VHS - VHS

Ushbu maqola video formati haqida. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang VHS (ajralish).
Video uy tizimi
VHS logotipi
VHS-Video-lenta-Top-Flat.jpg
VHS kassetasining yuqori ko'rinishi
Media turiVideo yozuv ommaviy axborot vositalari
KodlashFM kuni magnit lenta; PAL, NTSC, SECAM
Imkoniyatlarumumiy: 120, 160 daqiqa (standart ijro rejimi); g'ayrioddiy: 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 130, 180, 190, 200, 210 daqiqa (standart ijro rejimi)
O'qing mexanizmVertikal skanerlash
Yozing mexanizmVertikal skanerlash
Ishlab chiqilgan tomonidanQK (Yaponiyaning Viktor kompaniyasi)
O'lchamlari18,7 × 10,2 × 2,5 sm
(7​1⁄3 × 4 × 1 dyuym)
FoydalanishUy videosi, uy filmi, tarbiyaviy, badiiy filmlar
Chiqarildi1976 yil 9 sentyabr; 44 yil oldin (1976-09-09)
VHS yozuvchisi, videokamera va kasseta.

VHS (qisqacha Video uy tizimi)[1][2][3] a standart iste'molchilar darajasida analog video yozuv lentada kassetalar. Tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Yaponiyaning Viktor kompaniyasi (JVC) 1970-yillarning boshlarida Yaponiyada 1976 yil 9 sentyabrda, AQShda esa 1977 yil 23 avgustda chiqarildi.[4]

1950-yillardan boshlab, magnit lenta videoyozuv birinchi tijorat reklamasi orqali televizion sohaga katta hissa qo'shdi video magnitafonlar (VTR). O'sha paytda qimmatbaho qurilmalar faqat professional muhitda, masalan, televizion studiyalarda va tibbiy tasvirlarda ishlatilgan (floroskopiya ). 1970-yillarda videotasma uy sharoitida foydalanishga kirib, uy sharoitida video sanoatini yaratdi va televizion va kino biznesi iqtisodiyotini o'zgartirdi. Televizion sanoat ko'rib chiqildi videokasseta yozish moslamalari (Videomagnitofonlar) o'z bizneslarini buzishi mumkin bo'lgan kuchga ega, televizion foydalanuvchilar esa Videomagnitofonni tomosha qilish tajribasini nazorat qilish vositasi deb hisoblashgan.[5]

1970-yillarda va 1980-yillarning boshlarida a format urushi uy video sanoatida. Standartlardan ikkitasi, VHS va Betamaks, ommaviy axborot vositalarida eng ko'p ta'sir o'tkazgan. Oxir oqibat VHS urushni yutib chiqdi va 1980 yilga kelib Shimoliy Amerika bozorining 60 foizini egallab oldi[6][7] va lenta vositasi davrida dominant uy video formati sifatida paydo bo'ldi.[8]

Optik disk formatlar keyinchalik VHS va kabi analog iste'molchi video lentalaridan yaxshiroq sifatni taklif qila boshladi S-VHS. Ushbu formatlarning eng qadimiylari, LaserDisc, Evropada keng qabul qilinmagan, ammo Yaponiyada juda mashhur bo'lib, AQShda ozgina muvaffaqiyatga erishgan. Kiritilgandan so'ng DVD 1996 yilda format, ammo VHS uchun bozor ulushi pasayishni boshladi.[9] 2003 yilda DVD ijarasi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlaridagi VHS-dan oshib ketdi va 2008 yilga kelib DVD VHS-ni eng past darajadagi tarqatish usuli sifatida almashtirdi.[10][11] VHS uskunalarini ishlab chiqaradigan dunyodagi so'nggi taniqli kompaniya (Videomagnitofon / DVD kombinatlari ), Funai Yaponiya, talabning qisqarishi va ehtiyot qismlarni sotib olishda qiyinchiliklar paydo bo'lganligi sababli 2016 yil iyul oyida ishlab chiqarishni to'xtatdi.[12][13]

Tarix

VHSgacha

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Video magnitafon

1956 yilda, boshqa kompaniyalarning bir nechta urinishlaridan so'ng, birinchi tijoratda muvaffaqiyatli bo'lgan VTR Ampex VRX-1000 tomonidan kiritilgan Ampex korporatsiyasi.[14] 1956 yilda 50 ming AQSh dollari (2019 yilda 470,196 AQSh dollariga teng) va 90 daqiqali lenta uchun 300 AQSh dollari (2019 yilda 2821 dollar ga teng) narxda bu faqat professional bozor uchun mo'ljallangan edi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Kenjiro Takayanagi, keyinchalik JVC-da uning vitse-prezidenti sifatida ishlagan televizion eshittirish kashshofi, uning kompaniyasiga VTR-larni Yaponiya bozori uchun va arzonroq narxlarda ishlab chiqarishi zarurligini tushundi. 1959 yilda JVC ikki boshli video magnitofonni va 1960 yilga kelib professional eshittirish uchun rangli versiyani ishlab chiqdi.[15] 1964 yilda JVC DV220-ni chiqardi, bu 1970-yillarning o'rtalariga qadar kompaniyaning standart VTR-si edi.[iqtibos kerak ]

1969 yilda JVC bilan hamkorlik qildi Sony korporatsiyasi va Matsushita Electric (Matsushita o'shanda bosh kompaniya edi Panasonic va hozirda ushbu nom bilan tanilgan, shuningdek, 2008 yilgacha JVC aksiyadorlari) Yaponiya iste'molchisi uchun video yozuvlar standartini yaratishda.[16] Sa'y-harakatlar ishlab chiqarilgan Matematik 1971 yilda formatlashdi, bu turli xil kompaniyalar uchun yagona standartga aylangan birinchi kassetali format edi.[iqtibos kerak ] Undan oldin 1/2 "EIAJ formatdagi g'altakning g'altagi bor edi.

U-matic biznesda va ba'zi bir translyatsiya dasturlarida (masalan, elektron yangiliklar yig'ish kabi) muvaffaqiyatli bo'lgan, ammo narx va cheklangan ro'yxatga olish vaqtidan kelib chiqib, juda ozgina mashinalar uy sharoitida sotilgan.[iqtibos kerak ]

Ko'p o'tmay, Sony va Matsushita o'zlarining video yozib olish formatlari ustida ishlash uchun hamkorlik harakatlaridan voz kechishdi. Sony ishlashni boshladi Betamaks, Matsushita ishlay boshlaganda VX. JVC CR-6060 ni 1975 yilda U-matic formatiga asoslanib chiqargan. Sony va Matsushita shuningdek o'zlarining U-matic tizimlarini ishlab chiqarishdi.[iqtibos kerak ]

VHSni rivojlantirish

1971 yilda JVC muhandislari Yuma Shiraishi va Shizuo Takano iste'molchilarga asoslangan VTRni ishlab chiqish uchun jamoani yig'dilar.[17]

1971 yil oxiriga kelib, ular "VHS rivojlanish matritsasi" deb nomlangan ichki diagrammani yaratdilar, bu JVCning yangi VTR uchun o'n ikkita vazifasini belgilab berdi:[18]

  • Tizim har qanday oddiy televizorga mos kelishi kerak.
  • Rasm sifati odatdagi efirga o'xshash bo'lishi kerak.
  • Tasma kamida ikki soatlik yozib olish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lishi kerak.
  • Lentalar mashinalar o'rtasida almashtirilishi kerak.
  • Umumiy tizim ko'p qirrali bo'lishi kerak, ya'ni uni videokamerani ulash yoki ikkita yozuvchisi o'rtasida dublyaj qilish kabi masshtabni kengaytirish va kengaytirish mumkin.
  • Ro'yxatdan o'tish moslamalari arzon, ishlashi oson va texnik xarajatlari past bo'lishi kerak.
  • Ro'yxatdan o'tish moslamalari katta hajmda ishlab chiqarilishi kerak, ularning qismlari almashtirilishi kerak va ularga xizmat ko'rsatish oson bo'lishi kerak.

1972 yil boshida Yaponiyada tijorat video yozuvlar sanoati moliyaviy zarba oldi. JVC byudjetini qisqartirdi va VHS loyihasini to'xtatib, video bo'limini qayta tuzdi. Biroq, mablag 'etishmasligiga qaramay, Takano va Shiraishi loyihada yashirin ravishda ishlashda davom etishdi. 1973 yilga kelib, ikkita muhandis funktsional prototipni ishlab chiqarishdi.[18]

Betamax bilan raqobat

1974 yilda yaponlar Xalqaro savdo va sanoat vazirligi (MITI), qochishni xohlaydi iste'molchilarning chalkashligi, Yaponiya video sanoatini faqat bitta uydagi video yozuv formatini standartlashtirishga majbur qildi.[19] Keyinchalik, Sony ning funktsional prototipi mavjud edi Betamaks formatida va tayyor mahsulotni chiqarishga juda yaqin edi. Ushbu prototip bilan Sony MITI-ni standart sifatida Betamax-ni qabul qilishga va boshqa kompaniyalarga texnologiyani litsenziyalashga ruxsat berishga ishontirdi.[18]

JVC bunga ishongan ochiq standart, texnologiyani litsenziyalashsiz raqobatchilar o'rtasida taqsimlanadigan format, iste'molchi uchun yaxshiroq edi. MITI ning Betamaxni qabul qilishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun, JVC boshqa kompaniyalarni, xususan, ishontirishga harakat qildi Matsushita (Yaponiyaning o'sha paytdagi eng yirik elektronika ishlab chiqaruvchisi, mahsulotlarini aksariyat hududlarda Milliy brend va Shimoliy Amerikadagi Panasonic brendi ostida sotish va JVC aksiyadorlari), VHSni qabul qilish va shu bilan Sony va MITIga qarshi ishlash.[20] Matsushita, avvalambor Sony o'zining Betamax formatini ishlab chiqarishga ruxsat berilsa, Sony bu sohada etakchiga aylanishi mumkin degan xavotirda rozi bo'ldi. Matsushita, shuningdek, Betamax-ning bir soatlik yozib olish vaqtini kamchilik deb hisobladi.[20]

