Siydik chiqaradigan quruq tualet - Urine-diverting dry toilet

Siydik chiqaradigan quruq tualet
Ikki qavatli UDDT, suvsiz siydik va dush xonadonga singdirilgan hammom bo'lmagankanalizatsiya qilingan maydoni Lima, Peru
Sanitariya zanjiridagi mavqei	Foydalanuvchi interfeysi, yig'ish va saqlash / davolash (saytda)[1]
Dastur darajasi	Uy yoki mahalla darajasi (maktablar)[1]
Boshqaruv darajasi	Uy xo'jaligi, jamoat, umumiy (ko'pincha uy sharoitida)[1]
Kirish	Siydik, najas, anal yuvish suvi[1][2]
Chiqish	Quritilgan najas, siydik[1][2]
Turlari	Bir xonali yoki ikki xonali; olinadigan idishlar yoki yo'q; 2-teshik yoki 3-teshik anal gigiena[1]
Ekologik muammolar	Yo'q[1]

A siydik chiqaradigan quruq hojatxona (UDDT) ning bir turi quruq hojatxona bilan siydikning o'zgarishi xavfsiz, arzon narxlarni ta'minlash uchun ishlatilishi mumkin sanitariya dunyo bo'ylab turli xil sharoitlarda. Ning alohida to'plami najas va siydik hech qanday suvsiz ko'plab afzalliklarga ega, masalan, hidsiz ishlash va quritish orqali patogenlarni kamaytirish. UDDTlardan yig'ib olingan quritilgan najas va siydik qishloq xo'jaligida va muntazam ravishda ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lsa-da (navbati bilan tuproqni tuzatish va ozuqaviy moddalarga boy o'g'it sifatida - bu amaliyot "deb nomlanadi ekskretsiyani qayta ishlatish Qishloq xo'jaligida), ko'plab UDDT qurilmalari qayta tiklash sxemasini qo'llamaydi. UDDT - bu erishish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan texnologiyaning namunasidir barqaror sanitariya tizim. Ushbu quruq ekskretsiyani boshqarish tizimi (yoki "quruq" sanitariya "tizim) ga alternativ hisoblanadi chuqur hojatxonalar va yuving hojatxonalar, ayniqsa suv kam bo'lgan joyda, a ga ulanish kanalizatsiya tizimi va markazlashtirilgan chiqindi suvlarni tozalash inshooti mumkin emas yoki kerakli emas, o'g'it va tuproq konditsioneri qishloq xo'jaligi uchun zarur, yoki er osti suvlarining ifloslanishi minimallashtirilishi kerak.

UDDTlarning bir nechta turlari mavjud: bitta najas tonozi bo'lgan bitta tonoz turi; navbatma-navbat ishlatiladigan ikkita najasli kassaga ega bo'lgan er-xotin tonoz turi; va bitta tonoz tipidagi turlicha bo'lgan va oddiy materiallardan tijorat maqsadida ishlab chiqarilgan yoki uy quriladigan mobil yoki ko'chma UDDTlar. UDDTni o'tirish sifatida sozlash mumkin hojatxona (siydikni burish postamenti yoki skameyk bilan) yoki cho'ktiruvchi hojatxona sifatida (siydikni burish uchun o'tiradigan pan bilan). UDDTning eng muhim dizayn elementlari: siydik va najasni manbadan ajratish; suvsiz ishlash; va ventilyatsiyalangan tonozlar ("kameralar" deb ham yuritiladi) yoki najasni saqlash va davolash uchun olinadigan idishlar. Agar anal tozalash suv bilan sodir bo'ladi (ya'ni, foydalanuvchilar "tozalagichlar" emas, balki "yuvuvchilar"), keyin bu anal tozalovchi suvni alohida-alohida to'kib tashlash va najas omboriga kirishga yo'l qo'ymaslik kerak.

Quruq qoplama materialining ayrim turlari odatda har biridan keyin to'g'ridan-to'g'ri najas omboriga qo'shiladi axlat tadbir. Quruq qoplama materiali kul, talaş, tuproq, qum, quritilgan barglar, mineral ohak, kompost yoki ehtiyotkorlik bilan saqlash va davolashdan so'ng UDDTda to'plangan quritilgan va buzilgan najas bo'lishi mumkin. Qopqoq material estetikani yaxshilash, chivinlarni boshqarish, hidni kamaytirish va quritish jarayonini tezlashtirishga xizmat qiladi.

Terminologiya

Ikki tonna bilan UDDT ning suvsizlanish qoziqlari sxemasi^[3]

Shvetsiya, Stokgolm yaqinidagi Gebers jamoaviy uy-joy binosidagi UDDT

Ikki qavatli UDDT ishlatilgan cho'ktirish holati Uagadugoda, Burkina-Faso

Hindistonning Tamilnadu, Krishnagiri okrugida suv bilan anal tozalashni amalga oshirish uchun 3 teshikli siydikni ajratib turadigan pan.

Efiopiyaning Addis-Ababa shahridagi xonadonda arzon tojli UDDT najas konteynerini almashtirish.

UDDT uchun muqobil nomlarga "siydikning o'zgarishi "" UD "qismi uchun (" siydik ajratish "o'rniga)" degidratatsiya "," quruq "," quritish "," quritish "(ikkinchi" D "uchun) kabi atamalar bilan bog'liq bo'lib, bu juda katta sonni beradi. "T" har doim hojatxonani bildiradi. Ushbu so'zlashuvlar najas omborlarida sodir bo'ladigan quritish miqdoriga turlicha urg'u beradi. Ehtimol, eng zamonaviy quritish UDDTlarda sodir bo'ladi. O'rnatilgan elektr foniyga ega ikkita kassa yoki UDDT-larda. Umumiy ma'noda "quruq" sifati "degidratatsiya" dan yaxshiroqdir, chunki u UDDT turlarining keng doirasiga tegishli.^[4]

UDDTlar ko'pincha "ekosan hojatxonalari" ning sinonimi hisoblanadi (ekologik sanitariya ) yoki bilan kompostli hojatxonalar. Biroq, bu birlashmalarning ikkalasi ham to'g'ri emas. Atama ekosan aslida ancha keng va ushbu turdagi bilan cheklanmagan hojatxona. Hamma UDDTlar amaliyoti bilan birgalikda ishlatilmaydi ekskretsiyani qayta ishlatish. Oziq moddalarni oziq-ovqat zanjiriga gigienik ravishda qaytaradigan ko'plab boshqa ekosan texnologiyalari mavjud yer osti sun'iy suv-botqoq erlari sigirlarga ozuqa ishlab chiqaradigan. Bunga qo'shimcha ravishda, odatda UDDT tonozlarida ozgina kompostlash jarayoni sodir bo'ladi (buning o'rniga u hojatxonaga tashqi bo'lgan ikkinchi darajali kompostlash bosqichida amalga oshirilishi mumkin).

Siydikni boshqa tomonga yo'naltirish kompostli hojatxonalar siydik va najasni alohida yig'ib olishlari bilan UDTTlarga o'xshaydi. Davolash orqali erishiladi kompostlash, dehidratsiya orqali patogenni yo'q qilishdan ancha farq qiluvchi jarayon.

Yilda Malavi, UDDTlar Skyloos deb ham nomlanadi.^[5]

Muvofiqlik

UDDTlar quyidagi holatlarda ayniqsa mos keladi:^[4]

1. Suv kam yoki qimmat, masalan, quruq yoki yarim quruq iqlim sharoitida.
2. Mablag'lar cheklangan. Qurilish yoki suv bilan bog'lanish narxi kanalizatsiya infratuzilma, ayniqsa, relyef noqulay bo'lsa yoki keng tarqalgan joylashish sxemalari mavjud bo'lsa, ayniqsa taqiqlovchi bo'lishi mumkin.
3. Ta'sir qiladigan tez-tez toshqin chuqur hojatxona va septik tank tizimlar oqibatida sizib chiqadigan, ishlamaydigan tualet tizimlari, yomon hid va suvning ifloslanishi.
4. Noqulay muhit, masalan, beqaror yoki toshloq tuproq yoki suv sathining balandligi, chuqurlarni, septik tanklarni yoki kanalizatsiya tarmoqlarini o'rnatish uchun qazishni juda qimmat yoki qiyinlashtiradi.
5. Er osti suvlari ichimlik suvining birlamchi manbai bo'lib, chuqurdagi hojatxonalar yoki septik tanklar bilan ifloslangan bo'lishi mumkin.
6. Amaldagi chuqur hojatxonalar to'la va bo'shatilmaydi, yangi chuqurlar uchun joy cheklangan.
7. Foydalanuvchilar ko'proq qulaylik, qulaylik va xavfsizlik uchun yopiq inshootlarni qidirishadi, ayniqsa kechasi.
8. Mahalliy qishloq xo'jaligi va tuproq unumdorligining pasayishi arzon o'g'it va tuproq konditsioneriga talab yaratmoqda.
9. Foydalanuvchilar yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo'lgan tabiiy ofatlar (masalan, iqlim o'zgarishi, zilzilalar) yoki yo'qligi sharoitida barqarorlikni oshirishni xohlashadi energiya xavfsizligi.
10. Foydalanuvchilar ularni kamaytirishga intilishadi ekologik iz kamaytirish yoki yo'q qilish orqali qora suv va a ga bo'lgan ehtiyoj septik tank, buning o'rniga saytida ishlash kul suvlarini tozalash tizimi.

