Butterfield Overland Mail - Butterfield Overland Mail

"Quruq pochta" bu erga yo'naltiradi. 1942 yilgi Universal film seriyali uchun qarang Quruq pochta (film).

Butterfield Overland Mail (rasmiy ravishda Overland pochta kompaniyasi)[1] edi a stagecoach xizmat 1858 yildan 1861 yilgacha bo'lgan Qo'shma Shtatlarda. U yo'lovchilarni tashiydi va AQSh pochtasi ikki sharqiy terminidan, Memfis, Tennesi va Sent-Luis, Missuri, to San-Fransisko, Kaliforniya. Har bir sharqiy terminaldan yo'nalishlar uchrashdi Fort Smit, Arkanzas va keyin davom etdi Hindiston hududi (Oklaxoma ), Texas, Nyu-Meksiko, Arizona, Meksika va Kaliforniya San-Frantsiskoda tugaydi.[2] 1857 yil 3 martda Kongress AQSh pochta boshqaruvchisi, shu vaqtda Aaron V. Braun, AQSh pochtasini Sent-Luisdan San-Frantsiskoga etkazib berish uchun shartnoma tuzish.[3] Bundan oldin AQSh pochtasi Uzoq G'arb tomonidan etkazib berildi San-Antonio va San-Diego pochta liniyasi (Jackass Mail) 1857 yil iyunidan beri.[4]

Jon Butterfildning "Overland Mail Company" kompaniyasining 1858 yil 16-sentabrdagi ish jadvali
Butterfield va imzo

Kelib chiqishi

Jon Butterfild: Overland pochta kompaniyasining prezidenti

Jon Butterfild 1638 yilda o'z oilasini Angliyadan Massachusets ko'rfazidagi koloniyaga olib kelgan Benjamin Butterfildning avlodi edi. Uning otasi Daniel Butterfild yashagan Bern, ichida Helderberg, Albani yaqinida, Jon tug'ilgan N. Y. U bolalik uyi yaqinidagi maktablarda o'qigan, ammo uning ma'lumoti juda oz edi.[5]

Jonning sahna yo'nalishlari bilan dastlabki ishtiroki taxminan 1820 yilda boshlangan.

"Jon Butterfild 1801 yil 18-noyabrda Albany yaqinidagi Bernda, Helderbergda tug'ilgan. Biz erta hayotda uni haydovchi sifatida va janob Teodorning iltimosnomasi bilan o'sha shaharning Torp va Spraga ishlarida topdik. S. Fakston Utikaga (Nyu-York) keldi, u erda bir muncha vaqt Parkerning sahnalari uchun tavernalardan va qayiqlardan yo'lovchilarni olib ketish bilan shug'ullangan, bir muncha vaqt o'tgach, u yashashni boshladi [1827], ammo kichkina turar joylari bilan…[6] Uning Parker & Co kompaniyasiga aloqasi, ular hali ham biznesda bo'lgan vaqtlarida davom etdi va o'z yo'nalishlari bilan muvaffaqiyatga erishdi, bu erda u sahnani temir yo'llar almashtirmaguncha u shtatdagi etakchi menejer edi. "[7]

Boshqa sahna yo'nalishlarida ishlaganidan so'ng, Jon ushbu tajribadan Nyu-York shtatidagi Upsteytda o'z sahnalarini boshqarish uchun foydalanishga qaror qildi.

"Mister Butterfild o'z e'tiborini asosan Shimoliy va Janubiy yo'nalishlarga bag'ishladi. U murabbiylik bosqichi chog'ida Utikadan shtab-kvartiraga qadar shtab sifatida Ogdensburg va Sacketts Makoni shimolida, janubi esa Pensilvaniya chizig'iga, Chemung va Susquehanna vodiylari. "[8]

1857 yilga kelib, Jon Overland Mail Company shartnomasi bilan taqdirlanganda, u 37 yillik sahna yo'nalishlarida ishlash va ishlash tajribasiga ega edi. Bu Postmaster Generalning sabablaridan biri edi A. V. Braun unga shartnoma tuzdi.

Overland Mail Company shartnomasini mukofotlash

1840 va 1850 yillarda AQShning sharqiy va g'arbiy sohillari o'rtasida yaxshi aloqa o'rnatishga intilish paydo bo'ldi. Ikki qirg'oqni bog'laydigan temir yo'llar bo'yicha bir nechta takliflar mavjud edi.[9] Darhol amalga oshirilgan g'arbiy yo'nalish orqali quruqlikdagi pochta yo'nalishi bo'ldi. Kongress Postmaster General-ga g'arbiy aholi punktlarini engillashtirish uchun Missuridan Kaliforniyaga pochta xizmati bilan shartnoma tuzishga vakolat berdi.[10] Pochta aloqasi bo'limi 1857 yil 20 aprelda quruqlikdagi pochta xizmatiga takliflarni e'lon qildi. Tender ishtirokchilari Missisipi daryosidan g'arbga yo'nalishni taklif qilishlari kerak edi. To'qqiz taklifni eng tajribali sahnadagi erkaklar taklif qilishdi.[11]

Kabi ekspres kompaniyalarning hech biri American Express, Adams Express, yoki Wells Fargo & Co. Express, shartnoma bo'yicha taklif qilishdi, chunki hozirgacha ular sahna chizig'ida ishlash tajribasiga ega emas edilar. Tomonidan taklif The New York Times tezkor kompaniyalar Overland Mail Company-ga qaraganda yaxshiroq ishlay olishlari mumkinligi Vashington shahridagi gazetaning keskin rad javobini bergan.[12]

Yarim haftalik xizmat uchun yiliga 600000 dollar evaziga 12.578-sonli pochta shartnomasi, Overland pochta kompaniyasi deb nomlangan shartnoma uchun prezident bo'lgan Nyu-York shahridagi Utikadan Jon Butterfildga tayinlangan. Bu Qo'shma Shtatlarda imzolangan eng uzoq pochta shartnomasi edi. Bu aksiyadorlik kompaniyasi va asosiy aktsiyadorlar edi, bundan tashqari Jon Butterfild ham direktor bo'lgan, Nyu-York shahridan Uilyam B. Dinsmor; Buffalo shahridagi Uilyam G. Fargo, Nyu-York, (aslida u Nyu-Yorkning Pompey shahridan edi);[tushuntirish kerak ] Utica shahridan Jeyms V. P. Gardner, Nyu-York; Markiz L. Kenyon[13] Rim, Nyu-York; Nyu-York shahridan Aleksandr Holland; va Illinoys shtatining Bloomington shahridan Xemilton Spenser. Deb nomlangan yana to'rt kishi bor edi kafilliklar (yo'qotishdan himoya).

