Tomas Peyn - Thomas Paine

Xuddi shu nomdagi boshqa odamlar uchun qarang Tomas Peyn (ajralish).

Tomas Peyn
Tomas Paine.jpg portreti
Portret tomonidan Loran Dabos (v. 1792)
Tug'ilgan
Tomas Og'riq

(1737-02-09)1737 yil 9-fevral
Thetford, Norfolk, Buyuk Britaniya qirolligi
O'ldi8 iyun 1809 yil(1809-06-08) (72 yosh)
Nyu-York shahri, Qo'shma Shtatlar
Turmush o'rtoqlar
Meri Lambert
​
(m. 1759)​

Elizabeth Ollive
​
​
(m. 1771; ajratilgan1774)​
DavrMa'rifat davri
MaktabLiberalizm
Respublikachilik
Asosiy manfaatlar
Siyosat, axloq qoidalari, din
Imzo
Tomas Peyn Signature.svg

Tomas Peyn (tug'ilgan Tomas Og'riq)[1] (1737 yil 9-fevral [O.S. 1736 yil 29-yanvar][Izoh 1] - 1809 yil 8-iyun) asli ingliz bo'lib tug'ilgan siyosiy faol, faylasuf, siyosiy nazariyotchi va inqilobiy. U mualliflik qildi Umumiy ma'noda (1776) va Amerika inqirozi (1776–1783), boshida eng ta'sirli ikkita risola Amerika inqilobi va ilhom berishda yordam berdi vatanparvarlar dan mustaqillikni e'lon qilish uchun 1776 yilda Buyuk Britaniya.[2] Uning g'oyalari aks etdi Ma'rifat davri transmilliy inson huquqlari ideallari.[3] Tarixchi Shoul K. Padover uni "a korsetmeyker kasbi bo'yicha, jurnalist kasbi bo'yicha va targ'ibotchisi moyilligi bilan ".[4]

Tug'ilgan Thetford ning ingliz grafligida Norfolk, Peyn ko'chib o'tdi Britaniya Amerika mustamlakalari yordamida 1774 yilda Benjamin Franklin, Amerika inqilobida qatnashish uchun o'z vaqtida kelgan. Deyarli har bir qo'zg'olonchi o'zining qudratli risolasini o'qigan (yoki o'qishni tinglagan) Umumiy ma'noda, mutanosib ravishda eng ko'p sotilgan Amerika unvoni,[5][6] bu Buyuk Britaniyadan mustaqillikka bo'lgan isyonkor talabni katalizator qildi. Umumiy ma'noda juda ta'sirli edi Jon Adams dedi: "Muallifning qalamisiz Umumiy ma'noda, Vashington qilichi bekorga ko'tarilgan bo'lar edi ".[7] Amerika inqirozi inqilob tarafdorlari risolasi edi. Peyn 1790-yillarning aksariyat qismida Frantsiyada yashagan va u bilan chuqur shug'ullangan Frantsiya inqilobi. U yozgan Inson huquqlari (1791), qisman Frantsiya inqilobini uning tanqidchilariga qarshi himoya qilish. Uning ingliz-irlandga qarshi hujumlari konservativ yozuvchi Edmund Burk ga boshla sud va sud hukmi sirtdan 1792 yilda Angliyada uydirma tuhmat.

Britaniya hukumati Kichik Uilyam Pitt Frantsuz inqilobining Angliyaga tarqalishi ehtimolidan xavotirlanib, radikal falsafani qo'llab-quvvatlagan asarlarni bostirishni boshladi. Xalqning o'z hukumatini ag'darish huquqini himoya qilgan Peynning ishi maqsadga muvofiq ravishda, yozmoq 1792 yil boshida hibsga olingani uchun. Peyn sentyabr oyida Frantsiyaga qochib ketdi, u erda frantsuz tilida gapira olmasa ham, tezda frantsuzlarga saylandi. Milliy konventsiya. The Jirondinlar uni ittifoqchi deb bilgan; Binobarin, Montagnards, ayniqsa Maksimilien Robespyer, uni dushman deb bilgan.

1793 yil dekabrda u hibsga olingan va Parijdagi Lyuksemburg qamoqxonasiga olib ketilgan. Qamoqda bo'lganida, u ishlashni davom ettirdi Aql davri (1793–1794). Jeyms Monro, kelajakdagi Prezident Qo'shma Shtatlar, o'zining diplomatik aloqalaridan foydalanib, Peynni 1794 yil noyabrda ozod qilishdi. Peyn risolalari tufayli taniqli bo'lib qoldi. Yilda Aql davri u himoya qildi deizm, aql va erkin fikrni targ'ib qildi va umuman institutsional din va xususan nasroniylik ta'limotiga qarshi bahs yuritdi. U risolani nashr etdi Agrar adolat (1797), kelib chiqishini muhokama qilmoqda mulk va a tushunchasini kiritdi kafolatlangan minimal daromad bir martalik orqali meros solig'i yer egalariga. 1802 yilda u AQShga qaytib keldi. 1809 yil 8 iyunda vafot etganida, uning dafn marosimida faqat olti kishi qatnashgan, chunki u xristianlikni masxara qilgani uchun chetlatilgan edi.[8]

Dastlabki hayot va ta'lim

Tomas Peyn 1736 yil 29 yanvarda tug'ilgan (NS 1737 yil 9-fevral),[Izoh 1] Jozef Painning o'g'li, ijarachi fermer va ishlab chiqaruvchi,[9] va Frensis (nee Cocke) Og'riq, ichida Thetford, Norfolk, Angliya. Jozef a Quaker va Frances an Anglikan.[10] Tomas 1774 yilda Amerikaga ko'chib ketganidan keyin familiyasining yozilishini o'zgartirgan degan da'volarga qaramay,[1] u 1769 yilda "Paine" dan foydalangan Lewes, Sasseks.[11]

Old School at Thetford grammatika maktabi Peyn ta'lim olgan joyda

U ishtirok etdi Thetford grammatika maktabi (1744–1749), majburiy ta'lim bo'lmagan davrda.[12] 13 yoshida, u otasini hunarmandchilik bilan shug'ullangan.[13][14] 19 yoshli shogirdlikdan so'ng, Tomas harbiy xizmatga qo'shildi va qisqacha a xususiy,[15] 1759 yilda Britaniyaga qaytib kelguniga qadar u erda do'kon ochib, usta ustasi bo'ldi Sendvich, Kent.[16]

1759 yil 27 sentyabrda Tomas Peyn Meri Lambertga uylandi. Ko'p o'tmay uning biznesi qulab tushdi. Maryam homilador bo'ldi; va ular ko'chib o'tgandan keyin Margate, u erta mehnatga kirdi, unda u va ularning bolalari vafot etdi.[17]

1761 yil iyulda Peyn Tetfordga qaytib, a ortiqcha raqamli ofitser. 1762 yil dekabrda u Aktsiz bo'yicha ofitser yilda Grantem, Linkolnshir; 1764 yil avgustda u ko'chirildi Alford, shuningdek, Linkolnshirda, yiliga 50 funt maosh bilan. 1765 yil 27-avgustda u "tekshirilmagan tovarlarni tekshirganligini da'vo qilgani" uchun aktsiz xodimi lavozimidan ozod qilindi. 1766 yil 31-iyulda u aktsizlar kengashidan o'z lavozimini tiklashni so'radi, ular ertasi kuni bo'sh ish joyiga berishdi. Buni kutib turganda, u ishlab chiqaruvchi sifatida ishlagan.[18]

Tomas Peynning uyi Lewes

1767 yilda u lavozimga tayinlangan Grampound, Kornuol. Keyinchalik u bo'sh lavozimni kutish uchun ushbu lavozimni tark etishni so'radi va u Londonda maktab o'qituvchisi bo'ldi.[iqtibos kerak ]

1768 yil 19 fevralda u tayinlangan Lewes yilda Sasseks, 17-asrning inqilobiy o'n yilliklaridan beri monarxiya va respublikachilik tuyg'ulariga qarshi chiqish an'analariga ega shahar.[19] Bu erda u 15-asrda joylashgan Bull House, Samuel Ollive va Esther Ollive tamaki do'konida yashagan.[20]

Peyn birinchi marta Lyusda bo'lganida fuqarolik ishlari bilan shug'ullangan. U shahar kitobida sudni boshqarish organi - sud Leetining a'zosi sifatida paydo bo'ladi. U shuningdek cherkov a'zosi edi yelek, cherkov ishi uchun majburiyatlari kambag'allarga tarqatish uchun soliqlar va ushrlarni yig'ishni o'z ichiga oladigan nufuzli mahalliy cherkov guruhi. 1771 yil 26 martda 34 yoshida u uy egasining qizi Elizabeth Ollivega uylandi.[21]

