozli tarmoqdagi nutq aniq, aniq va aniq bo'lishi kerak. Nutq va ma'lumotlar o'rtasidagi shovqinni oldini olish uchun ko'pincha ma'lumotlar trafigini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri buyruq va boshqarish bilan bog'liq bo'lganlarga emas, balki logistik yoki administrator tarmoqlariga o'tkazishni maqsadga muvofiq bo'ladi.
2. Shuni taxmin qilish kerakki, barcha translyatsiyalar tinch aholining bir qismi tomonidan ushlanadi. Standart protseduradan foydalanish favqulodda vaziyatlarda javobgarlikka tortilmaydiganlar orasida mish-mishlar tarqalishi yoki vahima paydo bo'lish xavfini kamaytirishga yordam beradi.
3. Translatsiyalar bir-birining ustiga chiqmasligini ta'minlash uchun qandaydir tartib-intizom zarur, agar ikkita odam bir vaqtning o'zida trafikni yuboradigan bo'lsa, natijada tartibsizlik bo'ladi.

Radio operatorlari boshqacha gapirishlari kerak, chunki ikki tomonlama radiolar inson nutqining sifatini shunchalik pasaytiradiki, uni tushunish qiyinlashadi. Radioga xos protseduralarning katta qismi 100 yildan ortiq vaqt davomida takomillashtirilgan ixtisoslashgan tildir.

Radio orqali aloqa qilishning bir necha asosiy usullari mavjud va ular ushbu afzallik tartibida ishlatilishi kerak:

1. Jarayon so'zlari
2. Standart (oldindan belgilangan) frazeologiya (aviatsiya va dengizdan foydalanishda ko'p narsalar uchun)
3. Oddiy til bilan dialog (frazeologiya bilan ishlov berib bo'lmaydigan narsalar uchun)
4. Rasmiy xabarlar
5. Qissalar
6. Muloqot (oddiy suhbat)
7. Qisqartirish kodlari, shu jumladan O'nta kod va Fillips kodi; va operatsion signallari, shu jumladan 92 kod, Q kodi va Z kodi; oxirgi tanlov sifatida ishlatilishi kerak, chunki ushbu kodlar ro'yxatlari shunchalik kengki, barcha ishtirokchilar to'liq va to'g'ri ta'riflarni yodlab olishlari ehtimoldan yiroq emas. O'nta koddan tashqari bu erda sanab o'tilganlarning barchasi faqat foydalanish uchun mo'ljallangan Mors kodi yoki teletaytiruvchi va shuning uchun ovozli davrlarda foydalanish uchun yaroqsiz.

Xalqaro radio qoidalari

Sayyoradagi barcha radioaloqalar tomonidan yaratilgan qoidalarga muvofiq ishlaydi ITU-R, bu asosiy ovozli radio protseduralarning ko'pini belgilaydi va ular har bir alohida mamlakat tomonidan qo'shimcha ravishda kodlashtiriladi.

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining radio qoidalari

AQShda radioaloqa NTIA va FCC tomonidan tartibga solinadi. FCC tomonidan yaratilgan qoidalar kodlangan Federal qoidalar kodeksining 47-sarlavhasi:

• 4-qism - Aloqa uzilishlari
• 20-qism - Tijorat mobil xizmatlari
• 80-qism - Dengiz xizmatidagi stantsiyalar (dengiz mobil xizmati)
• 87-qism - Aviatsiya xizmatlari
• 90-qism —Xususiy Land Mobile Radio Services (korxonalar va federal bo'lmagan hukumatlar uchun litsenziyalangan simsiz aloqa to'g'risida)
  • C- kichik qismBiznes guruhi
• 95-qism - Shaxsiy radio xizmatlari (MURS, FRS, GMRS va CB radiosi )
• 97-qism —Havaskor radiosi Xizmat (Xam radiosi)
• 300-qism - NTIA qoidalari va qoidalari

Radio qo'ng'iroqlari belgilari

Radio chaqiriq belgilari - bu chastotali energiya chiqarish uchun litsenziya olish uchun zarur bo'lgan barcha stantsiyalarga tayinlangan global noyob identifikator. Identifikatorlar 3 dan 9 gacha harflar va raqamlardan iborat bo'lib, qo'ng'iroq belgilarining asosiy formati XEI-R radio qoidalari, 19-modda, Stantsiyalarni aniqlash,^[5] tafsilotlar har bir mamlakat radiosini litsenziyalash tashkilotlariga topshirilgan bo'lsa-da.

Rasmiy qo'ng'iroq belgilari

Har bir mamlakat uchun bir qator prefikslar tayinlangan va har bir mamlakatdagi radiotelekommunikatsiya agentliklari qo'ng'iroq belgilarini RR tomonidan belgilangan formatda o'zlari xohlagancha taqsimlash uchun javobgardir. Radio Reglamenti aksariyat radiostansiyalardan o'zlarini muntazam ravishda stantsiyani chaqirish belgisi yoki boshqa noyob identifikator yordamida tanib olishlarini talab qiladi.

Funktsional belgilovchilar

Rasmiy radio qo'ng'iroq belgilari yuqorida tavsiflangan modellardan tashqarida o'ziga xos ma'noga ega emasligi va alohida litsenziyalangan havaskor radiostantsiyalaridan tashqari, radiodan foydalanayotgan shaxsni aniqlashga xizmat qilmasligi sababli, ular odatda qaysi shaxsni aniqlashning asosiy vositasi sifatida istalmagan , bo'lim yoki funktsiya uzatilmoqda yoki ular bilan bog'lanmoqda.

Shu sababli, funktsional belgilovchilar (a.k.a.) chaqiruv taktik belgilari) bunday identifikatsiyani ta'minlash uchun tez-tez ishlatiladi. Bunday ko'rsatgichlar FCC talablarini qondirish uchun etarli emas, chunki stantsiyalar ular tomonidan olib borilayotgan litsenziyani muntazam ravishda aniqlaydilar, odatda har bir x daqiqada va har bir uzatishni oxirida, x 10 dan 30 minutgacha (translyatsiya stantsiyalari uchun ko'proq).