Aksiyadorlarning deyarli barchasi Nyu-York shtatidagi boshqa korxonalar bilan bog'langan va aksariyati Butterfildning Nyu-Yorkdagi Utikadagi uyidan uzoq bo'lmagan joyda yashagan. Aleksandr Holland Butterfildning kuyovi va Overland pochta kompaniyasining xazinachisi edi. Dinsmor kompaniyaning vitse-prezidenti bo'lgan. Kompaniya uchun ofis Nyu-York shahrida joylashgan.

Nima uchun Jon Butterfildni postmaster generali Aaron Braun eng yaxshi deb tanlagan:

... biron bir pudratchi taklif qilmagan, ammo Memfis shahridagi A. V. Braunning qarorida, boshqalarga qaraganda ko'proq afzalliklarga ega edi va Jon Butterfild va Ko, Braunning fikriga ko'ra, pochta xizmatini amalga oshirish uchun boshqalarga qaraganda ko'proq qobiliyat, malaka va tajriba, John Butterfield & Co. tanlandi va afzal ko'rildi.[14]

Deb nomlanuvchi marshrut Oxbow yo'nalishi janubi-g'arbiy qismidan uzoq burilish yo'li tufayli Markaziy quruqlik yo'lidan 600 milya (970 km) uzoqroq bo'lgan, ammo qordan xalos bo'lish afzalligi bor edi.

Marshrut

Butterfield Overland Mail Company xaritasidan sahna marshrutlari

1858 yil 16 sentyabrda kuchga kirgan AQSh pochta aloqasi bilan tuzilgan shartnomada marshrut aniqlanib, sharqiy va g'arbiy bo'linmalarga bo'lingan. Franklin, Texas, keyinchalik nomlanishi kerak El-Paso, ajratish nuqtasi bo'lgan va bu ikkisi kichik bo'linishlarga bo'lingan, beshtasi Sharqda va to'rttasi G'arbda. Ushbu kichik bo'linmalar San-Frantsiskodan g'arbiy tomon sharqda, har biri nazoratchi rahbarligida raqamlangan.[15]

Kenyon va Butterfild, kichik: Butterfield izi me'morlari

Jon Butterfild kichik Butterfield izini qo'yish uchun o'zining eng ishonchli va tajribali ikki xodimiga murojaat qildi. 1858 yilda ekspeditsiya rahbari Markiz L. Kenyon bilan kichik Jon Butterfild sahna stantsiyalari uchun marshrutni va joylarni tanlashga yordam berdi. Kenyon, shuningdek, Overland pochta kompaniyasining aktsiyadori / direktori va Jon Butterfilddan tashqari muhim sahnalashtirish tajribasiga ega bo'lgan yagona aktsiyador edi. Markiz 1838 yilda Mannsvildan (Jefferson okrugidan) Rimga, Nyu-Yorkka ko'chib o'tgan. Rim Jon Butterfildning Utikadagi uyidan o'n ikki chaqirim narida joylashgan. U darhol sahnalashtirish bilan shug'ullangan. Uning obzori Nyu-York shtatidagi Upsteytdagi sahnalashtirish ishlari va uni Overland Mail Company bilan aloqador bo'lishiga olib kelgan narsalarning yaxshi xulosasini beradi:

"Uning oldingi mashg'uloti kamtarlik edi - Uta va Oswego o'rtasidagi sahna murabbiyi haydovchisi. Ikki-uch yil ichida u ish haqidan etarli miqdordagi pulni tejashga muvaffaq bo'lgan. u xodim edi; va bir marta zinapoyaning birinchi qadamlariga oyoq qo'yganida, u tez orada o'z ishbilarmonligi va o'ziga ishonganligi bilan ushbu bosqichga yaqinlashib kelayotgan sahna ustozlarining asosiy egasi bo'lib ko'tarildi. janob Kinyon [Kenyon] Markaziy Nyu-Yorkda sahna murabbiyi mulkining eng keng egalaridan biri bo'lgan temir yo'llar, temir yo'llar ishga tushirilgandan so'ng, pochta pudratchisi va sahna egasi biznesini davom ettirdi. kichik lateral yo'nalishlarda; lekin uning biznes kuchlari shu qadar cheklanib bo'lmaydigan darajada keng edi va u tez orada u uchun ilgari olib boradigan ulkan tashish biznesining _______ yilidan ko'ra ular uchun ampler ventilyatsiyasini topdi, shuning uchun Kaliforniyaga quruqlikdagi pochta yo'nalishi rejalashtirilganida, janob. Kinyon [Kenyon] o'zining imkoniyatlariga ko'proq mos keladigan tadbirkorlik sohasini topdi. Dastlab u butun marshrutni bosib o'tgan va uni sharqiy terminaldan g'arbiy Kaliforniyagacha o'rgangan. "Qaytib, u marshrut uchun zarur jihozlarni sotib oldi va yo'lni bosib o'tayotganda yana yo'ldan o'tdi va qariyb bir yil davomida Kaliforniyada, yo'lning g'arbiy terminali uchun mas'ul bo'lgan. "[16]