Matsushitaning JVC-ni qo'llab-quvvatlashi ishontirildi Xitachi, Mitsubishi va O'tkir[21] VHS standartini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun.[18] 1975 yilda Sony o'zining Betamax blokini Yaponiya bozoriga chiqarishi MITI-ni kompaniyaning yonida bo'lishiga qo'shimcha bosim o'tkazdi. Shu bilan birga, JVC va uning sheriklarining hamkorligi ancha kuchliroq bo'lib, oxir-oqibat MITI sanoat standartiga bo'lgan intilishidan voz kechdi. JVC birinchi VHS mashinalarini 1976 yil oxirida Yaponiyada, 1977 yil o'rtalarida esa AQShda chiqardi.[22]

Sony-ning Betamax kompaniyasi VHS bilan 1970-yillarning oxirlarida va 1980-yillarda raqobatlashdi (qarang) Videotasma formatidagi urush ). Betamax-ning asosiy afzalliklari shundaki, uning kichkina kassetalari, videoning nazariy jihatdan yuqori sifati va undan oldinroq foydalanish imkoniyati bo'lgan, ammo uning yozilish muddati qisqarganligi asosiy kamchilik bo'lib chiqdi.[7]

Dastlab, Beta I mashinalari NTSC televizion standart 1,5 soatlik lenta tezligida bir soatlik dasturni yozib oldisekundiga dyuym (IP).[23] Birinchi VHS mashinalari ikki soat davomida yozib olishlari mumkin edi, chunki lenta tezligi ham sekinroq (1,31 ip)[23] va sezilarli darajada uzunroq lenta. Betamaxning kichik o'lchamdagi kassetasi lenta g'altakning hajmini cheklab qo'ydi va lenta uzunligini uzaytirib VHS ning ikki soatlik qobiliyati bilan raqobatlasha olmadi.[23] Buning o'rniga, Sony bir xil kassetada ikki soatlik yozuvni amalga oshirish uchun lentani 0,787 ip (Beta II) gacha sekinlashtirishi kerak edi.[23] Bu ikki soatlik yozuvni taqqoslaganda Betamax-ning bir paytlar ustun bo'lgan video sifatini VHS-dan yomonlashtirdi.[iqtibos kerak ] Oxir-oqibat Sony kengaytirilgan Beta kassetasini (Beta III) chiqardi, bu NTSC Betamax-ga ikki soatlik chegarani buzishga imkon berdi, ammo o'sha paytga qadar VHS formatdagi jangda g'alaba qozondi.[23]

Bundan tashqari, VHS Betamaxga qaraganda "lentani tashish mexanizmi juda kam" bo'lgan va VHS mashinalari orqaga burish va tez uzatishda Sony analoglariga qaraganda tezroq edi.[24]

VHS-ga asoslangan qurilmalarning dastlabki chiqarilishi

JVC HR-3300U VIDSTAR - JVC HR-3300 ning AQSh versiyasi. Bu deyarli Yaponiya versiyasiga o'xshaydi. Yaponiyaning versiyasida "Viktor" nomi ko'rsatilgan va "VIDSTAR" nomi ishlatilmagan.

Birinchi Videomagnitofon VHS dan foydalanish edi Viktor HR-3300, va 1976 yil 9 sentyabrda Yaponiyada JVC prezidenti tomonidan taqdim etilgan.[25][26] JVC HR-3300 ni sotishni boshladi Akixara, 1976 yil 31 oktyabrda Yaponiya, Tokio.[25] JVC HR-3300-ning mintaqaga xos versiyalari keyinchalik tarqatilgan, masalan HR-3300U AQShda va HR-3300EK Buyuk Britaniyada 1977 yil yanvar oyida. Qo'shma Shtatlar o'zining VHS-ga asoslangan birinchi videokamerasini oldi - 1977 yil 23 avgustda RCA VBT200.[27] RCA qurilmasi Matsushita tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va JVC kompaniyasidan tashqari boshqa kompaniya tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan VHS-ga asoslangan birinchi VCR edi. Shuningdek, u to'rt soat davomida LP (uzoq o'yin) rejimida yozib olishga qodir edi. Keyinchalik Buyuk Britaniya 1978 yilda VHS-ga asoslangan birinchi Videomagnitofonni oldi - Viktor HR-3300EK.[28]

Kvasar va General Electric VHS-ga asoslangan Videomagnitofonlarni kuzatib boradi - barchasi Matsushita tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan.[29] 1999 yilga kelib Matsushitaning o'zi bitta yapon videomagnitofonining deyarli yarmidan ko'pini ishlab chiqardi.[30] Videomagnitofonli televizor, standart aniqlikdagi CRT televizorni CRT bo'yicha VHS mexanizmi bilan birlashtirib, sotib olish uchun bir marta mavjud edi.[31]

Texnik ma'lumotlar

Kasseta va lenta dizayni

Old korpus olib tashlangan VHS ning yuqori ko'rinishi

VHS kasseta bu 187mm keng, chuqurligi 103 mm, qalinligi 25 mm (7⅜ × 4)1⁄16× 1 dyuym) plastik qobiq beshta bilan birga ushlangan Fillipsning boshi vintlardek. Aktyorlar va yozib oluvchilarga lentaga kirishga imkon beruvchi qopqoq qopqog'ining o'ng tomonida mahkamlagich mavjud, uni bo'shatish uchun tugmachani bosib turing (pastki ko'rinishdagi rasm). Kassetada kassetaning old tomoniga (g'ildirakning yuqori qismida oq va qora) g'altaklar orasidagi bir nechta plastik qismlardan tashkil topgan piyodalarga qarshi vositasi mavjud. G'altakning mahkamlagichlari kassetaning pastki qismidagi 6,35 mm (dyuym) teshikka, chekka yorlig'idan 19 mm (¾ dyuym) teshikka bosilgan qo'l bilan chiqariladi.[iqtibos kerak ] Lentalar tayyorlanadi, oldindan yozib olinadi va kassetalarga kiritiladi toza xonalar, sifatini ta'minlash va saqlash uchun chang lentaga singib ketishdan va yozib olishga xalaqit berishdan (ikkalasi ham signal tushishiga olib kelishi mumkin)

Videomagnitafonni tashish mexanizmi uchun optik avtomatik to'xtashni ta'minlash uchun lentaning ikkala uchida aniq lenta etakchisi mavjud. Videomagnitofonda yorug'lik manbai kassetaga pastki tomonning markazidagi dumaloq teshik orqali kiritiladi va ikkita fotodiodlar lenta kassetadan chiqadigan joyning chap va o'ng tomonlarida. Shaffof lenta ulardan biriga yetganda, to'xtash funktsiyasini ishga tushirish uchun lentadan fotodiodga yetarli yorug'lik o'tadi; orqada qolgani aniqlanganda ba'zi videokameralar tasmani avtomatik ravishda orqaga qaytaradi. Dastlabki videomagnitafonlar an akkor lampochka yorug'lik manbai sifatida: Lampochka ishlamay qolganda, Videomagnitafon xuddi mashina bo'sh bo'lganida lenta mavjud bo'lgandek harakat qilar yoki yonib ketgan lampochkani aniqlab, ishlashni to'liq to'xtatar edi. Keyinchalik dizaynlarda infraqizil ishlatiladi LED, bu ancha uzoq umrga ega.[iqtibos kerak ]

Yozib olish vositasi Mylar[32] magnit lenta, Kengligi 12,7 mm (dyuym), metall bilan qoplangan oksid va ikkiga yara makaralar.

"Standart ijro" rejimi uchun lenta tezligi (pastga qarang) - 3.335sm /s (1.313 ips) uchun NTSC, Uchun 2,339 sm / s (0,921 ips) PAL - yoki 2,0 va 1,4 dan sal ko'proq metr (Daqiqada 6 fut 6,7 dyuym va 4 fut 7,2 dyuym). T-120 VHS kassetasi uchun lenta uzunligi 247,5 metrni (812 fut) tashkil etadi.[33]

Tasmani yuklash texnikasi

VHS M-yuklash tizimi.

VHS apparatlari deyarli barcha kassetalarga asoslangan videotasma tizimlarida bo'lgani kabi, lentani kassetaning qobig'idan chiqarib, NTSC mashinalarida 1800 rpm tezlikda aylanadigan moyil bosh barabaniga o'rab oladi.[34] va 1500 darpm uchun PAL, bitta video kadrga mos keladigan boshning bitta to'liq aylanishi. VHS M-lacing deb ham ataladigan "M-loading" tizimidan foydalanadi, bu erda lenta ikkita burama tirgak bilan tortib olinadi va 180 darajadan yuqori bosh barabanga o'raladi (va boshqalar) lenta transporti komponentlar) taxminan harfga yaqinlashadigan shaklda M.[35] Aylanadigan baraban ichidagi boshlar a yordamida simsiz signal oladi aylanadigan transformator.

Yozib olish hajmi

Zamonaviy VHS ichki qismi Videomagnitofon baraban va lentani ko'rsatish.