Ba'zi radio xizmatlari uchun FCC muqobil stantsiya identifikatorlariga ruxsat beradi,^[6] odatda alternativ stantsiya identifikatori uzatuvchi stantsiyani standart ITU formatidan yaxshiroq aniqlashga xizmat qiladigan holatlarda. Bunga quyidagilar kiradi:

• Samolyot - samolyotning ro'yxatdan o'tish raqami (dumi raqami), uning turi oldin (tipik umumiy aviatsiya samolyot); yoki FAA tomonidan tayinlangan samolyot operatorining taxallusi, so'ngra parvoz raqami (rejali aviakompaniyalar xizmatiga xos).
• Land mobile - stansiya litsenziarining nomi (odatda qisqartirilgan), stantsiyaning joylashgan joyi, shahar nomi yoki xizmat ko'rsatiladigan ob'ekt, keyin umumiy identifikatordan keyin qo'shimcha raqamlar.
• Quruq ko'chma temir yo'l - temir yo'l nomi, undan keyin poezd raqami, dvigatel raqami va boshqalar.

Qo'shma Shtatlarda qo'ng'iroq belgilari

Qo'shma Shtatlarga K, N va W prefikslari, shuningdek AAA-ALZ kabi barcha qo'ng'iroq belgilari berilgan. Ushbu guruhlar ichida qo'ng'iroq belgilarini taqsimlash Milliy telekommunikatsiya va axborot ma'muriyati (aksariyat barcha hukumat stantsiyalari) yoki Federal aloqa komissiyasi (boshqa barcha stantsiyalar) va ular radio qo'ng'iroq belgilarini quyidagi guruhlarga ajratadilar:

Harbiy chaqiruv signallari tizimlari

• AAA-AEZ va ALA-ALZ armiya bo'limlari uchun ajratilgan
• AFA-AKZ havo kuchlari departamentiga biriktirilgan
• NAA-NZZ birgalikda Dengiz kuchlari departamenti va AQSh Sohil xavfsizlik xizmatiga biriktirilgan.

Havaskor chaqiruv tizimlari

Xom stantsiyani chaqirish belgilari A, K, N yoki W bilan boshlanadi va 1 dan 2 gacha bo'lgan prefiksni 2 yoki 3 harfli qo'shimchadan ajratib turadigan 0 dan 9 gacha bitta raqamga ega (maxsus voqea stantsiyalari faqat uchta belgidan iborat: prefiks, raqam va bitta harf qo'shimchasi).^[7]

Dengiz qo'ng'iroqlari belgilari

Dengiz qo'ng'iroqlari belgilari ancha murakkab tuzilishga ega bo'lib, ba'zida kemaning nomi yoki a bilan almashtiriladi Dengiz mobil xizmatining identifikatori (MMSI) raqami.

Mikrofon texnikasi

Mikrofonlar inson ovozining nomukammal reproduktorlari bo'lib, muammolarni oldini olish uchun bir qator texnik vositalardan foydalanilmasa, inson ovozini tushunarsiz qilib buzib yuboradi. Tavsiya etilgan texnikalar har xil, lekin odatda IARU Favqulodda vaziyatlar uchun telekommunikatsiya qo'llanmasidan olingan quyidagi ko'rsatmalarga mos keladi^[8]

• Mikrofonni yonoqqa yaqin tuting, shunchaki og'zingizning yon tomoniga qo'ying, shunday qilib mikrofon bilan emas, balki gaplashish uchun joylashtiring. Bu pozitivlarni kamaytiradi ("P" kabi harflardan tovushlar paydo bo'ladi).
• Oddiy, aniq, xotirjam ovozda gapiring. Qattiq gapirish yoki qichqiriq qabul qilayotgan radiolarda sizning ovozingiz hajmini oshirmaydi, balki ovozni buzadi, chunki baland tovushlar haddan tashqari modulyatsiyaga olib keladi, bu esa to'g'ridan-to'g'ri buzilishlarni keltirib chiqaradi.
• Oddiy tempda, yoki tarjixon sekinroq gapiring. So'zlar orasidagi bo'shliqlarni qoldirmaslik radioeshittirish bilan bog'liq muammolarni keltirib chiqaradi, ular yuzma-yuz gaplashayotganda unchalik sezilmaydi.
• So'zlarni diqqat bilan talaffuz qiling, har bir bo'g'in va tovushni aniq ajratib turing.
• Mikrofondan 50 mm masofada joylashgan oddiy ovoz to'liq modulyatsiyani ishlab chiqaradigan qilib, mikrofonning kuchayishini sozlang. Foydani yuqoriroq qilib belgilash fonda katta miqdordagi shovqinni uzatadi, ovozingizni eshitishni qiyinlashtiradi yoki hatto buzib tashlaydi. Bunda shovqinni bekor qiladigan mikrofonlar yordam berishi mumkin, ammo mikrofonni to'g'ri joylashishi va sozlamalarini almashtirmaydi.
• Agar siz naushnik boom mikrofonidan foydalansangiz, shuni bilingki, arzon narxlardagi modellarda fon shovqini ko'taradigan har tomonlama yo'naltirilgan elementlar mavjud. Bir yo'nalishli yoki shovqinni bekor qiluvchi elementlarga ega modellar eng yaxshisidir.
• Favqulodda vaziyat aloqasi uchun ovozli uzatuvchi (VOX) mikrofon davrlarini ishlatmang. Har bir translyatsiyaning birinchi bo'g'ini yoki shunga o'xshash uzatilishi mumkin emas, begona shovqinlar ham tasodifan uzatishni boshlashi mumkin.
• Agar transport vositasida ishlamayotgan bo'lsangiz, ikkala qo'lingiz ham uzatishda erkin bo'lishi uchun oyoqqa surish uchun tugmachani ishlating.
• PTT tugmachasini bosish va gapirish o'rtasida har doim qo'shimcha vaqt qoldiring (1 soniya kifoya qiladi). Ko'p sonli elektron sxemalar, shu jumladan ohangli chayqalish, chastotali chastotalar va quvvatni tejash rejimlari sizning signalingiz uzatilishi yoki qabul qilinishiga imkon berish uchun o'sha vaqtning katta qismini talab qiladi. Bu, xususan, takrorlovchilarga taalluqli bo'lib, ularda "kerchunk" taymeri bo'lishi mumkin, bu esa transmitterni qisqa tutashuvini taqiqlashiga to'sqinlik qiladi va bog'langan takrorlovchilarga nisbatan ikki baravar to'g'ri keladi, ular barcha sxemalar sizni eshitishidan oldin faollashtirilishi kerak.
• Bundan tashqari, so'nggi uzatilgan stantsiya va keyingi stantsiya o'rtasida bo'shliqlar qoldirilishi kerak, chunki bunday bo'shliqlar boshqa stantsiyalarning favqulodda tirbandlikka yo'l qo'yishi uchun zarurdir. Ikki soniya pauza, "bir ming" hisobi bilan taqqoslaganda ko'p sharoitlarda etarli.