Butterfild 1857 yil 16-sentabrda shartnomani yutib chiqqandan so'ng, yo'lni tashkil qilish uchun bir yil muhlat berdi va darhol Markis L. Kenyon boshchiligidagi tanlangan jamoasini San-Frantsiskoga topshiriqni boshlashga jo'natdi. Paroxod Nyu-York yulduzi 1857 yil 20-noyabrda Nyu-Yorkdan "ML Kinyon [Kenyon], J. Butterfild [kichik], F. De Ruyter va SK Nellis yo'lovchilari bilan chiqib ketishdi. ushbu yo'nalishning terminusi. "[17] Partiya 1858 yil 16-yanvarda San-Frantsiskodan jo'nab ketish va sahna stantsiyalari uchun joylarni tanlashni boshlash uchun jo'nab ketdi. Ular kuniga 64 km masofani bosib o'tgan xachir bilan sayohat qilishgan. Xuddi shu vaqtda Sent-Luisni boshqa bir partiya tark etdi. Ikkalasi Texasning El Paso shahrida uchrashib, keyin Sent-Luisga qaytishi kerak edi. Sent-Luisdan ziyofat G.V. Vud, Jessi Talkott va Charlz P. Koul. Arkanzas shtatidagi Fort Smit gazetasi quyidagicha xabar berdi:

"Tomonlar El Pasoda uchrashdilar va bir necha kundan keyin [tiklanish ma'nosida ishlatilgan] yollashdan so'ng, yuqoridagi janoblar bu shaharga jo'nab ketishdi - bu joyga El Pasodan yigirma ikki kun ichida va o'ttiz bir kun ichida sayohat qilishdi San-Frantsiskodan El Pasoga, yoki ellik olti kun ichida vagonlar bilan.… Kaliforniyadan kelganlar, Arizonani kesib o'tib, o'rtasida o'rta yo'lni bosib o'tdilar. Bealeniki va Janubiy marshrut - (ammo hozirgacha ozgina sayohat qilgan) ular tomonidan ajoyib yo'l sifatida aytilgan. "[18]

Boshqa bir hisobotda ikki tomonning Arkanzas shtatidagi Fort-Smitga kelishi tasvirlangan va bu yo'l uchun tanlov Kenyonni va uning partiyasini qoniqtirmagani va ular El Paso (Texas) shahridan boshqa yo'l bilan qaytib kelgani va bu yo'lga aylangani aytilgan.

"O'tgan yilning 3-yanvarida bu shaharni tark etgan Missisipi vodiysidan Tinch okeani sohiliga pochta jo'natmalarini tashish yo'nalishlarini o'rganish uchun" Overland Mail Company "tomonidan yuborilgan kashfiyot partiyasining bir qismi, Tinch okeanidan Rio Grandega boradigan yo'lning ushbu qismini o'rganish maqsadida 16-yanvar kuni San-Frantsiskodan jo'nab ketgan partiyaning to'rt kishisi hamrohligida, 17-chi kuni Arkanzas shtatidagi Fort Smitga etib bordi. Ular 22-mart kuni El-Pasodan jo'nab ketishdi va shu bilan Rio-Grandedan Fort-Smitgacha bo'lgan masofani - to'qqiz yuz o'ttiz milni - qisqa yigirma besh kun ichida bosib o'tdilar. Dashtlar, ziyofat faqat sakkiz kishidan iborat edi: mayor Jorj Vud, Jessi Tolkott, Charlz P.Koul va JA.Lilli, Sent-Luis partiyasi va Lyut, Frank de Rayter, Jeyms Svars va Jon Butterfild. San-Frantsisko partiyasining kichik vakili. Ular o'zlari bilan birga olib kelishdi e-vagon va o'n uchta hayvon, ular Sharq tomon ketayotgan partiya uchun Smit-Smitda qoldirdilar. Qaytish safarida yurilgan marshrut tashqariga chiqishda o'tgan marshrutdan farq qiladi. . . "[19]

Kichik Jonning nekrologiyasida uning erishgan yutuqlari sarhisob qilingan:

"Yarim asrdan ko'proq vaqt oldin o'zining taniqli Overland pochta marshrutini yaratishda Sharqni G'arb bilan bog'lashda yordam bergan Jon Butterfild [Jr.], yaqinda Utikadagi uyida, 82 yoshida vafot etdi. Uning otasi Jon Butterfild, San-Frantsiskodan Sent-Luisga va u erdan sharqiy shaharlargacha bo'lgan Overland pochta marshrutining boshlig'i edi. Kichik Butterfild birinchi bo'lib mashhur marshrutni bosib o'tdi, stantsiyalarni belgilab oldi, tashkilot ishlarini nazorat qildi va marshrut bo'ylab birinchi bosqichni bosib o'tdi.[20]

Jon Butterfild janubiy quruqlikdagi yo'lni o'ziniki qiladi

Butterfield izi va muhojirlar izi tarixi bir-biriga bog'langan. 1857 yil 16 sentyabrda Overland pochta kompaniyasiga nafaqat Sharqdan G'arbiy sohilga pochta etkazib berish uchun quruqlik yo'li uchun, balki G'arbni joylashtirish uchun emigrantlarning sayohatiga yordam berish uchun shartnoma imzolashdan maqsad edi. Butterfild bu maqsadni doimiy ravishda ajratilgan sahna stantsiyalarida yaxshilangan yo'l va suv manbalari bilan ta'minlash orqali amalga oshirdi. Tadqiqotchilar "Janubiy quruqlik yo'lagi" ni sayr qilganda, eng ko'zga ko'ringan yo'llar - bu "Overland Mail" kompaniyasi o'rnatgan va boshqalari ergashgan yo'l. Yaqinlashib kelayotgan fuqarolar urushi tufayli 1861 yil mart oyida uning xizmatlari Janubiy quruqlik yo'lagida to'xtagan bo'lsa ham, u shu qadar samarali ediki, 1880 yilda temir yo'l qurilishi tugaguniga qadar u ozgina o'zgarishsiz qoldi. Shu sababli, shu kungacha, Janubiy Overland Trail eng ko'p "Butterfield izi" deb nomlanadi.[21]