White Hart mehmonxonasidagi plaket, Lewes, Sharqiy Sasseks, janubiy sharqiy Angliya

1772 yildan 1773 yilgacha Peyn 1772 yil yozida parlamentdan ish haqi va ish sharoitlarini yaxshilashni so'rab, aktsiz xodimlariga qo'shildi, Aktsiz solig'i bo'yicha xodimlarning ishi, 12 betlik maqola va uning birinchi siyosiy ishi, London qishida o'tkazgan 4000 nusxasini Parlamentga va boshqalarga tarqatish. 1774 yil bahorida u o'z lavozimida ruxsatsiz qatnashgani uchun yana aktsiz xizmatidan bo'shatildi; uning tamaki do'koni ham ishlamay qoldi. 14 aprel kuni, oldini olish uchun qarzdorlarning qamoqxonasi, u qarzlarini to'lash uchun uy-ro'zg'or buyumlarini sotgan. 1774 yil 4-iyun kuni u rafiqasi Yelizaveta bilan rasman ajralib, Londonga ko'chib o'tdi, sentyabr oyida matematik, qirollik jamiyati a'zosi va aktsiz komissari. Jorj Lyuis Skott uni tanishtirdi Benjamin Franklin,[22] Britaniya mustamlakachisi Amerikaga ko'chib o'tishni taklif qilgan va unga tavsiyanoma bergan. Oktyabr oyida Peyn Amerikaning koloniyalariga ko'chib keldi Filadelfiya 1774 yil 30-noyabrda.[23]

Yilda Pensilvaniya jurnali

Peyn transatlantik sayohatdan zo'rg'a omon qoldi. Kema suv ta'minoti yomon va tifo isitmasi beshta yo'lovchini o'ldirgan. Filadelfiyaga etib borgach, u kasal bo'lib tushishni istamagan edi. Benjamin Franklinning shifokori, u erda Peynni Amerikada kutib olish uchun uni kemaga olib chiqdi; Peynning tiklanishi uchun olti hafta vaqt ketdi. U "juda erta davrda sodiqlik qasamyodini qabul qilib" Pensilvaniya fuqarosi bo'ldi.[24] 1775 yil mart oyida u muharriri bo'ldi Pensilvaniya jurnali, u juda katta qobiliyat bilan olib borgan pozitsiyasi.[25]

Peyn Amerikaga kelguniga qadar o'n oltita jurnal koloniyalarda tashkil etilgan va oxir-oqibat muvaffaqiyatsiz tugagan, ularning har biri Angliyadan muhim tarkib va ​​qayta nashrlarni o'z ichiga olgan. 1774 yil oxirida Filadelfiya printeri Robert Aitken mustamlakalardan olingan tarkib bilan "Amerika jurnali" deb nomlagan dasturini yaratish rejasini e'lon qildi.[25] Peyn jurnalning 1775 yil yanvar oyida bo'lib o'tgan birinchi nashrida ikkita qismni qo'shdi va Ayten bir oydan so'ng Peynni jurnalning muharriri sifatida yolladi. Peyn rahbarligida jurnalning o'quvchilari tez sur'atlar bilan kengayib, koloniyalarda shu paytgacha Amerika jurnallaridan ko'ra ko'proq tirajga erishildi.[25] Ayken jurnalni siyosiy bo'lmagan deb o'ylagan bo'lsa-da, Peyn o'zining birinchi sonida "har bir yurak va qo'l qiziqarli kurash bilan shug'ullangan ko'rinadi" deb yozib, uning mazmuniga kuchli siyosiy nuqtai nazarni olib keldi. Amerika Ozodligi."[25]

Peyn yozgan Pensilvaniya jurnali bunday nashr "endi go'daklik holatidan oshib ketgan", amerikalik ongini mashq qilgan va tarbiyalagan va amerikalik axloqni shakllantirgan millat uchun "daho bolalar bog'chasiga" aylanishi kerak.[25] 1775 yil 8 martda Pensilvaniya jurnali nomli imzolanmagan bekor qilish bo'yicha insho nashr etdi Amerikadagi Afrika qulligi.[26] Esse ko'pincha Peynga maktub asosida yoziladi Benjamin Rush, Peynning inshoga mualliflik da'vosini eslab.[26] Insho qullikka "ijro etiladigan savdo" va "Insoniyat va Adolatga qarshi g'azab" sifatida hujum qildi.[26]

Kengroq va ko'proq ishchilar sinfiga ongli ravishda murojaat qilgan Peyn, shuningdek, ishchilarning ishlab chiqarish huquqlarini muhokama qilish uchun jurnaldan foydalangan. Siyosatni kontseptsiyalashtirishdagi bu siljish "siyosiy ongni" modernizatsiya qilish "ning bir qismi va jamiyatning tobora ko'proq qatlamlarini siyosiy hayotga safarbar qilish sifatida tavsiflangan.[25][27]

Amerika inqilobi

Umumiy ma'noda, 1776 yilda nashr etilgan

Umumiy ma'noda (1776)

Asosiy maqola: Oddiy tuyg'u (risola)

Peyn sarlavhaga da'vo qilmoqda Amerika inqilobining otasi,[28][29] bu uning risolalarida yotadi, ayniqsa Umumiy ma'noda, 1776 yilda mustaqillik kayfiyatini kristallashtirgan. yilda nashr etilgan Filadelfiya 1776 yil 10-yanvarda va "ingliz tomonidan" noma'lum imzolangan. Bu darhol muvaffaqiyatga erishdi va tezda uch oy ichida 100 ming nusxani 13 koloniyaning ikki million aholisiga tarqatdi. Amerika inqilobi davrida, ruxsatsiz nashrlarni hisobga olgan holda, jami 500 ming nusxada sotilgan.[5][30] Peyntning asl nusxasi Peyn edi Oddiy haqiqat, ammo Peynning do'sti, mustaqillik tarafdori Benjamin Rush, taklif qildi Umumiy ma'noda o'rniga.[31]

Risola 1776 yil yanvarida, inqilob boshlangandan keyin muomalaga chiqdi. U atrofdan o'tib ketgan va ko'pincha tavernalarda ovoz chiqarib o'qigan, respublikachilik g'oyasini yoyishda katta hissa qo'shgan, Britaniyadan ajralib chiqish ishtiyoqini kuchaytirgan va ish uchun yollashni rag'batlantirgan. Qit'a armiyasi. Peyn tarix bilan to'liq tanaffusni yoqlab, mustaqillik uchun yangi va ishonchli dalillarni taqdim etdi. Umumiy ma'noda kelajakka yo'naltirilgan bo'lib, o'quvchini darhol tanlov qilishga majbur qiladi. Bu zulm tahdididan nafratlangan va qo'rqqan amerikaliklar uchun echim taklif qiladi.[32]

Peynning monarxiyaga hujumi Umumiy ma'noda asosan hujumdir Jorj III. Mustamlakachilik g'azablari avvalo qirolning vazirlari va parlamentiga qarshi qaratilgan bo'lsa, Peyn mas'uliyatni qirolning eshigi oldida qat'iyat bilan qo'ydi. Umumiy ma'noda Amerika inqilobining eng ko'p o'qilgan risolasi edi. Bu ozodlik uchun boshpana berishda Amerikaning muhim rolini anglash uchun buzilgan Britaniya sudiga qarshi birlashishga chaqiriq edi. To'g'ridan-to'g'ri va jonli uslubda yozilgan bo'lib, u Evropaning chirigan despotizmlarini qoraladi va merosxo'r monarxiyani bema'nilik deb atadi. Ko'pchilik hali ham Britaniya bilan yarashishga umid qilayotgan bir paytda, Umumiy ma'noda ko'pchilikka ajralishning muqarrarligini namoyish etdi.[33]

Peyn umuman asl g'oyalarni ifodalagan emas Umumiy ma'noda, aksincha, ritorikani tojda g'azabni qo'zg'atadigan vosita sifatida ishlatish. Ushbu maqsadlarga erishish uchun u o'zi o'ylagan demokratik jamiyatga mos siyosiy yozuv uslubini yaratdi Umumiy ma'noda asosiy misol sifatida xizmat qiladi. Peyn ishining bir qismi murakkab g'oyalarni kunning o'rtacha o'quvchilariga tushunarli qilib berish, Peynning ko'plab zamondoshlari ma'qullaydigan rasmiy, o'rganilgan uslubdan farqli o'laroq aniq, ixcham yozish edi.[34] Olimlar uning muvaffaqiyati haqida turli xil tushuntirishlar berishdi, jumladan tarixiy lahza, Peynning tushunarli uslubi, demokratik axloqi, psixologiya va mafkuradan foydalanish.[35]