Xuddi shu tarzda, AQSh harbiy radio protseduralari shovqinni kamaytiradigan mikrofonli minigarnituralarni tavsiya qiladi:

Ovoz uskunasidan foydalanish. Ko'pgina holatlarda, ayniqsa shovqinli yoki qiyin sharoitlarda, shovqinni bekor qiladigan mikrofon o'rnatilgan minigarnituralardan foydalanish karnaylarga qaraganda ma'qulroq, chunki eshitish vositasi konsentratsiyaga va kiruvchi signalning eshitilishiga yordam beradi. Ikki tomonlama, shovqinni bekor qiluvchi mikrofon atrofdagi shovqinlarni, masalan, dvigatel shovqinini yoki o'q otishni to'xtatish uchun mo'ljallangan bo'lib, nutqning bir tomonga erkin o'tishiga imkon beradi. Mikrofon imkon qadar og'ziga yaqin bo'lishi kerak.^[9]

AQSh harbiy-dengiz floti radio operatorlarini tayyorlash bo'yicha qo'llanmalarda shunga o'xshash ko'rsatmalar mavjud, jumladan NAVPERS 10228-B, Radioman 3 & 2 o'quv kursi (1957 yil nashr):^[10]

Dos:

1. Uzatishdan oldin tinglang. Ruxsatsiz buzilish lubberly va chalkashliklarni keltirib chiqaradi. Ko'pincha transmissiya ham o'tmaydi.
2. Aniq va aniq gapiring. Xiralashgan heceler va kesilgan nutqni ikkalasi ham tushunish qiyin. O'qimagan operatorlar orasida keng tarqalgan xato - bu unlilarga etarlicha urg'u bermaslikdir.
3. Sekin gapiring. Aksiya xodimi tinglamasa, u yozilgan yoki boshqa uchida yozilgan nusxaga ishonishi kerak. Yozuvchiga birinchi marta olish imkoniyatini bering. Siz shu tarzda vaqtni va takrorlashni tejaysiz.
4. Haddan tashqari balandlikdan saqlaning. Baland ovoz xalaqit berish orqali eng yaxshisini kesadi, ammo baland bo'lsa, jim va yoqimsiz. Pastki balandlik quloqqa osonroq bo'ladi, lekin juda past bo'lsa, orqa tovushlar orqali tushunish qiyin.
5. Tabiiy bo'ling. Oddiy nutq ritmini saqlang. So'zlarni tabiiy ravishda guruhlang. Xabaringizni so'zma-so'z emas, balki jumla bilan yuboring.
6. Standart talaffuzdan foydalaning. Mamlakatning boshqa hududlaridan kelgan odamlar uchun bo'limning o'ziga xos xususiyatlariga ega bo'lgan nutq qiyin. Teleradioeshittirishlar tarmog'ining spikerining deyarli standart talaffuzidan foydalanadigan suhbatdoshlarni tushunish oson.
7. O'rtacha kuchli ovozda gapiring. Bu muqarrar fon shovqinlarini bekor qiladi va maktabdan chiqib ketishni oldini oladi.
8. Dudoqlar va mikrofon o'rtasida to'g'ri masofani saqlang. Agar masofa juda katta bo'lsa, nutq eshitilmaydi va orqa shovqinlar paydo bo'ladi; agar juda kichik bo'lsa, shovqin-suron va portlash sodir bo'ladi.
9. Mikrofoningizni qalqon qiling. Uzatish paytida boshingizni shovqin hosil qiluvchi manbalardan uzoqlashtiring.
10. Qo'lbola eshitish vositasining ovozini past darajada saqlang.
11. Karnay tovushlarini o'rtacha darajada ushlab turing.
12. Radio tekshiruvini o'tkazish haqidagi so'rovga javoban aniq baho bering. Fikr-mulohaza va / yoki yuqori darajadagi fon shovqini bilan uzatiladigan signal baland va ravshan emas, hatto xabarni tushunish mumkin.
13. Mumkin bo'lgan vaqtni to'xtatib turing va operatoringizni to'xtatib qo'ying. Bu transport harakati ustunligi yuqori bo'lgan har qanday boshqa stantsiyani buzishga imkon beradi.
14. Belgilangan protseduralarga qat'iy rioya qiling. Zamonaviy radiotelefon protsedurasi ACP 125 ning samarali nashrida keltirilgan.
15. O'z biznesingizni amalga oshiring va havodan chiqing. Dastlabki qo'ng'iroqlar faqat aloqa yaxshi bo'lganda va xabar qisqa bo'lganda vaqtni yo'qotadi. Mikrofonni sinab ko'rish uchun uni puflash yoki takrorlash talab qilinmaganda xabarlarning bir qismini takrorlash shart emas.

Yo'q qilmang:

1. Keyingi manevr yoki hodisani baland ovoz bilan muhokama qilayotganingizda, atrofingizdagi odamlarni uzatmang. Bu qabul stantsiyalarini chalkashtirib yuboradi va jiddiy xavfsizlik buzilishiga olib kelishi mumkin.
2. Mikrofon tugmachasini uzatishga tayyor bo'lguncha gapirish uchun gapirish holatida ushlab turmang. Sizning operatoringiz tarmoqdagi aloqalarni bloklaydi.
3. Eshitish vositasidan boshqa begona shov-shuvlarga javob qaytarish ehtimoli borligi haqida gaplashayotganda qo'lni shunday holatda ushlamang.
4. Qo'l to'plamini erkin ushlamang. Mikrofon tugmachasiga qattiq bosim bexosdan chiqarilishini va natijada signalning pasayishini oldini oladi.
5. Sinov signallarini 10 soniyadan ko'proq vaqt davomida yubormang.