Yo'lning qurilishi ikki qismdan iborat edi: 462 milya (744 km) San-Frantsiskodan Los-Anjelesgacha bo'lgan qism va Missioning Tipton shahriga qadar bo'lgan 2238 mil (3602 km) masofa. San-Frantsiskodan Los-Anjelesgacha bo'lgan qism ilgari eng rivojlanganlardan biri edi. Los-Anjelesdan San-Frantsiskoga ba'zi o'zgarishlar kiritildi. San-Frantsisko va Los-Anjeles o'rtasida mahalliy sahna liniyalari foydalanadigan turar-joylar va vagon yo'llari ajratilgan. Ba'zi mavjud tuzilmalar, masalan, chorvachilik uylari va mehmonxonalar stantsiya stantsiyalari sifatida shartnomalar tuzilgan. Eng mashhurlaridan biri Vallecito, tarixiy joy sifatida saqlanib qolgan. Yo'lni qurish uchun Kenyonning eng qiyin vazifasi Los-Anjelesning sharqiy qismida joylashgan, bu erda uning izi asosan ochiq cho'lda bo'lgan.[22]

Bo'limlar qisqartirilgan yoki takomillashtirilgan

Waterman L. Ormsby, uchun muxbir Nyu-York Herald, 1858 yil sentyabr oyida g'arbiy tomon ketayotgan birinchi stagecoach yo'lovchisi, Markiz L. Kenyonning yo'lni qurishda ishtirok etganligi va muhojirlar uchun afzalligi haqida yozgan. U Prestondan sakkiz milya pastda joylashgan Texas daryosidagi Qizil daryoning ko'plab yaxshilanishlari haqida yozadi.[23]

Texasdagi yo'lning yangi yangi qismi quyidagicha tasvirlangan:

"Bu safar biz ishlagan yana bir kamchilik - bu bizning yo'limiz deyarli yangi edi. Garchi janob Bates Shermandan [Fort] Belknapgacha kamida qirq chaqirim yo'l tejaladi, deb aytdi. Grayson, Kuk, Jeks [Jek], Montague, Donishmand va Yang tumanlari orqali olib boradi, bularning barchasi uning xarajatlariga yordam beradi va bu, albatta, ba'zilar uchun sevimli bo'lishi kerak. o'tishimdan bir oy oldin ochilgan bo'lsada, vagon izlari bilan juda yaxshi belgilangan edi. … Har kuni foydalanish bilan yaxshilanishi kerak. "[24]

Texasning yana bir bo'limi:

"Grape Creek-dan Texasning Concho River boshiga, janob Gloverning bo'linmasiga boradigan yangi yo'l ham sayohat uchun juda mos va yana o'ttiz chaqirim masofani bosib o'tadi. [Ushbu yangi uchastkaning umumiy uzunligi 122 mil.]. Yangi dovon Los-Anjeles va Kaliforniyaning Fort Tejon shaharlari o'rtasida, ML Kinyon [Kenyon] boshchiligida, shuningdek boshqa yo'nalish qismlarida bo'lgani kabi ancha yaxshilandi, albatta, kompaniyaning marshruti sevimli immigrantlar yo'li bo'ladi, va shuning uchun avvalgiga qaraganda yaxshiroq tartibda bo'ladi, aslida har oy quruqlikdagi pochtaga yangi imkoniyatlar qo'shiladi. "[25]

Goddard Beylining hisobotida Butterfild xizmatining boshida 139 stantsiya bo'lganligi,[26]ammo uzilish tugaguniga qadar yana 175 ga o'ttiz oltitaga qo'shilib, chiziq yaxshilandi. Yangi stantsiyalarga 320 gektar maydon ajratildi.[27]va ko'pchilik bu qatorga yordam beradigan ekinlarni etishtirish orqali foyda olishdi.

Yo'l bo'ylab buloqlar va yomg'ir bilan to'lib toshgan quduqlar mavjud bo'lsa-da, ko'pchilik chiziq va emigrantlarni ta'minlash uchun etarli suv quvvatiga ega emas edi. Ular kattaroq hajmga ega bo'lish uchun qazilgan. Ba'zi stantsiyalarda sardobalar qurildi va suv vagonlari yordamida sisternalarni to'ldirish uchun uzoq manbalardan suv tashildi. Texasdagi Hueco tanklarida muxbir Ormsbi Butterfild tomonidan bir yillik suv zahirasini saqlash uchun kattalashtirilgan tanklar haqida gapirib beradi.[28]

1860 yil iyun oyida Butterfild yo'lovchisi Uolles xabar berdi Kundalik Alta Kaliforniya quyidagi:

"Vallecito va Algodones o'rtasida bir-biridan to'qqiz dan o'n olti chaqirimgacha o'zgarib turadigan ushbu stantsiyalarning sakkiztasi bor. Har bir stantsiyada quduqlar cho'kib ketgan va yaxshi suv mo'l-ko'lligi olinadi, faqat Monument va Garden stantsiyalaridan tashqari. Bu suvlar sho'r va achchiqdir. - ta'mga nozik bo'lmagan lazzat, ichimlik suvi boshqa stantsiyalardan olib kelinadi, bu stantsiyalar muhojirlarga behisob qadrlidir, ular endi quduqlar beradigan va etkazib beriladigan qimmatbaho suv ta'minotiga bog'liq bo'lishga majbur emaslar. cho'l bo'ylab harakatlanadigan qum to'lqinlari bilan qoplanishga majbur ".[29]

Butterfild tomonidan yo'lning boshqa yaxshilanishi ko'priklarni qurish edi:

"Biz Boggi omboridan o'n to'rt chaqirim narida (hind okrugi, Oklaxoma) biz Blue River stantsiyasiga keldik, u erda kompaniya uchun og'ir ko'prik qurilayapti."[30]