Umumiy ma'noda Kongress va yangi paydo bo'layotgan millat rahbarlari tarkibiga kirgan elita orasida allaqachon keng tarqalgan bo'lib foydalanilgan g'oyalarni juda keng auditoriyaga tarqatishda nihoyatda mashhur edi, ular Peynning mustaqillikka da'vatlarida kamdan-kam hollarda dalillar keltirdilar.[36] Risolaning, ehtimol, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ta'siri kam bo'lgan Kontinental Kongress ' chiqarish to'g'risida qaror Mustaqillik deklaratsiyasi, chunki bu tashkilot mustaqillikni e'lon qilish urush harakatlariga qanday ta'sir qilishi bilan ko'proq shug'ullanardi.[37] Bitta o'ziga xos g'oya Umumiy ma'noda Peynning respublikalarning tinch tabiatiga bo'lgan e'tiqodi; uning qarashlari olimlar nima deb atashlari haqida erta va kuchli tushuncha edi demokratik tinchlik nazariyasi.[38]

Sodiqlar kuchli hujumga o'tdi Umumiy ma'noda; bitta hujum Oddiy haqiqat (1776), Merilender tomonidan Jeyms Chalmers, dedi Peyn siyosiy zilzila[39] va monarxiya bo'lmasa, hukumat "demokratiyaga aylanib ketishi" haqida ogohlantirdi.[40] Hatto ba'zi amerikalik inqilobchilar ham bunga qarshi chiqishdi Umumiy ma'noda; kech hayot Jon Adams uni "ayyor massa" deb atagan. Adams Peyn tomonidan ilgari surilgan radikal demokratiya turiga (mulkiga ega bo'lmagan erkaklar hanuzgacha ovoz berishlari va davlat lavozimlarida ishlashlari uchun ruxsat berilishi kerak) bilan rozi emas edilar Hukumat haqidagi fikrlar 1776 yilda respublikachilikka nisbatan ko'proq konservativ yondashishni targ'ib qilish.[41]

Sofiya Rozenfeld Peyn odatdagi "sog'lom fikr" tushunchasini qo'llashda juda innovatsion edi, deb ta'kidlaydi. U ushbu atamaning turli xil falsafiy va siyosiy qo'llanilishini Amerika siyosiy fikriga doimiy ta'sir ko'rsatadigan tarzda sintez qildi. U ikkita fikrdan foydalangan Shotlandiya umumiy sezgi realizmi: oddiy odamlar haqiqatan ham asosiy siyosiy masalalar bo'yicha oqilona qarorlar chiqarishi mumkinligi va hamma uchun ochiq ko'rinadigan xalq donoligi mavjud. Peyn ham ma'qul bo'lgan "sog'lom fikr" tushunchasini ishlatgan falsafalar qit'a ma'rifatida. Ularning fikriga ko'ra, sog'lom fikr an'anaviy institutlarning da'volarini rad etishi mumkin. Shunday qilib, Peyn monarxiyani legallashtirish va odatdagi donolikni bekor qilish uchun "sog'lom aql" ni qurol sifatida ishlatgan. Rozenfeld o'z risolasining ajoyib jozibadorligi uning mustaqillik harakatidagi mashhur va elita elementlarini sintezi natijasida kelib chiqqan degan xulosaga keladi.[42]

Tarixchining fikriga ko'ra Robert Middlekauff, Umumiy ma'noda Peyn keng tarqalgan hukmlarga murojaat qilgani uchun juda mashhur bo'ldi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, monarxiya g'ayritabiiy edi va u kelib chiqishi g'ayritabiiy edi. Bu shaytonning tashkiloti edi. Peyn Eski Ahd Bu erda deyarli barcha shohlar Isroil xalqini Xudo o'rniga butlarga sig'inishga undashgan. Peyn monarxiya bilan birgalikda "qadimiy ikki zolim" bo'lgan aristokratiyani ham qoraladi. Ular tabiat qonunlarini, inson aqli va Xudodan boshlangan "narsalarning universal tartibini" buzdilar. Bu, deydi Middlekauff, aksariyat amerikaliklar eshitishni xohlagan narsadir. U inqilobiy avlodni "ikki marta tug'ilgan bolalar" deb ataydi.[43] chunki bolaligida ular Ajoyib uyg'onish, bu birinchi marta amerikaliklarni bir-biriga bog'lab, diniy va etnik chegaralardan chiqib, ularga vatanparvarlik tuyg'usini berdi.[44][45]

Amerika inqirozi (1776)

1776 yil oxirida, Peyn nashr etdi Amerika inqirozi risolalar to'plami amerikaliklarni Britaniya armiyasiga qarshi janglarida ilhomlantirish uchun. U fuqarolik fazilatlariga bag'ishlangan yaxshi amerikalik va xudbin viloyat odami o'rtasidagi ziddiyatni bir-biriga qo'shib qo'ydi.[46] Uning askarlarini ruhlantirish uchun general Jorj Vashington bor edi Amerika inqirozi, birinchi Inqiroz risola, ularga ovoz chiqarib o'qing.[47] Bu boshlanadi:

Erkaklar ruhini sinab ko'radigan vaqtlar: Yozgi askar va quyoshli vatanparvar bu inqirozda o'z mamlakatlari xizmatidan voz kechishadi; ammo hozir turgan kishi erkak va ayolning sevgisiga va minnatdorligiga loyiqdir. Zolim, Jahannam singari, osonlikcha zabt etilmaydi; shunga qaramay, biz mojaro qanchalik qiyin bo'lsa, g'alaba shunchalik ulug'vor bo'ladi, deb bizda shunday tasalli bor. Biz juda arzon narsaga ega bo'lsak, biz uni juda qadrlaymiz: faqat har bir narsaga o'z qadr-qimmatini beradigan azizlikdir. Osmon o'z mollariga munosib narx qo'yishni biladi; va haqiqatan ham erkinlik kabi samoviy maqola yuqori baholanmasligi g'alati bo'lar edi.

Tashqi ishlar

1777 yilda Peyn Kongressning Xalqaro aloqalar qo'mitasining kotibi bo'ldi. Keyingi yili u o'z risolalarida Frantsiya bilan olib borilayotgan maxfiy muzokaralar to'g'risida gapirdi. Dushmanlari uning beparvoligini qoralashdi. Janjal bo'ldi; Peynning mojarosi bilan birga Robert Morris va Silas Din bu 1779 yilda Peynni Qo'mitadan chiqarib yuborilishiga olib keldi.[48]

Biroq, 1781 yilda u hamrohlik qildi Jon Laurens Frantsiyadagi missiyasi bo'yicha. Oxir-oqibat, Peynning ko'p iltimoslaridan so'ng, Nyu-York shtati uning mulkini unga taqdim etib, siyosiy xizmatlarini tan oldi Yangi Rochelle, Nyu-York va Peyn Vashingtonning taklifiga binoan Pensilvaniya va Kongressdan pul olgan. Inqilobiy urush paytida Peyn muhim generalga yordamchi bo'lib xizmat qildi, Natanael Grin.[49]

Sila Din bilan bog'liq ish

Xato bo'lishi mumkin va hatto uning Tashqi ishlar qo'mitasining kotibi lavozimidan ketishiga hissa qo'shgan bo'lishi mumkin, Peyn ochiq tanqid qildi Silas Din, 1776 yil mart oyida Kongress tomonidan yashirin ravishda Frantsiyaga sayohat qilish uchun tayinlangan amerikalik diplomat. Dinning maqsadi mustaqillik uchun kurashda mustamlakachilarni moliyalashtirish uchun Frantsiya hukumatiga ta'sir o'tkazish edi. Peyn, asosan, Dinni printsipni unchalik hurmat qilmaydigan, urush foydasi sifatida ko'rgan Robert Morris, Amerika inqilobining asosiy moliyachilaridan biri va u bilan ishlash Per Beaumarchais, Angliya-Amerika mojarosini tekshirish uchun qirol Lui tomonidan mustamlakalarga yuborilgan frantsuz qirol agenti. Peyn, Kontinental Kongressning moliya bo'yicha boshlig'i bo'lgan Morris va Dean o'rtasidagi moliyaviy aloqani ochib berdi.[50] Peyn Deanni vatanparvar emas deb topdi va Morrisning inqilobni moliyalashtirish bo'yicha jamoat tekshiruvini o'tkazishni talab qildi, chunki u o'z kompaniyasi bilan 500 ming dollar atrofida shartnoma tuzgan edi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Robert Morris kabi boy odamlar, Jon Jey va kuchli savdogar bankirlar, Kontinental Kongressning etakchilari bo'lgan va davlat lavozimlarini egallashni himoya qilgan, shu bilan birga hukumatlar bilan shaxsiy moliyaviy bitimlaridan foyda ko'rgan.[50] Peynning tanqidlari orasida u yozgan edi Pensilvaniya paketi Frantsiyada bo'lgan " erta va saxovatli do'stlik bilan [ularning] ittifoqini o'rnatdi, "Frantsiya-Amerika shartnomalari tan olinishidan oldin Amerika mustamlakalariga berilgan yordamni nazarda tutgan. Bu Frantsiya uchun xijolat bo'lib, ittifoqqa putur etkazishi mumkin edi. Jon Jey, Kongress Prezidenti Deanning ashaddiy tarafdori bo'lgan Peynning fikrlariga zudlik bilan qarshi chiqdi va munozaralar oxir-oqibat jamoatchilikka aylandi va keyinchalik Peyn amerikalik inqilobchini tanqid qilgani uchun vatanparvar emas deb qoralandi, hatto Dean tarafdorlari tomonidan ko'chada ikki marta jismoniy hujumga uchragan. ko'p qo'shilgan stress, odatda sezgir xarakterga ega bo'lgan Peynga katta zarar etkazdi va u 1779 yilda Tashqi ishlar qo'mitasining kotibi lavozimidan ketdi.[51] Peyn o'zi uchun oziq-ovqat sotib olish uchun etarli mablag'ga ega bo'lmasdan ham Qo'mitani tark etdi.[52]