UDDTlar maktablar uchun ham qurilishi mumkin (ko'plab misollar, masalan, Keniya, Ruanda va Uganda). Biroq, ushbu maktab UDTTlari boshqa har qanday turdagi maktab hojatxonalari bilan bir xil muammolarga duch kelmoqdalar: agar aniq vazifalar va maktab hojatxonalarini saqlash uchun ajratilgan byudjet etishmasa, u holda hojatxonalar osongina yaroqsiz holatga tushib qolishi mumkin, masalan siydik naychalari bloklangan yoki bo'shatilmaydigan najasli omborlar.^[6]

Dizayn masalalari

2 teshikli (pushti) va 3 teshikli (ko'k) siydikni burish uchun keramika cho'kma panasi hindistonlik EEDS nodavlat tashkilotidan

Asoslari

Siydikni burish inson tanasining anatomiyasidan foydalanadi, u siydik va najasni alohida ajratadi. UDDTda siydik alohida saqlanadi va tualet kassasi oldidagi kichik tuynuk yoki cho'ktiriladigan idish bilan havza orqali drenajlanadi, najas esa orqadagi kattaroq tomchi teshikdan tushadi. Ushbu alohida to'plam - yoki "manbani ajratish" - foydalanuvchidan siydik chiqarish va axlat chiqarish holatini o'zgartirishni talab qilmaydi, ammo foydalanuvchi interfeysi ustida to'g'ri pozitsiyani ta'minlash uchun biroz ehtiyot bo'lish kerak. Ayol foydalanuvchilar odatdagi ish paytida ba'zi najaslar naychasiga siydik kirishi mumkinligini aniqlashi mumkin. Bu odatda oz miqdordir va hojatxonaning ishlashiga sezilarli ta'sir ko'rsatmaydi.

Siydikni ajratish funktsiyasiga, shuningdek, hojatxona idishining afzalliklaridan foydalanadigan tarzda loyihalash orqali erishish mumkin Coandă effekti. Ushbu dizaynda foydalanuvchilar siydik oqimini idishning ichki devorlariga yo'naltirishlari kerak (odatda old tomoni qiyalik bilan yordam beradi), uni idishning tagiga qo'yilgan kichik truba orqali to'plash mumkin.^[7]

UDDT dizaynerlari va foydalanuvchilari najasli qoziqni iloji boricha quruq saqlashga intilishlari kerak, chunki bu hid va pashshani oldini olishda eng muhim omil hisoblanadi. Saqlash paytida najasning tabiiy namligi asta-sekin bug'lanadi va tonozning shamollatish tizimi orqali chiqadi yoki quruq qoplama materiali tomonidan so'riladi. Ushbu jarayon deyiladi quritish, suvsizlanish yoki quritish.

UDDT sakkizta asosiy funktsional elementlardan iborat:^[4]

1. Siydikni burish uchun tualetga o'tiradigan joy yoki o'tiradigan idish
2. Agar foydalanuvchilar amalga oshirsalar anal tozalash suv bilan: Anal tozalovchi suvni alohida yig'ish va drenajlashni ta'minlaydigan anal tozalovchi maydon
3. Bir yoki ikkita axlat saqlanadigan joy (shuningdek, "kameralar" deb nomlanadi; olinadigan idishlar bilan yoki ularsiz), odatda er usti yoki axlatni yig'ish va saqlash uchun bitta sayoz chuqur; ular quruq bo'lib qolishi, yomg'irdan yoki oqishdan himoyalangan bo'lishi kerak.
4. Foydalanuvchi interfeysidan infiltratsiya yoki yig'ish tizimiga olib boradigan siydik quvurlari tizimi
5. Tonoz yoki chuqurdan namlik va hidlarni chiqarish uchun shamollatish trubkasi
6. Tualetning o'ta tuzilishi, agar hojatxona mavjud uyning ichiga o'rnatilmagan bo'lsa yoki mustaqil yoki ko'chma xilma-xil bo'lsa
7. Quruq qoplama materiali bo'lgan chelak (pastga qarang)
8. Qo'lni yuvish sovun va suv bilan jihozlash (har qanday turiga tegishli hojatxona )

Axlatxonalarda najasni saqlash va quritish vaqti

Saqlash vaqtining najasning quruqligiga ta'siri iqlim sharoitiga qarab farq qiladi. Barcha iqlim sharoitlari uchun qo'llaniladigan umumiy tavsiyalar shundan iboratki, ikki marta suvsizlanish joylarida najasni saqlash muddati yangi najas moddasi bilan tonozga oxirgi qo'shilishidan boshlab kamida olti oy bo'lishi kerak.^[4]

Suvsizlanish jarayonida najasdan namlik bug'lanadi va mikroblar organik moddalarni yemiradi. Bu quruq sharoit va saqlash vaqtining o'zi pasayishiga olib keladi patogenlar najasda. Suvsizlanish jarayonining maqsadi patogenlardan oshib ketishdir. quritishga bardoshlik (yoki quruqlikka bardoshlik) va shuning uchun ularning sonini va hayotiyligini sezilarli darajada kamaytirish uchun, masalan gelmint sabab bo'lgan tuxum gelmint infektsiyalari rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlardagi odamlarda, ayniqsa bolalar.

Yangi najas taxminan 80% suvdan iborat va bu suvning ko'p qismi bug'lanib ketadi, agar bu najasni havo o'tkazmaydigan idishlar yoki tonozlarga berilmasa. Olti oylik quritgandan keyin quritilgan najasning suv miqdori odatda 25% dan kam.^[4] Quritish darajasiga va mo'ljallangan qayta ishlatishga qarab, ishlov berishdan keyingi qo'shimcha qadam, masalan, kompostlash kerak bo'lishi mumkin. ekskretsiyani qayta ishlatish qishloq xo'jaligida.

Dastgoh dizayni

UDDTlar dastgoh uslubidagi hojatxona o'rindig'i bilan ham qurilishi mumkin. Ushbu dizayn Rotaria del Peru kompaniyasi tomonidan standartlashtirilgan bo'lib, hozirda Peru poytaxti Lima va uning atrofida 800 ta ikki qavatli skameyka UDDT qurdirgan.^[8] Ushbu turdagi hojatxonada ikkala najas xonasini qoplaydigan keng, keng skameyka yoki quti mavjud bo'lib, ular ichiga siydikni burish uchun ikkita tualet o'rindig'i o'rnatilgan.

Nogiron foydalanuvchilar bunday dizayndan bahramand bo'lishlari mumkin, chunki u juda mustahkam (postament tipidagi hojatxonaga nisbatan). Keng skameyk, agar kerak bo'lsa, yordamchiga joy ajratadi va tutqichlarni hojatxonaning yonidagi devorlarga osongina o'rnatish mumkin. Eng muhimi, ushbu UDDT turiga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri er sathidan kirish mumkin va ko'plab UDDT dizaynlari uchun odatiy bo'lgan kirish bosqichlari yoki rampalar talab qilinmaydi.^[9]

Kirish imkoniyati

UDDT bilan bog'langan ustki tuzilmalar ba'zan tik, tor zinapoyalar va tutqichsiz quriladi. Ushbu dizayn tavsiya etilmaydi, chunki u nogiron foydalanuvchilarning hojatxonaga kirishiga to'sqinlik qilishi mumkin. Sanitariya-gigiena tizimini loyihalashda nogironlarning ehtiyojlari doimo e'tiborga olinishi kerak, baland binolar o'rniga uning o'rniga kamroq zinapoyalar yoki panduslardan foydalanish kerak. Yuqorida aytib o'tilgan "dastgoh dizayni" zinapoyalarga bo'lgan ehtiyojni engillashtirishi mumkin.

