Uchta muhr to'g'risidagi qonun - Three Seals Law - Wikipedia
The Uchta muhr to'g'risidagi qonun yoki Uchta muhr kodi (Tailandcha: กฎหมาย ตรา สาม ดวง; RTGS: Kotmai Tra Sam Duang) 1805 yilda buyurtma asosida tuzilgan qonun matnlari to'plamidir Qirol Rama I ning Siam. Matnlarning aksariyati Ayutthaya davri yo'q qilinishidan omon qolgan Ayutthaya 1767 yilda. Kompilyatsiya Siamning amaldagi qonuni bo'lib, 20-asr boshlarida qisman zamonaviy qonun kodlari bilan almashtirildi. Matnlar tarixi uchun muhim manba hisoblanadi Ayutthaya Qirolligi va huquqiy tarix Osiyo.
Ning qismlari Uchta muhr to'g'risidagi qonun ning qaroriga binoan hali ham kuchga ega Tailand Oliy Adliya sudi 1978 yilda.[1]
Fon
Qirol Rama I ning saqlanishiga e'tibor berdim Tailandcha 1767 yilda Ayutthayaning yo'q qilinishidan omon qolgan matnlar, shu jumladan qirollik yilnomalari va diniy matnlar. Qayta ko'rib chiqishni tugatgandan ko'p o'tmay Tipṭaka, buddistlarning kanonik yozuvlari, 1804 yilda u e'tiborini qonunlarga qaratdi.
Sud, bir ayolga ajrashish to'g'risida qaror chiqargandan so'ng, Amdaeng Pom, zino qilgan bo'lsa ham, eri Bunsi, sudyaning xolisligini talab qilib, iltimosnoma yubordi. Ekspertizada nikoh to'g'risidagi qonunning barcha nusxalarida ayolning ushbu ajralishga qonuniy huquqi borligi ko'rsatilgan. Ushbu va boshqa qonunlar "o'zgartirilgan" deb gumon qilib, qirol Rama I barcha mavjud qonun matnlarini qayta ko'rib chiqishni buyurdi:[2][3]
Shuning uchun podshoh ilm bilan fanlarni tozalashga tayinlashni buyurdi (chamra) dan saroy kutubxonasidagi qirol farmonlari va qonunlari Tammasat boshlab; ga muvofiq har bir tafsilotda ularning to'g'ri ekanligiga ishonch hosil qiling Pali ularning tarkibidagi kelishmovchiliklarsiz; ularni boblar va guruhlarga ajratish; shohning kelajakda bu hududda hukmronlik qiladigan podshohlarga foyda keltiradigan samimiy niyatiga binoan har qanday nomuvofiqlikni tozalash va adolat asosida sozlash uchun azob cheking. (Uchta muhr to'g'risidagi qonunning shoh so'zi)[2]
Uchta sudya, to'rtta qirol ulamosi va qirollik o'qituvchilari bo'limining to'rt nafar amaldorlaridan iborat shohona tayinlangan komissiya 11 oy ichida bu vazifani bajarib, akkordeon uslubidagi kitobning jami 41 jildli 27 ta qonunini tayyorladi. samut tay xao. Har bir qonun vazirliklarning muhrlari bilan muhrlangan Maxattay (shimoliy), Kalaxom (janubiy) va Fraklang (xazina), shuning uchun kompilyatsiya nomi. Uchta nusxa ko'chirildi, ular tegishli ravishda Qirollik xonasida, adolat sudida va Saroy kutubxonasida saqlandi. Ko'p o'tmay to'rtinchi nusxasi olingan va zaxira sifatida saqlangan.[4][5]
Ning qismlari Uchta muhr to'g'risidagi qonun xorijiy maslahatchilar yordamida ishlab chiqilgan zamonaviy qonunlar bilan almashtirildi Jinoyat kodeksi 1908 yilda e'lon qilingan va 1923-1935 yillarda qismlarga bo'lib e'lon qilingan Fuqarolik va savdo kodeksi.[6]
1978 yilda Tailand Oliy Adliya sudi ning qismlari hukmronlik qildi Uchta muhr to'g'risidagi qonun boshqa qonunlar bilan almashtirilmagan yoki bekor qilinmagan bo'lsa ham, amal qiladi. Ushbu qismlarga kiradi Lak Inthaphat (Indra qoidalari).[1]