VHS kassetasi eng kam qabul qilinadigan lenta qalinligida maksimal 430 m (1410 fut) lentani ushlab turadi va T-240 / DF480 da maksimal to'rt soat o'ynash vaqtini beradi. NTSC va E-300-da besh soat PAL "standart o'yin" (SP) sifatida. Ko'pincha, VHS lentalari tiqilib qolishi yoki lentadagi ko'z yosh kabi asoratlarni oldini olish uchun talab qilingan minimaldan qalinroq.[24] Boshqa tezliklarga "uzoq o'yin" (LP) va "kengaytirilgan o'yin" (EP) yoki "super uzoq o'ynash" (SLP) kiradi (NTSC standarti; kamdan-kam hollarda PAL mashinalarida topiladi). NTSC uchun LP va EP / SLP ro'yxatga olish vaqtini mos ravishda ikki va uch baravar oshiradi, ammo bu tezlikni pasayishi gorizontal o'lchamdagi pasayishni keltirib chiqaradi - SP ning 250 vertikal skanerlash liniyasining normal ekvivalentidan, LP da 230 ga teng va undan ham kamroq RaI / SLP da. Sekinroq tezliklar chiziqli (hifi bo'lmagan) audio trekning sifatini ham sezilarli darajada pasayishiga olib keladi, chunki chiziqli lenta tezligi odatda ovoz yozish uchun qoniqarli minimal darajadan ancha past bo'ladi. Rang chuqurligi PAL-da past tezlikda sezilarli darajada yomonlashadi: ko'pincha past tezlikda yozib olingan PAL lentasidagi rangli tasvir faqat monoxromda yoki vaqti-vaqti bilan ijro etilayotganda ko'rsatiladi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Lenta uzunligi

SP va LP uchun vaqt o'lchovli VHS kassetasi

Ikkalasi ham NTSC va PAL / SECAM VHS kassetalari jismonan bir xil (garchi lentaga yozilgan signallar mos kelmasa ham). Biroq, lenta tezligi NTSC va PAL / SECAM o'rtasida farq qilganligi sababli, har qanday kassetaning ijro etish vaqti tizimlar o'rtasida har xil bo'ladi. Chalkashliklarni oldini olish uchun ishlab chiqaruvchilar lenta sotilgan bozorda kutish mumkin bo'lgan daqiqalarni o'ynatish vaqtini ko'rsatadilar. T-XXX bo'sh lentasini PAL mashinasida yoki bo'sh E- da yozib olish va ijro etish juda yaxshi. XXX lenta NTSC mashinasida, ammo natijada o'ynash vaqti ko'rsatilganidan farq qiladi.[iqtibos kerak ]

T-XXX lentasining PAL mashinasida ijro etish vaqtini hisoblash uchun quyidagi formuladan foydalaning:

PAL / SECAM yozib olish vaqti = daqiqada T-XXX * (1.426)

NTSC mashinasida E-XXX lentasining ijro etish vaqtini hisoblash uchun quyidagi formuladan foydalaning:

NTSC yozib olish vaqti = daqiqada E-XXX * (0,701)
  • E-XXX SP va LP tezligida PAL yoki SECAM uchun o'ynash vaqtini bir necha daqiqada ko'rsatadi.
  • T-XXX SP, LP va EP / SLP tezligida NTSC yoki PAL-M uchun o'ynash vaqtini bir necha daqiqada ko'rsatadi.
  • SP standart o'yin, LP uzoq o'ynash (1⁄2 DVHS "HS" rejimida yozish vaqtiga teng tezlik), EP / SLP uzaytiriladi / juda uzoq o'ynaydi (1⁄3 tezligi) birinchi navbatda NTSC bozoriga chiqarildi.
Umumiy lenta uzunligi
Tasma yorlig'i

(daqiqada nominal uzunlik)

Lenta uzunligiRec. vaqt (NTSC)Rec. vaqt (PAL)
mftSPLPRaI / SLPSPLP
NTSC bozori
T-204414522 min44 min66 daqiqa (1 soat 06)31,5 min63 daqiqa (1 soat 03)
T-30 (odatda VHS-C)6320731,5 min63 daqiqa (1 soat 03)95 daqiqa (1 soat 35)45 min90 daqiqa (1 soat 30)
T-459431047 min94 daqiqa (1 soat 34)142 daqiqa (2 soat 22)67 min (1 soat 07)135 daqiqa (2 soat 15)
T-6012641263 daqiqa (1 soat 03)126 daqiqa (2 soat 06)188 min (3 soat 08)89 daqiqa (1 soat 29)179 daqiqa (2 soat 59)
T-9018661093 daqiqa (1 soat 33)186 daqiqa (3 soat 06)279 daqiqa (4 soat 39)132 daqiqa (2 soat 12)265 daqiqa (4 soat 25)
T-120 / DF240247811124 daqiqa (2 soat 04)247 min (4 soat 07)371 daqiqa (6 soat 11)176 daqiqa (2 soat 56)352 daqiqa (5 soat 52)
T-140287.5943144 daqiqa (2 soat 24)287 min (4 soat 47)431 daqiqa (7 soat 11)204,5 daqiqa (3 soat 24,5)404,5 daqiqa (6 soat 49,5)
T-150 / DF300316.51040158 daqiqa (2 soat 38)316 daqiqa (5 soat 16)475 daqiqa (7 soat 55)226 daqiqa (3 soat 46)452 daqiqa (7 soat 32)
T-1603281075164 min (2 soat 44)327 daqiqa (5 soat 27)491 daqiqa (8 soat 11)233 daqiqa (3 soat 53)467 min (7 soat 47)
T-180 / DF-3603691210184 daqiqa (3 soat 04)369 daqiqa (6 soat 09)553 daqiqa (9 soat 13)263 daqiqa (4 soat 23)526 daqiqa (8 soat 46)
T-2004101345205 daqiqa (3 soat 25)410 min (6 soat 50)615 daqiqa (10 soat 15)292 daqiqa (4 soat 52)584 daqiqa (9 soat 44)
T-210 / DF4204331420216 daqiqa (3 soat 36)433 daqiqa (7 soat 13)649 daqiqa (10 soat 49)308 daqiqa (5 soat 08)617 daqiqa (10 soat 17)
T-240 / DF4805001640250 daqiqa (4 soat 10)500 daqiqa (8 soat 20)749 daqiqa (12 soat 29)356 daqiqa (5 soat 56)712 daqiqa (11 soat 52)
PAL bozori
E-30 (odatda VHS-C)4514822,5 min45 min68 daqiqa (1 soat 08)32 min64 daqiqa (1 soat 04)
E-608829044 min88 daqiqa (1 soat 28)133 daqiqa (2 soat 13)63 daqiqa (1 soat 03)126 daqiqa (2 soat 06)
E-9013142965 daqiqa (1 soat 05)131 daqiqa (2 soat 11)196 daqiqa (3 soat 16)93 daqiqa (1 soat 33)186 daqiqa (3 soat 06)
E-12017457087 daqiqa (1 soat 27)174 daqiqa (2 soat 54)260 daqiqa (4 soat 20)124 daqiqa (2 soat 04)248 daqiqa (4 soat 08)
E-150216609108 daqiqa (1 soat 49)227 daqiqa (3 soat 37)324 daqiqa (5 soat 24)154 daqiqa (2 soat 34)308 daqiqa (5 soat 08)
E-180259849129 daqiqa (2 soat 09)259 daqiqa (4 soat 18)388 daqiqa (6 soat 28)184 daqiqa (3 soat 04)369 daqiqa (6 soat 09)
E-195279915139 daqiqa (2 soat 19)279 daqiqa (4 soat 39)418 daqiqa (6 soat 58)199 min (3 soat 19)397 daqiqa (6 soat 37)
E-200289935144 daqiqa (2 soat 24)284 daqiqa (4 soat 44)428 daqiqa (7 soat 08)204 daqiqa (3 soat 24)405 daqiqa (6 soat 45)
E-210304998152 daqiqa (2 soat 32)304 min (5 soat 04)456 daqiqa (7 soat 36)217 daqiqa (3 soat 37)433 daqiqa (7 soat 13)
E-2403481142174 daqiqa (2 soat 54)348 daqiqa (5 soat 48)522 daqiqa (8 soat 42)248 daqiqa (4 soat 08)496 daqiqa (8 soat 16)
E-2703921295196 daqiqa (3 soat 16)392 daqiqa (6 soat 32)589 daqiqa (9 soat 49)279 daqiqa (4 soat 39)559 daqiqa (9 soat 19)
E-3004351427217 daqiqa (3 soat 37)435 daqiqa (7 soat 15)652 daqiqa (10 soat 52)310 daqiqa (5 soat 10)620 min (10 soat 20)

Kassetaning yana bir qancha aniqlangan uzunliklari ikkala bozor uchun ham ommaviy ishlab chiqarishga kirdi, lekin ular faqat professional nusxalash maqsadida ishlatilgan (ko'pincha ma'lum bir daraja / qalinlikdagi lenta standart kassetaga qancha sig'inishi mumkinligi chegarasini oshirib, filmlarni ushlab turish uchun) sifatsizligi yoki ishonchliligini xavf ostiga qo'ymasdan, yupqaroq darajaga o'tish orqali qisqa standart o'lchamlarga mos kela olmadi) yoki lenta uzunligini tanlaganligi yoki pulning yomonligi sababli uy iste'molchilari orasida mashhurlik topa olmadi (masalan, T130 / 135 / 140, T168, E150, E270).[iqtibos kerak ]

Nusxadan himoyalash

VHS turli xil manbalardan, shu jumladan televizion eshittirishlardan yoki boshqa Videomagnitofonlardan yozishni osonlashtirish uchun ishlab chiqilganligi sababli, kontent ishlab chiqaruvchilari tezda uy foydalanuvchilari videofilmlarni bir lentadan ikkinchisiga nusxalash uchun moslamalardan foydalana olishganini aniqladilar. Shunga qaramay avlodni yo'qotish, bu keng tarqalgan muammo sifatida qaraldi Amerika kinofilmlari assotsiatsiyasi (MPAA) ularga katta moliyaviy zarar etkazgan deb da'vo qilmoqda. Bunga javoban, bir nechta kompaniyalar mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan VHS lentalarini uy foydalanuvchilari tomonidan tasodifiy takrorlanishdan himoya qilish uchun texnologiyalar ishlab chiqdilar.[iqtibos kerak ]

Eng mashhur usul edi Analog himoya qilish tizimi, shunchaki yaxshi tanilgan Makrovizion, xuddi shu nomdagi kompaniya tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan.[36] Macrovision ma'lumotlariga ko'ra:

"Texnologiya har yili 550 milliondan ortiq videokassetalarga qo'llaniladi va har bir kishi foydalanadi MPAA ularning videokassetalaridan bir nechtasida yoki barchasida kinostudiya. Dunyo bo'ylab 220 dan ortiq tijorat nusxalarini ko'chirish ob'ektlari huquq egalariga Macrovision videokassetalarini nusxalarini himoya qilish uchun jihozlangan ... Tadqiqot natijalariga ko'ra, videokamera uylarining 30% dan ko'prog'i ruxsat etilmagan nusxalarini tan olishadi va nusxa ko'chirish natijasida yillik daromadning umumiy yo'qotilishi taxmin qilinmoqda. har yili 370.000.000 dollardan. "[37]

