1800 yil tiklanishi - Revival of 1800 - Wikipedia

The 1800 yil tiklanishi, shuningdek, "Qizil daryoning tiklanishi" deb nomlanuvchi, bir qator edi evangelist nasroniy boshlangan uchrashuvlar Logan okrugi, Kentukki. Bular keyingi voqealarni avj oldirib, rahbarlarning bir nechtasiga ta'sir ko'rsatdi Ikkinchi Buyuk Uyg'onish. Voqealar Buyuk Britaniyaning urf-odatlaridan yangi asrda, ayniqsa chegarada, amerikaliklarning o'ziga xos ehtiyojlari va madaniyatidan kelib chiqadigan yangiliklarga o'tishni anglatadi. Birinchi marta 1800 yil iyun oyida sodir bo'lgan jonlanishning hayratlanarli namoyishlari Red River yig'ilish uyi, kichik Presviterian boshchiligidagi jamoat Jeyms Makgready, Shotlandiya sifatida boshlandi muqaddas marosim, ammo keyinchalik diniy xizmatlarning muhim yangiliklariga olib keldi lager yig'ilishlari.

Ushbu ko'p kunlik yig'ilishlar o'n oltinchi asr davomida, ayniqsa, qishloqdagi evangelistizmga xos bo'lgan yurakni his qilishni va diniy g'ayratni uyg'otishga qaratilgan ochiq havoda xizmat ko'rsatish uchun uzoq masofadagi odamlarni qabul qildi.^[1] The Logan okrugi uyg'onish tezda janubi-g'arbiy qismidagi Kamblend mintaqasiga tarqaldi Kentukki va o'rtada Tennessi. U har tomonga qarab kengayib, Presviterianga o'xshash evangelist rahbarlarning e'tiborini tortdi.Masihning shogirdlari rahbar, Barton Stoun va Metodistlar Frensis Asberi va Piter Kartrayt, shuningdek, rahbarlari Shaker va Cumberland Presviterian Harakatlar, ularning barchasi 1800 yil iyun oyida boshlanib, 1801 yil may oyigacha davom etgan dastlabki yil davomida uyg'onish uchrashuvlarida qatnashdilar.

Fon

Shimoliy Karolina

Jeyms Makgready 1797 yilda Logan okrugiga kelgan, ammo u tajribali revivalistga aylangan Shimoliy Karolina. Uning birinchi jamoati bo'lgan Guilford okrugi, 1780-yillarning oxiri va 1790-yillarning boshlarida evangelist Presviterian jonlanish markazi. Cherkovlar inqilobdan keyingi Amerikaning madaniy qayta tiklanishidan qutulishdi, bu esa ko'p hollarda institutsional dinni zaiflashgan holatda qoldirdi. Urushdan keyin davlatlar o'z cherkovlarini tarqatib yuborganlarida Anglikan cherkovi janubda, ayniqsa, ta'sir ko'rsatdi, chunki u inqilob paytida uning foydasiga tushib qoldi Buyuk Britaniya. Bundan tashqari, mamlakat dinga umuman qiziqmasligini ko'rsatdi, aksincha g'arbiy chegarani to'ldirish, iqtisodiy mavqeni tiklash va yangi millat yaratishga e'tibor qaratdi.^[2] Bundan tashqari, nasroniylikka qarshi yaxshi e'lon qilingan hujumlar deistlar Etan Allen, ning qahramoni Ticonderoga Fort va Tomas Peyn, mashhur muallifi Umumiy ma'noda. 1794 yilda Peyn nashr etdi Aql davri, xristianlikning g'ayritabiiy elementlariga ratsionalistik falsafa foydasiga hujum qilgan.^[3] Guilford okrugida va umuman Karolinalarda urush ayniqsa shafqatsiz edi. O'n to'qqizinchi asr tarixchisi "qo'shinlar yurishini" uning ortidan talon-taroj, illat, "tarqoqlik va axloqsizlik" qoldirganlikda aybladi.^[4]

Urushdan keyingi ushbu sharoitda McGready birinchi bo'lib Virjiniyada, bir nechta vaqti-vaqti bilan qayta tiklanishda ishtirok etdi Xempden-Sidney kolleji (1787-9), keyin esa 1791 yilda Guilford okrugida, kelajakdagi hamkasblari, shu jumladan bir nechta maktab bo'lgan maktab bilan birgalikda. Barton Stoun, siyosatdagi kariyerasini Presviterian Devid Kolduell ostida o'qigan. McGready-ning odamlarning gunohkorligi va ularning konvertatsiyaga bo'lgan ehtiyojlari to'g'risida qattiq zarba beradigan va'zlari xristianlikning aqliy kelishuvdan tashqarida bo'lgan qoidalariga javob berishni talab qildi; Makgready rejeneratsiya doktrinasi yoki yangi tug'ilishga asoslangan samimiy va "oqilona" dinni targ'ib qildi.^[5] Biroq, McGready-ning voizligi, tortishuvlarsiz bo'lmagan. Uning murojaatlari Stounga gunohkorligi to'g'risida ishonarli edi, ammo uning qiynoqqa solingan ruhi holatiga yordam bera olmadi. Kalvinist Shotlandiya-Irlandiya presviterianlari tomonidan o'rgatilgan ta'limot cheklangan kafforatni qo'llab-quvvatladi, ya'ni Masihning gunoh uchun qurbonligi faqat najot topishga tayinlanganlar uchun mavjud edi. Bir necha yil o'tgach, Stoun «dinni olishimdan oldin uzoq va og'riqli kurashni kutgan edi», deb o'ylardi. … Bir yil davomida meni noaniqlik to'lqinlari silkitardi ... ba'zan umidsizlanib, deyarli umidsizlikka tushib qoldim. ”^[6] Oxir oqibat Stoun McGready-ning sheriklaridan biri Uilyam Xodjning jahannam alangasi haqida emas, balki Xudoning gunohkorlarga bo'lgan sevgisi haqida gapirgan murojaatlariga o'z konvertatsiyasini his qilgan holda javob qaytardi.^[7]

Jamiyatning boshqalari McGready-ga norozilik bilan emas, balki tahdid bilan javob berishdi. Yakshanba kunlarining birida McGready o'z cherkoviga qonli yozuvni topish uchun etib keldi va uning yonib ketgan minbariga hamroh bo'lib, undan hududni tark etishini yoki oqibatlarga olib kelishini talab qildi.^[8] Kentukki shtatining Logan okrugidagi vazir lavozimiga taklifiga javoban, Makgrid tez orada Shimoliy Karolinani tark etdi. U Guilford okrugida birga ishlagan bir necha vazirlar, jumladan Uilyam Xodj, Jon Reynkin, Uilyam MakAdov va aka-uka Jon va Uilyam Makgey, oxir-oqibat, unga Tennesi shtati va Kentukki janubi-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Kamberlend chegarasidagi turli jamoatlarda xizmat qilish uchun qo'shilishadi.