Ko'pgina radio tizimlar, shuningdek, gaplashishdan oldin PTT tugmachasini bosgandan so'ng operatordan bir necha soniya kutishni talab qiladi va shuning uchun bu barcha tizimlarda tavsiya etilgan amaliyotdir. Kaliforniya shtatidagi EMS operatsiyalari va aloqa bo'yicha resurs qo'llanmasida nima uchun quyidagilar tushuntirilgan:

Gapirishdan oldin transmitteringizni kiriting. Aloqa tizimini loyihalashdagi murakkabliklar ko'pincha tizimni o'z ichiga olgan turli xil tarkibiy qismlarni yoqish uchun kechikishni keltirib chiqaradi. Transmitterlar to'liq quvvat ishlab chiqarish uchun vaqt talab qiladilar, ohangli skelchli dekodlash uskunalari qabul qiluvchilarni ochish uchun vaqt talab qiladi va qabul qiluvchilarning ovoz berish tizimlari eng yaxshi qabul qiluvchilarni tanlash uchun vaqt talab etadi. Ushbu voqealar odatda bir soniyadan kam vaqt ichida amalga oshirilsa-da, operator ovozli xabarni boshlashdan oldin biroz kechiktirmasa, ovozli uzatishni to'liq o'tkazib yuborishi mumkin. Mikrofon yoki trubkada "gapirish-tugmachasini bosish" tugmachasini bosgandan so'ng bir soniya pauza qilish ko'p hollarda o'tkazib yuborilgan so'zlar yoki javoblarning oldini olish uchun etarli.^[11]

Bundan tashqari, uzatish imkon qadar qisqa bo'lishi kerak; maksimal 20 yoki 30 soniya chegarasi odatda tavsiya etiladi:

Transmissiyalar odatda 20 soniyadan kam vaqt ichida yoki tizim tomonidan ajratilgan vaqt ichida saqlanishi kerak. Ko'pgina radio tizimlar ishlamay qolgan transmitterlar yoki tasodifan klaviatura qilingan mikrofonlarning tizimda hukmronlik qilishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun uzatishni 30 soniyadan kam vaqtgacha cheklaydi va qo'shimcha ovozni uzib qo'yilgan ruxsat etilgan vaqt tugashi bilan avtomatik ravishda uzatishni to'xtatadi.^[11]

Nutq texnikasi

Ikki tomonlama radio orqali ovoz bilan aloqa qilish boshqa odamlar bilan yuzma-yuz yoki telefon orqali suhbatlashishdan ko'ra qiyinroq. Ikki tomonlama radioeshittirishlar natijasida inson ovozi keskin o'zgaradi. Odamning nutq spektrining past va yuqori uchlarida muhim audio o'tkazuvchanlikni kesib olishdan tashqari (o'tkazuvchanlik qobiliyatini kamida yarmiga kamaytirish), ovozning boshqa buzilishlari mikrofon, uzatuvchi, qabul qilgich va karnayda va radioda sodir bo'ladi. signal o'zi susayishi, uzilishlar va boshqa shovqinlarga duch keladi. Bularning barchasi inson nutqini tanib olishni qiyinlashtiradi; xususan, signalning bir lahzali uzilishi yoki buzilishi butun hecelerin uzatilishini to'sib qo'yishi mumkin.

Ushbu muammolarni hal qilishning eng yaxshi usuli ishlatilgan bitta heceli so'zlarni sonini kamaytirishdir. Bu yorliqlarni qabul qilishning insoniy tabiatiga juda ziddir, shuning uchun o'qitish, intizom va barcha operatorlar bir xil til, texnika va protseduralardan foydalanishni talab qiladi.^[12]

Nutq usuli

Bir nechta radioeshittirish protseduralari, shu jumladan ACP 125 (G) qo'llanmasi ham xuddi shu narsani o'rgatadi mnemonik Ritm, tezlik, ovoz balandligi va balandligi (RSVP):^[13]

• Ritm—Tabiiy ritmni ushlab turadigan oqilona iboralarga bo'lingan qisqa jumlalardan foydalaning; ular so'zma-so'z gapirmasliklari kerak. Tanaffuslar bo'lgan joyda, uzatish vaqtini minimallashtirish va kerak bo'lganda stantsiyalarning sindirilishiga ruxsat berish uchun press-to-talkni bo'shatish kerak.
• Tezlik—Oddiy suhbatga qaraganda biroz sekinroq gapiring. Qabul qiluvchilar tomonidan xabar yozilishi kerak bo'lgan yoki qiyin sharoitlarda, eng yomon sharoitlarni boshdan kechirayotgan qabul qiluvchi stantsiyani qoplash uchun qo'shimcha vaqt ajratilishi kerak. So'zlar orasidagi bo'shliqni o'zgartirishdan farqli o'laroq, iboralar orasidagi pauzalar uzunligini oshirish yoki kamaytirish orqali uzatish tezligi osongina o'rnatiladi; ikkinchisi g'ayritabiiy, to'xtatilgan nutq uslubini yaratadi, uni tushunish qiyin.
• Tovush- Pichirlash vositalaridan foydalanganda jimgina gapiring, aks holda ovoz balandligi odatdagi suhbatga o'xshash bo'lishi kerak. Baqirish buzilishlarni keltirib chiqaradi.
• Pitch- Ovoz ravshanlikni yaxshilash uchun odatdagi suhbatdan biroz balandroq bo'lishi kerak.^[14]

Buyuk Britaniyaning Radiotelefoniya qo'llanmasiga, CAP 413 ga binoan, radio operatorlari daqiqada 100 so'zdan kam tezlikda gaplashishlari kerak.

Radio intizomi

Yarim dupleks, umumiy sxemada bir nechta partiyalar bilan aloqa o'rnatish uchun belgilangan tartib va ​​konvensiyalarga rioya qilishda katta intizom talab etiladi, chunki har qanday radio operator uzatayotgan bo'lsa, u operator foydalanilayotgan kanaldagi boshqa stantsiyani eshitmaydi.^{[15][16][17][18]}

ABC - aniqlik, qisqalik, ravshanlik

Initsializatsiya ABC odatda nimani uzatish kerakligi haqidagi uchta eng muhim qoidalarni mustahkamlash uchun xotira vositasi sifatida ishlatiladi.^[19]

Besh Ws

Har qanday ma'ruza yoki so'rov ikki tomonlama radio orqali uzatilsa, operator paydo bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan qo'shimcha so'rovlarni bartaraf etish va shu bilan so'rovni (va boshqa aloqalarni) kechiktirish uchun standart beshta Wni uzatishga qo'shishni o'ylashi kerak.