Ushbu tizim birinchi bo'lib 1984 yilgi filmdan boshlangan mualliflik huquqi bilan himoya qilingan filmlarda qo'llanilgan Paxta klubi.[38]

Macrovision-dan nusxa ko'chirishdan himoya qilish butun yillar davomida takomillashtirildi, ammo har doim himoyalangan VHS lentasining chiqish video oqimiga qasddan xatolarni kiritish orqali ishlaydi. Chiqish video oqimidagi ushbu xatolar aksariyat televizorlar tomonidan e'tiborsiz qoldiriladi, ammo ikkinchi videomagnitofon orqali dasturlarni qayta yozib olishga xalaqit beradi. Macrovision-ning birinchi versiyasi davomida yuqori signal darajalarini taqdim etadi vertikal bo'shliq oralig'i, bu video maydonlari o'rtasida sodir bo'ladi. Ushbu yuqori darajalar avtomatik daromadni boshqarish VHS videokameralarining ko'pchiligida o'chirish, bu chiqish videosida yorqinlik darajasining har xil bo'lishiga olib keladi, lekin ular televizor tomonidan e'tiborga olinmaydi, chunki ular kadrlarni ko'rsatish vaqtidan tashqarida. "II daraja" Macrovision "colorstriping" deb nomlangan jarayonni qo'llaydi, bu analog signalning rang berish davrini teskari yo'naltiradi va rasmda rangsiz chiziqlar paydo bo'lishiga olib keladi. III darajadagi himoya tasvirni yanada yomonlashtirish uchun qo'shimcha ranglarni chizish usullarini qo'shdi.[39]

Ushbu himoya usullari o'sha paytdagi videomagnitofonlar orqali analogdan analogga nusxalashni engish uchun yaxshi ishladi. Raqamli video yozib olishga qodir bo'lgan mahsulotlar qonunga binoan kirish analog oqimlarining Macrovision kodlashini aniqlaydigan va videoning nusxasini rad etadigan xususiyatlarni o'z ichiga oladi.[iqtibos kerak ] Macrovision himoyasini qasddan va noto'g'ri ijobiy aniqlashga ega hafsalasi pir bo'lgan arxiv xodimlari hozir mo'rt bo'lgan VHS lentalarini saqlash uchun raqamli formatga ko'chirmoqchi bo'lganlar.[iqtibos kerak ] Macrovision nusxasini himoya qilish mexanizmini olib tashlash uchun "Video stabilizatorlari" sifatida sotiladigan qurilmalardan foydalanish mumkin.[40]

Yozib olish jarayoni

VHS kassetasidagi magnit lentani kasseta qobig'idan videomagnitafonning bosh tamburiga qanday tortib olinayotgani haqida yaqin jarayon.
Ushbu rasm bosh barabaniga lentaning spiral o'ralganligini namoyish etadi va video, audio va boshqaruv treklari yozilgan joylarni ko'rsatadi.

VHS-da ro'yxatga olish jarayoni quyidagi bosqichlardan iborat, bu tartibda:

  • Lenta ta'minot makarasidan audio magnitafonlarda ishlatilgandek kassa va qisqich valik bilan tortib olinadi.
  • Lenta o'chirish boshi bo'ylab o'tadi, u lentadagi mavjud yozuvlarni o'chiradi.
  • Lenta barabanning 180 darajasidan bir oz ko'proq foydalanib, bosh barabaniga o'ralgan.
  • Yigiruvchi baraban ustidagi bittasi bitta diagonal yo'naltirilgan trassada videoning bitta maydonini lentaga yozib oladi.
  • Lenta audio va boshqaruv boshi bo'ylab o'tadi, unda boshqaruv trassasi va chiziqli audio trek yoki treklar yoziladi.
  • Lenta mashina tomonidan g'altakka qo'llangan moment tufayli tortib olinadigan g'altakka o'raladi.

Boshni o'chirish

O'chirish boshi yuqori darajadagi, yuqori chastotali o'zgaruvchan tok uzatish orqali uzatiladi, bu lentadagi avvalgi yozuvlarning ustiga yoziladi.[41] Ushbu bosqichsiz yangi yozuv lentada bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan eski yozuvlarni to'liq almashtirishga kafolat berolmaydi.

Video yozuv

Shuningdek qarang: Bosib chiqarish § Video yozuvlar
Masalan, G mexanizmiga o'rnatilgan Panasonic Hi-Fi olti boshli VEH0548 barabanida ikkita lenta boshini o'z ichiga olgan odatiy VHS bosh barabani namoyish etildi. (1) yuqori bosh, (2) lenta boshlari va (3) bosh kuchaytirgich.
Odatda to'rtta boshli VHS bosh assambleyasining yuqori va pastki qismida bosh chiplari va aylanadigan transformator ko'rsatilgan
O'rnatilgan uch dyuymli rangli LCD displeyga ega odatiy RCA (Model CC-4371) to'liq o'lchamdagi VHS videokamera. Tiltable LCD displeyi to'liq o'lchamdagi VHS videokameralarda kam uchraydi; faqat kichikroq VHS-C videokameralar ba'zi bir birliklarda egiluvchan LCD ekranga ega bo'lishi odatiy holdir.

Keyin lenta tasmasi yigiruv boshi barabaniga 180 darajadan sal ko'proq o'ralgan holda olib yuriladi ( omega transport tizimi) a spiral moyil lenta qo'llanmalari yordam beradigan moda. Bosh doimiy ravishda aylanadi[42] NTSC mashinalarida 1798,2 rpm, PAL da aniq 1500, har bir to'liq aylanish videoning bitta kadriga to'g'ri keladi.

Ikki lenta boshlari barabanning silindrsimon yuzasiga bir-biridan 180 daraja masofada o'rnatiladi, shunda ikkala bosh yozuvni "navbat bilan" aylantiradi. Eğimli bosh barabanining aylanishi, lentaning nisbatan sekin harakatlanishi bilan birlashganda, har bir bosh lentaning uzunligiga nisbatan diagonalga yo'naltirilgan yo'lni yozib olishiga olib keladi, boshlari lenta bo'ylab harakatlanadigan narsalardan yuqori tezlikda harakatlanadi. aks holda mumkin bo'ladi. Bu deb nomlanadi spiral skanerlash yozib olish. Baraban ustidagi boshlar lenta bo'ylab sekundiga 4.86 yoki 5.767 metr (yozish tezligi) bo'ylab harakatlanadi.[43][44]

Lentadan maksimal darajada foydalanishni ta'minlash uchun video treklar bir-biriga juda yaqin joyda yozib olinadi. Kamaytirish uchun o'zaro faoliyat ijro etilayotgan qo'shni treklar orasida, an azimut yozuvi usul ishlatiladi: Ikkala boshning bo'shliqlari yo'lning yo'liga to'liq mos kelmaydi. Buning o'rniga, bitta bosh trassadan plyus etti gradusga, ikkinchisi minus etti darajaga buriladi. Bu, ijro etish paytida, o'ynalayotgan tomonning ikkala tomonidagi yo'llardan signalning buzuvchi aralashuviga olib keladi.

Diagonal burchakli treklarning har biri displeyda soniyaning 1/60 qismi (PAL-da 1/50) davom etadigan to'liq televizion rasm maydonidir. Bittasi lenta boshi butun rasm maydonini yozib oladi. Ikkinchi lenta boshi tomonidan yozilgan qo'shni trek - bu televizorning ikkinchi rasm maydonining yana 1/60 yoki 1/50 qismi va boshqalar. Shunday qilib, bitta to'liq bosh aylanishi ikkita maydonning butun NTSC yoki PAL ramkasini yozib oladi.

Asl VHS spetsifikatsiyasida faqat ikkita video bosh bor edi. Keyinchalik modellar RaI lenta tezligida ishlatilgan (va optimallashtirilgan) kamida yana bitta juft boshni amalga oshirdilar. VHS HiFi-ni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan mashinalarda (keyinroq tavsiflangan), VHS HiFi signalini boshqarish uchun yana bir juft bosh qo'shildi. Barabanlarda 2, 4, 6 yoki 8 bosh bo'lishi mumkin.

Aylanadigan bosh tomonidan yaratilgan yuqori lenta-bosh tezligi statsionar bosh bilan amalda erishilgandan ancha yuqori tarmoqli o'tkazuvchanligini keltirib chiqaradi. VHS lentalari taxminan 3 ga egaMGts video tarmoqli kengligi va 400 kHz chastota o'tkazuvchanligi, bu NTSC eshittirishlarida 6 MGts dan past va 5 MGts da S-toifali videotasma. The nashrida (qora va oq) videoning qismi a sifatida yozilgan modulyatsiya qilingan chastota, pastga aylantirilgan bilan "rang ostida " xroma to'g'ridan-to'g'ri tayanch tasmasida yozilgan (rangli) signal. Har bir spiral yo'lda bitta maydon mavjud ("juft" yoki "toq" maydon, kvadratning yarmiga teng, qarang.) interlaced video ) analog sifatida kodlangan raster skanerlash, analog televizion eshittirishlarga o'xshash. Gorizontal o'lchamlari rasm balandligi uchun 240 ta chiziq yoki skanerlash liniyasi bo'ylab taxminan 320 ta chiziqni tashkil etadi va vertikal o'lchamlari (skanerlash satrlari soni) tegishli analog televizor standarti bilan bir xil (576 uchun PAL yoki 486 uchun NTSC; odatda, skanerlash chiziqlari aslida kamroq ko'rinadi overscan ). Zamonaviy raqamli terminologiyada NTSC VHS taxminan 333 × 480 pikselli luma va 40 × 480 xrom o'lchamlariga teng (shuningdek qarang xrom subampling, 333 × 480 piksel = 159,840 piksel yoki 0,16 MP (megapikselning 1/6 qismi)),[45] PAL VHS esa taxminan 335 × 576 pikselli luma va 40 × 576 xromga teng ekvivalentni taklif qiladi (PAL ning vertikal xrom o'lchamlari hech qanday mexanizm bilan chegaralanmagan; SECAM kechikish chizig'i mexanizmi bilan cheklangan).