1790-yillarda Kentukki

Kentukki shahridagi ko'plab ijtimoiy-diniy sharoitlar inqilobdan keyingi Amerikada umuman mamlakat sharoitlarini aks ettirgan. McGready, Kentukiyaliklarning dunyoviy odamlar ekanligi, ularning suhbatlari "makkajo'xori va tamaki, yoki er va zaxiralar ..." bo'lganidan shikoyat qildi. Iso ismining jozibasi yo'q; va kamdan-kam hollarda zikr qilinadi, agar uni buzish kerak bo'lsa. "^[9] Urushdan keyingi demografik o'zgarishlarni erga bo'lgan shoshilinchlik olib keldi, bu Kentukki shtatidagi kabi hech qanday dramatik bo'lmagan. 1790 yilda aholisi taxminan 73000 kishini tashkil qildi, ularning taxminan o'n olti foizi qullar edi, aholining aksariyati Leksington yaqinidagi markaziy Blyurass maydonida to'plangan. 1800 yilga kelib, aholi qariyb uch baravar ko'payib, 221 ming kishini tashkil etdi va g'arb tomon kengayib bordi. Yiqilgan yog'ochlar jangi 1794 yilda. Konfederatsiya hindu qabilalarining bu mag'lubiyati yaqin Toledo (Ogayo shtati), tomonidan General Entoni Ueyn, o'n yillik o'rtalarida Kentukki shtatidagi hindlarning hujum xavfini samarali ravishda tugatdi.^[10] Kentukki shtatiga barcha tabaqalardan kelgan odamlar kelgan bo'lsada, ko'p sonli kambag'allarning er izlash oqimi umuman mamlakatga keskin ta'sir ko'rsatdi. The 1800 yilgi AQSh aholini ro'yxatga olish U. S. aholisining etti foizi Alleghenies g'arbiy qismida hozirgi Kentukki, Tennesi va Ogayo shtatida yashaganligini aniqladi.^[11] 1810 yilga kelib Kentukki aholisi 1800 yilga nisbatan deyarli ikki baravar ko'payib, 406 ming kishiga etdi.^[12]

Dastlabki ko'chmanchilar qattiq mustaqil va teng huquqli edilar; uzun miltiq bilan mohir; kurash, qimor o'ynash, tamaki chaynash va ot poygasini yaxshi ko'radi.^[13] 1794 yildan keyin bu hududga kam sonli vazirlar chaqirilganligi sababli ham cherkovga tashriflar kam bo'lgan. 1799 yilga kelib Kentukkida faqat yigirma oltita litsenziyaga ega bo'lgan Presviterian vazirlar bo'lgan.^[14] Tarkibiy qarama-qarshiliklar ko'proq aholi punktlarida joylashgan cherkovlar orasida keng tarqalgan edi. Bir necha cherkov mavjud bo'lgan mamlakatda, ingliz missionerlari kabi dastlabki metodistlar sayohat qiladigan vazirlar Frensis Asberi olis aholi punktlariga etib borish uchun mikrosxemalar o'rnatish uchun har yili minglab chaqirim yo'lda otda yurar edi. 1796 yilda, xuddi shu yili McGready Kentukkiga kelganida, Asbury o'z jurnalida mintaqa haqida eshitgan noxush bashoratini keltirgan: "Kentukki shahridagi vazirlar bir-birlariga va odamlarga ham la'nat bo'lishadi; yaxshi din va yaxshi er bir-biriga juda oson mos kelmaydi. "^[15]

Shotlandiya muqaddas marosimlar mavsumi

McGready Logan okrugiga kelganida, u o'zi bilan Shotlandiya nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan uzoq an'analarni olib keldi muqaddas marosim mavsumi, bu hali ham Presviterian jamoatlari tomonidan muntazam ravishda qo'llanilib kelinmoqda. Shotlandiyada shov-shuvli o'zgarishlardan so'ng boshlandi Shotlandiya islohoti XVII asrning o'rtalarida, muqaddas marosim mavsumi katolik o'rnini egalladi Korpus Kristi festivallar. Bu qo'rquvga javob sifatida xizmat qildi Protestant din o'z kommunal ko'rinishini yo'qotib, dinni tobora xususiylashtirilayotgan narsaga aylantirdi.^[16]

Muqaddas marosim bir necha kun davomida, iliq ob-havo oylarida o'tkazildi. Bunga ochiq havoda va'z qilish, ko'pincha uzoq masofalarga sayohat qilgan ko'plab ishtirokchilar, uzoq vaqt ibodat qilish va ko'pincha dramatik konvertatsiya qilish tajribalari kiritilgan.^[17] Ushbu marosimlarning eng kattalaridan biri 1742 yilda bo'lib o'tgan Cambuslang, tashqarida Glazgo, Shotlandiya va'zgo'ylikni tinglash uchun yuqoriga 30000 kishi kelgan Jorj Uayfild.^[18] Kambuslang kabi muqaddas marosimlar, ularning vaqti bilan mos tushgan Ajoyib uyg'onish Angliyada, Irlandiya va 1740 yillar davomida Amerika mustamlakalari revivalizm bilan bog'liq bo'lgan. Ham ruhoniylar, ham oddiy odamlar birlashish mavsumi "eng kuchli diniy tajribalarni, eng achinarli umidsizlikni va eng quvonchli quvonchni" olib kelishini kutishgan.^[19]

Shotlandiyalik marosimlar XVIII asrning boshlarida Amerikada qayta tiklandi Ulster Shotlandiya koloniyalariga ko'chib kelgan.^[20] Amerika mustamlakalarida Buyuk Uyg'onish davrida Irlandiyalik Presviterian revolyutsionistlari Uilyam va Gilbert Tennent umumiylik festivallariga rahbarlik qildi, ammo Jamoatchi Devid Brainerd shuningdek, amerikalik hindular orasida missionerlik ishida Shotlandiya namunasiga amal qilgan. To'rt kunlik odat odat edi: juma kuni ro'za va ibodat kuni sifatida belgilandi. Shanba kuni, ko'proq ichki tayyorgarlik odatda bir nechta vazirlarning va'zlari bilan davom etdi. Yakshanba kuni Lordning kechki ovqatlari, va dushanba kuni minnatdorchilik kuni edi.^[21]