Mundarija
Quyidagi jadvalda qonunlar 1805 yilda Qirollik instituti tomonidan nashr etilgan faksimil matnlaridan olingan asl sarlavhalar va asl Tailand imlosi bilan tasdiqlangan tartibda keltirilgan (hozirda Tailand Qirollik jamiyati ).[7] Ro'yxatda keltirilgan 27 ta matnning ba'zilari bir nechta qonunlarni o'z ichiga olgan bo'lib, jami 41 ta qonunni beradi. Keyingi nashrlarda ba'zi sarlavhalar o'zgartirildi va ba'zi qonunlar birlashtirildi. "Pp" ustunida Xurusafa nashridagi har bir qonunning sahifalar soni, nisbiy uzunlik ko'rsatkichi sifatida ko'rsatilgan. Ko'rsatilgan sanalar qonunlarning muqaddimalarida keltirilgan. Har bir matnni tanishish uchun ishlatiladigan davr Chula Sakarat, ushbu sanalarning aksariyati nusxalash paytida aniq buzilgan.[8][9]
| Tailand chempioni | Transliteratsiya | Tarjima | pp | sana |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ประกาศ พระ ราชปรารภ | Prakat phraratchaprarop | Qirollik e'lonlari (muqaddima) | 6 | 1166 |
| พระ ทำ นูน | Phra thamnun | Qirollik qonuni | 33 | |
| พระ ทำ นูน | phra thamnun | Qirollik qonuni | 12 | 1544 |
| ใช้ ตรา ด้วย ราชการ | chai tra duai ratchakan | rasmiy muhrlardan foydalanish | 21 | 1555 |
| พระ ธรรม สาต ร | Phra thammasat | Tammasat | 35 | - |
| หลัก อิน ท ภาษ | Lak inthaphat | Indra qoidalari | 27 | - |
| วิวาท ด่า ตี | Wiwat da ti | Nizo, suiiste'mol va tajovuz | 24 | 1369 |
| พระ ไอ ย การ ลักษณ รับ ฟ้อง | Phra aiyakan laksana rap fong | Ishlarni qabul qilish to'g'risidagi qonun | 41 | |
| รับ ฟ้อง | rap fong | ishlarni qabul qilish | 10 | 1899 |
| โจท กะ เฉท กะ | chothakachetthaka | ishlarni tugatish | 7 | 1591 |
| ตัด สำนวน | tat samnuan | diskvalifikatsiya | 6 | - |
| ตัด พ ญาณ | tat phayan | guvohlarni rad etish | 7 | 1926 |
| ประวิง ความ | xvamni chizish | kechikish | 3 | - |
| ญะ มั ญะ ป ฎิ ภา ศ | anyamanyapatiphat | almashtirish | 8 | - |
| พระ ไอ ย การ ลักษณ กู้ หนี้ | Phra aiyakan laksana ku ni | Kredit va qarz to'g'risida qonun | 35 | 1278 |
| มรดก | Moradok | Meros olish | 38 | 2155, 2158 |
| พระ ไอ ย การ ลักษณ อุ ธร | Phra aiyakan laksana utthon | Apellyatsiya to'g'risida qonun | 31 | 1555 |
| พระ ไอ ย การ ลักษณ ตระลาการ | Phra aiyakan laksana tralakan | Sudyalar to'g'risida qonun | 51 | 1900 |
| พระ ไอ ย การ ลักษณ ผัว เมีย | Phra aiyakan laksana phu mia | Er va xotin to'g'risida qonun | 80 | 1904 |
| ไอ ย การ ลักษณ ภ ญา น | Phra aiyakan laksana phayan | Guvohlar to'g'risida qonun | 37 | 1894 |
| พระ ไอ ย การ ลักษณ โจร | Phra aiyakan laksana chon | O'g'irlik to'g'risidagi qonun | 95 | 1903 |
| พระ ไอ ย การ ลัก ภา ลูก ผู้ คน คน ท่าน บาน ผ แน ก | Phra aiyakan lakpha luk mia phu khon ban phanaekdan ko'ra | Bolalarni, xotinlarni va qaramog'idagi odamlarni o'g'irlash va odamlarni ajratish to'g'risidagi qonun | 46 | |
| พระ ไอ ย การ ลัก ลูก เมีย ผู้ คน ท่าน | lakfa luk mia phu khon nisbatan | bolalarni, xotinlarni yoki qaramog'idagi odamlarni o'g'irlash | 20 | 1899 |
| ไอ ย การ บาน ผ แน ก | phanaekni taqiqlash | shaxslarning bo'linishi | 26 | 1052, 1095, 1086 |
| พระ ไอ ย การ ทาษ | Phra aiyakan | Qullar to'g'risida qonun | 59 | 1359, 1387, 1557, 1267 |