1. Kimga nimadir kerak
2. Ularga nima kerak?
3. Nima uchun ularga kerak?
4. Qachon - ularga bu kerakmi?
5. Qayerda - ularga bu kerakmi?

Boshqa qoidalar

• Gapirishdan oldin o'ylab ko'ring^[20]
• Gapirishdan oldin tinglang^[20]
• Barcha qo'ng'iroqlarga zudlik bilan javob bering^[20]
• Nafas olish yo'llarini keraksiz gaplardan saqlang^[20]
• Qisqacha va aniqroq gapiring^[20]
• Faqat faktlarni etkazish^[21]
• Tarmoq nazorati bitta narsani talab qilmasa, o'rni stantsiyasi sifatida ishlamang^[21]

Ovozli protseduralar

Ushbu bo'limda tasvirlangan protseduralar barcha ovozli radioaloqa protseduralarining asosi sifatida qaralishi mumkin.

Xizmatga xos protseduralar

Biroq, xalqaro aviatsiya va dengiz sanoati, chunki ularning global kengayishi 20-asrda bir vaqtning o'zida sodir bo'ldi va ovozli protseduralarni ishlab chiqish va ikki tomonlama radiotexnologiyani rivojlantirishning boshqa jihatlari bilan ajralmas bo'lib, asta-sekin o'zlarining o'zgarishini rivojlantirdi. protseduralar.

Aeronautical Mobile Service

Xalqaro havo harakatini boshqarish va samolyotlar o'rtasidagi aloqa uchun ovozli aloqa tartib-qoidalari quyidagilar bilan belgilanadi Xalqaro fuqaro aviatsiyasi tashkiloti hujjatlar:

• Ilova 10—Aviatsiya telekommunikatsiyasi, II jild—Aloqa protseduralari, shu jumladan PANS maqomiga ega bo'lganlar,^[22][23]
• Aeronavigatsiya xizmatlarini ko'rsatish tartibi - havo harakatini boshqarish (PANS-ATM, ICAO Doc 4444)^[24]
• ICAO Doc 9432 (AN / 925) Radiotelefoniya qo'llanmasi.^[25]

Ushbu protseduralarni takomillashtirish va lokalizatsiya qilish ICAO ga a'zo har bir mamlakat tomonidan amalga oshirilishi mumkin.

• Qo'shma Shtatlar
  • FAA uchuvchi boshqaruvchisi lug'ati^[26]
• Birlashgan Qirollik
  • Fuqaro aviatsiyasi ma'muriyatining radiotelefoniya qo'llanmasi^[27]

Dengiz mobil xizmati

Kema va qayiqlarda foydalanish uchun ovozli protseduralar Xalqaro elektraloqa ittifoqi va Xalqaro dengiz tashkiloti tanalari Birlashgan Millatlar kabi xalqaro shartnomalar bo'yicha Dengiz hayotining xavfsizligi to'g'risidagi konventsiya (SOLAS 74) va boshqa hujjatlar bilan, masalan Xalqaro signallar kodeksi.

• ITU radiosi to'g'risidagi qoidalar
  • 18-ilova
• ITU dengizchilik bo'yicha tavsiyalar
  • ITU-R M.1171: Dengiz mobil xizmatida radiotelefoniya protseduralari.^[28]
• IMO qarorlari
  • Qaror A.918 (22) (standart dengiz aloqa iboralarini o'z ichiga oladi)

Politsiya tartib-qoidalari

AQShda politsiya bilan aloqa qilish tartib-qoidalarini ishlab chiqqan tashkilot 1935 yilda tashkil etilgan APCO International - Politsiya aloqalari bo'yicha xodimlarining assotsiatsiyasi hisoblanadi. Aksariyat hollarda APCO protseduralari dunyo miqyosidagi standart operatsion protseduralardan mustaqil ravishda ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, ularning aksariyati boshqa imlo alifbosi va chaqiruv tartibining teskari tartibi (masalan, 1-Adam-12 chaqiruvini jo'natish) yordamida politsiya bo'limlari.

Biroq, APCO vaqti-vaqti bilan xalqaro protsedura standartlariga amal qiladi, 1930 yillarda AQSh dengiz kuchlarining Morse kodi tartib-qoidalarini qabul qildi va 1974 yilda ICAO radiotelefoniya imlo alifbosini qabul qildi, 1940 yilda qabul qilingan o'zining Adam-Boy-Charlz alifbosini almashtirdi, ammo juda kam AQSh politsiya bo'limlari o'zgartirish kiritdi.

APCO shuningdek, odamlar va transport vositalarini tavsiflovchi ma'lumotlarning standart tartibini, standart tavsif shakllarini belgilab qo'ydi.

Shaxslarning standart tavsifi

Odamlarning standart tavsifi formati birinchi bo'lib APCO byulletenining 1950 yil aprel oyida nashr etilgan.^[29] Bu shaxsning o'zi tavsifidan boshlanadi va o'sha paytda kiygan narsalarining tavsifi bilan tugaydi.

Avtomobillarning standart tavsifi

APCO transport vositalarining tavsiflari haqida xabar berish uchun mnemonic CYMBALS-ni ilgari suradi:^[29]

Qo'ng'iroq qilish tartibi

Ovozli qo'ng'iroq protsedurasi (ba'zan "qo'ng'iroq qilish usuli" yoki "aloqa buyurtma modeli" deb nomlanadi) aloqa o'rnatishda standartlashtirilgan usul hisoblanadi. Qo'ng'iroq qilingan stantsiyani chaqirish belgisini va undan keyin chaqiruvchi stantsiyani chaqirish belgisini uzatish tartibi birinchi bo'lib 1927 yil Vashington shahridagi Xalqaro radiotelegraf konvensiyasida ovozli aloqa uchun belgilangan edi.^[30] ammo bu kamida 1912 yildan beri mavjud bo'lgan radiotelegraf chaqirish protsedurasi uchun ishlatiladigan tartibga mos keladi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Qo'shma Shtatlarda radiotelegrafni chaqirish tartibi FCC qoidalariga binoan 80.97 (47 CFR 80.97 (c)) da qonuniy ravishda belgilab qo'yilgan bo'lib, unda qo'ng'iroq qilish usuli stantsiyaning chaqirilgan belgisidan boshlanadi, ikki martadan ko'p bo'lmagan [BU IS] va qo'ng'iroq stantsiyasining chaqiruv belgisi, ikki martadan ko'p bo'lmagan holda ".^[31] Ushbu buyurtma shuningdek ICAO Xalqaro aviatsiya radio protseduralari uchun (Xalqaro fuqaro aviatsiyasi: Aviatsiya telekommunikatsiyasi to'g'risida Konvensiyaga 10-ilova.^[32]), FAA (Aeronautical Information Manual)^[33]) va ITU-R Dengiz mobil xizmati uchun (ITU-R M.1171),^[34] va AQSh sohil xavfsizligi (Radiotelefon qo'llanmasi)^[35]). The APCO Bulletin-ning 1940 yil martdagi sonida ushbu buyurtmaning kelib chiqishi boshqa usullarga qaraganda yaxshiroq natijalarga ega ekanligi tushuntirilgan,^[36]