JVC 1985 yilgi SuperBeta-ga VHS HQ yoki yuqori sifat bilan qarshi chiqdi. VHS yorug'lik signalining chastotali modulyatsiyasi 3 megagerts bilan cheklangan, bu eng yuqori sifatli yozish boshlari va lenta materiallari bilan ham texnik jihatdan yuqori rezolyutsiyani imkonsiz qiladi, ammo shtab-kvartiraning markali pastki qismida yorug'lik shovqinini kamaytirish, xrom shovqinini kamaytirish, oq klipni kengaytirish, va aniqlik davri yaxshilandi. Buning samarasi VHS yozuvining gorizontal o'lchamlarini 240 dan 250 analoggacha oshirish edi (raqamli terminologiyada chapdan o'ngga 333 pikselga teng). Asosiy VHS OEMlar xarajatlar xavfi tufayli HQga qarshilik ko'rsatdi, natijada JVC HQ brendiga talablarni oq klip kengaytmasiga va yana bir yaxshilanishga olib keldi.

1987 yilda JVC yangi formatini taqdim etdi Super VHS (ko'pincha S-VHS nomi bilan tanilgan), bu o'tkazuvchanlikni 5 megagertsdan oshib, 420 analog gorizontal (chapdan o'ngga 560 piksel) hosil qildi. Ko'pgina Super VHS yozuvchisi standart VHS lentalarini ijro etishi mumkin, aksincha emas. S-VHS yuqori piksellar sonini olish uchun ishlab chiqilgan, ammo mashinalar va lentalarning qimmatligi sababli Yaponiyadan tashqarida mashhurlikka erisha olmadi.[24] Cheklangan foydalanuvchi bazasi tufayli, Super VHS hech qachon oldindan yozib olingan lentalarni ishlab chiqaruvchilar tomonidan sezilarli darajada tanlanmagan, garchi u kino va montaj qilish uchun past darajadagi professional bozorda keng qo'llanilgan.

Ovoz yozish

Bosh barabandan chiqqandan so'ng, lenta statsionar audio va boshqaruv boshi ustidan o'tadi. Bu lentaning pastki chetida boshqaruv trekini va yuqori chetida bitta yoki ikkita chiziqli audio trekni yozib oladi.

Original chiziqli audio tizim

Asl VHS spetsifikatsiyasida audio sifatida qayd etilgan tayanch tasma audio chiziqqa o'xshash lentali yuqori chiziqda bitta chiziqli yo'lda ixcham kasseta ishlaydi. Ro'yxatga olingan chastota diapazoni chiziqli lenta tezligiga bog'liq edi. Yilni kassetaga qaraganda past lenta tezligidan foydalanadigan VHS SP rejimi uchun bu NTSC uchun taxminan 100 Hz dan 10 kHz gacha bo'lgan o'rtacha chastotali reaktsiyaga olib keldi,[iqtibos kerak ] past standart lenta tezligi bilan PAL VHS uchun chastotali javob biroz yomonroq edi. The signal-shovqin nisbati (SNR) qabul qilinadigan 42 dB edi. Ikkala parametr ham VHS-ning uzoqroq o'ynash rejimlari bilan sezilarli darajada yomonlashdi, EP / NTSC chastotasi 4 kHz chastotaga javob berdi. S-VHS lentalari audio (va video) sifatini oshirishi mumkin, chunki lentalar bir xil tezlikda VHS o'tkazuvchanligining ikki baravar ko'pligiga mo'ljallangan.

Ovozni VHS lentasida video signal yozmasdan yozib bo'lmaydi, hattoki audio dublyaj rejimida ham. Videomagnitofon kirishida video signal bo'lmasa, aksariyat videokameralar qora videoni yozib oladi va ovoz yozilayotgan paytda boshqaruv trekini hosil qiladi. Ba'zi dastlabki videomagnitofonlar audio trekni boshqaruv trek signalisiz yozadi; bu juda oz foydalidir, chunki boshqaruv trassasidan signal yo'qligi ijro etish paytida chiziqli lenta tezligi tartibsiz ekanligini anglatadi.

Murakkab Videomagnitofonlar stereo audio yozuv va ijro etishni taklif etadi. Lineer stereo asl mono audio trek bilan bir xil bo'shliqda ikkita mustaqil kanalga mos keladi. Ushbu yondashuv monoural audio boshlar bilan maqbul orqaga qarab muvofiqligini saqlab qolsa-da, audio trekning bo'linishi signalning SNR-ni yomonlashtirdi va normal tinglash hajmida noaniq lenta xirillashiga olib keldi. Xirillashga qarshi turish uchun videomagnitofonlardan foydalaniladi Dolby B shovqinni pasaytirish yozib olish va ijro etish uchun. Bu yozib olingan muhitda audio dasturning o'rta chastotali diapazonini dinamik ravishda kuchaytiradi va magnitafonning fon shovqin maydoniga nisbatan uning signal kuchini yaxshilaydi, so'ngra ijro etish paytida o'rta diapazoni susaytiradi. Dolby B shaffof jarayon emas va Dolby tomonidan kodlangan dastur materiallari videomagnitofonlarda o'ynaganda g'ayritabiiy o'rta darajadagi diqqatni namoyish etadi, bu shovqinlarni pasaytirish shakli bilan ishlamaydi.

Yana bir variant - DBX-ga o'xshash shovqinlarni kamaytirishdan foydalanish, ya'ni ovoz balandligi baland, ammo siqilgan dinamik diapazonda yozish. Ijro paytida dekompressiya asl audio beradi; chunki kuchsizroq signallar susayadi, xirillash ham sezilarli darajada susayishi mumkin. [Nima uchun bu haqda eslatib o'tilgan? Bu amalga oshirildimi yoki Vikipediyada kimdir shunchaki aqliy hujum qiladimi?]

Iste'molchilarning yuqori darajadagi yozuvlari audio trekning chiziqli tabiatidan foydalanadi, chunki audio trekni o'chirilishi va yozib olingan signalning video qismini buzmasdan yozib olishi mumkin edi. Shuning uchun audio yoki video lentada (boshqasini bezovta qilmasdan) qayta yozib olinadigan "audio dublyaj" va "video dublyaj" funktsiyalari qo'llab-quvvatlandi. prosumer chiziqli videoni tahrirlash - deklar. Dublyaj qilish imkoniyatisiz audio yoki video tahrirni asosiy kassetada o'z joyida bajarish mumkin emas va shu sababli tahrirlash natijasi avlodning yo'qolishiga olib keladigan boshqa lentaga tushishini talab qiladi.

1982 yilda studiyadagi filmlar chiziqli stereo audioyotreklar bilan chiqa boshladi. Shu vaqtdan boshlab Gollivudning deyarli har bir uy-roliklarida Dolby-kodlangan chiziqli stereo audiotrack namoyish etildi. Biroq, chiziqli stereo uskunalar ishlab chiqaruvchilar yoki iste'molchilar orasida hech qachon mashhur bo'lmagan.

Kuzatuvni sozlash va indeksni belgilash

Yana bir chiziqli boshqaruv trek, lentaning pastki chetida videoning har bir kadrining boshlanishini belgilaydigan impulslar joylashgan; ular ijro etish paytida lenta tezligini aniq sozlash uchun ishlatiladi, shuning uchun yuqori tezlikda aylanadigan boshlar ikkita qo'shni trekning o'rtasida ("nomi bilan tanilgan") emas, balki aylanma yo'llarida aniq saqlanib qoladi.kuzatib borish Yaxshi kuzatuv aylanuvchi baraban va chiziqli treklarni o'qiydigan sobit qo'mondon / audio bosh o'rtasidagi aniq masofalarga bog'liq bo'lganligi sababli, odatda ishlab chiqarish toleranslari tufayli mashinalar o'rtasida bir necha mikrometrga o'zgarib turadi, aksariyat videokameralar kuzatuvni sozlashni taklif qiladi yoki qo'lda yoki avtomatik, bunday nomuvofiqliklarni tuzatish uchun.

Tekshirish trakti ushlab turish uchun ham ishlatiladi ko'rsatkich belgilariodatda har bir yozuv sessiyasining boshida yozilgan va ularni Videomagnitafon yordamida topish mumkin indeks qidirish funktsiyasi: bu oldinga yoki orqaga tez shamol qiladi nko'rsatilgan indeks belgisi va u erda ijro etishni davom ettiring. At times, higher-end VCRs provided functions for the user to manually add and remove these marks[46][47] — so that, for example, they coincide with the actual start of the televizion dastur — but this feature later became hard to find.[iqtibos kerak ]

By the late 1990s, some high-end VCRs offered more sophisticated indexing. For example, Panasonic's Tape Library system assigned an ID number to each cassette, and logged recording information (channel, date, time and optional program title entered by the user) both on the cassette and in the VCR's memory for up to 900 recordings (600 with titles).[48]

Hi-Fi audio system

Around 1984, JVC added Hi-Fi audio to VHS (model HR-D725U, in response to Betamax's introduction of Beta Hi-Fi.) Both VHS Hi-Fi and Betamax Hi-Fi delivered flat full-range frequency response (20 Hz to 20 kHz), excellent 70 dB signal-shovqin nisbati (in consumer space, second only to the ixcham disk ), dinamik diapazon of 90 dB, and professional audio -grade channel separation (more than 70 dB). VHS Hi-Fi audio is achieved by using audio frequency modulation (AFM), modulating the two stereo channels (L, R) on two different frequency-modulated carriers and embedding the combined modulated audio signal pair into the video signal. To avoid crosstalk and interference from the primary video carrier, VHS's implementation of AFM relied on a form of magnetic recording called chuqurlik multiplekslash. The modulated audio carrier pair was placed in the hitherto-unused frequency range between the luminance and the color carrier (below 1.6 MHz), and recorded first. Subsequently, the video head erases and re-records the video signal (combined luminance and color signal) over the same tape surface, but the video signal's higher center frequency results in a shallower magnetization of the tape, allowing both the video and residual AFM audio signal to coexist on tape. (PAL versions of Beta Hi-Fi use this same technique). During playback, VHS Hi-Fi recovers the depth-recorded AFM signal by subtracting the audio head's signal (which contains the AFM signal contaminated by a weak image of the video signal) from the video head's signal (which contains only the video signal), then demodulates the left and right audio channels from their respective frequency carriers. The end result of the complex process was audio of high fidelity, which was uniformly solid across all tape-speeds (EP, LP or SP.) Since JVC had gone through the complexity of ensuring Hi-Fi's backward compatibility with non-Hi-Fi VCRs, virtually all studio home video releases produced after this time contained Hi-Fi audio tracks, in addition to the linear audio track. Under normal circumstances, all Hi-Fi VHS VCRs will record Hi-Fi and linear audio simultaneously to ensure compatibility with VCRs without Hi-Fi playback, though only early high-end Hi-Fi machines provided linear stereo compatibility.