Tantanali marosimning asosiy yo'nalishi Rabbiyning kechki ovqatida qatnashish edi. Shotland-irland presviterianlari uchun ushbu marosimga qo'shilish ehtiyotkorlik bilan saqlangan va eksklyuzivlikning bir nechta ramzlari bilan ta'minlangan. Birinchidan, har bir odam bilan oldindan suhbatlashish va uning samimiyligi va munosibligini tasdiqlash uchun mas'ul bo'lgan vazirlar va kommunikator tomonidan tayyorgarlik zarur edi. Birlashishga kirish uchun birlik nishonlari, odatda qo'rg'oshindan yasalgan va sanasi muhrlangan, ba'zida vazirning bosh harflari bilan yozilgan kichik timsollar talab qilingan.^[22] Bular faqat vazir tomonidan tasdiqlanganlarga berilardi va jamoat stoliga yaqinlashayotgan har bir kishi oqsoqolga topshirilishi kerak edi. Eksklyuzivlikning ikkinchi ramzi jadvallarni panjara qilish edi. Jamoatning qolgan qismidan ajratilgan holda, ushbu stollar ko'pincha mavjud bo'lgan eng yaxshi va eng zig'ir mato bilan yopilgan va ba'zan temir yo'l bilan "o'ralgan", chunki vazir kommunikatorlarning malakasini rasmiy ravishda taklif qilinmaganlarga qarshi to'siq sifatida tasvirlaydi. tasdiqlangan.^[23]

Jadvalga qabul qilinganidan so'ng, eksklyuzivlik tugadi. Barcha ishtirokchilar - erkak va ayol, yoshu qari, ruhoniy va oddiy odamlar bir-biriga Masihning tanasi va qonini ifodalovchi oddiy non va sharobga xizmat qilishdi. Ko'pincha qizg'in tayyorgarlik va eksklyuzivlik elementlari ushbu tadbirlarda qatnashganlarning faqat bir qismi umumiylik marosimida ishtirok eta olishini anglatadi. Ishtirok etmaganlar orasida bolalar va kuzatuvchilar o'zlarining diniga kirganlar qatorida ekanliklariga ishonchlari komil emas edi, va ularning ko'pchiligi diniy sabablarga ko'ra emas, balki ijtimoiy sabablar bilan kelgan qiziquvchilar va dinsiz odamlar edi.^[24] O'n to'qqizinchi asrning qayta tiklanishida bo'lgani kabi, yig'ilish uyi ichida ham, tashqarisida ham aziz marosimining tomoshasi va turli sabablarga ko'ra uzoq masofalardan kelgan odamlarning katta oqimi ba'zan karnavalga o'xshash muhit yaratdi.

McGready muqaddas marosim mavsumi va tiklanish o'rtasidagi bog'liqlikni ko'rgani aniq. Uning 1800 yilgi voqealar to'g'risidagi yozma bayonotida, o'n etti tiklanish uchrashuvining o'n oltitasi muqaddas marosimlar bilan bog'liq edi.^[25] McGready, shuningdek, aniq amerikalik ta'sirlar bilan bog'liq bo'lgan yangiliklarga ochiqligini ochib berdi va u joriy etishni targ'ib qildi lager yig'ilishi Kentukki shtatida kashshoflik marosimida.

Logan okrugi 1797 yilda

Logan okrugidagi Qizil daryo, KY, 2014 y

1797 yil yanvar oyida Kentukki shtatining Logan okrugida Jeyms Makgreadyga vazirlik litsenziyasi berildi. Hududning birinchi rezidenti bo'lgan Presviterian vaziri sifatida u uchta kichik jamoatni boshqargan: Eng kattasi Red River bo'lib, uning yigirma besh a'zosi bor edi. Qolgan ikkitasi Gasper daryosida va Muddi daryosida edi. Red River jamoati kashshoflik qilgan Tomas Kreygxed 1785 yilda Tennesi shtatining Nashvill shahridagi bazasidan Kentukki chegara jamoatchiligiga xizmat qilgan birinchi vazir bo'lgan.^[26] Kreygxed, bitiruvchisi Nyu-Jersi kolleji, (keyinroq Princeton universiteti ) John McMillan boshchiligidagi Pensilvaniya shtatidagi kichik "log kolleji" ni bitiruvchisi, oddiygina gapiradigan Makgidridan keskin farq qildi. Ikkinchisi Nyu-Jersi kollejini tugatgan va Allegeniyalarning g'arbiy qismida cherkov tashkil qilgan birinchi Presviterian bo'lgan.^[27] Kreygxid va Makgreydning farqlari keskin edi: "Agar doktor Kreygxed o'z uslubida yanada oqlangan bo'lsa, o'z uslubida sayqallangan bo'lsa," dedi ikkala odamning va'zini eshitgan bir kishi, "janob. McGready yanada jiddiyroq va vijdonga bo'lgan murojaatida tantanali edi ».^[28]

Logan okrugiga etib kelganidan ko'p o'tmay, Makgready o'z jamoatlari odamlarini tajriba va hayotni o'zgartirib yuboradigan din zarurligiga ishontirishga kirishdi. Birinchi yil may oyiga kelib, uning Gasper daryosidagi jamoatining ba'zilari sakkiz yoki to'qqiz kishi konvertatsiya qilinganida, birinchi qayta tiklanishni his qilishdi.^{[29][tekshirib bo'lmadi ]} Ammo hayajon qisqa umr ko'rdi, qish esa ruhiy tanazzulga qaytishga olib keldi. Shu payt McGready har oyning oxirgi shanba kuni cherkovlarda tutilishi uchun muntazam ibodat va ro'za tutishni boshladi.

1798 yil yoziga kelib, muqaddas marosimlar ko'proq konvertatsiya qilinadigan joy edi, ammo yaqinda boshqa jamoadan kelib chiqqan raqibi Presviterian vaziri Jeyms Balch tomonidan tarqatilgan tanqid mojaro va shubhalarni keltirib chiqardi va McGready-ga ko'ra, g'ayratni susaytirdi, shuning uchun yana, turg'unlik kuzatildi.^[30] Keyingi yilning iyul oyida McGready o'z jamoatlarida "ibodat qilish va iltijo qilishning ajoyib ruhi ... gunohkorlarning dahshatli holatini sezgir, qalbida his qilgan yukni" payqadi.^[31] Red Riverda Makgreyd achchiq-achchiq yig'layotgan "jasur va jasur gunohkorlar" ning konvertatsiyasi haqida xabar berdi.^[32] Gassper daryosidagi keyingi marosimda u yig'ilishlarni tavsiflashni davom etadigan bir hodisaning birinchi hodisalari haqida xabar berdi - odamlar nola va shafqatsizlik uchun qattiq qichqiriqlar bilan faryodga tushishdi, ko'pincha bir necha soat yordamsiz yotishdi. Xuddi shunday natijalar keyingi marosimda ham sodir bo'ldi, chunki McGready va boshqa viloyat vazirlari Kumberlend bo'ylab Muddy River, Clay Lick va Tennessi shtatidagi Ridjdagi jamoatlarga tashrif buyurishdi.^[33]

Uyg'onish boshlanadi: 1800 yil yoz

Qizil daryodagi muqaddaslik

Qayta qurilgan Red River yig'ilish uyi, 2014 yil

1800 yil iyun oyida McGready-ga Red Riverda bir nechta hududdagi Presviterian vazirlari, shu jumladan Uilyam Xodj, Jon Rankin (McGready yaqinda Gasper daryosi jamoatining vaziri etib tayinlagan) va aka-uka Uilyam va Jon Makgi qo'shilishdi. Ikkinchisi metodist vazir bo'lib, bir necha yil o'tgach, u uchun hisob qaydnomasini yozdi Missionerlar jurnali.