Agar a cho'milish hojatxonasi qurilgan, o'tirish paytida qo'llab-quvvatlashga muhtoj bo'lgan odamlar uchun tutqichlarni qo'shish foydalidir.^[9] Cho'kish paytida jismoniy yordamga muhtoj bo'lgan nogironlar uchun, ayniqsa keyin tozalash paytida, odamlar o'tirishlari uchun ko'chma hojatxonaga ko'chma o'rindiq qo'yilishi mumkin. Agar kerak bo'lmasa, uni yo'ldan chetga surish mumkin.

Toshqin xavfi bo'lgan joylar uchun dizaynlar

Toshqin xavfi bo'lgan joylarda najasli idishlar yoki omborlar toshqin suv sathidan yuqori bo'lishi kerak. Agar buning iloji bo'lmasa, undan foydalanish mumkin ferrotsement tonoz (lar) ni toshqin suvlarni zabt etishdan ajratish uchun devorlar.

UDDT komponentlarining manbai

Tualet kassalari yoki UDDTlar uchun o'tiradigan idishlar plastik yoki keramikadan ishlab chiqarilishi mumkin. Shu bilan bir qatorda, ular mahalliy aholi, mahalliy kompaniyalar, NNT yoki pudratchilar tomonidan tsement yoki boshqa materiallardan tayyorlanishi mumkin. O'rnatilgan elektr ventilyatorlari bo'lgan yoki bo'lmagan plastmassadan tayyorlangan mustaqil UDDT hojatxonalari ham savdo sifatida mavjud.

Suvsiz siydik chiqarish

Suvsiz siydik pufagi erkak foydalanuvchilarga qulaylik yaratish uchun ko'pincha UDDT bilan birga o'rnatiladi. Shuningdek, siydik pufagi UDDT ustidan siyish uchun turgan erkak foydalanuvchilar (o'tirish yoki cho'ktirish o'rniga) bexosdan najas tonozi yoki axlat idishiga siyish xavfini kamaytiradi. Odatda barcha UDDT foydalanuvchilari siyish uchun o'tirishlari yoki o'tirishlari tavsiya etiladi. Agar siydik bilan ta'minlangan bo'lsa, ular tik turgan joyni afzal ko'rganlar uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Ayollarni siyish moslamalari mavjud, ammo ular UDDT bilan foydalanish uchun zarur emas, chunki ayollar odatda siyish uchun o'tirishadi yoki o'tirishadi, bu esa siydikni najas tonoziga tushishini kamaytiradi.

O'tirish yoki o'tirish

UDDTlar foydalanuvchilarning afzalliklariga mos ravishda o'tirgan yoki o'tirgan versiyalar sifatida qurilishi mumkin defekatsiya holati. Ba'zi odamlar UDDTlarni jamoat joylarida o'tirishni afzal ko'rishadi (gigienikroq deb o'ylashadi), ammo uy xo'jaliklari uchun UDDTlarni o'tirish (qulayroq deb o'ylashadi). O'tirish o'rniga o'tirish afzalroq bo'lishi mumkin yo'g'on ichak sog'liq, garchi bu UDDTlar uchun xos emas, ammo har qanday turiga tegishli bo'lishi mumkin cho'ktirish hojatxonasi.^[10]

Shahar ko'p qavatli binolari

Najas yig'ish uchun ariqlar Xitoyning Erdos Eko-Taun shahridagi ko'p qavatli uyning UDDTlari ostidagi podvalda.

Birlashtirilgan shamollatish va yig'ish tizimlariga ega UDDTlar shahar ko'p qavatli uylariga o'rnatilishi mumkin, ammo bunday dizaynning faqat bitta muvaffaqiyatli namunasi mavjud: Shvetsiyaning Orhem shahridagi Gebers jamoaviy uy-joy massivi.^[11]

Rivojlangan mamlakatlarning shahar sharoitida UDDTlardan foydalanish hali ham kamdan-kam uchraydi, chunki ular muhim ijtimoiy va texnik muammolarga duch kelmoqdalar.^[12] Turli xil davlat idoralarida mahalliy siyosat darajasida huquqiy maqbullik va qo'llab-quvvatlash UDDTlar uchun juda past bo'lishi mumkin, ammo imtiyozlar tan olinishi bilan ortishi kerak.^[13]

Erdos ekologik shahar loyihasi, Xitoy

Minimal dizayn va montaj standartlariga rioya qilish zarurligini aks ettiruvchi ancha keng ko'lamli inshoot Xitoyning Ichki Mo'g'uliston avtonom tumanida joylashgan Erdos shahridagi "Erdos eko-shahar loyihasi" deb nomlangan loyihada mavjud edi.^[13][12][14] Loyiha 2003-2009 yillarda amalga oshirilgan. Ko'p qavatli uylarning 3000 nafar aholisi uchun mo'ljallangan ushbu shahar inshootida ventilyatsiya va siydik yig'ish quvurlarini birgalikda ishlatadigan va najas yig'ish uchun yerto'laga tushadigan kanallardan foydalanilgan UDDT ishlatilgan. UDDT tizimiga hamroh bo'ldi kul suvlarini tozalash ob'ektlar, qattiq chiqindilar kompostlash va ushbu materiallarning qishloq xo'jaligida o'g'it sifatida qayta ishlatilishi.

Biroq, noto'g'ri dizayni va o'rnatilishi bilan bog'liq bo'lgan bir nechta muammolar, ushbu kamchiliklarni bartaraf etish bo'yicha birlashgan rejaning yo'qligi va natijada aholining e'tirozlari tufayli 2009 yilda UDDTlar odatdagi yuvinadigan hojatxonalar bilan almashtirildi. Ushbu UDDTlarning almashtirilishining asosiy sabablari yuvinadigan hojatxonalar:^[12]

• Kvartiralardagi hid muammolari aholining jiddiy e'tirozlariga sabab bo'ldi. Quvurlarning keng tarmog'i (siydik quvurlari, shamollatish quvurlari, najasli kanallar) uchun to'g'ri ishlaydigan shamollatish tizimini loyihalash va kuchli shamollar, hammomning ochiq derazalari va oshxonadan chiqadigan ventilyatorlar kabi omillarni hisobga olish uchun nisbatan murakkab muhandislik talab etiladi. 2007 va 2008 yillardagi juda sovuq qish paytida muzlatilgan shamollatish quvurlari najas qutilaridagi hidlarning kvartiralarga kirib ketishiga sabab bo'lib, aholining noroziligiga sabab bo'ldi.
• Bunday keng ko'lamli UDDT tizimida siydik quvurlari va shamollatish tizimlari uchun sanitariya-tesisat quvurlari nisbatan yuqori darajadagi muhandislik va qurilish talab qiladi, bu esa qurilishchilar tomonidan bajarilmagan standartdir.
• Loyiha davomida Erdos hududida turmush darajasi keskin ko'tarildi. Shuningdek, suv tanqisligi (bu haydovchi bo'lgan) quruq hojatxonalar ) endi Sariq daryoga va undan chuqurroqqa quvur qurilganligi sababli muammo sifatida qaralmadi fotoalbom suv resurslar qazib olindi. Ko'pgina aholi yuvinadigan hojatxonalarni sanitariya sharoitida "oltin standart" deb hisoblashgan va quruq hojatxonalar zamonaviy shahar sharoitida qoloq hisoblanadi.
• Erta ishtirok etishga va UDDTlardan foydalanish va texnik xizmat ko'rsatishni o'rganishga yo'naltirilgan fuqarolar o'rtasida manfaatdorlarni o'qitishga yondashish mumkin emas edi, chunki aholi voqea joyiga kvartiralar qurilib bo'lgandan keyingina kelgan. Ularda hojatxonani tanlashni tanlashda boshqa ilojlari yo'q edi.
• Ta'minot masalalarini hal qilish uchun mas'uliyatni his qiladigan maxsus egalar etishmas edi. Loyihalash muammolari aniqlangandan so'ng, aholi mavjud tizimdagi muammolarni bartaraf etish uchun zarur bo'lgan xarajatlarni qoplashda, ayniqsa, unga bo'lgan ishonchsizlikni hisobga olishdi. Shunday qilib, muammoni tezkor hal qilish zarurligi sababli, tuman hokimi buning o'rniga yuvinadigan hojatxonalarga sarmoya kiritdi.