1. Siz qo'ng'iroq qilayotgan stantsiya chaqiruv belgisini ikki marta (hech qachon uch marta) berishingiz shart
2. BU IShNING so'zi bilan qo'ng'iroq belgisiga amal qilish kerak
3. Qo'ng'iroq belgisini bir marta va faqat bir marta berish kerak
4. Muloqot qiling
5. O'z translyatsiyangizni OVER yoki OUT proword bilan yakunlashingiz kerak, ammo bu har bir translyatsiya oxirida xushmuomalalik ohangini qo'shadigan takrorlash qurilmasidan foydalanishda qoldirilishi mumkin.

O'chirish tartibi

Amalga oshirilayotgan boshqa aloqalarni to'xtatishi kerak bo'lgan stantsiyalar quyida keltirilgan protsedura so'zlaridan eng munosiblarini, so'ngra ularning chaqiruv belgisini ishlatishi kerak.

Ushbu favqulodda signallardan foydalanish ko'pgina mamlakatlarda qonun kuchiga ega bo'lgan va dastlab "Xalqaro radio qoidalari" bilan tartibga solinadi. Xalqaro signallar kodeksi va Dengizdagi hayot xavfsizligi to'g'risida xalqaro konventsiya, shuning uchun ulardan foydalanish qoidalari ushbu hujjatdan kelib chiqadi.

Ushbu kirish protsedurasining barcha so'zlaridan keyin sizning chaqiruv belgingiz bo'lishi kerak, chunki bu ma'lumotlar NCSga bir xil ustuvorlikning bir nechta buzilishlari bilan ishlashda muhimligini aniqlashga yordam beradi va bir nechta qo'ng'iroqlar TUZATIShni taklif qilganda dolzarbligini aniqlaydi. yoki INFO qabul qilinadi.

Aloqa ustuvorligi tartibi

Quyida tavsiflangan ustuvor darajalar XEI Radio Reglamentining 44-moddasi, VIII bobdan olingan bo'lib, ular kodlangan edi Xalqaro telekommunikatsiya konvensiyasi, Atlantika Siti, 1947 yil (lekin ehtimol ancha oldinroq bo'lgan).

Jarayon so'zlari

Jarayon so'zlari to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ovozni almashtirishdir protsedura belgilari (prokuratura ) va operatsion signallari (kabi Q kodlari ) va har doim o'z o'rnida radiotelefon kanallarida ishlatilishi kerak. Prosigns / operatsion signallari faqat Morse Code (shuningdek, semafor bayroqlari, yorug'lik signallari va boshqalar) va TTY (shahar va radio teletaypning barcha shakllari va havaskor radio raqamli interaktiv rejimlarni o'z ichiga olgan holda) bilan ishlatilishi mumkin. Eng to'liq protsedura so'zlari to'plami AQSh Harbiylarining Ittifoqdosh aloqa nashrlari ACP 125 (G) da aniqlangan.^[9]

Radio checks

Whenever an operator is transmitting and uncertain of how good their radio and/or voice signal are, they can use the following procedure words to ask for a signal strength and readability report. This is the modern method of signal reporting that replaced the old 1 to 5 scale reports for the two aspects of a radio signal, and as with the procedure words, are defined in ACP 125(G):

Quyida keltirilgan prowordslar signal kuchi va o'qilishi bilan bog'liq savollarni boshlash va javob berishda foydalanish uchun mo'ljallangan.

Signal strength prowords

In the tables below, the mappings of the QSA and QRK Morse code prosigns is interpreted because there is not a 1:1 correlation. Qarang QSA and QRK code for the full procedure specification.

Readability prowords

The reporting format is one of the signal strength prowords followed by an appropriate conjunction, with that followed by one of the readability prowords:

LOUD AND CLEAR means Excellent copy with no noise

GOOD AND READABLE means Good copy with slight noise

FAIR BUT READABLE means Fair copy, occasional fills are needed

WEAK WITH INTERFERENCE means Weak copy, frequent fills are needed because of interference from other radio signals.

WEAK AND UNREADABLE means Unable to copy, a relay is required

According to military usage, if the response would be LOUD AND CLEAR, you may also respond simply with the proword ROGER. However, because this reporting format is not currently used widely outside of military organizations, it is better to always use the full format, so that there is no doubt about the response by parties unfamiliar with minimization and other shorthand radio operating procedures.

Xalqaro radiotelefoniya imlo alifbosi

The Xalqaro fuqaro aviatsiyasi tashkiloti (ICAO), Xalqaro elektraloqa ittifoqi, va Xalqaro dengiz tashkiloti (all agencies of the Birlashgan Millatlar ), ortiqcha NATO, all specify the use of the ICAO Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet for use when it is necessary to spell out words, callsigns, and other letter/number sequences. It was developed with international cooperation and ratified in 1956, and has been in use unmodified ever since.

Rules for spelling

Spelling is necessary when difficult radio conditions prevent the reception of an obscure word, or of a word or group, which is unpronounceable. Such words or groups within the text of plain language messages may be spelt using the phonetic alphabet; they are preceded by the proword "I SPELL". If the word is pronounceable and it is advantageous to do so, then it should be spoken before and after the spelling to help identify the word.^[44]

Rules for numbers and figures

When radio conditions are satisfactory and confusion will not arise, numbers in the text of a message may be spoken as in normal speech. During difficult conditions, or when extra care is necessary to avoid misunderstanding, numbers are sent figure by figure preceded by the proword FIGURES. This proword warns that figures follow immediately, to help distinguish them from other similarly pronounced words.^[44]

Closing down

Ending a two-way radio call has its own set of procedures:

• Generally, the station that originated the call is the station that should initiate termination of the call.
• All stations indicate their last transmission of a particular communication exchange by using the proword OUT (I intend no further communication with you at this time) or OUT TO YOU (I am ending my communication with you and calling another station).
• Stations going off the air (specifically turning their radio equipment off or leaving the station unattended) can additionally state that they are "closing" or "closing down", based on the proword command "CLOSE DOWN".