Uning rivoyati jonlanishning boshlanishini aniq tasvirlab berdi: «Bayramning oxirgi kuni, dushanba kunigacha hamma jim edi. … Janob Xodj va'z qilayotganda, Sharqda bir ayol g'ayrioddiy fotiha oldi, tartibni buzdi va bir muncha vaqt baqirdi va keyin indamay o'tirdi. "^[34] McGee, vazirlarning aksariyati yig'ilish uyi tashqarisida to'planib qolishgan, odamlar esa uyda o'tirishibdi, ketishni istamay, ukasi Uilyam «unga shunday kuch kelganini sezdiki, u o'rnidan chiqib, ichkariga o'tirdi. minbar zamini. "^[35] Jamoada yig'lab yuborilayotganda Jon Makgi titray boshladi. Sharqdagi ayol yana baqira boshladi va McGee unga kimdir uning presviteriyalik mezbonlari "buyurtma uchun juda ko'p" ekanligini va "bu chalkashliklarni eshitmasliklarini" eslatgani kabi, unga qarab boshladi. orqaga qayting va jim turing. "^[36] McGee orqaga qaytishga burilib, «yiqilay deb qolgan» paytda, u fikrini o'zgartirdi va «uydan bor kuchi bilan quvonch bilan baqirib va ​​nasihat qilib o'tdi».^[37] Jismoniy ojizlik holatida qulashning qayta tiklanish hodisasi bilan bog'liq bo'lgan "o'ldirilganlar" atamasidan foydalanib, McGee so'zlarini davom ettirdi: "Tez orada pol o'ldirilganlar bilan qoplandi; ularning rahm-shafqat qichqirig'i osmonni teshdi. ”^[38]

Kentukki shahridagi birinchi lager uchrashuvlari

Qizil daryodagi diniy hayajon keyinchalik Kentukki revivalizmining odatiy xususiyatiga aylangan narsaga ilhom berdi - bu erda lager. 1800 yil iyulda birinchisi lager yig'ilishi ning Ikkinchi Buyuk Uyg'onish yaqinida bo'lib o'tdi Gasper daryosi.^[39][40] 1800 yilgacha ko'p kunlik marosimlarda qatnashadigan uzoq masofali sayohatchilar qo'shni oilalarda qolish uchun kelishuvlarni amalga oshiradilar, ammo uyg'onish haqidagi xabarlar tarqalganda, odamlarning istaklari va ehtiyojlari bilan bog'liq bo'lgan amaliy narsalar olis masofadagi ko'plab odamlar, oilalarni ushbu joyga lagerga borishga tayyorlanishlariga ilhomlantirdilar. Uzoq davom etgan uchrashuvlar tunda davom etganda va Red Daryodagi bitta oila uzoq vaqt davomida lagerga borishga tayyor bo'lganda, McGready yangilik imkoniyatlarini anglab etdi.

U keyingi oyda Gassper daryosida bo'lib o'tadigan muqaddas marosimni o'tkazish uchun lager qurish g'oyasini ommalashtira boshladi.^[41] Odamlar bunga javoban va oziq-ovqat yuklangan va iyul bayrami uchun lagerga tayyor bo'lgan bir nechta vagonlarda kelishdi. Uchrashuvlar Muddi daryosi jamoatlarida va 1800 yil yozining oxiri va kuzida Tennessi va Kentukki shtatlaridagi boshqa bir qator jamoatlarda bo'lib o'tdi. Unga tashrif buyurganlar va konvertatsiya qilinganlarning soni, shuningdek, muqaddas marosimlarni voizlik qilgan va boshqargan vazirlarning soni o'sishda davom etdi. Jon Makgining ta'kidlashicha, aksariyati presviterianlar va metodistlar bo'lgan. Baptistlar "umuman ishlarga qarshi" edilar, ammo ularning bir necha cho'ponlari ham jonlanishga qo'shilishdi.^[42]

Uyg'onish kengaymoqda: McGready-ning hisob qaydnomasi

1801 yilda yozgan Makgreyd o'tgan yoz va kuzning tiklanishini "bizning aybdor ko'zlarimiz ko'rgan eng ulug'vor vaqt" deb ta'riflagan.^[43] McGee's-dan kamroq bayon va tavsiflovchi, McGready-ning voqealari voqealarning xronologik rivojlanishiga qaratilgan. Makgridining kalvinistik e'tiqodlari unga odam konvertatsiya qilinganligini aniq aytishga xalaqit berdi; u faqat Xudo aniq biladi, deb ishongan, ammo 1800 yilgi yozgi muqaddas marosimlarda boshlangan konversiyalarni hisoblash uchun qo'lidagi dalillarga binoan urinishlar qildi. Raqamlar to'planib va ​​kengayib borishini ko'rsatdi: iyun oyida Red Riverda o'nta konvertatsiya qilingan; iyul oyida 45 yoshli Gasper daryosida, shuningdek Tennesi shtatidagi ba'zi yoshlar, uylariga qaytib kelib, yigirma do'stlari va qo'shnilari orasida "haqiqiy din" tajribasini targ'ib qildilar.^[44] Gasper daryosi tadbiri yuz mil uzoqlikdagi odamlarni qabul qildi. Odamlar va mol-mulkni tashish uchun o'n uchta vagon ishlatilgan va hayajon shu qadar baland ediki, ba'zilari tun bo'yi majlis uyida qolishdi.^[45] Avgust oyining boshida, Red Riverdagi yakshanba cherkov marosimida bir necha qora tanli odamlar va bolalar zarar ko'rdi. O'sha oyning oxirida, Muddy daryosining marosimiga yigirma ikkita vagon keldi va ellikdan ziyod odamlar ko'p kunlik marosim davomida aylandilar.^[46]