Agar ushbu darslar e'tiborga olinadigan bo'lsa, kelajakda shaharlarda keng miqyosli UDDT o'rnatilishi muvaffaqiyatli bo'lishi mumkin.^[12]

Turlari

Yagona tonoz

Bitta tonozli UDDTlarda najas moddasini yig'ish uchun almashtiriladigan idishlar mavjud. Saqlash hajmiga qarab, ichkarida ikki yoki undan ortiq idish saqlanishi mumkin. Idishlarni maksimal hajmi 50 litr bilan cheklash kerak, shunda ular to'ldirilganda ham qo'lda ko'chirilishi mumkin. Idish to'lgandan so'ng, uni ko'proq suvsizlantirish uchun qoldirish yoki keyingi davolanish uchun olib tashlash mumkin. Idishni olib tashlash, idishdagi qoziqning tepasida patogen bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan yangi najas bo'lgani uchun ehtiyot bo'lishni talab qiladi. Plastmassa paqir ichidagi ventilyatsiya cheklanganligi sababli, bunday bitta tonozli UDDTlar patogen yukini ikki qavatli UDDTlar singari kamaytirmasligi mumkin.^[15] Shuning uchun odatda najas moddasini davolashdan keyin talab qilinadi. Bunga qo'shimcha degidratatsiya, kompostlash jarayonlari yoki issiqlik bilan ishlov berish orqali erishish mumkin.

Boshqa tomondan, agar idish havo bilan yuqori o'tkazuvchanlikka ega bo'lgan materialdan tayyorlangan bo'lsa, masalan to'qilgan qoplar yoki savat bo'lsa, u holda bitta tonozli UDDTlarda quritish ko'rsatkichi ikki qavatli UDDT larnikiga o'xshash bo'lishi mumkin.^[16]

Ikkita sakrash

Ikki tonozli UDDTlar, muqobil ravishda egizak, ikkita va ikki kamerali UDDT deb nomlanadi. Ikki qavatli UDDTlarda najas moddasi joyida suvsizlanadi. Ikkita yer usti tonozi navbatma-navbat ishlatiladi. Bir tonoz to'ldirilayotganda, ikkinchisi (to'liq) najas moddasini quruq sharoitda kamida olti oy saqlaydi.^[4] Ushbu dam olish davrida yangi najasning to'liq omborga kirishiga yo'l qo'yilmaydi. Bir tonozdan ikkinchisiga o'tish uchun foydalanuvchi interfeysi almashtirilishi mumkin yoki ikkala tonozda mahkamlangan o'rindiqlar va to'liq tonozga kirishni oldini olish uchun etarli qopqoq bilan jihozlanishi mumkin. Ikkinchi tonoz to'la bo'lganda va kamida 6 oy o'tgach, birinchi tonoz belkurak bilan bo'shatiladi va undan keyin foydalanuvchi interfeysi mos ravishda ko'chiriladi. Kassalar odatda kattalikka ega, shuning uchun bitta kassa olti oydan 12 oygacha to'ldiriladi.^[4]

Boshqalar (ko'chma, mobil)

Uydagi uyda plastikdan yasalgan portativ (ko'chma) UDDT namunasi Vermont, BIZ.

UDDTlarning boshqa turlari mavjud bo'lib, ular asosan bitta tonozli turlarning xilma-xilligi hisoblanadi, lekin ular o'ziga xosroq bo'lib, ba'zida ko'chma, ko'chma yoki yakka birliklar deb nomlanadi va ularni bitta bo'lak plastik kalıplarıyla yoki ishi DIY versiyalari, oddiy kontrplak qutisi qurilishi. O'z-o'zidan mavjud bo'lgan UDDTlarning ko'pgina foydalanuvchilari patogenlarning kamayishini ta'minlash uchun davolashdan keyingi jarayonga ishonadilar. Ushbu keyingi davolash uzoq muddatli saqlash yoki mavjud yoki maqsadga muvofiq qurilgan kompost qozig'iga yoki ularning ba'zi bir birikmalariga qo'shilishdan iborat bo'lishi mumkin. Davolanishdan keyingi bosqich juda kam mavsumiy foydalanishda keraksizdir.

Mobil UDDTlar odatda fabrikada yoki ustaxonada yangi materiallardan ishlab chiqarilgan va ishlab chiqariladigan qismlar aralashmasidan foydalanib tayyorlanadi va keyinchalik to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yoki distribyutorlar yoki chakana savdo do'konlari orqali aholiga sotiladi; yoki yangi va qayta ishlangan qismlar va materiallardan foydalangan holda uyda yog'ochdan yasalgan. Ular odatda ixcham va engil bo'lib, bir kishiga ularni osongina ko'tarish, tashish va manevr qilish imkoniyatini beradi. Xuddi shunday, o'rnatish ham nisbatan sodda jarayondir, chunki hojatxonaning to'g'ri ishlashi uchun zarur bo'lgan barcha narsalar, faqat ventilyator va tashqi shamollatish uchun qo'shimcha vositalarni o'z ichiga olgan modellar uchun elektr energiyasi manbai bundan tashqari, qolipga kiritilgan yoki yog'och tana go'shti tarkibida bo'ladi. Ushbu turdagi UDDT-ning bir afzalligi shundaki, ular portativ bo'lib, ularni masofadan turib yoki vaqtincha o'rnatish uchun, shuningdek harakatlanuvchi transport vositalaridagi yoki qayiq kabi statsionar bo'lmagan turar-joylar uchun qiziqarli imkoniyatga aylantiradi, rekreatsion vositalar (ya'ni karvon, lager avtoulovi, motorli uy) va kichkina uylar.

Ushbu turdagi UDDT uchun umumiy xususiyatlarga quyidagilar kiradi:

• silliq, oson tozalanadigan tashqi sirt
• qopqoqli qolipli o'rindiq (hojatxonaning ichki ishlarini ajratishda qo'shimcha yordam berish uchun har ikkalasida ham, ba'zida ham rezina yoki neopren qistirmali)
• kalıplanmış siydikning o'zgarishi siydik va najasning alohida idishlarida alohida yig'ish va saqlashni osonlashtiradigan piyola (yoki paqir va voronkani yig'ish) (maxsus dizayndan iborat idishlar yoki DIY versiyalari, tayyor yoki qayta ishlangan chelaklar, butilkalar yoki ko'zalar)
• passiv yoki faol mexanik shamollatish uchun filtrlangan yoki filtrlangan havo kirish joyi va ekranlangan yoki filtrlangan chiqindi chiqindisidan iborat (ikkinchisi standart qo'shimchadan iborat bo'lib, trubka yoki trubka uzunligiga ulanishi mumkin) ochiq havoda).

Ba'zi dizaynlarga xos xususiyatlarga quyidagilar kiradi:

• hojatxonani polga mahkamlash uchun tirnoqlar (ayniqsa, hojatxona harakatlanuvchi transport vositasiga yoki statsionar bo'lmagan joyga o'rnatilganda foydalidir)
• bo'ronli ob-havo paytida yoki boshqa yo'l tutilganda (harakatlanuvchi qayiqda yoki RVda bo'lgani kabi) sizib chiqishni oldini olish uchun siydikni to'kib tashlamaydigan ombor.
• najas konteynerini aralashtirish va shamollatish uchun o'rnatilgan aralashtirgich (bu quritish va hidni oldini olishga katta yordam beradi)
• ishlatilmaganda najas idishini qoplash uchun avtomatik yoki qo'lda ishlaydigan buriluvchi yoki ochiladigan qopqoqli eshik.

Sog'liqni saqlash jihatlari

Oddiy foydalanish paytida UDDT boshqa har qanday hojatxonalar singari gigienik va xavfsizdir. Shu bilan birga, UDDT siydik va najasli idishlarni olib tashlash va bo'shatish paytida sog'liqni saqlash jihatlarini hisobga olish kerak. Najas ombori yoki idishni bo'shatish paytida sog'liq uchun bunday xavflar chuqurni bo'shatish bilan solishtirganda ancha past bo'ladi chuqur hojatxonalar yoki ba'zi bir turdagi chelaklar quruq hojatxonalar siydik almashinuvisiz. Ammo, a bilan taqqoslaganda sog'liq uchun xavf biroz yuqori yuvinadigan hojatxona agar foydalanuvchi hojatxonaning tiqinlari, teskari oqimlari yoki boshqa sabablarga ko'ra ishda muammolarga duch kelmasa, uy sharoitida bo'shatish yoki texnik xizmat ko'rsatish vazifalarini bajarishi shart emas.