Radio nets

Nets operate either on schedule or continuously (continuous watch). Nets operating on schedule handle traffic only at definite, prearranged times and in accordance with a prearranged schedule of intercommunication. Nets operating continuously are prepared to handle traffic at any time; they maintain operators on duty at all stations in the net at all times. When practicable, messages relating to schedules will be transmitted by a means of signal communication other than radio.^[45]

Net manager

A net manager is the person who supervises the creation and operation of a net over multiple sessions. This person will specify the format, date, time, participants, and the net control script. The net manager will also choose the Net Control Station for each net, and may occasionally take on that function, especially in smaller organizations.

Net Control Station

Radio nets are like conference calls in that both have a moderator who initiates the group communication, who ensures all participants follow the standard procedures, and who determines and directs when each other station may talk. The moderator in a radio net is called the Net Control Station, formally abbreviated NCS, and has the following duties:^[46]

• Establishes the net and closes the net;
• Directs Net activities, such as passing traffic, to maintain optimum efficiency;
• Chooses net frequency, maintains circuit discipline and frequency accuracy;
• Maintains a net log and records participation in the net and movement of messages; (always knows who is on and off net)
• Appoints one or more Alternate Net Control Stations (ANCS);
• Determines whether and when to conduct network continuity checks;
• Determines when full procedure and full call signs may enhance communications;
• Subject to Net Manager guidance, directs a net to be directed or free.

The Net Control Station will, for each net, appoint at least one Alternate Net Control Station, formally abbreviated ANCS (abbreviated NC2 in WWII procedures), who has the following duties:^[46]

• Assists the NCS to maintain optimum efficiency;
• Assumes NCS duties in event that the NCS develops station problems;
• Assumes NCS duties for a portion of the net, as directed or as needed;
• Serves as a resource for the NCS; echoes transmissions of the NCS if, and only if, directed to do so by the NCS;
• Maintains a duplicate net log

Structure of the net

Nets can be described as always having a net opening and a net closing, with a roll call normally following the net opening, itself followed by regular net business, which may include announcements, official business, and message passing. Military nets will follow a very abbreviated and opaque version of the structure outlined below, but will still have the critical elements of opening, roll call, late check-ins, and closing.

A net should always operate on the same principle as the teskari piramida used in journalism—the most important communications always come first, followed by content in ever lower levels of priority.

1. Net opening
   1. Identification of the NCS
   2. Announcement of the regular date, time, and frequency of the net
   3. Purpose of the net
2. Qo'ng'iroq
   1. A call for stations to check in, oftentimes from a roster of regular stations
   2. A call for late check-ins (stations on the roster who did not respond to the first check-in period)
   3. A call for guest stations to check in
3. Net business
4. Optional conversion to a free net
5. Net closing

Each net will typically have a main purpose, which varies according to the organization conducting the net, which occurs during the net business phase. For amateur radio nets, it's typically for the purpose of allowing stations to discuss their recent operating activities (stations worked, antennas built, etc.) or to swap equipment. Uchun Harbiy yordamchi radio tizim va Milliy transport tizimi nets, net business will involve mainly the passing of formal messages, known as radiograms.

Time synchronization procedures

Stations without the ability to acquire a time signal accurate to at least one second should request a time check at the start of every shift, or once a day minimum. Stations may ask the NCS for a time check by waiting for an appropriate pause, keying up and stating your call sign, and then using the prowords "REQUEST TIME CHECK, OVER" when the NCS calls on you. Otherwise, you may ask any station that has access to any of the above time signals for a time check.

Once requested, the sending station will state the current UTC time plus one minute, followed by a countdown as follows:

This is Net Control, TIME CHECK WUN AIT ZERO TOO ZULU (pause) WUN FIFE SECONDS…WUN ZERO SECONDS…FIFE FOWER TREE TOO WUN…TIME WUN AIT ZERO TOO ZULU…OVER

The receiving station will then use the proword "TIME" as the synch mark, indicating zero seconds. If the local time is desired instead of UTC, substitute the time zone code "JULIETT" for "ZULU".

Instead of providing time checks on an individual basis, the NCS should give advance notice of a time check by stating, for example, "TIME CHECK AT 0900 JULIETT", giving all stations sufficient time to prepare their clocks and watches for adjustment. A period of at least five minutes is suggested.

Modes of radio net operation

• Directed Net
  • A net in which no station other than the net control station can communicate with any other station, except for the transmission of urgent messages, without first obtaining the permission of the net control station.^[47]
• Free net
  • A net in which any station may communicate with any other station in the same net without first obtaining permission from the net control station to do so.^[47]

Types of net calls

When calling stations who are part of a net, a variety of types of calls can be used:

Types of radio nets

The Fuqarolik havo patrul xizmati va Xalqaro havaskor radio birlashmasi define a number of different nets which represent the typical type and range used in civilian radio communications:

Radio net procedure words

U.S. Army Field Manual ACP 125(G) has the most complete set of procedure words used in radio nets:^[50]

Masalan foydalanish

Aeronautical mobile procedure

The Federal aviatsiya ma'muriyati atamasidan foydalanadi frazeologizm to describe voice procedure or communications protocols used over telecommunications circuits. An example is air traffic control radio communications. Standardised wording is used and the person receiving the message may repeat critical parts of the message back to the sender. This is especially true of safety-critical messages.^[51] Consider this example of an exchange between a controller and an aircraft:

Samolyot: Boston Tower, Warrior three five foxtrot (35F), holding short of two two right.
Minora: Warrior three five foxtrot, Boston Tower, runway two two right, cleared for immediate takeoff.
Samolyot: Roger, cleared for immediate takeoff, two two right, Warrier three five foxtrot.