Uyg'onish uchrashuvlari kuz davomida odamlar orasida o'xshash va kuchayib borayotgan javob bilan davom etdi. Vazir va Logan okrugi salafi doktor Tomas Kreygxed, uchrashuvlar Tennessi shtatidagi Ridjda bo'lib o'tganida, ellikdan oshiq dinni qabul qilgan jamoat, shu jumladan Kreygxedning ikkita bolasi.^[47] Sentyabr oyida Tennesi shtatidagi Xodjening Shilo jamoatida besh ming kishi hisobot berib, har xil yig'ilishlarga tashriflar soni o'sishda davom etdi. McGready Kentukki va Tennesi shtatlaridan o'tib, qish boshlanishidan oldin bir marosimdan ikkinchisiga shoshilib ketayotganda bu sur'at talabchan bo'lib qoldi. McGready, Ogayo daryosining Qizil qirg'og'idagi Logan okrugidan yuz kilometr uzoqlikda (Xenderson, Kentukki) bir jamoatda jonlanishdan xursand bo'lgan, u erda "taniqli deistlar" "iliq va jonli xristianlar" bo'lishgan.^[48] Kambag'al turar joylar va nam ob-havo oktyabr oyida Kley Likda tezlikni pasaytirmadi, McGready tomonidan yig'ilish uyi uchun faqat kichik idishni bo'lgan kichik jamoat sifatida tasvirlangan. U erda "sakson jon Isoga keltirildi".^[49] Jon Rankin 1800 yilning kuzida Tennesi sharqida va Shimoliy Karolinada jonlanishni amalga oshirdi, chunki radius Logan okrugidan tobora kengayib bordi.^[50] McGready odamlarning do'stlari va qo'shnilarini uyga qaytib kelgandan keyin ularni ilhomlantirishi, "hech bir professor yashamaydigan beparvo va noma'qul aholi punktlariga" "haqiqiy din" ni ekishlarini bir necha marta qayd etdi.^[51] Garchi uning qaydnomasi 1803 yilgacha nashr etilmagan bo'lsa-da, boshqalar tomonidan dalillar mavjud, shu jumladan Frensis Asberi, bu McGready-ning yozma guvohligi ancha oldin tarqaldi.

1801: boshqa hisoblar

Frensis Asberi

1801 yil yanvarga kelib, Asbury o'zining tumanidagi metodistlar jamoatiga Logan okrugi va Kamberlend hududining tiklanishi to'g'risidagi hisobotlarni o'qiyotgan va ular haqida Gruziya raisi bo'lgan metodist sayohatchisi Stit Meadga yozgan.^[52] tuman. Shimoliy va Janubiy Karolinani bosib o'tayotganda, Asbury McGready-ning uyg'onishi haqidagi hikoyasini o'rtoqlashdi va boshqa metodistlar orasida ular orasida ham shunday to'ntarishlar bo'lishi mumkin degan umidni yoqdi. Asbury 1800 yil oktyabr oyida Kambendlendning jonlanishiga duch keldi. U ko'rgan diniy qiziqishning sustligi tufayli ruhiy tushkunlikka qarshi kurashda, u Bluegrass hududidan Kentukki orqali g'arbiy tomon harakatlanayotgan edi. U Logan okrugiga etib borishdan oldin janubga burilib, Nashvil tomon yo'l oldi; uning jurnalida 1800 yil 16-oktabr, payshanba kuni uning kayfiyati aks etgan: "Olti yuzga yaqin masofani bosib o'tishda oltita uchrashuvimiz bo'lgan; Va shu kichik jamoatlarda: biz behuda charchadik! ".^[53]

Yakshanba kuni, Tennesi shtatiga etib borganidan so'ng, uning kayfiyati o'zgardi. U kunni ko'plab uyg'onish vazirlari - Xoj, Rankin, aka-uka Makgey va Tomas Kreygdlar, shuningdek minglab ibodat qiluvchilar orasida o'tkazdi, ularning ko'plari yig'ilish uyi atrofida lager qilishdi. Seshanba kunigacha uning jurnalida bu voqea pastoral tilda aks ettirilgan bo'lib, "baland olxa daraxtlari daraxtiga o'ralgan" stend o'rnatilgani ta'kidlangan. Xudoning vazirlari, metodistlar va presviterianlar o'zlarining mehnatlarini birlashtirdilar va ibtidoiy davrlarning bolalarcha soddaligi bilan aralashdilar ».^[54] Asberi McGready-ning tunda davom etgan uchrashuvlar va tadbirlar to'g'risidagi bayonotini takrorlar ekan, u "zulmatni tarqatib yuborgan u erda va u erda o'tlar", "qutqarilgan asirlarning hayqirig'i va hayot uchun kurashayotgan qimmatbaho qalblarning faryodlari buzildi" deb yozgan edi. yarim tunda sukunat. "^[55]

Mamlakat bo'ylab harakatlanayotganda, Asbury va uning hamkasblari u Kambberlend mintaqasidagi jonlanishlarda ko'rgan ko'plab yangiliklarni qo'lladilar. 1802 yil mart oyida Shimoliy Karolina shtatining Meklenberg shahrida lager yig'ilishi tashkil etildi, unga besh mingga yaqin kishi tashrif buyurdi. Kentukki va Tennesi shtatlaridagi jonlanishlarning hozir tanish bo'lgan sahnalari bu erda takrorlandi "" shanba va yakshanba kunlari jamoatdagi bir necha yuz kishi erga yiqilib, o'zlarini kechirganini his qilishdi ".^[56] 1802 yil may oyiga qadar Janubiy Karolina shtatidagi Vaxva viloyatida uchta metodist, to'rtta baptist va o'n bitta presviterlar tomonidan uyg'onish bo'lib o'tdi, unda minglab odamlar qatnashdilar.^[57] Uyg'onish karolinalar orqali davom etdi va 1803 yil yanvarga kelib Asbury metodistlar ro'yxatiga qo'shilgan 3371 kishini yozdi.^[58]

Piter Kartrayt

Piter Kartrayt Uning oilasi 1793 yilda u sakkiz yoshida bo'lganida Logan okrugiga ko'chib o'tgan. 1856 yilda birinchi bo'lib nashr etilgan o'zining avtobiografiyasida u mashhur ravishda Logan okrugini "Rog'un GESi porti" deb atagan, Sharqda adolatdan qutulish uchun chegaraga qochgan jinoyatchilar uchun joy.^[59] O'n besh yoshida o'zini ot yugurish, qimor o'ynash va raqsga tushishni yaxshi ko'radigan "yovuz va yovuz bola" sifatida ko'rsatgan Kartrayt 1801 yil may oyida o'tkazilgan muqaddas marosimda qatnashdi va konversiyani boshdan kechirdi.^[60] Uning oilasi, hozirgi Kentukki shtatidagi Adairvill shahridagi Makgrididan uch mil janubda joylashgan edi Red River yig'ilish uyi. Kartraytning metodistlari oilasi mashhur metodist voizni, McGready-ga yordam beradigan vazirlardan birini eshitish uchun kelgan edi. Kartrayt voqealarni tasvirlashidan ko'rinib turibdiki, u erda langer yig'ilishi bir yil oldin katta va uyushgan tadbirga aylangan: “Cherkov zobitlari tutashgan soyali daraxtzorga stend o'rnatib, katta jamoat uchun joylar tayyorladilar. Ushbu yig'ilishga odamlar uzoq va yaqinlardan to'planishdi. Ular katta vagonlarida oziq-ovqat bilan tayyorlanib kelishgan. "^[61] "Yiqilish" deb nomlangan xatti-harakatlar jonlanishni xarakterlaydi, chunki Kartrayt "Ko'plab gunohkorlar qudratli jangda halok bo'lgan odamlarga o'xshab tushdi; Xristianlar quvonchdan baqirishdi ".^[62]