Yuviladigan hojatxonani qopqog'ini yopmasdan yuvib tashlash bilan taqqoslaganda, UDDT xavfi pastroq bo'ladi Clostridium difficile orqali tarqatish aerozolizatsiya, chunki u turbulent suvni o'z ichiga olmaydi.^[17][18]

Qayta foydalanish faoliyati bilan bog'liq bo'lgan sog'liq uchun xavf-xatarlarga kelsak, Jahon sog'liqni saqlash tashkiloti 2006 yilda ishlab chiqarilgan "Qishloq xo'jaligida chiqindi suvlar, ajratmalar va kulrang suvlardan xavfsiz foydalanish bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar" deb nomlangan ko'rsatma qishloq xo'jaligida ekskretalardan foydalanish bilan bog'liq sog'liq uchun xavflarni boshqarish usullarini tushuntiradi.^[19] Ushbu yo'riqnomadagi asosiy tushuncha UDDTlar bilan bog'liq faoliyatni qayta ishlatish uchun qo'llanilishi mumkin bo'lgan ko'p to'siqli yondashuvdir.

Tashqi kompostlashdan so'ng UDDT dan quritilgan najas moddasi, endi qayta ishlatishga tayyor (Addis-Ababa, Efiopiya)

Foydalanish

Materiallarni o'chirish

Keyin anal sohasini artish uchun axlat - yoki keyin o'chirish uchun siyish —UDDT foydalanuvchilari boshqa turdagi hojatxonalardan foydalanishda foydalaniladigan materiallardan foydalanishlari mumkin. Tualet qog'ozi, barglar, makkajo'xori boshoqlari yoki tayoqchalar kabi atrof-muhit sharoitida mavjud bo'lgan tegishli biologik, parchalanadigan materiallardan ham foydalanish mumkin. Ushbu materiallar hojatxonaning najas qismiga najas bilan birga joylashtiriladi, shunda hamma narsa birgalikda parchalanishi mumkin. Masalan, Ekvadorda yumshoq, atirlangan barglar Piper auritum, Piperaceae va Melastomataceae ishlatilmoqda.^[16] Foydalanuvchilar toshlardan ham foydalanganlar, garchi bu tonozni tezda to'ldirishga majbur qiladi va shuning uchun UDDTlar uchun amaliy emas.

Portativ UDDTlar uchun, ayniqsa, foydalanilgan hojatxona qog'ozi muqobil ravishda alohida axlat qutisiga joylashtirilishi mumkin (keyinchalik yoqish, kompostlash yoki yo'q qilish uchun), chunki ifloslangan tualet qog'ozini nisbatan kichik najasli idishga qo'shib qo'yish, aks holda uni shunchaki tualet qog'ozi bilan tezda to'ldirishga olib kelishi mumkin.

Analni suv bilan tozalash

UDDTlar afzal ko'rgan foydalanuvchilarni joylashtirishi mumkin anal tozalash Uch teshikli siydikni burish uchun skovorodkadan yoki maydonchadan foydalanib, hojatxona qog'ozi bilan emas, balki suv bilan yuving, siydikni burish postamenti yonida yuvinish mumkin - siydik va najas teshiklaridan uzoqroq joyda. Bu siydikni bulg'amaslik va najasni iloji boricha quruq saqlash uchun juda muhimdir.

Anal tozalovchi suvning najas tarkibi tufayli uni quyidagicha ko'rib chiqish kerak qora suv va tegishli ravishda muomala qilingan yoki yo'q qilingan. Anal-tozalovchi suvni emdirish chuquriga, ekilgan mulch yotoqxonasiga yoki infiltratsiya xandagiga tushirish mumkin. Anal tozalovchi suv er osti qismidagi qo'pol materialga tushirilishi kerak, ammo suv sathidan ancha yuqori bo'lishi kerak er osti suvlarining ifloslanishi.

Ba'zi UDDT konstruktsiyalari foydalanuvchilar o'zlarining anal tozalashlarini siydik bo'limi ustidagi suv bilan bajaradigan qilib joylashtirilgan. Bu soddaligi sababli, ya'ni anal tozalovchi suv uchun uchinchi teshik va drenaj trubasiga ehtiyojni oldini olish uchun amalga oshirilishi mumkin. Ushbu siydik va anal tozalovchi suv aralashmasi qishloq xo'jaligida xavfsiz ishlatilishidan oldin patogenlarni olib tashlash uchun qo'shimcha davolashni talab qiladi.

Analni tozalash uchun suv bosimli suv etkazib berish tizimi yoki tepada joylashgan yomg'ir suvi idishi yoki foydalanuvchi hojatxona kabinetiga olib kiradigan suv idishi yoki idishdan ta'minlangan tortishish tizimi bilan ta'minlanadigan shlang yoki shlang orqali etkazib berilishi mumkin.

Muqova materiallari

Ko'pgina UDDT turlari uchun foydalanuvchilar har biridan keyin to'g'ridan-to'g'ri bir nechta yoki quruq quruq qoplama materialini qo'shishlari tavsiya etiladi. axlat tadbir. Ushbu qoplama materiali najas tonozidagi (namlikni yutish orqali) quruq sharoitlarni yaxshilash, hidni boshqarish, chivinlarning yuqishini oldini olish va keyingi foydalanuvchi uchun ingl. Shuningdek, quritilgan najas yig'indisi orqali etarlicha havo oqishini ta'minlash kerak. Shu sababli quruq va asta-sekin parchalanadigan katta yoki tolali material tavsiya etiladi. Qopqoq materiallarning bir qatori va ushbu materiallarning kombinatsiyalaridan foydalanish mumkin bo'lgan narsalarga qarab foydalanish mumkin:

• Barglar yaxshi, ammo buzilmagan holda ular pashshalar kirib, hid chiqib ketmasligi uchun najasni to'g'ri qoplash uchun juda qo'poldir.
• Yog'ochlar ishlaydi va yoqimli hidni his qilishi mumkin, bu daraxt turlariga qarab (yog'och ishlov berilmagan bo'lishi kerak, masalan, daraxtlarni kesish yoki kesishdan hosil bo'lgan talaş)
• Guruch qobig'i guruch etishtiriladigan joylarda mos keladi.
• Tuproq juda zo'r, mo'l va deyarli hamma uchun mavjuddir.
• Qopqoq material sifatida yog'och kul mos keladi, ammo etarli hajmda bo'lmasligi mumkin.
• Quritilgan moxlar (sfagnum, torf va boshqalar.)
• Ohak ishlatilishi mumkin, ammo ko'pincha boshqa variantlarga qaraganda qimmatroq.

Ohak va o'tin kulining har ikkisi ham najas qozig'ining pH qiymatini oshirishda afzalliklarga ega, shuning uchun patogenni yo'q qilish qobiliyatini oshiradi.

Najasni qoplash bilan emas, balki ularni foydali tuproq mikroblari bilan emlash uchun qoplama materialini sinchkovlik bilan tanlash foydali bo'lishi mumkin. Bunday holda, tayyor kompost qoplama materiali sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin, ammo foydalanuvchilar ushbu qoplama materialiga yalang'och qo'llari bilan tegmasliklari yoki kompostlash jarayoni materialda patogenlar qolmasligi uchun etarli darajada boshqarilishi muhimdir.^[16]

Muqova materiallari qo'shilmagan

Ba'zi hollarda va soddaligi sababli qoplama materiallaridan umuman foydalanmaslik yoki dush qog'ozining o'zini qoplama materiali sifatida ishlatish etarli bo'lishi mumkin. Masalan, UDDT mexanizatsiyalashgan shamollatish tizimiga va Separett tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan UDDTga o'xshab ko'rinadigan qo'riqchiga ega bo'lib, u olinadigan paqirga, o'rnatilgan fanatkaga va tualet o'rindig'idan og'irlik chiqarilganda yopiladigan ko'k plastik ko'rinishga ega. foydalanish.^[20] Shuningdek, jamoat hojatxonalarida ham foydalanuvchiga emas, balki qopqoq materialini qo'shish vazifasini bajaruvchiga berish osonroq bo'lishi mumkin. Bunga Keniyaning kam daromadli shahar joylarida "Sanergy" notijorat kompaniyasi tomonidan boshqariladigan ommaviy bitta tonozli UDDTlarni misol qilib keltirish mumkin.