The sound quality of Hi-Fi VHS stereo is comparable to some extent to the quality of CD audio, particularly when recordings were made on high-end or professional VHS machines that have a manual audio recording level control. This high quality compared to other consumer audio recording formats such as ixcham kasseta attracted the attention of amateur and hobbyist recording artists. Uyga yozib olish enthusiasts occasionally recorded high quality stereo mixdowns va asosiy yozuvlar dan multitrek audio tape onto consumer-level Hi-Fi VCRs. However, because the VHS Hi-Fi recording process is intertwined with the VCR's video-recording function, advanced editing functions such as audio-only or video-only dubbing are impossible. A short-lived alternative to the hifi feature for recording mixdowns of hobbyist audio-only projects was a PCM adapteri so that high-bandwidth digital video could use a grid of black-and-white dots on an analog video carrier to give pro-grade digital sounds though DAT tapes made this obsolete.

Some VHS decks also had a "simulcast" switch, allowing users to record an external audio input along with off-air pictures. Some televised concerts offered a stereo simulcast soundtrack on FM radio and as such, events like Jonli yordam were recorded by thousands of people with a full stereo soundtrack despite the fact that stereo TV broadcasts were some years off (especially in regions that adopted NICAM ). Other examples of this included network television shows such as Juma kuni tungi videolar va MTV for its first few years in existence. Likewise, some countries, most notably Janubiy Afrika, provided alternate language audio tracks for TV programming through an FM radio simulcast.

The considerable complexity and additional hardware limited VHS Hi-Fi to high-end decks for many years. While linear stereo all but disappeared from home VHS decks, it was not until the 1990s that Hi-Fi became a more common feature on VHS decks. Even then, most customers were unaware of its significance and merely enjoyed the better audio performance of the newer decks.

Issues with Hi-Fi audio

Due to the path followed by the video and Hi-Fi audio heads being striped and discontinuous—unlike that of the linear audio track—head-switching is required to provide a continuous audio signal. While the video signal can easily hide the head-switching point in the invisible vertical retrace section of the signal, so that the exact switching point is not very important, the same is obviously not possible with a continuous audio signal that has no inaudible sections. Hi-Fi audio is thus dependent on a much more exact alignment of the head switching point than is required for non-HiFi VHS machines. Misalignments may lead to imperfect joining of the signal, resulting in low-pitched buzzing.[49] The problem is known as "head chatter", and tends to increase as the audio heads wear down.

Another issue that made VHS Hi-Fi imperfect for music is the inaccurate reproduction of levels (softer and louder) which are not re-created as the original source.[49]

O'zgarishlar

Viktor S-VHS (left) and S-VHS-C (right).

Super-VHS / ADAT / SVHS-ET

Asosiy maqolalar: S-VHS va D-VHS

Several improved versions of VHS exist, most notably Super-VHS (S-VHS), an analog video standard with improved video bandwidth. S-VHS improved the horizontal luminance resolution to 400 lines (versus 250 for VHS/Beta and 500 for DVD). The audio system (both linear and AFM) is the same. S-VHS made little impact on the home market, but gained dominance in the camcorder market due to its superior picture quality.

The ADAT format provides the ability to record multitrack digital audio using S-VHS media. JVC also developed SVHS-ET technology for its Super-VHS camcorders and VCRs, which simply allows them to record Super VHS signals onto lower-priced VHS tapes, albeit with a slight blurring of the image. Nearly all later JVC Super-VHS camcorders and VCRs have SVHS-ET ability.

VHS-C / Super VHS-C

Asosiy maqola: VHS-C

Boshqa variant VHS-Compact (VHS-C), originally developed for portable VCRs in 1982, but ultimately finding success in palm-sized videokameralar. The longest tape available for NTSC holds 60 minutes in SP mode and 180 minutes in EP mode. Since VHS-C tapes are based on the same magnetic tape as full-size tapes, they can be played back in standard VHS players using a mechanical adapter, without the need of any kind of signal conversion. The magnetic tape on VHS-C cassettes is wound on one main spool and uses a gear wheel to advance the tape.[24]

The adapter is mechanical, although early examples were motorized, with a battery. It has an internal hub to engage with the VCR mechanism in the location of a normal full-size tape hub, driving the gearing on the VHS-C cassette. Also, when a VHS-C cassette is inserted into the adapter, a small swing-arm pulls the tape out of the miniature cassette to span the standard tape path distance between the guide rollers of a full-size tape. This allows the tape from the miniature cassette to use the same loading mechanism as that from the standard cassette.

Super VHS-C or S-VHS Compact was developed by QK in 1987. S-VHS provided an improved luminance and chrominance quality, yet S-VHS recorders were compatible with VHS tapes.[50]

Sony was unable to shrink its Betamax form any further, so instead developed Video8/Hi8 which was in direct competition with the VHS-C/S-VHS-C format throughout the 80s, 90s, and 2000s. Ultimately neither format "won" and both have been superseded by digital high definition equipment.

W-VHS / Digital-VHS (high-definition)

Asosiy maqolalar: W-VHS va D-VHS

W-VHS allowed recording of MUSE Hi-Vision analog high definition television, which was broadcast in Japan from 1989 until 2007. The other improved standard, called Digital-VHS (D-VHS), records digital high definition video onto a VHS form factor tape. D-VHS can record up to 4 hours of ATSC digital television in 720p or 1080i formats using the fastest record mode (equivalent to VHS-SP), and up to 49 hours of lower-definition video at slower speeds.[51]

D9

Asosiy maqola: Raqamli-S

There is also a JVC-designed component digital professional production format known as Raqamli-S, or officially under the name D9, that uses a VHS form factor tape and essentially the same mechanical tape handling techniques as an S-VHS recorder. This format is the least expensive format to support a Sel-Sync pre-read for videoni tahrirlash. This format competed with Sony's Raqamli Betacam in the professional and broadcast market, although in that area Sony's Betacam family ruled supreme, in contrast to the outcome of the VHS/Betamax domestic format war. It has now been superseded by high definition formats.

Aksessuarlar

A tape rewinder.

Shortly after the introduction of the VHS format, VHS tape rewinders ishlab chiqilgan. These devices served the sole purpose of rewinding VHS tapes. Proponents of the rewinders argued that the use of the rewind function on the standard VHS player would lead to wear and tear of the transport mechanism. The rewinder would rewind the tapes smoothly and also normally do so at a faster rate than the standard rewind function on VHS players. However, some rewinder brands did have some frequent abrupt stops, which occasionally led to tape damage.

Some devices were marketed which allowed a shaxsiy kompyuter to use a VHS recorder as a data backup qurilma. Ularning eng e'tiborlisi shu edi ArVid, widely used in Russia and MDH davlatlar. Similar systems were manufactured in the United States by Corvus va Alpha Microsystems,[52] va Buyuk Britaniyada Qo'llab-quvvatlovchi from Danmere Ltd.

Signal standards

VHS can record and play back all varieties of analog television signals in existence at the time VHS was devised. However, a machine must be designed to record a given standard. Typically, a VHS machine can only handle signals using the same standard as the country it was sold in. This is because some parameters of analog broadcast TV are not applicable to VHS recordings, the number of VHS tape recording format variations is smaller than the number of broadcast TV signal variations—for example, analog TVs and VHS mashinalar (except multistandard devices) are not interchangeable between the UK and Germany, but VHS lentalar bor. The following tape recording formats exist in conventional VHS (listed in the form of standard/lines/frames):

  • SECAM /625/25 (SECAM, French variety)
  • MESECAM /625/25 (most other SECAM countries, notably the former Soviet Union and Middle East)
  • NTSC /525/30 (Most parts of Americas, Japan, South Korea)
  • PAL /525/30 (i.e., KAFT, Braziliya)
  • PAL /625/25 (most of Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand, many parts of Asia such as China and India, some parts of South America such as Argentina, Uruguay and the Falklands, and Africa)

Note that PAL/625/25 VCRs allow playback of SECAM (and MESECAM) tapes with a monoxrom picture, and vice versa, as the line standard is the same.Since the 1990s, dual and multi-standard VHS machines, able to handle a variety of VHS-supported video standards, became more common. For example, VHS machines sold in Australia and Europe could typically handle PAL, MESECAM for record and playback, and NTSC for playback only on suitable TVs. Dedicated multi-standard machines can usually handle all standards listed, and some high-end models could convert the content of a tape from one standard to another parvozda during playback by using a built-in standards converter.

S-VHS is only implemented as such in PAL/625/25 and NTSC/525/30; S-VHS machines sold in SECAM markets record internally in PAL, and convert between PAL and SECAM during recording and playback. S-VHS machines for the Brazilian market record in NTSC and convert between it and PAL-M.

A small number of VHS decks are able to decode yopiq taglavhalar on video cassettes before sending the full signal to the set with the captions. A smaller number still are able, additionally, to record subtitrlar transmitted with world standard telematn signals (on pre-digital services), simultaneously with the associated program. S-VHS has a sufficient resolution to record teletext signals with relatively few errors.[53]

Uses in marketing

VHS was popular for long-form content, such as feature films or documentaries, as well as short-play content, such as music videos, in-store videos, teaching videos, distribution of lectures and talks, and demonstrations. VHS instruction tapes were sometimes included with various products and services, including exercise equipment, kitchen appliances, and computer software.[iqtibos kerak ]

Comparison to Betamax

Asosiy maqola: Videotasma formatidagi urush
Size comparison between Betamax (top) and VHS (bottom) videocassettes.