| พระ ไอ ย การ กระ บด ศึก | Phra aiyakan krabot suek | Qo'zg'olon va urush to'g'risida qonun | 49 | |
| กระ บด | krabot | isyon | 17 | 1373 |
| ศึก | suek | urush | 32 | 1374 |
| กฎ พระ สง ฆ | Kot phra qo'shig'i | Rohiblik to'g'risidagi qonun | 65 | - |
| พระราชบัญญัติ | Phra ratchabanyat | Qirollik qonunchiligi | 35 | 1146-1167 |
| นา ทหาร หัวเมือง | Na thahan hua mueang | Harbiy va viloyat ro'yxatlari | 59 | - |
| พี สูท ดำ น้ำ พิ สูท ลุย เพลิง | Laksana phisut dam nam phisut lui phloeng | Suv yoki olov bilan azoblanish to'g'risida qonun | 18 | 1899 |
| กฎ ม ณ เทิ ย ร บาล | Kot monthianban | Saroy qonuni | 91 | 720 |
| พระ ไอ ย การ ตำแหน่ง นา พลเรือน | Phra aiyakan tamnaeng fonlaruean | Fuqarolik ro'yxati | 22 | 1298 |
| พระ ไอ ย การ อาญา หลวง | Phra aiyakan aya luang | Hukumatga qarshi jinoyatlar qonuni | 114 | |
| อาญา หลวง | aya luang | hukumatga qarshi jinoyatlar | 105 | 1895 |
| อาญา รา ษ | aya kalamush | odamlarga qarshi jinoyatlar | 9 | 1902 |
| ไอ ย การ เบ ด เส ร จ | Phra aiyakan garovi | Turli xil qonunlar | 90 | |
| ที บ้าน ที่ สวน | thi ban thi suan | uy va sholichilik maydoni | 20 | 1263 |
| เสนียด แก่ กัน | saniat kae kan | invektiv va la'natlash | 18 | 1903 |
| เช่า ยืม ซื้อ ขาย | chao yuem sue khai | ijaraga berish, qarz berish, sotib olish | 27 | 1565 |
| พนัน ขัน ต่อ กัน | phanan xanto kan | qimor | 4 | - |
| วิวาท ด้วย ความ สา เห ดุ | wiwat duai khwam sahet | faqat sabab | 9 | 1906 |
| วิ ท ธ ยา แลก ฤ ษ ติ ยา คุณ | wetwithayaxhom lae krittiyaxun | sehr va ruhlar | 13 | 1146 |
| กฎ ๓๖ ข้อ | Kot 36 xo | O'ttiz oltita qonun | 29 | 1012-1118 |
| พระราชกำหนด ใหม่ | Phraratcha kamnot mai | Qirollikning yangi farmonlari | 179 | 1144-1167 |
| พระราชกำหนด เก่า | Phraratcha kamnot kao | Qadimgi qirollik farmonlari | 254 | 1069-1117 |
| พระ ไอ ย การ พรม ศักดิ | Phra aiyakan phrommasak | Jazo to'g'risida qonun | 37 | |
| พิกัด กระเสียร อายุ ศ ม | phikat krasian ayut | yoshga qarab baholash | 12 | 955 |
| พระ ไอ ย การ พรม ศักดิ | phra aiyakan phrommasak | jazo to'g'risidagi qonun | 25 | - |
Nashr
1849 yilda Mot Amatyakun va amerikalik missioner Dan plyaji Bredli Uch muhr to'g'risidagi qonunning nashrini chop etdi. Qirol Rama III e'tiroz bildirdi va kitoblar yo'q qilindi. Birinchi jildning bir nusxasi saqlanib qoldi (hozirda Tailand milliy kutubxonasi ) va rejalashtirilgan ikkinchi jild hech qachon bosilmagan bo'lishi mumkin.[10]
1862–33 yillarda Den Beach Bredli, ruxsati bilan Qirol Rama IV (Mongkut), 1849 yilda rejalashtirilgan nashrni ikki jildda sarlavha ostida chop etdi Nangsue rueang kotmai mueang tay (Siam qonunlari to'g'risidagi kitob). Nashr o'n marta bosilgan va keng qo'llanilgan.[10]
1938-9 yillarda frantsuz huquqshunos olimi tomonidan zamonaviy nashr tayyorlandi Robert Lingat va tomonidan uch jildda nashr etilgan Thammasat universiteti sarlavha ostida Pramuan kotmai ratchakan thi 1 C.S. 1166 phim tam chabap luang tra sam duang (Qirol Rama I qonun kodeksi, 1805 y., Uch muhr nashridan keyin bosilgan).[11] Barcha zamonaviy nashrlar ushbu asardan kelib chiqadi.