Olingan mahsulotlar

Quritilgan najas

Keyingi davolanish

Yig'ilgan quritilgan najasni davolash darajasi talab qilinadigan darajada, ushbu mahsulot qishloq xo'jaligida qayta ishlatilishiga bog'liq. Agar u qayta ishlatilmasa, faqat ko'milgan bo'lsa, unda boshqa davolanish talab qilinmaydi. Quritilgan najas deyarli barcha hollarda UDDT omboridan chiqarilganda to'liq sanitarizatsiya qilinmaydi, shuning uchun ehtiyotkorlik bilan ishlash shart. Najasni qishloq xo'jaligida qayta ishlatish kerak bo'lgan stsenariylarda najas moddasini ikkilamchi davolash va siydikni saqlash etarli darajada sanitariya holatini ta'minlash uchun tavsiya etiladi. Yagona tonozli UDDTlardan olingan najasli materiallar, hatto uzoq vaqt saqlash orqali ham, har doim davolanishi kerak. Ikki qavatli tonozlardan olingan najasli materiallar, odatda, ma'lum saqlash vaqtidan o'tgan va shuning uchun allaqachon sanitariya holatida. Ammo davolashning ikkilamchi shakli ixtiyoriy, ammo uy tizimlari uchun tavsiya etiladi va keng ko'lamli tizimlar uchun talab qilinadi.

Ikkilamchi davolanish jamoat yoki uy sharoitida amalga oshirilishi mumkin va o'z ichiga olishi mumkin termofil kompostlash bu erda najas moddasi 50 ° C dan yuqori darajada kompostlanadi, 1,5 yildan ikki yilgacha uzoq vaqt saqlanadi, patogenlarni inaktiv qilish uchun siydikdan ammiak bilan kimyoviy davolash, quyosh sanitariyasi patogenlarni yo'q qilish uchun keyingi quritish yoki issiqlik bilan ishlov berish uchun.^[21] Najas uyalaridagi quritadigan najasni yo'q qilishning eng qiyin patogenlari gelmint infektsiyasini keltirib chiqaradigan gelmint tuxumlari hisoblanadi.

Qishloq xo'jaligida yoki ko'mishda qayta ishlatish

Davolangan najasni qishloq xo'jaligida qayta ishlatish kabi ekskretsiyani qayta ishlatish umuman qishloq xo'jaligida - azot, fosfor, kaliyni o'g'itlash natijasida hosilni ko'paytirish va organik uglerod orqali tuproq unumdorligini oshirish mumkin. Agar quritilgan najas qishloq xo'jaligida qayta ishlatilmasa, ular kamida 25 sm chuqurlikda ko'milishi mumkin, bu holda ular odatda sog'liq uchun xavf tug'dirmaydi.^[4]

Siydik

Keyingi davolanish

Yig'ilgan siydikni davolashning zaruriy darajasi butunlay ushbu mahsulot qishloq xo'jaligida qayta ishlatilishiga bog'liq. Agar u qayta ishlatilmasa, faqat infiltratsiya qilingan bo'lsa, unda boshqa davolanish talab qilinmaydi.

Sog'lom odam tanasini tark etadigan siydik steril bo'lishga yaqin va patogenni olib tashlash uchun najasga qaraganda ancha kam davolanishni talab qiladi. najasli loy. Ammo, agar UDDT to'g'ri ishlatilmasa, ya'ni ba'zi bir najas moddalari siydik bo'linmasiga kirib qolsa, siydikning najas patogenlari bilan ifloslanishi mumkin.^[22] Also, for a few specific diseases, the relevant pathogens may be found in the urine; masalan: Leptospira interroganlari, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratif, Schistosoma haematobium, BK virusi yoki Simian virus.^{[19][23][24][25]} The Ebola virus may also be found in urine from an infected person. The exact survival time of this particular virus in human urine outside of the human body is unclear but probably "up to several days" like with other body fluids at room temperature.^[26]

For these reasons, urine should always be treated for pathogen removal if it is going to be reused, unless reuse occurs at the same household where the urine was collected and on crops that are only consumed by these household members (in which case an infection among family members is more likely to occur via handshakes and hugs than via urine reuse activities).^[27]

The simplest and most common method of urine treatment for pathogen removal is via storage in closed vessels. Ning parchalanishi karbamid that is present in urine into ammonia and hydrocarbonate leads to an increase in ammonia concentration and an increase of pH value to above 9. These two processes lead to pathogen reduction, and work more efficiently in warm temperatures and with low dilution of the urine with water.^[4]

Storage of urine kills bacterial pathogens encountered in urine – including Salmonella typhi and paratyphi and Tuberkulyoz mikobakteriyasi– in a relatively short time span: a storage time of five weeks at temperatures below 20 °C or of two weeks at temperatures above 20 °C has been recommended to prevent transmission of mycobacteria when recycling human urine.^[28]

Recommended storage times to kill pathogens in urine vary from one to six months depending on ambient temperatures, the scale of the urine collection system and which crops will be fertilised with the urine.^[27]

Reuse in agriculture or infiltration

Reuse of treated urine in agriculture—like ekskretsiyani qayta ishlatish in agriculture in general—can result in increased crop production through fertilizing effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and improved soil fertility through organic carbon. Urine from the UDDTs can safely be used as nitrogen-rich and phosphorus and potassium containing o'g'it after a recommended storage period for patogen reduction (see above under "Further Treatment").

In cases where no reuse is possible or desired, urine is usually infiltrated in the soil unless this practice would cause er osti suvlari ifloslanish. Yilda eThekwini municipality Janubiy Afrikada^[29] or in Lima, Peru, for example, urine from UDDTs is safely infiltrated into the soil because the groundwater level is very low there and the groundwater is not used for any particular purpose. Infiltration can be done by directing the urine to a soak pit or by running a perforated urine pipe from the toilet to an area outside, where the hose is sloping gently downhill (for rural areas). Clogging of the pipe's holes can be avoided by ensuring there are no T-junctions, no joints and that a plastic mesh is installed in the urine funnel of the toilet to keep everything other than urine out.

Very simple home-made design for a UDDT with a funnel for urine collection and a bucket for feces collection at a household in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Taqqoslash

Chuqurlikdagi hojatxonalar

Reasons for keeping urine and feces separate in a UDDT compared to a chuqur hojatxona can be to:^[4]

1. reduce odor (mixing urine and feces together causes substantial odor);
2. avoid production of wet, odorous fecal sludge, which has to be removed by someone when the pit latrine is full;
3. enable fast drying of feces which makes handling of feces far more simple and hygienic;
4. reduce environmental impacts;
5. allow for the recovery of urine, which can be reused as fertilizer; va
6. allow for the recovery of desiccated feces, which can be reused as a soil enhancement.

The advantage of UDDTs compared to chuqur hojatxonalar is the conversion of feces into a dry odorless material and therefore an avoidance of the issues surrounding liquid najasli loy management (e.g. odor, fly attraction, difficulties in pit emptying). A well-maintained UDDT is an odor and insect free toilet which is appreciated by users and allows simple removal and far less offensive and safer handling of the fecal material once the feces vault has filled up. Moreover, the risk of water pollution is minimised through the safe containment of feces in above-ground vaults and this allows the toilets to be constructed in locations where pit-based systems are not appropriate.

UDDTs with vaults are also more permanent structures than most pit latrines, the latter of which in rural areas are typically relocated when the pit is full rather than emptying the pit. Therefore, pit latrines need more space and people are less willing to invest in a higher quality super-structure as it will have to be dismantled and moved at some point.

In the experience of the non-governmental organisation WECF who introduced UDDTs in EECCA countries to people who had pit latrines, it was most successful converting people who were in regions lacking a reliable water supply and wastewater management. Since the introduction required behavior change in the recipients, WECF considered awareness raising and training by local partners to be important.^[30]

Sewer- and septic tank-based sanitation

The comparison of UDDTs with sewer-based sanitation systems (kanalizatsiya va chiqindi suvlarni tozalash inshootlari ) is not as straightforward as the comparison with pit latrines as a sewer does not only deal with excreta management like a UDDT does, but it also transports greywater, municipal chiqindi suv, stormwater and industrial wastewater. However, the installation of UDDTs in all households connected to a common sewer would result in vastly reduced volumes of water, nutrients and organic matter that arrive at the associated wastewater treatment plant.

Sewer-based excreta management is impractical in many regions due to limited water supplies and the high cost of sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants. Furthermore, water-based sanitation systems (flush toilets) dilute excreta and create vast wastewater streams, something that UDDTs do not.