Barton Stoun va qamish tizmasi

1800 yil qishiga kelib, Leksington yaqinidagi Blyugrass mintaqasida, na katta uchrashuvlar, na o'ta "jismoniy mashqlar" bilan maqtana olmaydigan baptistlar orasida ham vaqti-vaqti bilan jonlanish boshlandi - bu tobora hamrohlik qilayotgan turli nazoratsiz portlashlar va jismoniy harakatlar. jonlanish. 1796 yildan beri xizmat qilgan Barton Stoun, Bluegrassdagi ikkita presviterian jamoatida—Kami tizmasi va Konkord - 1801 yil bahorida Logan okrugiga u haqida eshitgan jonlanishlarni ko'rish uchun borgan. Tosh 1801 yil may oyida Gassper daryosidagi muqaddas marosimdan qaytgach, u Logan okrugidagi tirilishlar haqida hikoya qilib berishda ham u erda ko'rgan ba'zi jismoniy mashqlarni keltirib chiqarganini aniqladi. Odamlar cherkov xizmatida yig'lab yig'lab yuborishdi va Keyn Ridge jamoatining etakchisi Stone uyg'onish voqealari haqida xabar bergan uyda o'girildi.^[63]

Cane Ridge jamoati Stounni o'sha erda xuddi shunday tadbirni tashkil qilishga undadi va 1801 yil avgustda u erda o'tkaziladigan marosim Logan okrugidagi odamlarni mitti qildi, 20000 kishi qatnashdi.^[64] Yil oxiriga qadar uyg'onish ishtirokchilarining umumiy sonini 100 ming kishiga etkazish uchun mintaqadagi shunga o'xshash marosimlar ham boshlanib, ko'plab odamlarni jalb qildi.^[65] "Tana mashqlari" deb ataladigan holatlar yanada keng va dramatik bo'lib qoldi. Uyg'onish ishtiyoqining boshqa ko'rinishlari qatorida odamlar tobora ko'proq "jerklar" ni namoyon qildilar - bu ularni tinchlantirishga urinishlariga qaramay, beixtiyor davom etadigan tananing konvulsiv yoki ritmik harakatlari. Uyg'onish shovqini bir necha chaqirimgacha eshitilib turar edi, aksariyat odamlar orasida tomosha ishtirokchilari sifatida emas, balki tomoshabin sifatida qatnashishardi. O'zining kattaligi, diniy ishtiyoqi va keng tarqalgan milliy hisobotlari tufayli Keyn Ridj Kentukki jonlanishida odamlarning tushunchalarini aks ettirdi. Ammo tiklanishlar 1801 yilda ham sonini, ham g'ayratini ko'paytirib, Kamberlend mintaqasida davom etdi.^[66]

Uyg'onish xususiyatlarini farqlash

Tana mashqlari hodisasi

Shu bilan birga, Keyn Ridjdagi vazirlar va boshqalar tanadagi mashqlarning ko'lami va keng tarqalishiga shubha bilan qarab, ayniqsa ba'zi vazirlarning ularni rag'batlantirganligi yoki ular tufayli odamlarni konvertatsiya qilingan deb e'lon qilganliklari haqidagi gumonga nisbatan shubhali fikrlarni bildirmoqdalar. Presviterian Richard McNemar ayniqsa jismoniy ishtiyoqni rag'batlantiruvchi sifatida ayblandi, ammo Stoun ham ibodat qiluvchilarning ham, vazirlarning ham tobora ko'payib borayotgan vahshiy xatti-harakatlarini tartibga solish uchun harakat qilmagani uchun tanqid qilindi.^[67] Xuddi shunday tanqidlar bir yil oldin Logan okrugida paydo bo'lgan edi, ammo jonlanib borayotgan muvaffaqiyatlarning o'sishi ularni yo'q qilishga xizmat qildi. 1801 yilga kelib Jeyms Balch va Tomas Kreygxed boshchiligida tanqidchilar yana kuchaymoqda. Uyg'onish olomonni jalb qilishni davom ettirgan bo'lsa-da, ularga qarshilik juda etarlicha edi, yakshanba kuni McGready o'zining anti-revivalist cherkov a'zosi tomonidan qulflanib, Red River yig'ilish uyi zinasidan voizlik qilishga majbur bo'ldi.^[68]

McGready 1801 yilda Muqaddas Kitobdan va yozuvlaridan foydalangan holda mashqlarni himoya qilib, bahsli masalalarni hal qildi Jonatan Edvards, 1730 va 1740 yillarda "uyg'onish" ning qayta tiklanishi paytida shunga o'xshash tortishuvlarga duch kelgan. McGready yiqilish, qichqiriq va yig'lashni odamlarning gunohlari chuqurligini anglashga va Xudoning hukmining kelishiga javoblari sifatida tushuntirdi. Bo'shashmasdan Edvardsning so'zlarini keltiradi G'azablangan Xudoning qo'lida gunohkorlar, u gunohkorlarning tushunchasini ular "hayotning mo'rt ipidan" jahannamning "yutuvchi alangasi" ustida osilganligini taqqosladi.^[69][70] Bunday taassurot ostida, McGready fikricha, inson rahm-shafqat uchun yig'lashi yoki kuchini yo'qotishi ajablanarli emas.

Garchi McGready to'g'ridan-to'g'ri tanadagi mashqlarning eng ziddiyatli turlaridan biri, "jerks" deb nomlangan konvulsiv harakatlarga murojaat qilmagan bo'lsa-da, u atama va raqsga murojaat qildi, bu so'zlar ba'zan ushbu atama tarkibiga kiritildi, chunki bunday harakatlarning barchasi beixtiyor deb tushunilgan. McGready bularni Bibliyadagi odamlarning quvonchdan sakrab tushish misollariga o'xshatdi, ammo shu bilan birga, bu harakatlar ibodat xizmatining bir qismi sifatida uyushtirilmagan yoki birlashtirilmaganligini aytdi.^[71] McGready mashg'ulotlarga ruxsat bergan, ammo rag'batlantirmagan ko'rinadi. Shuningdek, u ularni konvertatsiya qilishning alomatlari deb o'ylamagan. Uning hikoyasi shuni ko'rsatadiki, u bolalarning g'ayrioddiy qobiliyati deb bilgan narsadan eng katta taassurot qoldirgan nasihat ularning konversiyalari natijasida.