Ko'p o'tmay, Peyn o'z missiyasidan Frantsiyaga qaytgach, Dinning korruptsiyasi yanada kengroq tan olindi. Ko'pchilik, shu jumladan Robert Morris, Peyndan uzr so'radi va Peynning Filadelfiyadagi obro'si tiklandi.[53]

Jamiyat foydasi

1780 yilda Peyn "Jamiyat foydasi" nomli risolani nashr etdi va unda Britaniya imperiyasining tarkibiga kirgan 13 ta mustamlakadan g'arbdagi hududlar Amerika hukumatiga Mustaqillik Deklaratsiyasidan keyin tegishli bo'lganligi va tegishli emasligi to'g'risida ish yuritdi. har qanday 13 davlatdan yoki biron bir shaxsga chayqovchilar. A qirol nizomi 1609-dan Virjiniya kompaniyasi Tinch okeanigacha cho'zilgan quruqlik. Vashington, Li va Randolflar oilalarini o'z ichiga olgan boy Virjiniya er chayqovchilarining kichik bir guruhi ushbu qirol xartiyasidan foydalanib, ulkan erlarga, shu jumladan 13 koloniyaning g'arbiy qismidagi ko'p erlarga egalik huquqini talab qilishdi. "Xalq foydasi" da Peyn ushbu erlar Amerika hukumatiga tegishli bo'lib, uni Kontinental Kongress vakili deb ta'kidlagan. Bu Peynning Virjiniyadagi boy do'stlarining ko'plarini, shu jumladan g'azabini qo'zg'atdi Richard Genri Li Peynning Kongressdagi eng yaqin ittifoqchisi bo'lgan kuchli Li oilasidan, Jorj Vashington, Tomas Jefferson va Jeyms Medison, ularning barchasi Peyn targ'ib qilayotgan ulkan yovvoyi uchastkalarga da'vogarlik qilganlar, hukumatga tegishli bo'lishi kerak. Peyn ilgari surgan fikr oxir-oqibat ustun keldi Shimoli-g'arbiy farmon 1787 yil o'tdi.

Peynning "Jamoat foydasi" nashr etilishi natijasida paydo bo'lgan adovati, uning qaror qabul qilishiga turtki berdi Podpolkovnik Jon Laurens Amerikaning urush harakatlari uchun mablag 'olish uchun Parijga sayohat qilish topshirig'ida.[54]

Inqilobni moliyalashtirish

Peyn polkovnik Jon Laurens bilan birga Frantsiyaga bordi va missiyani tashabbuskor deb biladi.[55] 1781 yil mart oyida Frantsiyaga tushdi va avgust oyida Amerikaga 2,5 million bilan qaytib keldi livralar kumushda, 6 millionlik "sovg'a" va 10 million kreditning bir qismi sifatida. Frantsiya qiroli bilan uchrashuvlar, ehtimol, kompaniyada va ta'sirida o'tkazilgan Benjamin Franklin. Tomas Peyn va ehtimol polkovnik Laurens AQShga ushbu yuqori darajada kutib olingan yuk bilan qaytib kelgach, "yomon presedent va noto'g'ri rejim" o'rnatishdan qo'rqib, general Vashington Kongressga xizmatlari uchun haq to'lashni taklif qilishiga "ijobiy qarshi". . Peyn Parijda nufuzli tanishlar qildi va ularni tashkil etishga yordam berdi Shimoliy Amerika banki armiyani ta'minlash uchun pul yig'ish.[56] 1785 yilda unga 3000 dollar berildi AQSh Kongressi uning millat uchun xizmatini e'tirof etish uchun.[57]

Genri Laurens (polkovnikning otasi Jon Laurens ) ning elchisi bo'lgan Gollandiya, lekin u o'sha erga qaytish safari davomida inglizlar tomonidan qo'lga olingan. Keyinchalik uni mahbusga almashtirishganda Lord Kornuollis 1781 yil oxirida Peyn qarz berish bo'yicha muzokaralarni davom ettirish uchun Gollandiyaga yo'l oldi. 1782 yil yanvarida Shimoliy Amerika Bankining birinchi prezidenti bo'lgan Moliya boshlig'i va uning biznes hamkori Tomas Uilling sifatida Genri Laurens va Tomas Peynlarning Robert Morris bilan munosabatlariga oid ba'zi savollar mavjud. Ular Morrisni foyda ko'rishda ayblashgan. 1779 va Villing Mustaqillik Deklaratsiyasiga qarshi ovoz bergan. Morris 1780 va 1781 yillarda o'z obro'sini tiklash uchun ko'p ish qilgan bo'lsa-da, 1781 yil dekabrda Shimoliy Amerika bankini Kongress tomonidan tasdiqlash uchun "tashkil etish" uchun ushbu muhim kreditlarni olish uchun kredit Robertdan ko'ra ko'proq Genri yoki Jon Laurens va Tomas Peynlarga berilishi kerak edi. Morris.[58]

Yilda Osonlikdan oldin moda; - yoki, - Fantastik formasi uchun qurbon qilingan yaxshi Konstitutsiya (1793), Jeyms Gillray karikatura qilingan Paine tortishini kuchaytiradi korset ning Britaniya palto cho'ntagidan esa "Inson huquqlari" yozilgan o'lchov lentasi

Peyn o'zining yagona uyini 1783 yilda Farnsworth avenyu va Cherkov ko'chalari burchagida sotib olgan Bordentaun Siti, Nyu-Jersi va u 1809 yilda vafotigacha vaqti-vaqti bilan bu erda yashagan. Bu Peyn ko'chmas mulk sotib olgan dunyodagi yagona joy.[59]

1787 yilda Peynning dizayni bo'yicha ko'prik qurilgan Schuylkill daryosi Filadelfiyada. Bu vaqtda uning bitta kamar temir ko'priklar ustida ishlashi uni Frantsiya, Parijga qaytarib yubordi.[60] Frantsiyaga kelganida Peynning do'stlari kam edi Lafayet va Jefferson, u uzoq vaqtdan beri do'sti va ustozi bo'lgan Benjamin Franklin bilan qattiq yozishmalarini davom ettirdi. Franklin Peynga Frantsiyada sheriklar va aloqalarni o'rnatish uchun foydalanishi uchun kirish maktublarini taqdim etdi.[61]

O'sha yilning oxirida Peyn Parijdan Londonga qaytib keldi. Keyin u 20 avgust kuni risolani chiqardi Rubikonning istiqbollari: yoki parlament yig'ilishida qo'zg'atiladigan siyosat sabablari va oqibatlarini tekshirish.. Angliya va Frantsiya o'rtasidagi ziddiyatlar tobora kuchayib borar edi va bu risola Buyuk Britaniya vazirligini Frantsiya bilan urush oqibatlarini qayta ko'rib chiqishga undaydi. Peyn jamoatchilik fikrini mamlakatlar o'rtasida yaxshi munosabatlarni o'rnatish, fuqarolardan olinadigan urush soliqlaridan qochish va ikkala xalqni barbod qiladi deb o'ylagan urushga kirishmaslik uchun urushga qarshi yo'naltirishga intildi.[62]

Inson huquqlari

Tomas Peyn Jon Bakterning "Angliya xolis tarixi" asaridan Inson huquqlari muallifi, 1796 yil.
Asosiy maqola: Inson huquqlari
Shuningdek qarang: Inqilob bahslari va Tomas Peyn ustidan sud jarayoni