Similarly, the comparison between UDDTs and septik tank -based sanitation systems is not as straightforward as the comparison with pit latrines as a septic system also treats greywater. However, the relatively high costs of septic systems, particularly mound-type septic systems can be partially mitigated or, if used in conjunction with an onsite greywater system, eliminated altogether by installing UDDTs in place of flush toilets.

Portable UDDTs offer the potential advantages of greater local control and quick deployment which is particularly useful when there is no capable centralized institutional infrastructure in place or no financial ability to implement larger centralized systems.

Pharmaceutical residues and other micro-pollutants

The separate, waterless collection and treatment of urine and feces in UDDTs prevents gormonlar, farmatsevtika residues and other micro-pollutants which are contained in human excreta from entering surface water or groundwater via treated sewage.^[22] This is because in conventional sewage treatment plants, these micro-pollutants are only partially removed and the remainder is discharged into surface water, possibly reaching the groundwater. Detected concentrations of pharmaceutical residues in groundwater were in the order of 50 ng/L in several locations in Germany.^[31][32]

Moreover, micro-pollutants can also become concentrated in kanalizatsiya loyi.^[33] Keyingi davolash, sewage sludge is either landfilled, incinerated, applied on agricultural land or, in some cases, retailed or given away for free to the general public.^[34][35] Each of these disposal options comes with myriad potential—and in some cases proven—for human health and environment impacts of these chemicals.^[36][37] By not mixing human excreta with water and the other contaminants that are disposed of in sewers and septic tanks, UDDTs thus avoid many of the problems associated with these practices.

If the excreta collected from UDDTs is treated further and buried or used as agricultural or horticultural fertilizer then the pharmaceutical residues in the excreta will be degraded better in terrestrial systems (soil) than in aquatic systems.^[22] Therefore, UDDTs (or in fact all siydikning o'zgarishi systems) have an advantage over sewer-based sanitation systems with respect to these issue with micro-pollutants.

Qiyinchiliklar

School UDDT in rural areas of Western Kenya; the steep stairs are not recommended as they are a barrier for people with disabilities

Operatsion masalalar

Operational problems with UDDTs that sometimes occur include:^[4]

• Urine may accumulate in the urine diversion section of the toilet due to blockages in the urine pipe. Attention should be paid to urine pipe selection and layout and also the possible inclusion of plastic mesh at the mouth of the urine drain hole.
• Foul odors may be emitted from the feces vault because the contents of the feces vault have become too wet. User education on addition of cover materials and correct use in general is important to overcome this problem, or may be necessary to improve the ventilation system.
• Foul odors may come from the urine drainage or collection system if urine is allowed to pool or otherwise stagnate. For UDDTs with urine piping, mitigation can be achieved by following best design and installation practices. For UDDTs utilizing a urine collection system, to regularly empty and clean the container used for collection is important.
• Flies, other insects or rodents may appear in the feces vault, usually because it has become too wet. User education on correct use of the UDDT, trapping rodents and checking the ventilation system are actions to be taken.
• In the case of double vault UDDTs, users may mistakenly defecate into the inactive or resting vault. Users should be educated about not using the inactive vault and be encouraged to place a lid or otherwise seal the inactive vault to prevent this from happening.

Each of these problems are quite simple to solve technically in conjunction with user education and follow-up visits. However, there needs to be a commitment and willingness by the users or caretakers to resolve such problems. Due to insufficient commitment, user preparation, follow-up and support, such operational problems have on occasion led to abandonment, as in the case of several UDDT pilot projects.

Awareness and coordination

More awareness is required by the UDDT user to use it properly (for instance, not urinating into feces compartment and reacting appropriately when the urine vessel is full, when there are problems with the urine soak pit, when the urine pipe is blocked or when the feces vaults or container(s) are full).

One challenge of a sanitation system with UDDTs—and perhaps even with ekskretsiyani qayta ishlatish in agriculture—compared to a conventional sewer-based system is that it requires greater coordination and cooperation among stakeholders from different sectors.^[13]

Xarajatlar

UDDTs are sometimes considered too expensive compared to pit latrines, but this criticism does not include the cost of emptying pits and the potential value of fertilizers that can be recycled via UDDTs should the users wish to do so (noting that most UDDT installations worldwide currently do not reuse excreta in agriculture). Rather than looking only at construction costs, long-term operational costs and benefits should also be considered, especially since the regular emptying or re-building of pit latrines may be a significant expense.^[38] When a period of for example 10 years is considered, UDDTs may well be the more economical alternative, since the emptying of feces vaults is simple and safer, thus less expensive, even if users decide to enter into a contract with someone else to do this.

Compared to flush toilets connected to sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants, UDDTs are usually less expensive. However, to enable accurate comparisons of costs, this needs to be assessed on a case-by-case basis because the sewer system and treatment plant also transports and treats greywater whereas the UDDT does not. This means that the two systems provide a different level of service to the user. An example calculation for such a cost comparison exists for the case of Lima, Peru.^[39]

There is even a minimalist UDDT model that costs essentially nothing to construct and which only requires salvaging and assembling selected plastic items from the garbage and which can be implemented by the poorest people, disaster victims, and those who want to gain experience with UDDTs.^[15]

Tarix

The UDDTs with two dehydration vaults that are known today were originally designed around 1950 in Japan and further developed in Vietnam in the 1960s as a means of increasing the hygienic safety of excreta reused in agriculture.^[40] This means their development was originally closely linked to the ekosan (ecological sanitation) approach to optimizing resurslarni tiklash of nutrients and organic matter in agriculture. Beginning in the early part of the 2000s, UDDTs have been seen increasingly as a toilet type that can provide advantages even without any reuse activities attached to it.

Since the 1990s, modifications of this design (such as the addition of ventilation piping to the feces vault) have been developed in many countries. Prefabricated ceramic or plastic urine diversion squatting pans and pedestals have become available on the market, generally increasing the durability and perceived prestige associated with the system.

UDDTs have also been commercially produced in Sweden since the mid-1990s. For example, between 1994 and 2010 the Separett company sold approximately 200,000 UDDTs.^[20] Numerous off-the shelf commercial products are now available and are used in locations where a connection to a sanitariya kanalizatsiyasi system is not possible, permitted or desired such as in remote summer cottages or for camping activities. At all times, users have also been building their own low-cost UDDTs with simple materials such as a funnel connected to a hose, a bucket and a seat.

Misollar

South Africa (eThekwini Municipality, Durban)

The highest number of UDDTs in one area have been installed by the eThekwini Municipality in the non-sewered peri-urban areas of Durban, South Africa. To date, about 80,000 UDDTs are in operation in that area, serving about 500,000 residents (reuse of urine or excreta is currently not taking place).^[29]

Gaiti

NNT Tuproq in Haiti began building UDDTs and composting plants in Port-o-Prens qismi sifatida 2010 yil Gaitida zilzila emergency relief effort in northern Haiti.^[41] They have since branched out into providing toilets for residential use, this being their primary goal moving forward as they transition their focus from emergency relief to providing sustainable and ekologik sanitariya for paying customers. Their current dry toilet design for households includes a small portable single vault unit made out of wood that is either fitted with a single container for combined excreta collection or with a urine diversion insert, with 80% of these installations currently being of the UDDT type. As of 2014, SOIL has transformed all of their public UDDT vault toilets to an open vault design with removable plastic drums for feces collection. This improves the processes by which feces is collected and transported to their waste treatment facility, making their business now a fully "container-based system ".^[42] This allows SOIL to respond to heavy use (since their toilets were filling up too quickly) and ensures a safe final product for reuse. In most cases, these UDDTs utilize soak pits (normally located directly beneath the toilet superstructure) for onsite disposal of urine.

A Tuproq truck delivering buckets of human excreta from mobile household UDDTs to the SOIL composting facility in Port-au-Prince, Haiti

SOIL continues to provide gumanitar yordam in some of Haiti's most vulnerable communities – notably those that have been particularly impacted by the vabo epidemic – by providing free access to public container-based UDDTs for over 3,500 people. In addition, over 2,000 people are currently accessing a SOIL "EcoSan toilet" through the "EkoLakay" business pilot, with a growing waitlist of people wanting to join, thus demonstrating the market demand for affordable sanitation, even in the world's most economically impoverished communities.

Since building the first waste treatment facility in Haiti in 2009, SOIL has become one of the largest waste treatment operations in the country. SOIL's two composting waste treatment facilities currently transform over 20,000 gallons (75,708 liters) of human waste into safe, organic, agricultural-grade compost every month. The compost produced at these facilities is sold to farmers, organizations, businesses, and institutions around the country to help finance SOIL's waste treatment operations.