1962-3 yillarda Ongkankha Khong Xurusapha (o'quv qo'llanmalari uchun davlat matbaachilari va boshqalar) Tammasat universiteti nashri asosida 5 jildli nashrni tuzatishlar bilan nashr etdi. Kotmai tra sam duang (Uchta muhr kodi). Uchinchi nashri 1994 yilda paydo bo'lgan.[12]
Uchta muhr to'g'risidagi qonunning 200 yilligini nishonlash uchun Qirollik instituti (hozirgi Tailand Qirollik jamiyati ) 2007 yilda ikki jildli nashrni qo'lyozmalar va transkripsiyaning faksimillari bilan nashr etdi Kotmai tra sam duang: chabap ratchabandittayasathan (Three Seals Code, Royal Institute nashri).[7]
Grant
Robert Lingat, 1938-9 yillardagi Uchta muhr to'g'risidagi qonunning muharriri, qonunning tarixiy o'tmishi va qullik to'g'risidagi qonunlar to'g'risida bir nechta maqola va kitoblarni nashr etdi.[4][11][13]
1957 yilda janob Seni Pramoj, advokat va sobiq bosh vazir Tailand tilida "Uchta muhr to'g'risida" gi qonunni umumlashtirgan ma'ruza qildi va keyinchalik kitob sifatida nashr etildi.[14]
1986 yilda, Yoneo Ishii ingliz tilidagi "Uchta muhr to'g'risida" gi qonunning qisqacha bayoni va tahlilini nashr etdi.[15] Ishii shuningdek, loyihani boshqargan Kioto universiteti to'liq matnning kompyuterda kelishuvini yaratish.[16] Ushbu ma'lumotlar bazasiga Kioto Universitetidagi Integrated Study Center va Ayutthaya Raqamli Arxiv Loyihasi orqali kirish mumkin. Chulachomklao Qirollik harbiy akademiyasi (quyida tashqi havolalarga qarang).
Maykl Vikeri Uchta muhr to'g'risidagi qonun matnlari old qismidagi sanalarning aniqligini so'rab ikkita maqola chop etdi.[17][18]
Tamara Loos 2002 yilda chop etilgan Kornell universiteti doktorlik dissertatsiyasida Uchta muhr to'g'risidagi qonunning zamonaviy qonunlar bilan almashtirilishini kuzatdi.[19]
2005 yilda Uchta muhr to'g'risidagi qonunning 200 yilligi munosabati bilan Tailand olimlari Vinai Pongsripian, Krisda Boonyasmit, Woraphon Phuphongphan, Pimpan Paiboonwangcharoen, Jakkrit Uttho va Channarong Bunnun singari tadqiqotchilar tomonidan nashr etilgan.[20][21]
Adabiyotlar
Iqtiboslar
- ^ a b Prachumyat 2013 yil, 63-64 bet
- ^ a b Tailand Qirollik instituti 2007 yil, vol. 1, p. 106
- ^ Lingat 1929 yil, 19-21 betlar
- ^ a b Lingat 1929 yil
- ^ Ishii 1986 yil, 143-5 betlar
- ^ Loos 2002 yil, 47-71-betlar
- ^ a b Tailand Qirollik instituti 2007 yil
- ^ Vikeri 1984 yil, 38-46 betlar
- ^ Vikeri 1996 yil, 146-9-betlar
- ^ a b Paiboonwangcharoen 2004 yil, p. 52
- ^ a b Lingat 1938–39
- ^ Xurusafa 2004 yil
- ^ Lingat 1931 yil
- ^ Pramoj 1957 yil
- ^ Ishii 1986 yil
- ^ Ishii 1991 yil
- ^ Vikeri 1984 yil
- ^ Vikeri 1996 yil
- ^ Loos 2002 yil
- ^ Pongsripian 2004 yil
- ^ Pongsripian 2005 yil
Manbalar
- Ishii, Yoneo (1986). "Thai Thammasat (Laos Thammasat haqida eslatma bilan)". Xukerda M.B. (tahrir). Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo qonunlari,. 1. Singapur: Buttervort. 43-203 betlar.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
- Ishi, Yoneo; Shibayama, Mamoru; Vichienkiew, Aroonrut (1991). Uchta muhr qonuniga kompyuter muvofiqligi. Bangkok: Amarin.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