Arizonada ikkita ko'prik bor edi. Ulardan biri San-Simon daryosi bo'ylab, San-Simon Stage Stantsiyasi yaqinida,[31] ikkinchisi San Pedro daryosi stantsiyasining shimolidan San-Pedro daryosi bo'ylab.[32]

Jon Butterfild asos solgan yo'l shu qadar samarali ediki, u 1880 yilda temir yo'l qurilishi tugaguniga qadar ozgina o'zgargan va Butterfild izi G'arbni joylashtirish uchun bergan ta'sirini inkor etib bo'lmaydi, buni Prezident Jeyms Byukenen Jonni tabriklagan. Uning yutug'i uchun Butterfield:

"Vashington, 1858 yil 9-oktabr

John Butterfield, Esq.:

Janob - Sizning jo'natishingiz qabul qilindi. Sizni natija bilan samimiy tabriklayman. Bu tsivilizatsiya va Ittifoqning ulug'vor g'alabasi. Tez orada aholi punktlari yo'lning yo'nalishi bo'yicha harakat qiladi va Sharq va G'arbni tirik amerikaliklar zanjiri bog'laydi, ularni hech qachon buzib bo'lmaydi. "[33]

Prezident Byukenen Jon Butterfildga tabrik telegrammasida ta'kidlaganidek, emigratsiyaning ko'payishi izlarning yaxshilanishi natijasi bo'ladi. Butterfildning xizmati 1858 yil sentyabrda boshlangandan so'ng, ko'plab gazeta sahifalarida ko'chib ketganlar sonining ko'paygani haqida xabarlar paydo bo'ldi. San-Antonio va San-Diego pochta liniyalari yaxshilangan yo'lning 900 milida ishlaydilar va Butterfild stantsiyalarida muntazam ravishda joylashtirilgan suv teshiklaridan foyda olishdi. 1859 yil oktyabrda bosh nozir Ishayo C. Vuds Butterfildni ushbu yaxshilanishlari va San-Antonio va San-Diego pochta liniyalariga foydasi uchun maqtadi:

"San-Diego quruqlikdagi marshruti - qiziqarli yangiliklar - San-Diego va San-Antonio chizig'ida qit'ani endigina bosib o'tgan I. C. Vudsdan" San-Diego Xerald, biz qiziq bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan ba'zi narsalarni to'playmiz: Vuds Butterfield Overland kompaniyasining Gila bo'yida va sahro bo'ylab, ayniqsa, ushbu bo'limning yo'l agenti boshqaruvchi Bakli va Uorren Xollga sahnalashtirilganligi uchun yuqori iltifot ko'rsatmoqda [Butterfield's uchun Overland pochta kompaniyasi. Ularning so'zlariga ko'ra, ular o'z yo'llarini har qanday mamlakatda namuna bo'ladigan tarzda tashkil qilishda haqiqatan ham mo''jizalar yaratgan. Yog'ingarchilik yangi o't paydo bo'lishidan ancha oldin Kaliforniyaga kirishga shoshilmay, muhojirlar asta-sekin kelmoqda. Overland pochta kompaniyalarining stantsiyalari va ushbu tashabbuskor erkaklar tomonidan qazilgan quduqlar o'z jamoalari bilan o'tayotganlar uchun beqiyos foyda keltirmoqda. Bu yil Janubiy yo'nalish bo'yicha immigratsiya juda ko'p miqdordagi qoramol va qo'y bilan o'n mingdan o'n besh minggacha jonni tashkil qiladi. Immigrantlarning eski shikoyatlari hozirda eshitilmayapti, chunki mamlakatni yaxshi bilish tufayli, hozirda shuncha osonlikcha qo'lga kiritildi..”[34]

Butterfield Overland Mail marshrutining bo'linmalari[35]
Bo'limMarshrutMilyaSoatlar
1-bo'limSan-Fransisko Los-Anjelesga46280
2-bo'limLos Anjeles Fort Yuma shahriga28272.20
3-bo'limFort Yuma Tuksonga28071.45
4-bo'limTusson Franklinga36082
5-bo'limFranklin[36] Chadburn Fortiga458126.30
6-bo'limChadburn Fort Kolbertning Feribotiga282½65.25
7-bo'limKolbertning paromi Fort Smitga19238
8-bo'limFort Smit Tiptonga318½48.55
9-bo'limTipton ga Sent-Luis temir yo'l orqali16011.40
Jami2,795596.35

Memfisga San-Fransisko

Yuqorida ta'kidlab o'tilganidek, San-Frantsisko-Fort Smit yo'nalishi ikkala yo'nalishda ham bir xil edi. Fort Smitdan Memfisgacha bo'lgan sayohat vaqti Sent-Luis bilan bir xil bo'lgan. Fort-Smitdan Memfisga yo'nalishni boshqarish tarkibiga kiritilgan 8-bo'lim. Biroq, tabiatning noma'lumligi tufayli Missisipi daryosi va o'sha yillarda uning Arkanzas irmoqlari, janubiy marshrut turli xil muqobil yo'llardan va sayohat usullaridan foydalanishi shart edi. O'sha paytda Memfisda Missisipi daryosi ko'prigi yo'q edi va Memfis va Little Rok temir yo'li hozirgi zamonga yaqin Hopefilddan yugurdi G'arbiy Memfis, Arkanzas, faqat sharqdan 12 milya sharqdagi nuqtaga Medison, Arkanzas, ustida Sent-Frensis daryosi. U erdan marshrutni boshqaruvchisi boshqarib borgan. Qachon Arkanzas daryosi Etarli darajada baland edi, buning o'rniga pochta orqali Memfisdan sayohat qilish mumkin edi paroxod Missisipidan pastga, Arkanzas daryosining og'ziga, o'sha daryoda Kichik Rokka boring va u erdan stagecoach bilan harakatlaning. Arkanzas paroxod qatnovi uchun juda past bo'lganida, Butterfild uni olib ketishi mumkin edi Oq daryo ga Klarendon, Arkanzas, yoki Des-Ark, Arkanzas, stagecoaches-ga o'tishdan oldin. Ba'zan sharqiy Arkanzas bo'ylab butun marshrut bosqichma-bosqich bo'lar edi.[37]