Ekvador

Hundreds of UDDTs have been built in Ecuador to date. The various models in use adapt to different preferences, budgets and conditions, and the need to sometimes transport materials to remote locations by small airplanes.^[16]

Many of these UDDTs serve mahalliy jamoalar who live along small rivers as well as ekoturizm operations in the Amazonian part of the country. In these regions, piped suv ta'minoti is often lacking, clay-rich soils do not permit infiltration of wastewater, and the er osti suvlari level is usually high. These factors make other types of toilets or other forms of excreta management problematic. For example, local governments and ecotourism operations often install flush toilets that drain straight into rivers or into holes in the ground, where the water is intended to drain but cannot, since the soil is mostly impermeable clay. Coupled with the abundant local rainfall, these pits tend to fill very fast and overflow into the nearest streams. The streams get easily contaminated with fecal matter, as they are often quite small and there is not much dilution with clean river water. This leads to health hazards for the communities who use these rivers for drinking water, washing, swimming, and fishing.

Namibiya

In Namibia a type of UDDT was developed which is locally called the "Otji toilet". This UDDT also uses the Coandă effekti to divert the majority of the urine into a trough at the base of the pedestal and from there into an infiltration area.^[7] Between 2003 and 2011 about 1,200 Otji toilets have been installed in the south of Namibia and the rural areas around the Otjiwarongo District. Using the same design, the NGO EcoSur has built "Otji style" UDDTs in Ecuador and El Salvador since 2007, where they are called "Inodoro Seco".^[43]

Boshqa mamlakatlar

• NNT Evropadagi ayollar umumiy kelajak sari (WECF) and local partners have built urine-diverting dry toilets for schools in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA region) in areas that lack a reliable water supply and waste management.^[30]
• Yilda El Alto, Bolivia the NGO Fundación Sumaj Huasi has constructed nearly 1000 UDDTs for 4500 persons, and is carrying out communal kompostlash for the excreta collected.^[44]

Boating, recreational vehicles and camping

• Uchun qayiqda suzish community, it can also be an interesting alternative to convert from conventional nautical toilets that store waste in blackwater tanks, or immediate discharge overboard, to a UDDT. Three such UDDTs designed for nautical and recreational vehicle (RV ) use (but not limited to these uses) are marketed in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the U.K. and some parts of the European Union under the brand names "C-Head" toilet, "BoonJon" toilet, "Nature's Head Toilet" and "Air Head Toilet".
• Lager: Iz qoldirmang nafaqat a falsafa but a necessity in areas where human waste left behind will not decay naturally. There are now models of UDDTs available (for example by the Swedish company Separett) that allow feces to be collected and packed out. Only urine is left behind, which is of less concern as urine is nearly pathogen free.

Jamiyat va madaniyat

Floor and roof of a low-cost UDDT in Ecuador

Demonstrating the use of a low-cost UDDT in Pumpuentsa, Ecuador.

General hurdles for acceptance

Significant barriers to more universal acceptance of this technology differ in their extent for different parts of the world but generally include: lack of awareness, a limited supply of prefabricated UDDT components and a lack of interest in financing any sanitation services for the non-sewered portions of urban settlements.^[4] Existing, affordable piped suv ta'minoti va sanitariya kanalizatsiyasi infrastructure may also be an impediment to widespread adoption of UDDTs, as their existence not only removes two of the main drivers for UDDTs but also represents a significant public investment. This can restrict efforts to switch to new toilet types and sanitariya tizimlar.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Many users do not have an interest in handling their excreta, which can be another hurdle for acceptance of UDDTs. Therefore, provisions should be made to offer door-to-door/curbside collection of these materials, similar to how existing municipal or private schemes collect household organic waste (from kitchens and gardens, etc.) and transport these materials to a centralized facility for composting or biogas generation.

It is important that a selected sanitation system fit into an existing legal framework and that it has support at the local policy level and in the various associated governmental departments.^[13]

Policies could encourage the widespread use of UDDTs through financial support of research programmes, enactment of regulations that require the recovery of resources from wastewater and adequately account for the reduced contaminant loading and incentives for resource recovery.^[13]

Number of users

The exact number of people using UDDTs worldwide is unknown, but a rough estimate by GIZ (German Development Cooperation) in 2012 based on known projects in 84 countries put the number at approximately 2 million people.^[45]

Qoidalar

Regulatory aspects in the U.S.

Use of dried feces

The International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO), a plumbing and mechanical code structure currently utilized by many western states, has recently proposed an addition to its "Green Plumbing Mechanical Code Supplement" that "outlines performance criteria for site built composting toilets with and without urine diversion and manufactured composting toilets".^[46] If adopted, this new far reaching composting and urine diversion toilet code^[47] (the first of its kind in the United States) will appear in the 2015 edition of the Green Supplement to the Uniform Plumbing Code.^[48]

Several U.S. states currently permit disposal of feces from UDDTs or kompostli hojatxonalar (usually a clear distinction between different types of dry toilets is not made) by burial with some mandating lesser minimum depths, as little as 6 inches, and others not specifying any minimum depth at all. Masalan; misol uchun:

• The Commonwealth of Massachusetts requires that "residuals from the [composting toilet] system must be buried on-site and covered with a minimum of six inches of clean compacted soil".^[49]
• In Oregon the applicable regulations state that "humus from composting toilets may be used around ornamental shrubs, flowers, trees, or fruit trees and shall be buried under at least twelve inches of soil cover".^[50]
• Rhode Island acknowledges that "solids produced by alternative toilets may be buried on site", but specifies that "residuals shall not be applied to food crops".^[51]
• The Department of Health of the Commonwealth of Virginia requires that "all materials removed from a composting privy shall be buried", and that "compost material shall not be placed in vegetable gardens or on the ground surface".^[52]
• The State of Vermont permits users to dispose of the byproducts via "shallow burial in a location approved by the Agency that meets the minimum site conditions [required of an onsite septic tank-based sanitation system]".^[53]
• The State of Washington takes a wholly different tack in choosing to model its extensive regulations that oversee the use of quruq hojatxonalar (what it refers to as "waterless toilets") in large part on the federal regulations that govern kanalizatsiya loyi.^[54]

For dry toilet users in the United States (which includes users of UDDTs), an important distinction to keep in mind—and one that is supported by the aforementioned existence of numerous state regulations which make no mention of, and also diverge widely from, the requirements of the federal regulations that govern the management of kanalizatsiya loyi —is that as long as the excreta in question is not ever referred to as "fertilizer" (but instead simply a material that is being disposed of) the federal 503 rule, known colloquially as the "EPA Biosolids Rule" or the "EPA Sludge Rule", has no jurisdiction over the byproducts of a dry toilet and that all oversight of these materials falls to the individual states.^[55][56]

Use of urine

At present reuse of urine as a fertilizer in the United States is still in the conceptual phase. Studies into its feasibility are currently underway in Brattleboro, Vermont, and are being conducted by the not-for-profit Rich Earth Institute. Perhaps accordingly, a quick review of the pertinent regulations in existence in several different states turns up zero mentions of "urine diversion" and zero mentions of urine specifically as a standalone material which requires distinct oversight.^{[asl tadqiqotmi? ]} Instead, when it is mentioned, it is always in conjunction with feces (as in the contents of a kompostli hojatxona or other non-source separating quruq hojatxona turi. At least one state specifically regulates "liquids" produced but not recycled by a composting toilet (which could be construed as referring to urine) but the fact remains that none of the states surveyed distinctly uses the word "urine" when referring to "liquids".^[49] It is expected that as urine diverting toilets grow in popularity states will respond by amending their existing regulations to account for urine diverting toilets and also urine as a separate and distinct waste or resource stream.

Moreover, plans are currently underway to finalize a uniform plumbing code that would "represent the first codified requirements for the safe installation, maintenance and use for [composting and urine diversion toilets] in any installation".^[48]

Galereya

• 

  A urine-diverting toilet in a timber frame structure.

Shuningdek qarang

• Arborloo
• Konteynerga asoslangan sanitariya
• Portativ hojatxona
• Sanitariya

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• Barqaror sanitariya alyansi kutubxonasidagi UDDT hujjatlari
• UDDT fotosuratlari Barqaror Sanitariya Ittifoqining flickr foto ma'lumotlar bazasida
• Texnik chizmalar UDDTlarning