1787 yil Londonga qaytib, Peyn 1789 yilda boshlanganidan keyin Frantsiya inqilobiga qo'shilib, 1790 yilda Frantsiyaga sayohat qilishga qaror qildi. Ayni paytda konservativ intellektual Edmund Burk nomli frantsuz inqilobiga qarshi aksilinqilobiy portlashni boshladi Frantsiyadagi inqilob haqidagi mulohazalar (1790), bu quruqlik sinfiga qattiq murojaat qilgan va 30000 nusxani sotgan. Peyn uni o'zida rad etishga kirishdi Inson huquqlari (1791). U buni tezkor risola sifatida emas, balki monarxiya va an'anaviy ijtimoiy institutlarni parchalab tashlagan 90 ming so'zdan iborat uzun, mavhum siyosiy trakt sifatida yozgan. 1791 yil 31-yanvarda u qo'lyozmani noshirga berdi Jozef Jonson. Hukumat agentlarining tashrifi Jonsonni g'azablantirdi, shuning uchun Peyn kitobni noshir J. S. Jordanga berdi, keyin Parijga ketdi Uilyam Bleyk maslahat. U uchta yaxshi do'stni aybladi, Uilyam Godvin, Tomas Brend Xollis va Tomas Xolkroft, nashr tafsilotlarini ko'rib chiqish bilan. Kitob 1791 yil 13 martda paydo bo'lgan va millionga yaqin nusxada sotilgan. Uni "islohotchilar, protestant dissidentlari, demokratlar, London hunarmandlari va yangi sanoat shimolining mohir fabrikalari qo'ltiqib o'qishdi".[63]

Ingliz satirik Jeyms Gillray Parijdagi Peyn masxara qilayotgan uch sudyaning hukmini kutmoqda.

Hokimiyat uni obro'sizlantirish kampaniyasidan norozi bo'lmagan Peyn uni chiqardi Inson huquqlari, ikkinchi qism, printsip va amaliyotni birlashtirgan 1792 yil fevralda. Oddiylarning qashshoqligini bartaraf etish uchun vakolatli hukumatni sanab o'tilgan ijtimoiy dasturlari haqida batafsil ma'lumot berdi. progressiv soliq chora-tadbirlar. Misli ko'rilmagan aylanishni ta'minlash uchun narxlar tubdan pasaytirildi, bu ta'sirida shov-shuvli bo'ldi va islohot jamiyatlarini tug'dirdi. Uchun ayblov xulosasi uydirma tuhmat ham noshir, ham muallif uchun, hukumat agentlari esa Peynga ergashib, olomonni qo'zg'atdi, yig'ilishlarni yomon ko'rdi va shov-shuvda yondi. Shiddatli risola urushi ham yakunlandi, unda Peyn o'nlab asarlarida himoya qilindi va o'ldirildi.[64] Hokimiyat yakuniy muvaffaqiyat bilan Peynni Buyuk Britaniyadan quvib chiqarishni maqsad qilgan. U o'sha paytda edi harakat qildi sirtdan va hech qachon qatl qilinmagan bo'lsa ham, aybdor deb topildi. Ning frantsuzcha tarjimasi Inson huquqlari, II qism 1792 yil aprelda nashr etilgan. Tarjimon Fransua Lantenas Lafayetga bag'ishlanishni yo'q qildi, chunki u Peyn o'sha paytda qirollik tarafdori sifatida ko'rilgan Lafayetni juda yuqori deb o'ylagan.[65]

Xalq do'stlari tomonidan karikatura qilingan Isaak Kruikshank, 1792 yil 15-noyabr, Jozef Priestli va Tomas Peyn yondiruvchi narsalar bilan o'ralgan

1792 yil yozida u qo'zg'olon va tuhmat ayblovlariga shunday javob berdi: "Agar monarxiyaning firibgarligi va o'rnatilishini fosh qilish uchun ... umuminsoniy tinchlik, tsivilizatsiya va tijoratni targ'ib qilish va siyosiy xurofot zanjirlarini sindirish va tanazzulga uchraganlarni ko'tarish uchun agar inson o'z darajasiga etsa; agar bu narsalar tuhmat qilinsa ... mening qabrimga tuhmat qiluvchining ismi yozilsin. "[66]

Peyn Frantsiya inqilobining g'ayratli tarafdori edi va unga faxriy frantsuz tantanasi berildi fuqarolik kabi taniqli zamondoshlari bilan bir qatorda Aleksandr Xemilton, Jorj Vashington, Benjamin Franklin va boshqalar. Peynning faxriy fuqaroligi uning nashr etilishini tan olish edi Inson huquqlari, II qism va u Frantsiya ichida yaratgan sensatsiya.[67] Frantsuz tilida gapira olmasligiga qaramay, u Milliy konventsiya tumani vakili Pas-de-Kale.[68]

Milliy Konvensiyaga saylanganidan bir necha hafta o'tgach, Peyn Konventsiya Konstitutsiyaviy qo'mitasining a'zosi bo'lgan to'qqiz deputatdan biri sifatida tanlandi va unga Konstitutsiyaning tegishli konstitutsiyasini ishlab chiqish topshirildi. Frantsiya Respublikasi.[69] Keyinchalik u Konstitutsiyaviy qo'mitada loyihani tayyorlashda ishtirok etdi Girondin konstitutsiyaviy loyihasi. U Frantsiya Respublikasiga ovoz berdi, ammo ijro etilishiga qarshi chiqdi Lyudovik XVI, o'rniga monarx bo'lishi kerak, deb aytdi surgun qilingan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlariga: birinchidan, qirollik tarafdori Frantsiya Amerika inqilobi yordamiga kelganligi sababli; ikkinchidan, umuman o'lim jazosiga va xususan, qotillikka qasos olishga axloqiy e'tirozi tufayli. Biroq, Peyn Lyudovik XVIni himoya qilishda nutqini to'xtatdi Jan-Pol Marat Peynning diniy e'tiqodlari Quaker sifatida o'lim jazosiga zid bo'lgan va shuning uchun u ovoz berishga yaroqsiz bo'lishi kerak deb da'vo qilgan. Marat tarjimon Peynning so'zlarini ma'nosini buzib, konvensiyani aldab kelayotganini aytib, ikkinchi marotaba gapni to'xtatdi va Peynni nutqning nusxasini uning to'g'ri tarjima qilinganligining isboti sifatida taqdim etishga undadi.[70]

Ning ittifoqchisi sifatida qaraladi Jirondinlar, u tomonidan tobora ko'proq norozilik bilan ko'rilgan Montagnards, endi hokimiyat tepasida bo'lganlar; va xususan Maksimilien Robespyer. 1793 yil oxirida chet elliklarni Konvensiyadagi joylaridan chetlashtirish to'g'risidagi farmon qabul qilindi (Anacharsis Cloots joyidan ham mahrum qilingan). Peyn hibsga olingan va 1793 yil dekabrda qamalgan.[71]

Peyn ikkinchi qismini yozgan Inson huquqlari stolda Tomas 'Klio' Rikman u Frantsiyaga qochishdan oldin u 1792 yilda birga bo'lgan uyi. Ushbu stol hozirda Xalq tarixi muzeyi yilda "Manchester".[72]

Aql davri

Asosiy maqola: Aql davri
I qismning ingliz tilidagi birinchi nashridan sarlavha sahifasi
Moyli rasm Loran Dabos, taxminan 1791

Peyn 1793 yil 28-dekabrda Frantsiyada hibsga olingan. Djoel Barlow Parijdagi Amerika aholisi o'rtasida petitsiyani tarqatish orqali Peynning ozod qilinishini ta'minlay olmadi.[73] O'n oltita Amerika fuqarosi Peynning Konventsiyaga ozod qilinishini talab qilishi mumkin edi, ammo prezident Mark-Giyom Aleksis Vadier Bosh xavfsizlik qo'mitasi Peynning Angliya fuqarosi va Frantsiya bilan urushayotgan mamlakat fuqarosi ekanligini aytib, uning Amerika fuqaroligini tan olishdan bosh tortdi.[74]

Peynning o'zi norozilik bildirdi va u o'sha paytgacha Frantsiya bilan urushayotgan Buyuk Britaniyaning emas, balki Inqilobiy Frantsiyaning ittifoqchisi bo'lgan AQSh fuqarosi ekanligini da'vo qildi. Biroq, Gouverneur Morris, Frantsiyadagi Amerika vaziri, uning da'vosini bosmadi va keyinchalik Peyn Morrisning qamoqxonada bog'langanligini yozdi. Peyn qatl etishdan ozgina qochib qutuldi. Ichkaridagi mahbus qatl qilinishi uchun olib tashlanishi kerakligini bildiruvchi kameraning eshigidagi o'lchagich tomonidan bo'r izi qoldirilishi kerak edi. Peynning ishida bu belgi tasodifan uning eshigining tashqi tomoniga emas, balki ichki qismiga qo'yilgan; Bu o'sha kuni Peyn rasmiy mehmonlarni qabul qilgandan buyon, plyonka aylanayotganda, Peyn kamerasining eshigi ochiq qolishi bilan bog'liq edi. Ammo taqdirning bu g'ayrioddiyligi uchun Peyn ertasi kuni ertalab qatl etilgan bo'lar edi. U boshini ushlab turdi va Robespierening qulashi bilan qutulish uchun zarur bo'lgan bir necha muhim kunlardan omon qoldi 9 Termidor (1794 yil 27-iyul).[75]