Ekumenizm va tenglik

Logan okrugida boshlangan jonlanishning o'ziga xos xususiyati bo'lgan diniy hamkorlik, chegara voizlari orasida odatiy hol emas edi, chunki yangi shaharchalar va diniy jamiyatlarni ekish bilan bog'liq ehtiyojlar sababli, shaharlarda yashash joylari talab qilinadigan sharoitlarda. Biroq, mazhablar o'rtasidagi doktrinaviy farqlar sezilarli darajada bo'lgan va ko'pincha shubha va raqobatni keltirib chiqargan, bu turli xil cherkovlardagi vazirlarning hamkorlik qilishiga to'sqinlik qilgan, ayniqsa konversiya va suvga cho'mish vositalari va Rabbiyning kechki ovqatiga rioya qilish kabi diniy jihatdan ziddiyatli sohalarda. Baptistlar suvga cho'mish bo'yicha farqlar tufayli o'zlarini metodistlar va presviterianlardan ajratib turdilar. Presviterianlar metodistlardan keskin farq qilar edilar Kalvinist umuminsoniy buzuqlik haqidagi ta'limotlar va oldindan belgilash, bu metodistlarning cheklangan emas, balki erkin iroda va umuminsoniy irodaga urg'u berishidan farq qiladi. McGready kabi tirilish voizlari, "o'zgarishlarni tejash" tajribasi zarurligiga bo'lgan umumiy e'tiqodni ta'kidlab, uyg'onish paytida ko'plab doktrinali qarama-qarshiliklarni chetlab o'tishdi.^[72]

Evangelist dindagi egalitar amaliyotlar ham uyg'onish davrida rivojlanib bordi, chunki McGready qayta tiklanishda qora tanlilarning borligi va konvertatsiya qilinishi va ayollar, bolalar va qora tanlilarga nasihat qiluvchi rolining kengayishi haqida bir necha bor eslatib o'tdi. Nasihat qiluvchi - norasmiy yoki tezkor bo'lmagan va'zni va'z qilgan, boshqalarni tajribaga o'tishga undaydigan, ko'pincha o'z konvertatsiyasidan so'ng, oddiy odam edi. Ba'zida tushib ketadigan xatti-harakatlarni namoyish etadigan, keyinroq ko'tarilib, xushxabar sirlarini o'z yillaridan tashqarida ko'rinadigan so'zlar bilan tushuntiradigan bolalar nasihat qiluvchilarining takrorlanadigan holatlari Makgridiga juda ta'sir qildi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, "yosh dinni qabul qilganlarning, ayniqsa bolalar bo'lganlarning xatti-harakatlari, hozirgi paytda barcha voizliklarga qaraganda ko'proq ishonchni kuchaytirdi".^[73] McGready sakkiz yoshga to'lgan bolalarni muqaddas marosimga asoslangan savollarga qoniqarli javob berish o'rniga, ularning konversion tajribalari asosida qabul qildi. katexizm, muloqotda ishtirok etish uchun odatiy talablardan biri.^[74] Makgreyd o'z hayoti davomida barcha turdagi odamlarga - yosh va qari, erkak va ayol, bolalar va qullarga uyg'onish ta'sirining universal xarakterini takrorladi. He also expressed his approval of revival attendees who organized their own religious societies, noting several instances of people who attended the meetings and returned home to tell their neighbors and begin meeting house-to-house without the oversight of a minister.

Sermons and theology

McGready’s sermons were prepared in advance and followed a consistent pattern" they began with an introduction of the text, three or four points explicating it, and a conclusion. Because they were memorized and enlarged upon during the preaching, many in his audiences may have been unaware that he had written the sermons in advance. McGready’s delivery was provocative and penetrating. Barton Stone said that “his coarse, tremulous voice excited in me the idea of something unearthly. His gestures were…the perfect reverse of elegance. Everything appeared by him forgotten, but the salvation of souls.”^[75] McGready’s preaching was “enforced by the joys of heaven and the miseries of hell.^[76]

While McGready’s supporters called him a “Son of Thunder,” gifted in “close and practical preaching,” his enemies accused him of “undue severity."^[77] His sermons reveal the polarities of his preaching—sin and godliness, heaven and hell, salvation and judgment, truth and error—with titles such as, “The Sinner’s Guide to Hell,” “The Doom of the Impenitent,” “The Believer Embracing Christ,” and “The Danger of Rejecting the Means of Salvation.”^[78] While McGready’s sermons were not subtle or scholarly, they did reveal some marks of sophistication, including a grasp of history, an organized flow based on logical argument, and a theology derived from Jon Kalvin va Avgustin.

Ning ta'siri Jonatan Edvards appeared both in McGready’s theology and in the language he used in his sermons.^[79] He was ecumenical in his invitation to Methodists and others to assist him in revivals, although he disagreed with them on theological matters. McGready was an unapologetic Calvinist. He believed that only the irresistible grace of God could enable the faith necessary for conversion, and that sinful man was devoid of the capacity to effect, or choose his own salvation. McGready believed he was acting on a solemn charge to shine the light of truth on man’s desperate spiritual condition, that judgment awaited, and was possibly imminent: “The ungodly and finally impenitent will now be ripe for destruction…they shall reap a harvest of immortal woe…. This is, indeed, the solemn, dreadful harvest day; the tares are separated from the wheat, and… cast into everlasting fire."^[80] Conversion, then, was not a mere moral readjustment, but a cataclysmic recreation of a spirit corrupted by sin. In this context, McGready, like Edwards, believed that dramatic conversion experiences that caused people to swoon or cry out were the physical manifestation of unseen spiritual activity.^[81] McGready’s focus on the need of the people for regeneration was not reserved for overt sinners, but also for church members who relied on exhibiting a moral life and knowledge of the Westminster catechism, but had not experienced a saving change. To McGready, all such people were in need of conversion. He regarded the participation in the sacrament without evidence of heart-felt regeneration as a serious hypocrisy, telling his congregation that “an unworthy communicant …is more offensive to Almighty God than a loathsome carcass crawling with vermin."^[82]

Aside from his primary concern for the conversion of individuals, McGready also expressed an urgency to battle popular philosophies and religious doctrines that had advanced in connection with the rhetoric of the American Revolution, especially deizm. In opposition to the Calvinist doctrines regarding atonement, election, and irresistible grace, Deism proposed that man could save himself and society through reason and scientific advances. Further, McGready believed that deism denied the supernatural aspects of the Bible and its preeminence as “the strongest bond of civil government."^[83] Other ministers shared his concerns. By 1795, Tomas Peyn Ning Aql yoshi had been serialized in the Lexington Gazette, and was read widely. In 1798 a Presbyterian minister in the Bluegrass had complained that because many, especially among the youth, had "imbibed” these “writings of Infidels …Infidelity…was desolating the land in respect to religion and morals."^[84] McGready believed that deism and ignorance about the Bible were synonymous: “Many of our poor, unhappy youth …must call themselves Deists, when they do not know a sentence in the Bible."^[85]

Hymnody

Hymn singing had been an important part of the sacrament season and continued to be a vital expression of religious feeling during the revivals. The familiarity of the songs encouraged participation and served as a vehicle for communal and devotional expression.^[86] McGready’s fondness for, and use of, hymns is evidenced in the many instances of popular hymns quoted in his sermons. It was also one of many points of contention between him and anti-revivalist ministers, who preferred the more traditional “Rouse Psalms” associated with Scottish Presbyterianism since the seventeenth century.^[87] "Rouse Psalms," a close translation of the biblical Psalms from Hebrew, were the pride of early Reformers because of their accuracy to the original text, but were criticized by writers such as Ishoq Uotts and his contemporaries for their awkward phrasing and Old Testament imagery that lacked relevancy to the contemporary Christian. Watts “Christianized” the Psalms of David in his hymns, preferring to express the psalmist’s themes rather than to make a close translation of his words.