Butterfildning stagecoaches, tezyurar vagonlari va suv vagonlari

Butterfild sahnasida hech kim hech qachon noqonuniy yoki hindular tomonidan o'ldirilmagan, ammo ba'zilari yirtqich yugurish natijasida ko'pincha buzilmagan xachirlar yoki mustanglar tomonidan sodir bo'lgan baxtsiz hodisalarda vafot etgan.[38] Butterfild sahnalarida qimmatbaho buyumlarni etkazib berishga ruxsat berilmagan. Butterfildning xodimlariga bergan ko'rsatmasida "Hech qanday sharoitda pul, zargarlik buyumlari, bank yozuvlari yoki qimmatbaho buyumlarni hech qanday sharoitda olib o'tishga yo'l qo'yilmaydi".[39] Shu sababli, haydovchining yonida "ov miltig'i" chavandozi g'oyasini Butterfild ishlatmagan. Muxbir Ormsbi sahna haydovchilaridan biridan: "Qo'lingiz bormi?", Deb so'raganda, sahna haydovchisi "Yo'q, menda yo'q, xavf yo'q", deb javob berdi.[40] Biroq, Butterfild sahnalarida aksariyat odamlar qurolli edilar, ayniqsa Komanchi va Apache hudud. 1859 yil oktyabr oyida muxbir Farvel Butterfild sahnasida sharq tomon yo'l olgan yo'lovchi bo'lib, quyidagilarni yozdi:

"Ushbu stantsiyadan [Arizona shtatidagi San-Pedro daryosi staji] chiqib ketgandan so'ng, dirijyor" qanchamiz qurollanganmiz "deb so'radi va qo'llari bo'lganlar ularni biz hozir Apache davlatida bo'lganimiz kabi foydalanishga tayyor qilib qo'yishlarini iltimos qildi. Guns to'pponchalar ishlab chiqarildi va biz butun tunni qo'limizda ushlab yurdik. "[41]

Mail stagecoach

Yo'lovchilar va pochta orqali hayvonlarga chizilgan ushbu qoralama sahnada eshiklari bezatilgan va bemalol yostiqli o'rindiqlar bilan bezatilgan yog'och panel bilan mustahkam pastki ramka mavjud edi. Ular ko'pincha deraza teshiklariga ega edilar, ammo qo'polroq sharoitlar uchun ishlab chiqilgan g'arbiy modellarda shisha paneli yo'q edi. Tomi yukni olib yurish mumkin bo'lgan temir panjarani ushlab turadigan darajada mustahkam edi. Uyingizda ko'pincha o'rindiqlar ta'minlangan. Orqa tarafdagi kanvas bilan qoplangan etik yuk va pochta sumkalari uchun ishlatilgan. Stagecoach va pochta stagecoach o'rtasidagi farq shundaki, haydovchining o'rindig'idan pastda pochta tashish uchun katta bo'linma ta'minlangan va pochta uchun orqa yuklash katta bo'lgan. Butterfildning stagecoacheslari sharqiy va g'arbiy qismida Janubiy quruqlik yo'lining 30 foizida ishlatilgan.

Butterfildning sahnasi (tezkorligi) vagonini qisman Jon Butterfild tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan. Oltmish oltitasi Arkanzas shtatidagi Fort Smitdan Kaliforniyaning Los-Anjelesigacha ish bilan ta'minlangan.

Bosqichli (tezkor) vagon

Tezlik "tezlikning tezligi" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Ba'zan "tezyurar vagon" atamasi "sahna vagon" o'rniga ishlatiladi. Vagon-vagonlar sinf mashinalarini SUV deb atashga o'xshaydi va har bir kompaniya o'z o'zgarishini qiladi. Bu stagecoach og'irligining taxminan 60% ni tashkil etdi va iz unchalik rivojlanmagan chegara sharoitida, qumda va tik qiyaliklarni bosib o'tish uchun mo'ljallangan edi. Ular eshiklari yoki derazalari bo'lmagan tomonlarda ochiq edi. Ko'pincha kanvas ustini engil tikanlar qo'llab-quvvatladilar. Ularda tepaga mahkamlangan tuval yoki charm pardalar bor edi, ularni changga to'siq sifatida pastga tushirish mumkin edi. Sahna vagonidan Butterfildning Overland Mail Company kompaniyasi faqat Arkanzas shtatining Fort-Smit shahri bilan Kaliforniyaning Los-Anjeles shahri orasidagi 1920 mil (3090 km) qismida Janubiy Overland Trailning 70% qismida foydalangan. Nyu-Xempshir shtatidagi Concord shahridagi mashhur yo'lovchi vagonlari ishlab chiqaruvchilari Abbot-Downing Co. va JS & EA Abbot Co. o'z kataloglarida hech qachon "loy vagon" nomini ishlatmagan bo'lsalar-da, vagonni "loy" deb ataganlar ham bo'lgan. vagon. "[42]

Butterfield sahna ishlab chiqarish

Gazetalar 1858 yil iyun oyida Butterfildning pochta stagecoachlari va sahna vagonlari Nyu-Xempshir shtatining Concord shahridagi J. S. & E. A. Abbot Co.[43] Afsuski, 1858 yilda o'sha davr uchun buyurtmalarning asl nusxasi Abbot-Downing arxivida yo'q.[44] Maqolalarga ko'ra, jami 100 bosqich buyurtma qilingan yoki foydalanishga topshirilgan yoki yo'l bo'ylab stantsiyalarga tarqatilgan. Yana bir muhim ma'lumotnoma Goddard Beylining 1858 yil sentyabr oyida ushbu yo'lni tekshiruv safari haqida hukumatga bergan hisobotidan olingan. U hisobotda "Yo'l sezilarli darajada qurilgan Concord kamonli vagonlari bilan to'ldirilgan ..."[45] 1858 yil iyul oyida Memfis gazetasida chop etilgan maqolada sahnalar qanday o'tkazilganligi va ularni kimlar qilganligi haqida hikoya qilinadi. Bu, albatta, taniqli J. S. & E. A. Abbot edi.