Peyn 1794 yil noyabrda asosan Amerikadagi yangi vazirning Frantsiyadagi ishi tufayli ozod qilindi, Jeyms Monro,[76] Peynning Amerika fuqaroligi uchun ishni muvaffaqiyatli muhokama qilgan.[77] 1795 yil iyulda u boshqa tirik qolgan jirondinlar singari Konvensiyaga qayta qabul qilindi. Peyn yangisini qabul qilishga qarshi chiqqan uchta diputdan biri edi 1795 konstitutsiya chunki u yo'q qilindi umumiy saylov huquqi tomonidan e'lon qilingan edi 1793 yil Montagnard konstitutsiyasi.[78]

1796 yilda a ko'prik u Wear daryosining og'ziga o'rnatilgan "Sanderlend", "Tayn" va "Uear", Angliya.[79] Ushbu ko'prik, Sanderlend kamari, uning dizayni bilan bir xil edi Schuylkill daryosi Filadelfiyadagi ko'prik va bu keyingi ko'pchilik uchun prototipga aylandi vussoir temir va po'latdan yasalgan kamarlar.[80][81]

Bir martalik temir ko'prik uchun Britaniya patentini olishdan tashqari, Peyn tutunsiz shamni ishlab chiqardi[82] va ixtirochi bilan ishlagan Jon Fitch bug 'dvigatellarini ishlab chiqishda.

1797 yilda Peyn Parijda yashagan Nikolas Bonnevil va uning rafiqasi. Bonnevilning boshqa munozarali mehmonlari singari, Peyn ham rasmiylarning shubhalarini uyg'otdi. Bonnevil uni yashirdi Royalist Antuan Jozef Barruel-Beauvert uning uyida. Bouvert quyidagi qoidalarga rioya qilinmasdan qonunga zid bo'lgan 18 Fructidor to'ntarishi 1797 yil 4-sentabrda Peyn AQSh prezident davrida Jon Adams inqilobiy Frantsiyaga xiyonat qilgan edi.[83] Keyin Bonnevil qisqa muddat qamoqqa tashlandi va uning presslari musodara qilindi, bu moliyaviy halokatni anglatadi.[iqtibos kerak ]

1800 yilda, hanuzgacha politsiya nazorati ostida Bonnevil otasi bilan boshpana topgan Evreux. Peyn Bonnevilga "Ahd dengizini" tarjima qilishda yordam berib, u bilan birga qoldi. Xuddi shu yili, Peyn bilan uchrashuv bo'lib o'tdi Napoleon. Napoleon uning nusxasi bilan uxlaganini da'vo qildi Inson huquqlari yostig'i ostida va Peynga "olamning har bir shahrida senga oltindan haykal qo'yish kerak" degan gapga bordi.[84] Peyn Napoleon bilan Angliyani qanday qilib bosib olish kerakligini muhokama qildi. 1797 yil dekabrda u ikkita esse yozgan, ulardan biri aniq nomlangan Angliyaga bostirib kirish rejasi va Angliya hukumatining yakuniy ag'darilishi bilan dengiz kuchlarini qurish va ekspluatatsiya qilish bo'yicha kuzatuvlar,[85] unda u Frantsiya bosqinchi qo'shinini La-Mansh bo'ylab olib o'tish uchun 1000 ta qayiqni moliyalashtirish g'oyasini ilgari surdi. 1804 yilda Peyn yozish bilan mavzuga qaytdi Angliya bosqini bo'yicha Angliya xalqiga g'oyani targ'ib qilish.[83] Biroq, Napoleonning diktatura sari qadam qo'yganini ta'kidlab, uni "mavjud bo'lgan eng to'liq sharlatan" deb qoraladi.[86] Peyn 1802 yilgacha Frantsiyada bo'lib, AQShga faqat prezident Jeffersonning taklifiga binoan qaytib keldi.[87]

Jorj Vashingtonni tanqid qilish

Peynning Frantsiyada qamoqxonasida bo'lganida, umrbod do'sti bo'lgan AQSh Prezidenti Jorj Vashington hech narsa qilmaganidan xafa bo'lib, Peyn Vashington unga xiyonat qildi va Robespir bilan til biriktirdi, deb ishondi. Monro bilan birga bo'lganida, Peyn Vashingtonga sobiq prezidentning tug'ilgan kunida shikoyat xati yuborishni rejalashtirgan. Monro xatni yuborishni to'xtatdi va Peynning tanqididan so'ng Jey shartnomasi Vashington tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan Monro Peynga boshqa joyda yashashni taklif qildi.[88]

Keyin Peyn Jorj Vashingtonga achchiq xat yubordi, unda u uni qobiliyatsiz qo'mondon va behuda va noshukur odam deb ta'rifladi. Javob olmaganidan so'ng, Peyn umr bo'yi noshiri bilan bog'landi Benjamin Bache, Jeffersonian democrat, uni nashr qilish Letter to George Washington of 1796 in which he derided Washington's reputation by describing him as a treacherous man who was unworthy of his fame as a military and political hero. Paine wrote that "the world will be puzzled to decide whether you are an apostate or an impostor; whether you have abandoned good principles or whether you ever had any".[89] He declared that without France's aid Washington could not have succeeded in the American Revolution and had "but little share in the glory of the final event". He also commented on Washington's character, saying that Washington had no sympathetic feelings and was a hypocrite.[90]

Keyingi yillar

In 1802 or 1803, Paine left France for the United States, also paying the passage for Bonneville's wife Marguerite Brazier and the couple's three sons, Benjamin, Lui va Thomas Bonneville, to whom Paine was godfather. Paine returned to the United States in the early stages of the Ikkinchi Buyuk Uyg'onish and a time of great political partisanship. The Aql yoshi gave ample excuse for the religiously devout to dislike him and the Federalists attacked him for his ideas of government stated in Umumiy ma'noda, for his association with the French Revolution and for his friendship with President Jefferson. Also still fresh in the minds of the public was his Letter to Washington published six years before his return. This was compounded when his right to vote was denied in Yangi Rochelle on the grounds that Gouverneur Morris did not recognize him as an American and Washington had not aided him.[91]

Brazier took care of Paine at the end of his life and buried him after his death on June 8, 1809. In his will, Paine left the bulk of his estate to Marguerite, including 100 acres (40.5 ha) of his farm so she could maintain and educate Benjamin and his brother Thomas. In 1814, the fall of Napoleon finally allowed Bonneville to rejoin his wife in the United States where he remained for four years before returning to Paris to open a bookshop.[iqtibos kerak ]

O'lim

Peynning o'lim maskasi
Isaak Kruikshank satire of William Cobbet "resurrecting" Paine bones; Napoleon is on St Helena and England has a revolution.

On the morning of June 8, 1809, Paine died, aged 72, at 59 Grove Street in Grinvich qishlog'i, Nyu-York shahri.[92] Although the original building is no longer there, the present building has a plaque noting that Paine died at this location.[93]

After his death, Paine's body was brought to New Rochelle, but the Quakers would not allow it to be buried in their graveyard as per his last will, so his remains were buried under a walnut tree on his farm. In 1819, English agrarian radical journalist Uilyam Kobbet, who in 1793 had published a hostile continuation[94] of Francis Oldys (George Chalmer)'s The Life of Thomas Paine,[95] dug up his bones and transported them back to England with the intention to give Paine a heroic reburial on his native soil, but this never came to pass. The bones were still among Cobbett's effects when he died over fifteen years later, but were later lost. There is no confirmed story about what happened to them after that, although various people have claimed throughout the years to own parts of Paine's remains, such as his skull and right hand.[96][97][98]

At the time of his death, most American newspapers reprinted the obituary notice from the Nyu-York Evening Post that was in turn quoting from Amerika fuqarosi,[99] which read in part: "He had lived long, did some good, and much harm". Only six mourners came to his funeral, two of whom were black, most likely ozodlar. Many years later the writer and orator Robert G. Ingersoll yozgan:

Thomas Paine had passed the legendary limit of life. One by one most of his old friends and acquaintances had deserted him. Maligned on every side, execrated, shunned and abhorred – his virtues denounced as vices – his services forgotten – his character blackened, he preserved the poise and balance of his soul. He was a victim of the people, but his convictions remained unshaken. He was still a soldier in the army of freedom, and still tried to enlighten and civilize those who were impatiently waiting for his death. Even those who loved their enemies hated him, their friend – the friend of the whole world – with all their hearts. On the 8th of June 1809, death came – Death, almost his only friend. At his funeral no pomp, no pageantry, no civic procession, no military display. In a carriage, a woman and her son who had lived on the bounty of the dead – on horseback, a Quaker, the humanity of whose heart dominated the creed of his head – and, following on foot, two negroes filled with gratitude – constituted the funeral cortege of Thomas Paine.[100]

Fikrlar

Biograf Erik Foner identifies a utopian thread in Paine's thought, writing: "Through this new language he communicated a new vision—a utopian image of an egalitarian, republican society".[101]

Paine's utopianism combined fuqarolik respublikachiligi, belief in the inevitability of scientific and social progress and commitment to free markets and liberty generally. The multiple sources of Paine's political theory all pointed to a society based on the common good and individualism. Paine expressed a redemptive futurism or political messianism.[102] Writing that his generation "would appear to the future as the Adam of a new world", Paine exemplified British utopianism.[103]

Later, his encounters with the Amerika qit'asining tub aholisi made a deep impression. The ability of the Iroquois to live in harmony with nature while achieving a democratic decision-making process helped him refine his thinking on how to organize society.[104]

Portrait of Thomas Paine by Metyu Pratt, 1785–1795

Qullik

On March 8, 1775, one month after Paine became the editor of The Pennsylvania Magazine, the magazine published an anonymous article titled "African Slavery in America," the first prominent piece in the colonies proposing the emancipation of African-American slaves and the bekor qilish qullik.[105]

Paine is often credited with writing the piece,[105] on the basis of later testimony by Benjamin Rush, cosigner of the Declaration of Independence.[26] Citing a lack of further evidence of Paine's authorship, however, scholars Foner and Alfred Ouen Aldrij no longer consider it to be one of his works. By contrast, journalist John Nichols writes that Paine's "fervent objections to qullik " led to his exclusion from power during the early years of the Republic.[106]

State funded social programs

Uning ichida Rights of Man, Part Second, Paine advocated a comprehensive program of state support for the population to ensure the welfare of society, including state subsidy for poor people, state-financed universal public education, and state-sponsored tug'ruqdan oldin parvarish qilish va postnatal care, including state subsidies to families at childbirth. Recognizing that a person's "labor ought to be over" before old age, Paine also called for a state pensiya to all workers starting at age 50, which would be doubled at age 60.[107]

Agrar adolat

His last pamphlet, Agrar adolat, published in the winter of 1795, opposed agrarian law and agrarian monopoly and further developed his ideas in the Inson huquqlari about how land ownership separated the majority of people from their rightful, natural inheritance and means of independent survival. AQSh Ijtimoiy ta'minot ma'muriyati tan oladi Agrar adolat as the first American proposal for an keksalik nafaqasi va asosiy daromad yoki fuqarolarning dividendlari. Per Agrar adolat:

In advocating the case of the persons thus dispossessed, it is a right, and not a charity ... [Government must] create a national fund, out of which there shall be paid to every person, when arrived at the age of twenty-one years, the sum of fifteen pounds sterling, as a compensation in part, for the loss of his or her natural inheritance, by the introduction of the system of landed property. And also, the sum of ten pounds per annum, during life, to every person now living, of the age of fifty years, and to all others as they shall arrive at that age.

In 2011, £10 and £15 would be worth about £800 and £1,200 ($1,200 and $2,000) when adjusted for inflation.[108]

Lamb argues that Paine's analysis of property rights marks a distinct contribution to political theory. His theory of property defends a libertarian concern with private ownership that shows an egalitarian commitment. Paine's new justification of property sets him apart from previous theorists such as Ugo Grotius, Samuel fon Pufendorf va Jon Lokk. It demonstrates Paine's commitment to foundational liberal values of individual freedom and moral equality.[109]

Diniy qarashlar

Before his arrest and imprisonment in France, knowing that he would probably be arrested and executed, following in the tradition of early eighteenth-century British deism Paine wrote the first part of Aql davri, an assault on organized "revealed" religion combining a compilation of the many inconsistencies he found in the Bible.[iqtibos kerak ]

About his own religious beliefs, Paine wrote in Aql davri:

I believe in bitta Xudo, and no more; va men bu hayotdan tashqari baxtga umid qilaman.

I do not believe in the creed professed by the Jewish church, tomonidan Roman church, tomonidan Yunon cherkovi, tomonidan Turkish church, tomonidan Protestant cherkovi, nor by any church that I know of. My own mind is my own church. All national institutions of churches, whether Jewish, Christian or Turkish, appear to me no other than human inventions, set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit.

Whenever we read the obscene stories, the voluptuous debaucheries, the cruel and tortuous executions, the unrelenting vindictiveness with which more than half the Bible is filled, it would be more consistent that we call it the word of a demon than the word of God. It is a history of wickedness that has served to corrupt and brutalize mankind; and, for my part, I sincerely detest it, as I detest everything that is cruel.[110]

Though there is no evidence Paine himself was a Mason,[111] upon his return to America from France he also penned "An Essay on the Origin of Free-Masonry" (1803–1805) about Freemasonry being derived from the religion of the ancient Druids.[112] In the essay, he stated: "The Christian religion is a parody on the worship of the sun, in which they put a man called Christ in the place of the sun, and pay him the adoration originally paid to the sun". Marguerite de Bonneville published the essay in 1810 after Paine's death, but she chose to omit certain passages from it that were critical of Christianity, most of which were restored in an 1818 printing.[113]

While Paine never described himself as a deist,[113] he did write the following:

The opinions I have advanced ... are the effect of the most clear and long-established conviction that the Bible and the Testament are impositions upon the world, that the fall of man, the account of Jesus Christ being the Son of God, and of his dying to appease the wrath of God, and of salvation, by that strange means, are all fabulous inventions, dishonorable to the wisdom and power of the Almighty; that the only true religion is Deizm, by which I then meant, and mean now, the belief of one God, and an imitation of his moral character, or the practice of what are called moral virtues – and that it was upon this only (so far as religion is concerned) that I rested all my hopes of happiness hereafter. So say I now – and so help me God.[58]

Meros

Tarixchi Jack P. Greene aytilgan:

In a fundamental sense, we are today all Paine's children. It was not the British defeat at Yorktown, But Paine and the new American conception of political society he did so much to popularize in Europe that turned the world upside down.[114]
1969 yilda a Taniqli amerikaliklar seriyasi stamp honoring Paine was issued.

Harvey J. Kaye wrote that through Paine, through his pamphlets and catchphrases such as "The sun never shined on a cause of greater worth," "We have it in our power to begin the world over again," and "These are the times that try men's souls" did more than move Americans to declare their independence:

he also imbued the nation they were founding with democratic impulse and aspiration and exceptional – indeed, world-historic – purpose and promise. For 230 years Americans have drawn ideas, inspiration, and encouragement from Paine and his work.[115]

John Stevenson argues that in the early 1790s, numerous radical political societies were formed throughout England and Wales in which Paine's writings provided "a boost to the self-confidence of those seeking to participate in politics for the first time."[116] In its immediate effects, Gary Kates argues, "Paine's vision unified Philadelphia merchants, British artisans, French peasants, Dutch reformers, and radical intellectuals from Boston to Berlin in one great movement."[117]

Since its founding in 1873, the American freethought periodical – The Truth Seeker – has championed Thomas Paine.