VHS was the winner of a protracted and somewhat bitter format war during the late 1970s and early 1980s against Sony's Betamax format as well as other formats of the time.[8]

Betamax was widely perceived at the time as the better format, as the cassette was smaller in size, and Betamax offered slightly better video quality than VHS – it had lower video noise, less luma-chroma o'zaro faoliyat, and was marketed as providing pictures superior to those of VHS. However, the sticking point for both consumers and potential licensing partners of Betamax was the total recording time.[20] To overcome the recording limitation, Beta II speed (two-hour mode, NTSC regions only) was released in order to compete with VHS's two-hour SP mode, thereby reducing Betamax's horizontal resolution to 240 lines (vs 250 lines).[54] In turn, the extension of VHS to VHS HQ produced 250 lines (vs 240 lines), so that overall a typical Betamax/VHS user could expect virtually identical resolution. (Very high-end Betamax machines still supported recording in the Beta I mode and some in an even higher resolution Beta Is (Beta I Super HiBand) mode, but at a maximum single-cassette run time of 1:40 [with an L-830 cassette].)

Because Betamax was released more than a year before VHS, it held an early lead in the format war. However, by 1981, United States' Betamax sales had dipped to only 25-percent of all sales.[55] There was debate between experts over the cause of Betamax's loss. Some, including Sony's founder Akio Morita, say that it was due to Sony's licensing strategy with other manufacturers, which consistently kept the overall cost for a unit higher than a VHS unit, and that JVC allowed other manufacturers to produce VHS units license-free, thereby keeping costs lower.[56] Others say that VHS had better marketing, since the much larger electronics companies at the time (Matsushita, for example) supported VHS.[20] Sony would make its first VHS players/recorders in 1988, although it continued to produce Betamax machines concurrently until 2002.[57]

Rad etish

A Rasputin musiqasi retailer (Fresno, California) selling used VHS cassettes from 50¢ to $1.98 each for people who still have working VCRs.
Fig Garden Regional Library, a branch of Fresno okrugidagi jamoat kutubxonasi, is giving away their weeded VHS collections for free.

The video cassette recorder was a mainstay in televizor jihozlangan Amerika va Evropa living rooms for more than twenty years from its introduction in 1977. The home television recording market, as well as the camcorder market, has since transitioned to digital recording on solid-state memory cards. The introduction of the DVD format to American consumers in March 1997 triggered the market share decline of VHS.[9]

DVD rentals surpassed those on the VHS format in the United States for the first time in June 2003.[58]

Though 94.5 million Americans still owned VHS format Videomagnitofonlar 2005 yilda,[9] market share continued to drop. In the mid-2000s, several retail chains in the United States and Europe announced they would stop selling VHS equipment.[59][60][61] In the U.S., no major brick-and-mortar retailers stock VHS home-video releases, focusing only on DVD and Blu ray ommaviy axborot vositalari.

The last known company in the world to manufacture VHS equipment was Funai of Japan, who produced videokasseta yozish moslamalari ostida Sanyo brand in China and North America. Funai ceased production of VHS equipment in July 2016, citing falling sales and a tanqislik of components.[12]

Zamonaviy foydalanish

A badly molded VHS tape. Mold can prevent modern use. Qarang Ommaviy axborot vositalarini saqlash.

Despite the decline in both VHS players and programming on VHS machines, they are still owned in some households worldwide. Those who still use or hold on to VHS do so for a number of reasons, including nostaljik value, ease of use in recording, keeping personal videos or uy filmlari, watching content currently exclusive to VHS, and collecting. Some expatriate communities in the United States also obtain video content from their native countries in VHS format.[62]

Although VHS has been discontinued in the United States, VHS recorders and blank tapes were still sold at stores in other developed countries prior to digital television transitions.[63][64] As an acknowledgement of the continued use of VHS, Panasonic announced the world's first dual deck VHS-Blu-ray player in 2009.[65] The last standalone JVC VHS-only unit was produced October 28, 2008.[66] JVC, and other manufacturers, continued to make combination DVD+VHS units even after the decline of VHS.

A market for pre-recorded VHS tapes has continued, and some online retailers such as Amazon still sell new and used pre-recorded VHS cassettes of movies and television programs. None of the major Hollywood studios generally issue releases on VHS. The last major studio film to be released in the format in the United States, other than as part of special marketing promotions, was Zo'ravonlik tarixi in 2006. In October 2008, Distribution Video Audio Inc., the last major American supplier of pre-recorded VHS tapes, shipped its final truckload of tapes to stores in America.[10]

However, there have been a few exceptions. Masalan, Iblis uyi was released on VHS in 2010 as an Amazon-exclusive deal, in keeping with the film's intent to mimic 1980s horror films.[67] Dahshatli film V / H / S / 2 was released as a combo in North America that included a VHS tape in addition to a Blu-ray and a DVD copy on September 24, 2013.[68] 2019 yilda, Paramount rasmlari produced limited quantities of the 2018 film Bumblebee to give away as promotional contest prizes.[69]

Vorislar

VCD

Shuningdek qarang: Video CD

The Video CD (VCD) was created in 1993, becoming an alternative medium for video, in a CD-sized disc. Though occasionally showing siqishni artefaktlari va color banding that are common discrepancies in digital media, the durability and longevity of a VCD depends on the production quality of the disc, and its handling. The data stored digitally on a VCD theoretically does not degrade (in the analog sense like tape). In the disc player, there is no physical contact made with either the data or label sides. When handled properly, a VCD will last a long time.

Since a VCD can hold only 74 minutes of video, a movie exceeding that mark has to be divided into two or more discs.

DVD

Shuningdek qarang: DVD-video

The DVD-video format was introduced first on November 1, 1996, in Japan; to the United States on March 26, 1997 (test marketed); and mid-to-late 1998 in Europe and Australia.

Despite DVD's better quality (typical horizontal resolution of 480 versus 250 lines per picture height), and the availability of standalone DVD recorders, VHS is still used in home recording of video content. The commercial success of DVD recording and re-writing has been hindered by a number of factors including:

  • A reputation for being temperamental and unreliable, as well as the risk of scratches and hairline cracks.[70]
  • Incompatibilities in playing discs recorded on a different manufacturer's machines to that of the original recording machine.[71]
  • Compression artifacts: MPEG-2 video compression can result in visible artifacts such as makroblokirovka, mosquito noise va jiringlash which become accentuated in extended recording modes (more than three hours on a DVD-5 disc). Standard VHS will not suffer from any of these problems, all of which are characteristic of certain digital video compression systems (see Alohida kosinus konvertatsiyasi ) but VHS will result in reduced luminance and chroma resolution, which makes the picture look horizontally blurred (resolution decreases further with LP and EP recording modes).[72] VHS also adds considerable noise to both the luminance and chroma channels.[iqtibos kerak ]

High-capacity digital recording technologies

Shuningdek qarang: Raqamli video yozuvchisi

High-capacity digital recording systems are also gaining in popularity with home users. These types of systems come in several form factors:

Hard disk-based systems include TiVo va boshqalar digital video recorder (DVR) qurbonliklar. These types of systems provide users with a no-maintenance solution for capturing video content. Customers of subscriber-based TV generally receive electronic program guides, enabling one-touch setup of a recording schedule. Hard disk–based systems allow for many hours of recording without user-maintenance. For example, a 120 GB system recording at an extended recording rate (XP) of 10 Mbit / s MPEG-2 can record over 25 hours of video content.[iqtibos kerak ]

Meros

Often considered an important medium of film history, the influence of VHS on art and cinema was highlighted in a retrospective staged at the Museum of Arts and Design in 2013.[73][74][75][76] In 2015, the Yale University Library collected nearly 3,000 horror and exploitation movies on VHS tapes, distributed from 1978 to 1985, calling them "the cultural id of an era."[77][78][79][80]