On telecommunications circuits, disambiguation is a critical function of voice procedure. Due to any number of variables, including radio static, a busy or loud environment, or similarity in the phonetics of different words, a critical piece of information can be misheard or misunderstood; for instance, a pilot being ordered to o'n bir thousand as opposed to Yetti thousand. To reduce ambiguity, critical information may be broken down and read as separate letters and numbers. To avoid error or misunderstanding, pilots will often read back altitudes in the tens of thousands using both separate numbers and the single word (example: given a climb to 10,000 ft, the pilot replies "[Callsign] climbing to One zero, Ten Thousand"). However, this is usually only used to differentiate between 10,000 and 11,000 ft since these are the most common altitude deviations. The runway number read visually as eighteen, when read over a voice circuit as part of an instruction, becomes one eight. Ba'zi hollarda a imlo alifbosi is used (also called a radio alifbosi yoki a fonetik alfavit). Instead of the letters AB, the words Alpha Bravo ishlatiladi. Asosiy Street becomes Mike Alpha India November street, clearly separating it from Drain Street and Wayne Street. The numbers 5 and 9 are pronounced "fife" and "niner" respectively, since "five" and "nine" can sound the same over the radio. The use of 'niner' in place of 'nine' is due to German-speaking NATO allies for whom the spoken word 'nine' could be confused with the German word 'nein' or 'no'.

Over fire service radios, phraseology may include words that indicate the priority of a message, for example:^[52]

Forty Four Truck to the Bronx, Urgent!

yoki

San Diego, Engine Forty, Emergency traffic!

Words may be repeated to modify them from traditional use in order to describe a critical message:^[53]

Evacuate! Evacuate! Evacuate!

A similar technique may be used in aviation for critical messages. For example, this transmission might be sent to an aircraft that has just landed and has not yet cleared the runway.

Echo-Foxtrot-Charlie, Tower. I have engine out traffic on short final. Exit runway at next taxiway. Expedite! Expedite!

Police Radios^{[qayerda? ]} also use this technique to escalate a call that is quickly becoming an emergency.

Code 3! Code 3! Code 3!

Railroads have similar processes. Qachon instructions are read to a locomotive engineer, they are preceded by the train or lokomotiv number, direction of travel and the engineer's name. This reduces the possibility that a set of instructions will be acted on by the wrong locomotive engineer:

Five Sixty Six West, Engineer Jones, okay to proceed two blocks west to Ravendale.

Phraseology on telecommunications circuits may employ special phrases like ten codes, Sigalert, Quick Alert! or road service towing abbreviations such as T6. This jargon may abbreviate critical data and alert listeners by identifying the priority of a message. It may also reduce errors caused by ambiguities involving qofiya, or similar-sounding, words.

Maritime mobile procedure

(Done on VHF Ch 16)

Boat "Albacore" talking to Boat "Bronwyn"

Albacore: Bronwyn, Bronwyn, Bronwyn* this is Albacore, OVER. (*3×1, repeating the receiver's callsign up to 3 times, and the sender's once, is proper procedure and should be used when first establishing contact, especially over a long distance. A 1×1, i.e. 'Bronwyn this is Albacore,' or 2×1, i.e. 'Bronwyn, Bronwyn, this is Albacore,' is less proper, but acceptable especially for a subsequent contact.)^[54]

Bronwyn: Albacore, this is Bronwyn, OVER. (** At this point switch to a working channel as 16 is for distress and hailing only**)

Albacore: This is Albacore. Want a tow and are you OK for tea at Osbourne Bay? OVER.

Bronwyn: This is Bronwyn. Negative, got engine running, 1600 at clubhouse fine with us. OVER.

Albacore: This is Albacore, ROGER, OUT.

"Copy that" is incorrect. COPY is used when a message has been intercepted by another station, i.e. a third station would respond:

Nonesuch: Bronwyn, this is Nonesuch. Copied your previous, will also see you there, OUT.

One should always use one's own callsign when transmitting.

Britaniya armiyasi

Station C21A (charlie-two-one Alpha) talking to C33B (charlie-three-three Bravo):^[55]

C21A: C33B, this is C21A, message, OVER.

C33B: C33B, send, OVER.

C21A: Have you got C1ØD Sunray at your location?, OVER.

C33B: Negative, I think he is with C3ØC, OVER.

C21A: Roger, OUT.

The advantage of this sequence is that the recipient always knows who sent the message.

The downside is that the listener only knows the intended recipient from the context of the conversation. Requires moderate signal quality for the radio operator to keep track of the conversations.

However a broadcast message and response is fairly efficient.

Sunray (Lead) Charlie Charlie (Collective Call - everyone), this is Sunray. Radio check, OVER.

C-E-5-9: Sunray, this is Charlie Echo five niner, LOUD AND CLEAR, OVER.

Y-S-7-2 Sunray, this is Yankee Sierra Seven Two, reading three by four. OVER.

B-G-5-2: Sunray, this is Bravo Golf Five Two, Say again. OVER.

E-F-2-0: Sunray, this is Echo Foxtrot Two Zero, reading Five by Four OVER.

Sunray: Charlie Charlie this is Sunray, OUT.

The "Say again" response from B-G-5-2 tells Sunray that the radio signal is not good and possibly unreadable. Sunray can then re-initiate a Call onto B-G-5-2 and start another R/C or instruct them to relocate, change settings, etc.

So it could carry on with:

Sunray: Bravo Golf Five Two this is sunray, RADIO CHECK OVER.

B-G-5-2: Sunray this is Bravo Golf Five Two, unclear, read you 2 by 3 OVER.

Sunray: Sunray copies, Relocate to Grid One Niner Zero Three Three Two for a better signal OVER.

B-G-5-2: Bravo Golf Five Two copies and is Oscar Mike, Bravo Golf Five Two OUT.

Shuningdek qarang

• Radiotelefon
• Mobil radio
• Ikki tomonlama radio
• Plain Language Radio Checks
• QSA and QRK code (for Morse code only)
• R-S-T tizimi (for Amateur radio only)
• Signalning kuchliligi va o'qilishi mumkinligi to'g'risida hisobot
• O'chirish qadr-qimmati (for wired and wireless telephone circuits only, not radiotelephony)
• ICAO imlo alifbosi
• List of international common standards
• 1-may kuni; halokat signali
• Harbiy jargon
• Jarayon so'zi
• Stantsiyani identifikatsiyalash
• Allied Communication Procedures

Izohlar

Tashqi havolalar

• Origins of Hamspeak
• Rec. ITU-R M.1171 Radiotelephony Procedures in the Maritime Mobile Service