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, hymnals contained only words, not musical notations, and were designed to be sung to a variety of tunes well known among the congregations. Hymnals were among the most popular books owned and memorized by the common people.^[88] By 1800, nearly one hundred years after their first publication in England in 1707, Watts' hymns were still rising in popularity, along with hymns written by Charlz Uesli, Jon Nyuton, Uilyam Kovper va boshqalar. Popular hymnals such as the Olney Hymns, published in 1779, focused on narratives that emphasized familiar biblical references, the salvific power of the cross, and the joys of heaven, and often steered clear of theological controversies to focus on personal and emotional expressions of practical religious themes.^[89]

Watts’ poems were designed with the singer in mind, and were highly sensory and personal. McGready’s sermons reveal an overwhelming preference for Watts, although many others were quoted as well. The most common themes included the reality and nearness of sin, the joy of redemption, and the nearness of death combined with the hope of heaven. Watts purposefully avoided the exalted language favored by the poets of his day so that his hymns would be understandable and relatable to the “weakest souls."^[90] “The greatest part” Watts wrote, “are suited…to the most common affairs of Christians."^[91]

Natijada

As the revivals spread, so did the controversy associated with them, increasingly threatening the unity of Presbyterianism in the West. Though McGready had earlier claimed that fellow minister Thomas Craighead had supported the revivals, by 1801, he and other Presbyterian ministers, including Logan County minister, James Balch, who had opposed McGready as early as 1797, aligned against the revival party led by McGready, Hodge, McAdow, McGee and Rankin. Their complaints highlighted several controversies, including the use of hymns instead of the older Scottish Psalter, the practice of night assemblies and all-night meetings, toleration of emotional outbursts and physical exercises such as shouting and falling during the meetings, inclusion of ministers of other denominations in sacrament services, and the licensing of exhorters and itinerants=41}}

The widening schism culminated eventually with the formation of a separate denomination, the Cumberland Presbyterians, named for the region associated with the revivals. The controversy grew hot at Cane Ridge in 1801 as the bodily exercises and general enthusiasm reached greater levels and grew more unruly. Conservative Presbyterians became skeptical and were concerned, among other things, about the number of people admitted to communion based only on ecstatic experiences.

Epilog

In 1800, James McGready stood at the juncture of two centuries, looking backward to the traditions of his spiritual fathers and forward to children of a new century in a young republic. The segment of the Second Great Awakening that arose from the concert of voices he led, stood in the shadow of the First, when republican ideals deferred to a king and revival fervor emanated primarily from the voices of preachers wearing clerical collars or holding seminary degrees. McGready witnessed both the fracturing and stagnation of Presbyterianism in Kentucky, as well as the flowering of new forms of religious expressions thriving at the grass roots, where Bible reading, hymn singing, camp meetings and revival preaching were primary expressions of religious piety and feeling, reflecting the doctrines of the new birth among the common people. Largely as a result of the revival, religion was less hierarchical and controlled than in the preceding century, as well as more democratic and diverse.

As the number of evangelicals increased across the state, social changes in Kentucky were tangible as rationalism and deism, once perceived as threats by evangelicals, shrunk in public esteem.^[92] The egalitarian sentiment that found expression during the revivals translated to an increase in the number of evangelicals who opposed slavery. The Cane Ridge congregation, for example, presented a strong anti-slavery petition to the Kentucky Presbytery, while other social concerns such as temperance initiatives and legislation regarding the Sabbath were also introduced in the wake of the revivals.^[93]

The directions and destinations of the principal actors during the Revivals that spanned 1800-1801 were as varied as the evangelical expressions they fostered. Barton Stone, who had long harbored doubts about the doctrine of election, left the Presbyterians in 1804 and led a group calling themselves simply, “Christians.” Keyinchalik u qo'shildi Masihning shogirdlari, a group begun by Aleksandr Kempbell. 1810 yilda Cumberland Presviterian cherkovi was established by several pro-revival Presbyterian ministers. By 1820, the new denomination had twice as many congregations in the Cumberland region as the original Presbyterians. It rejected many Calvinist doctrines and discontinued exclusivity measures in the observance of communion, while continuing to affirm the practice of circuit riding and camp meetings.

Not surprisingly, Presbyterian membership suffered from the loss of many of its members to other denominations. Its numbers stagnated in the years between 1800 and 1820, while Baptist and Methodist membership soared to as much as tenfold from the time of the inception of the Logan County revivals, outpacing the rate of population generally.^[94] By the end of 1801 alone, the Baptists were already boasting a tripling of their members^[95] But as some groups and traditions grew, others diminished; by 1830, Presbyterian Scots-Irish sacrament observances had largely become a thing of the past, even as Baptist association meetings and Methodist camp meetings proliferated through the nineteenth century.^[96]

Shaker dwelling at South Union, Logan County, 2014

In Logan County, the revival peaked in 1801, but waned by degrees thereafter as each of McGready’s three original congregations faced challenges by anti-revivalists.^[97] The Red River congregation eventually became affiliated with the Cumberland Presbyterians and the Muddy River congregation split, with the revivalist faction forming a new church called Liberty.^[98] John Rankin and several members of his Gasper River congregation joined the Shaker community at South Union, Kentucky, in 1808. Other revival ministers, Samuel McAdow and William McGee became Cumberland Presbyterian ministers. William Hodge remained a Presbyterian minister and Thomas Craighead was eventually expelled from the ministry for his ratsionalist e'tiqodlar.^[99]

In 1802, the year after his conversion in Logan County, Peter Cartwright’s family moved farther west in Kentucky, and he was licensed as a Methodist exhorter and circuit rider in the newly formed circuit there. In the years that followed, Cartwright became a popular Methodist minister and revivalist, holding camp meetings throughout Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Ohio and Illinois. He continued preaching and farming but eventually added political office to his resume, defeating Abraham Lincoln in 1832 for a seat in the Illinois legislature. Francis Asbury subsequently employed and enlarged upon many of the elements he encountered in the revivals of 1800 and 1801. Camp meetings became a mainstay of Methodism throughout the nineteenth century, helping to flood Methodist congregations with new members.

Though entreated by his revival colleagues to join the Cumberland Presbyterian ministry, James McGready chose to stay among the Presbyterians, accepting temporary censure by a committee of the Transylvania Presbytery in 1805, along with other revival preachers, for his association with controversial revival practices and doctrines. He was restored as a credentialed Presbyterian minister in 1806. He left Logan County in 1807 and moved to Henderson, Kentucky, to minister to a congregation he had pioneered during the 1800 revivals. He died there in 1817.^[100]

Adabiyotlar

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