His writings in the long term inspired philosophic and working-class radikallar in Britain and United States. Liberallar, liberterlar, chap-liberterlar, feministlar, demokratik sotsialistlar, sotsial-demokratlar, anarxistlar, erkin fikrlaydiganlar va ilg'or often claim him as an intellectual ancestor. Paine's critique of institutionalized religion and advocacy of rational thinking influenced many British freethinkers in the 19th and 20th centuries, such as Uilyam Kobbet, Jorj Holyoake, Charlz Bredla, Kristofer Xitchens va Bertran Rassel.[118]

The quote "Lead, follow, or get out of the way" is widely but incorrectly attributed to Paine. It can be found nowhere in his published works.[119]

Avraam Linkoln

In 1835, when he was 26 years old, Avraam Linkoln wrote a defense of Paine's deism.[120] A political associate, Samuel Hill, burned the manuscript to save Lincoln's political career.[121] Tarixchi Roy Basler, the editor of Lincoln's papers, said Paine had a strong influence on Lincoln's style:

No other writer of the eighteenth century, with the exception of Jefferson, parallels more closely the temper or gist of Lincoln's later thought. In style, Paine above all others affords the variety of eloquence which, chastened and adapted to Lincoln's own mood, is revealed in Lincoln's formal writings.[122]

Tomas Edison

Ixtirochi Tomas Edison dedi:

I have always regarded Paine as one of the greatest of all Americans. Never have we had a sounder intelligence in this republic.... It was my good fortune to encounter Thomas Paine's works in my boyhood... it was, indeed, a revelation to me to read that great thinker's views on political and theological subjects. Paine educated me, then, about many matters of which I had never before thought. I remember, very vividly, the flash of enlightenment that shone from Paine's writings, and I recall thinking, at that time, 'What a pity these works are not today the schoolbooks for all children!' My interest in Paine was not satisfied by my first reading of his works. I went back to them time and again, just as I have done since my boyhood days.[123]

Janubiy Amerika

In 1811, Venezuelan translator Manuel Garcia de Sena published a book in Philadelphia that consisted mostly of Spanish translations of several of Paine's most important works.[124] The book also included translations of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, the U.S. Constitution and the constitutions of five U.S. states.[124]

It subsequently circulated widely in South America and through it Urugvay milliy qahramon Xose Gervasio Artigas became familiar with and embraced Paine's ideas. In turn, many of Artigas's writings drew directly from Paine's, including the Instructions of 1813, which Uruguayans consider to be one of their country's most important constitutional documents, and was one of the earliest writings to articulate a principled basis for an identity independent of Buenos Aires.[124]

Yodgorliklar

The first and longest-standing memorial to Paine is the carved and inscribed 12-foot marble column in Nyu-York, Nyu-York, organized and funded by publisher, educator and reformer Gilbert Vale (1791–1866) and raised in 1839 by the American sculptor and architect Jon Frazi, Tomas Peyn yodgorligi (quyidagi rasmga qarang).[125]

New Rochelle is also the original site of Thomas Paine's Cottage, which along with a 320-acre (130 ha) farm were presented to Paine in 1784 by act of the New York State Legislature for his services in the American Revolution.[126]

The same site is the home of the Thomas Paine Memorial Museum. Thomas Edison helped to turn the first shovel of earth for the museum which serves as a museum to display both Paine relics as well as others of local historical interest. A large collection of books, pamphlets, and pictures is contained in the Paine library, including many first editions of Paine's works as well as several original manuscripts. The holdings, the subject of a sell-off controversy, were temporarily relocated to the Nyu-York tarixiy jamiyati and have since been more permanently archived in the Iona kolleji library nearby.[127]

Paine was originally buried near the current location of his house and monument upon his death in 1809. The site is marked by a small headstone and burial plaque even though his remains were removed years later.[93]

20-asrda, Jozef Lyuis, longtime president of the Freethinkers of America and an ardent Paine admirer, was instrumental in having larger-than-life-sized statues of Paine erected in each of the three countries with which the revolutionary writer was associated. The first, created by Rushmor tog'i haykaltarosh Gutzon Borglum, was erected in Parij oldinroq Ikkinchi jahon urushi began but not formally dedicated until 1948. It depicts Paine standing before the French Milliy konventsiya to plead for the life of Qirol Lui XVI. The second, sculpted in 1950 by Georg J. Lober, was erected near Paine's one time home in Morristaun, Nyu-Jersi. It shows a seated Paine using a drum-head as a makeshift table. The third, sculpted by Sir Charlz Uiler, President of the Royal Academy, was erected in 1964 in Paine's birthplace, Thetford, Angliya. With a quill pen in his right hand and an inverted copy of Inson huquqlari in his left, it occupies a prominent spot on King Street. Thomas Paine was ranked No. 34 in the 100 eng buyuk britaniyaliklar 2002 extensive Nationwide poll conducted by the BBC.[128]

A bronze plaque attached to the wall of Thetford's Thomas Paine Hotel gives details of Paine's life.[129] It was placed there in 1943 by voluntary contributions from U.S. airmen from a nearby bomber base. Texas folklorist and freethinker J. Frank Dobi, then teaching at Cambridge University, participated in the dedication ceremonies.[130]

Nyu-York shahrida Tomas Peyn parki is marked by a fountain called The Triumph of the Human Spirit. Located in downtown Manhattan, near hokimiyat, the 300-ton-plus monument was dedicated on October 12, 2000.[131]

Bronks jamoat kolleji includes Paine in its Hall of Fame of Great Americans and there are statues of Paine in Morristaun va Bordentaun, New Jersey and in the Parc Montsouris, Parijda.[132][133]

In Paris, there is a plaque in the street where he lived from 1797 to 1802 that says: "Thomas PAINE / 1737–1809 / Englishman by birth / American by adoption / French by decree".

Yearly, between July 4 and 14, the Lewes Town Council in the United Kingdom celebrates the life and work of Paine.[134]

In the early 1990s, largely through the efforts of citizen activist David Henley of Virginia, legislation (S.Con.Res 110 and H.R. 1628) was introduced in the 102nd Congress by ideological opposites Sen. Stiv Symms (R-ID) and Rep. Nita Loui (D-NY). With over 100 formal letters of endorsement by United States and foreign historians, philosophers and organizations, including the Thomas Paine National Historical Society, the legislation garnered 78 original co-sponsors in the Senate and 230 original co-sponsors in the House of Representatives, and was consequently passed by both houses' unanimous consent. In October 1992, the legislation was signed into law (PL102-407 and PL102-459) by President Jorj H. V. Bush authorizing the construction by using private funds of a memorial to Thomas Paine in "Area 1" of the grounds of the AQSh Kapitoliy.[iqtibos kerak ] 2011 yil yanvar holatiga ko'ra, the memorial has not yet been built.

The Sharqiy Angliya universiteti 's Norwich Business School is housed in the Thomas Paine Study Centre on its Norwich campus in Paine's home county of Norfolk.[135]

The Kuklar uyi is reputed to have been his home during the Ikkinchi qit'a Kongressi da York, Pensilvaniya.[136]

Ommaviy madaniyatda

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ a b Konvey, Moncure D. (1908). The Life of Thomas Paine. 1-jild. Cobbett, William, Illustrator. G. P. Putnamning o'g'illari. p. 3. Olingan 2 oktyabr, 2013. – In the contemporary record as noted by Conway, Paine's birth date is given as January 29, 1736–37. Common practice was to use a dash or a slash to separate the old-style year from the new-style year. In the old calendar, the new year began on March 25, not January 1. Paine's birth date, therefore, would have been before New Year, 1737. In the new style, his birth date advances by eleven days and his year increases by one to February 9, 1737. The O.S. link gives more detail if needed.

Adabiyotlar

Iqtiboslar

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Manbalar

Badiiy adabiyot

  • Tez, Xovard (1946). Fuqaro Tom Peyn.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola) (tarixiy roman, ba'zida tarjimai hol deb adashsa ham).

Birlamchi manbalar

  • Peyn, Tomas (1896). Conway, Moncure Daniel (tahrir). Tomas Peynning yozuvlari, 4-jild. Nyu-York: G. P. Putnamning o'g'illari. p. 521., Elektron kitob
  • Maykl, oyoq; Kramnik, Ishoq (1987). Tomas Peyn o'quvchisi. Pingvin klassiklari. ISBN  978-0-14-044496-4.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
  • Peyn, Tomas (1993). Foner, Erik (tahrir). Yozuvlar. Filadelfiya: Amerika kutubxonasi.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola). O'z ichiga olgan nufuzli va ilmiy nashr Umumiy ma'noda, tarkibidagi insholar Amerika inqirozi seriya, Inson huquqlari, Aql davri, Agrar adolat, va taniqli briefer yozuvlari, nufuzli matnlar va ehtiyot izohlar bilan.
  • Peyn, Tomas (1944). Foner, Filipp S. (tahrir). Tomas Peynning to'liq yozuvlari. Citadel Press.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola) Eyn Fonerning Amerika kutubxonasi uchun nashr etadigan namunasi bo'yicha Peyn yozuvlarining to'liq nashri juda zarur. O'sha vaqtga qadar Filipp Fonerning ikki jildli nashri xizmatga yaroqli o'rinbosar hisoblanadi. I jildda asosiy asarlar, II jildda esa qisqaroq yozilganlar, ham nashr etilgan insholar, ham xatlar to'plami, ammo chalkash tartibda; Bundan tashqari, Fonerning Peynga yozgan yozuvlari ba'zi tanqidlarga sabab bo'ldi, chunki Fonerda Peyn tahrir qilgan, ammo keyinchalik olimlar Peynga nisbat bergan ba'zi yozuvlarni yozmagan va qoldirmagan yozuvlar bo'lishi mumkin.

Tashqi havolalar

Tomas Peynning asarlari