- Xurusafa (1994). Kotmai tra sam duang [Uchta muhr kodi]. Bangkok: Xurusafa.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
- Lingat, Robert (1929). "Note 1801 yilda sur la revision des lois siamoises en eslatma". Siam Jamiyati jurnali (23, 1): 19–27.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
- Lingat, Robert (1931). L'esclavage privé dans le vieux droit siamois. Parij: Les Editions Domat-Montchrestien.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
- Lingat, Robert (1938–39). Pramuan kotmai ratchakan thi 1 C.S. 1166 phim tam chabap luang tra sam duang [Qirol Rama I qonun kodeksi, 1805 yil, "Uch muhr" nashridan keyin bosilgan]. Bangkok: Thammasat universiteti.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
- Loos, Tamara (2002). Siam mavzusi: Tailanddagi oila, huquq va mustamlaka zamonaviyligi. Itaka: Kornell universiteti matbuoti.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
- Paiboonwangcharoen, Pimphan (2004). "Kotmai tra sam duang: kan sueksa ton chabap tua khian lae chabap tua phim" [Uch muhr kodi: qo'lyozma va bosma nusxalarni o'rganish]. Pongsripianda, Vina (tahrir). Kotmai tra sam duang: waen song sangkhom [Uchta muhr kodi: Tailand jamiyatining ko'zgusi]. Bangkok: Tailand tadqiqot fondi. 33-60 betlar.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
- Pongsripian, Winai (2004). Kotmai tra sam duang: waen song sangkhom tay [Uchta muhr kodi: Tailand jamiyatining ko'zgusi]. Bangkok: Tailand tadqiqot fondi.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
- Pongsripian, Winai (2005). Kot monthianban chabap chaloemphrakiat [Saroy qonuni, Royal Anniversary Edition]. Ithaka: Tailand tadqiqot fondi.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
- Prachumyat, Natthaphon Nanthamanop (2013-11-04). "Lak Inthaphat Nai Kotmai Tra Sam Duang Lae Saphap Bangkhap Khong Kotmai Tra Sam Duang Nai Patchuban" หลัก อิน ท ภาษ ใน ตรา สาม ดวง และ สภาพ บังคับ บังคับ ของ กฎหมาย ตรา สาม ดวง ใน ปัจจุบัน [Indra 'qoidalari uchta muhr qonuni va uchta muhr qonunining amal qilish muddati bizning kunlarimizda] (pdf). Tailand Senati, Huquqiy ma'lumotlar markazi (Tailand tilida). Bangkok: Tailand senati. Olingan 2016-06-07.
- Pramoj, Seni (1957). Pathakatha rueang kotmai samai si ayutthaya [Ayutthaya davrida qonun bo'yicha ma'ruza]. Bangkok: Ayutthaya yodgorligi qo'mitasi.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
- Tailand Qirollik instituti (2007). Kotmai tra sam duang: chabap ratchabandittayasathan [Uch muhr kodi: Royal Institute Edition]. Bangkok: Tailand Qirollik instituti.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
- Vikeri, Maykl (1984). "Ayutthayan qonunlaridan tarixiy manbalar sifatida foydalanish usullarining prolegomenalari". Siam Jamiyati jurnali (72): 37–58.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
- Vikeri, Maykl (1996). "Ayutthaya Konstitutsiyasi: Uchta muhr kodeksi bo'yicha tergov". Xaksli, Endryu (tahrir). Tailand qonuni: buddaviy qonun. Tailand, Laos va Birmaning huquqiy tarixiga oid insholar. Bangkok: Oq orkide. 133-210 betlar.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)