Hujjatli film Rewind This! (2013), directed by Josh Johnson, tracks the impact of VHS on film industry through various filmmakers and collectors.[iqtibos kerak ]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ ETHW (2006). IEEE History Center: Development of VHS. Page cites the original name as "Video Home System", from the original source, an article by Yuma Shiraishi, one of its inventors. Retrieved on 2006-12-28 from http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Development_of_VHS,_a_World_Standard_for_Home_Video_Recording,_1976.
  2. ^ Free, John (November 1977). "How good are they? New long-play video-cassette recorders". Ommabop fan. Times Mirror Magazine inc. p. 81. Alt URL
  3. ^ Boucher, Geoff (December 22, 2008). "VHS era is winding down". Los Anjeles Tayms. Olingan 11 iyul, 2011.
  4. ^ "History of the VHS | The VHS". Olingan 2020-05-12.
  5. ^ Glinis, Shawn Michael (May 2015). VCRs: The End of TV as Ephemera (M.A.). University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 22-iyulda. Olingan 11-noyabr, 2016.
  6. ^ "The Rapid Evolution of the Consumer Camcorder". Olingan 2016-08-06.
  7. ^ a b "Sony finally decides it's time to kill Betamax". Olingan 2016-08-06.
  8. ^ a b "Lessons Learned from the VHS – Betamax War". Besser.tsoa.nyu.edu. Olingan 2011-07-11.
  9. ^ a b v "VHS lentalari uchun ajratilgan so'zlar, tez orada orqaga qaytish kerak". Washington Post. 2005 yil 28 avgust. Olingan 2018-11-18.
  10. ^ a b "VHS era is winding down". Los-Anjeles Tayms.
  11. ^ "Bu bejiz emas: DVD ijarasi videokassetalarni ortda qoldirdi". Washington Times. Washington, D.C. June 20, 2003. Olingan 2010-06-02.
  12. ^ a b Walton, Mark (July 21, 2016). "Last known VCR maker stops production, 40 years after VHS format launch". Ars Technica. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2017-05-22. Olingan 2017-05-22.
  13. ^ "VHSビデオ機の生産に幕". Rating 経 済 新聞 電子 版.
  14. ^ "AMPEX VRX-1000 – The First Commercial Videotape Recorder in 1956". CED Magic. Olingan 2013-03-24.
  15. ^ The History of Television 1942-2000, pg 169. Albert Abramson. 2003 yil. ISBN  9780786432431. Olingan 2013-03-24.
  16. ^ "VCR". Ce.org. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2006 yil 13 avgustda. Olingan 2011-07-11.
  17. ^ Pollack, Andrew (January 20, 1992). "Shizuo Takano, 68, an Engineer Who Developed VHS Recorders". The New York Times. Olingan 2011-07-11.
  18. ^ a b v d "VHS STORY – Home Taping Comes of Age". Rickmaybury.com. September 7, 1976. Archived from asl nusxasi 2011-07-19. Olingan 2011-07-11.
  19. ^ Bylund, Anders (January 4, 2010). "The format wars: of lasers and (creative) destruction". Arstechnica.com. Olingan 11 iyul, 2011.
  20. ^ a b v d John Howells. "The Management of Innovation and Technology: The Shaping of Technology and Institutions of the Market Economy" [hardcopy], pg 76-81
  21. ^ Media College "The Betamax vs VHS Format War", by Dave Owen, published: May 1, 2005
  22. ^ Keshmor, Ellis; Cleland, Jamie; Dixon, Kevin (2018-06-12). Screen Society. Springer. ISBN  978-3-319-68164-1.
  23. ^ a b v d e 100 Greatest Inventions. Citadel Press Books. 2003. pp. 288–289. ISBN  9780806524047. Olingan 6 oktyabr, 2012.
  24. ^ a b v d Parekh, Ranjan (January 1, 2006). Principles of Multimedia. Tata McGraw-Hill ta'limi. ISBN  9780070588332.
  25. ^ a b "Always Helpful! Full of Information on Recording Media "Made in Japan After All"". Nipponsei.jp. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2011 yil 11 yanvarda. Olingan 11 iyul, 2011.
  26. ^ "JVC HR-3300". Totalrewind.org. Olingan 11 iyul, 2011.
  27. ^ "CED in the History of Media Technology". Cedmagic.com. 1977 yil 23-avgust. Olingan 11 iyul, 2011.
  28. ^ "Fast-forward to oblivion as VCRs take only 5% of market". timesonline.co.uk. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007 yil 25 fevralda.
  29. ^ "Panasonic VHS VCR Gallery". Vintageelectronics.betamaxcollectors.com. Olingan 11 iyul, 2011.
  30. ^ Cusumano, MA, Mylonadis, Y. and Rosenbloom, RS (1992) "Strategic Manoeuvring and Mass Market Dynamics: VHS over Beta", Business History Review, pg 88
  31. ^ Faulkner, Cameron (July 21, 2019). "How to make digital copies of your VHS tapes". The Verge.
  32. ^ Noble, Jem. "VHS: A Posthumanist Aesthetics of Recording and Distribution." OxfordHandbooks. Oxford Handbooks, Dec. 2013. Web. 2015 yil 30 sentyabr.
  33. ^ Wallace, Dillon. "How long is my tape? What is the format?". Southtree. Olingan 2 mart 2020.
  34. ^ Brain, Marshall (February 10, 2011). "How VCRs Work". HowStuffWorks. p. 7. Olingan 10 fevral, 2011.
  35. ^ "Technology: VHS video that begins at the beginning". Yangi olim. Olingan 2020-01-22.
  36. ^ "Rolling Old School With Copy Protection From The 1980s". 2018 yil 28-may.
  37. ^ "How does copy protection on a video tape work?". HowStuffWorks. April 1, 2000.
  38. ^ De Atley, Richard (September 7, 1985). "Videomagnitofonlar ko'ngilochar sanoatni tezda g'azablantiradi". "Free Lance-Star". Associated Press. 12-bet - TV. Olingan 2015-01-25.
  39. ^ "How to Rip VHS". Anarchivism. 2012 yil 14-dekabr.
  40. ^ "What to Know About Video Copy Protection and DVD Recording". Lifewire.
  41. ^ Tasmani yozib olish, Georgia State University
  42. ^ The 1800 rpm tape head speed, and corresponding field period time, etc., quoted in this article for NTSC machines are based on the old black and white RS-170 standard. When this was adapted for color under the NTSC standard the actual field time was altered to 1/59.94 of a second, so the actual VHS head rotation speed is accordingly 1798.2 rpm. The pre-color timings are quoted here for simplicity. The corresponding numbers here for PAL are, on the other hand, exact, as PAL's field rate is exactly 1/50 of a second.
  43. ^ Brenner, Robert; Capelo, Gregory (26 August 1998). VCR Troubleshooting and Repair. ISBN  9780080520476.
  44. ^ https://www.palsite.com/format.html
  45. ^ Taylor, Jim (2005). DVD demystified. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 9–36. ISBN  0-07-142396-6. Olingan 22 yanvar, 2017.
  46. ^ Loren Barstow. "VCRs Glossary". Crutchfield.
  47. ^ JVC HR-S7300 manual: features list: "..., Index Search, Manual Index Mark/Erase ..."
  48. ^ Panasonic Video Cassette Recorder NV-HS960 Series Operating Instructions, VQT8880, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
  49. ^ a b "14.18 Is VHS Hi-Fi sound perfect? Is Beta Hi-Fi sound perfect?". stason.org. Olingan 6 avgust, 2019.
  50. ^ Damjanovski, Vlado (2005). Videokamera. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 238. ISBN  0-7506-7800-3. Olingan 22 yanvar, 2017.
  51. ^ Eugene Trundle. Newnes Guide to Television and Video Technology. p. 377.
  52. ^ Videotrax: New System To Back Up Hard Disks. InfoWorld, May 26, 1986.
  53. ^ "Teletext time travel". transdiffusion.org. 2016 yil 7-yanvar. Olingan 19 yanvar, 2016.
  54. ^ Video Interchange. "Video History". Olingan 20 avgust, 2007.
  55. ^ Moulding, Helge. "The Decline and Fall of Betamax". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2002 yil 2-iyulda. Olingan 20 avgust, 2007.
  56. ^ "The Betamax vs VHS Format War". Mediacollege.com. 2008 yil 8-yanvar. Olingan 11 iyul, 2011.
  57. ^ Murphy, Mike (November 10, 2015). "Sony is finally putting Betamax out of its misery". Kvarts. Olingan 10 aprel 2020.
  58. ^ "Bu bejiz emas: DVD ijarasi videokassetalarni ortda qoldirdi". Washington Times. 2003 yil 20-iyun.
  59. ^ "Death of video recorder in sight". BBC yangiliklari. 2004 yil 22-noyabr. Olingan 6 yanvar, 2010.
  60. ^ Chediak, Mark (June 15, 2005). "As DVD Sales Fast-Forward, Retailers Reduce VHS Stock". Washington Post. Olingan 27 may, 2010.
  61. ^ "Wal-Mart said to stop selling VHS". CNN. 2005 yil 13 iyun. Olingan 27 may, 2010.
  62. ^ Semple, Kirk (May 28, 2012). "For Movies, Some Immigrants Still Choose to Hit Rewind". The New York Times.
  63. ^ "Statue to mark digital switchover". BBC. 2007 yil 15 sentyabr. Olingan 8 aprel, 2016.
  64. ^ "Using Video Recorders after the Digital TV Switchover". switchhelp.co.uk. Olingan 5-aprel, 2016.
  65. ^ "Panasonic expanded 2009 Blu-ray lineup with the world's first VHS-Blu-ray player". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009-03-17. Olingan 2009-03-28.
  66. ^ Elliott, Amy-Mae (October 28, 2008). "JVC last to stop production of standalone VHS players". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2010 yil 19 sentyabrda. Olingan 31 oktyabr, 2008.
  67. ^ "Cool Stuff: The House of the Devil VHS Tape / DVD Combo Pack - /Film". 2010 yil 29 yanvar. Olingan 30 dekabr, 2016.
  68. ^ "*Updated* V/H/S/2 Coming to Blu-ray, DVD, and VHS".
  69. ^ "Transformers: Bumblebee Movie Out Now on VHS (Real VHS Promo Copy with Pics!) - Transformers News - TFW2005". Transformer World 2005 - TFW2005.COM. 2019 yil 1 aprel.
  70. ^ "Why Won't My DVDs Burn". Desktopvideo.about.com. 2011 yil 21 mart. Olingan 11 iyul, 2011.
  71. ^ Teylor, Jim. "Why doesn't disc X work in player Y?". Dvddemystified.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2011 yil 9-iyulda. Olingan 11 iyul, 2011.
  72. ^ "DILIFE - The Slow Decline of the VHS Tapes". wikispaces.com.
  73. ^ "VHS". San'at va dizayn muzeyi. San'at va dizayn muzeyi. Olingan 5 avgust, 2015.
  74. ^ Piepenburg, Erik. "An Armchair Revolution, and Barbie, Too VHS Film Retrospective at Museum of Arts and Design". Nyu-York Tayms. Nyu-York Tayms. Olingan 5 avgust, 2015.
  75. ^ Lokke, Maria. "Going Back to VHS". Nyu-Yorker. Kond Nast. Olingan 22 yanvar, 2017.
  76. ^ Bianconi, Giampaolo. "VHS @ MAD". Ildizpoyasi. Ildizpoyasi. Olingan 5 avgust, 2015.
  77. ^ Kitroeff, Natalie. "Yale Is Building an Incredible Collection of VHS Tapes". Bloomberg. Bloomberg. Olingan 5 avgust, 2015.
  78. ^ Rogers, Stephanie. "Library acquires 2,700 VHS tapes". Yel Daily News. Yel Daily News. Olingan 5 avgust, 2015.
  79. ^ Rife, Katie. "Even Yale University is getting into VHS collecting". A.V. Klub. Piyoz Inc. Olingan 5 avgust, 2015.
  80. ^ "Yale Acquires 2700 VHS tapes". Amerika kutubxonalari jurnali. Amerika kutubxonalari assotsiatsiyasi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 20-noyabrda. Olingan 5 avgust, 2015.

Tashqi havolalar