"Overland pochta kompaniyasi tomonidan qabul qilingan Ledi Uolton [riverboat], o'tgan seshanba kuni kechqurun olti bosqichda va chorshanba kuni janob Glover [Fort Smitdan] El Paso tomon ularning to'rttasi bilan jo'nab ketdi .... Bosqichalar Nyu-Xempshir shtatining Konkord shahrida ishlab chiqarilgan. polkovnik Jon Butterfild bergan ko'rsatmalarga. Ular oltidan to'qqiztagacha yo'lovchini o'z ichiga oladi ... "[46]

Bir hafta o'tgach, o'sha Memfis gazetasida yana bir maqola, yana 60 ta maqola kelishi kerakligini aytdi.[47] "Konkord" stagekoachlaridan foydalanish haqida muxbir Ormsbi ham aytib o'tgan.[48]

Butterfildning sahna (tezkorlik) vagonlari haqida gazeta muxbirlari tomonidan berilgan ko'plab o'xshash tavsiflar mavjud edi. Ulardan biri Ormsby tomonidan berilgan:

"Ular sizning shahardagi yukni qayta yuklash uchun yuk tashiydigan ekspress-vagonlarga o'xshab ishlab chiqarilgan, faqat ular og'irroq qurilgan, tepalarida kanvasdan yasalgan va kamarlar o'rniga charm kamarlarga o'rnatilgandir. Har birida uchta o'rindiq bor, ular shunday joylashtirilgan Memfisdan [aslida Kichik Rok] va Sent-Luisdan (aslida Tipton) Fort Smitga doimiy murabbiylar uchun to'shaklar pastga tushib, to'rt kishidan o'n kishigacha, ularning yotishiga va yotishiga qarab bir to'shakni tashkil qiladi. Atlantika shtatlarida ishlaydiganlarga nisbatan har jihatdan o'xshash; lekin Fort Smitdan boshlab foydalanilgan transport vositalari Jersi vagonidan farq qilmaydi, ular Croyity vagonlari nomi bilan mashhur bo'lib, umumiy Troy murabbiyiga o'xshashdir, va tanasi xuddi shu turdagi buloqlarga osilgan [xuddi shu qatorda] va shunga o'xshash tarzda, ammo buning o'rniga og'ir yog'och tepada, uning atrofida temir panjara bilan, umumiy foydalanishda, ular tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan engil tuvalli qoplama mavjud. keyin, tik tikanlar Jersi vagonining uslubi. Qoplama ob-havodan keng himoya qiladi, shu bilan birga transport vositasining og'irligi va uning buzilishi uchun javobgarligini sezilarli darajada kamaytiradi. Ularning har birida uchta o'rindiq bor edi, ular orqa tomoni pastga tushishi va bitta to'shakni tashkil qilishi uchun joylashtirilgan bo'lib, ularning kattaligi va yotishiga qarab to'rtdan o'ntagacha odamni sig'dira oladi. Kompaniya ushbu murabbiylarning yuzdan ortig'ini joylarda mavjud va ularni muntazam ravishda va foydali natijalar bilan olib borgan.[49]

Xuddi shu sahna yoki sahna haydovchisi 2700 mil (4300 km) sayohat davomida to'liq ishlatilmadi. Sahna haydovchilari charchamasliklari va sahnalarning tormozlanishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun ular tez-tez almashtirilardi. Muxbir Ormsbining aytishicha, "Men ular [Overland pochta kompaniyasi] marshrutning har o'ttiz miliga otlar va xachirlarni va vagon yoki murabbiy sotib olganligini tushunaman, shu bilan birga barcha stantsiyalarda otlarni almashtirish, boqish va hk. , shunda ular to'g'ridan-to'g'ri o'tishlari mumkin. "[50]

Ushbu ma'lumotlardan ko'rinib turibdiki, Butterfild Missuri shtatining Tipton shahridan San-Frantsiskoga (Kaliforniya) qadar bo'lgan 2700 millik yo'l bo'ylab taqsimlangan 100 bosqichni ishlagan. Taxminan 34 g'arbiy uslubdagi J. S. & E. A. Abbot pochta stagecoaches, Missuri shtatining Tipton shahridan Fort Smitga, Arkanzasgacha va Los-Anjelesdan Kaliforniya shtatidagi San-Frantsiskoga qadar joylashgan. Ushbu nuqtalar orasida allaqachon Stagecoach yo'llari o'rnatilgandi, u erda Butterfildda bir nechta yaxshilanishlar mavjud edi. Qisman Jon Butterfild tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan oltmish oltita J. S. & E. A. Abbot pog'onali (tezkor) vagonlar, Arkanzas shtatidagi Fort Smitdan Kaliforniya shtatining Los-Anjelesigacha bo'lgan chegara bo'ylab 1,920 millik yo'lda tarqatildi.

Boshqa vagonlar

Butterfild foydalangan boshqa vagonlar suv vagonlari va yuk vagonlari edi. Suv vagonlari muhim, ammo qimmat bo'lgan ehtiyoj edi. Yo'lni to'g'rilash uchun ular suv teshigidan suv teshigigacha zigzag bilan o'ralashmasligi kerak edi, suv vagonlari suvni manbadan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri uchastkalarda qurilgan sahna stantsiyalariga etkazib berish uchun ishlatilgan. Masalan, sharqiy Arizona shtatidagi Oltingugurt Springs vodiysidagi Euellning sahna stantsiyasi. Butterfild xizmatining boshida, Apache dovonidan chiqqandan so'ng, yo'l Dosh Kabezas bulog'iga, so'ngra Dragun tog'lari etagidagi Dragoon Springs Stage Station tomon yugurdi. 1858 yilning bahorida Apache dovonining g'arbiy kirish qismidan, so'ngra Dragoon tog'larining shimoliy uchigacha deyarli to'g'ri chiziq bo'ylab yangi iz paydo bo'ldi. Taxminan ushbu yangi uchastkaning o'rta nuqtasida stantsiya va sardoba qurildi. Dren-Cabezas bulog'idan suv omborini suv bilan ta'minlash uchun suv vagonidan foydalanilgan, u endi yangi stantsiyadan to'rt mil uzoqlikda joylashgan. Suv vagonlari, shuningdek, suv manbalariga ega bo'lmagan g'ayrioddiy uzun yo'llarni etkazib berish uchun ishlatilgan. Gazetadagi maqola quyidagi holatlardan biri haqida bizga xabar beradi:

"Chidester, shuningdek, Llanos Estekadosidagi (Texasdagi) yoki Staked tekislikidagi stantsiyalarni suv bilan ta'minlash vositalari haqida bizga xabar beradi. Ushbu cho'l, Kompaniyaning yo'li bo'ylab, etmish besh chaqirim kenglikda joylashgan. Ikkinchisidan ham Kompaniyaning tekisliklari tomonidan stantsiyalarga muntazam ravishda suv bilan jihozlangan va shu maqsadda jihozlangan suv poezdlari bilan suv etkazib beradi.Bu maqsadda foydalaniladigan vagonlar yirik qalay qozonlaridan qurilgan, ular bug 'qayig'ining qozonlariga o'xshash va ushlab turishga qodir. olti xachirdan iborat jamoa qancha suv ola olsa, bu poezdlar doimiy ravishda harakatlanib, suvni turli stantsiyalarga etkazib berishadi, bu erda katta suv omborlari yo'lovchilar va ish beruvchilar va kompaniyaning zaxiralari uchun qabul qilish va saqlashga tayyor. Albatta, bu ajralmas elementni etkazib berishning juda qimmat usuli, ammo shu paytgacha uni zerikarli yoki boshqa yo'l bilan olish uchun qilingan barcha sa'y-harakatlar ozgina isbotlanganligi sababli, Kompaniya unga hozirgacha bo'ysunishi kerak. "[51]

Subpudratchilar

Butterfild Des Arc va Fort Smit (Arkanzas) o'rtasidagi qismni Chidester, Reeside & Co-ga subpudrat shartnomasi asosida topshirdi:

"Kaliforniya shtatining Overland shtatidagi pochta xizmati Memfisdan o'tgan yilning 16-sentabr, payshanba kuni jo'nab ketdi. Memfis va Little Rok temir yo'l yo'li Madisondan o'n ikki mil uzoqlikda, Sent-Frensis daryosida, u erdan yengil transport vositalari bilan Des Arkka - u erdan. Xizmatkor Chidester tomonidan, Reeside & Co kompaniyasining to'rtta otli AQSh pochta murabbiylari safidan Fort Smitga, Sent-Luis pochtasi bilan uchrashadigan joyigacha, Chidester, Reeside & Co., Butterfield & Co kompaniyasining Memfisdan tortib to subpudratchilari. Fort Smit ... "[52]

Intervyuda Chidester Butterfildning vagonlaridan foydalanayotganini aytdi:

"Fort Smit orasidagi yo'lda ishlatiladigan transport vositalari" Celerity "vagonlari nomi bilan mashhur." [Butterfild] shirkatida yuzdan ortiq murabbiy bor ... "[53]

Sahna haydovchilari

Sahna haydovchilari, Butterfildning ko'plab xodimlari singari, asosan Nyu-York shtatidan edi. An example for the many Butterfield employees being from New York State is shown in the 1860 Federal Census for Tucson. On page one a caption states "Great Overland Mail Stations," and of the 40 entries, 16 are listed as being born in New York State. Correspondent Ormsby reported that:

"The employees of the company, I found, without exception, to be courteous, civil, and attentive. They are most of them from the East, and many, especially of the drivers, from New York state. I found the drivers on the whole line, with but few exceptions, experienced men. Several are a little reckless and too anxious to make fast time, but as a general thing they are very cautious."[54]

Qoralama hayvonlar

Correspondent Ormsby reported: "Our horses were four in number, that being the allotment all along the line from Tipton [Missouri] to San Francisco [California]."[55] Many correspondents' reports describe the problems for the Overland Mail Company using unbroken wild mules and mustangs between Fort Smith, Arkansas, and Los Angeles, California. By most accounts, wild mules were used and some wild mustangs. It is surprising that the use of wild draft animals did not hinder the Overland Mail Company stages from accomplishing its contractual agreed to time schedule. The problem with the unbroken mules and mustangs was expressed in correspondent Farwell's report:

"We arrived at the station about 10 o'clock, A. M., about 1 mile to the eastward of the river. Some coffee was prepared for us, and we were soon ready to start again. This time, after we were all seated in the coach, the horses, which were said to have been always kind and gentle, refused to move. After a great deal of beating, coaxing and a trial of various methods suggested by almost every one present, we were all obliged to get out again, and after a great deal of trouble, the horses were started, but the passengers being out of the coach, the driver was obliged to stop again, and again, after they were in, the horses refused to go. After working with the might and main for some time, they were got off upon a run, and this time they were kept going. Hitherto, in starting from any station, a person was obliged to stand at the heads of the horses—they being with a few exceptions' wild ones—until the driver was seated on his box, the reins gathered and everything in readiness, when he would give the signal, "turn 'em loose," or "let 'em go," and they would go upon a run. As we get further along, however, they are growing tame, and are more easily handled."[56]

Sleeping on the stages

For the 25-day trip, the Butterfield stages did not stop for the passengers to sleep. They had to sleep on the stages. Many correspondents reported humorous stories about their experiences trying to sleep on the Butterfield stages. One of the most common problems was the losing of their hats while sleeping caused by the open-sided stage (celerity) wagons providing little protection from the wind.[57] National Park Service Historian Frank Norris stated in an interview that "According to historian Gerald T. Ahnert, 'pulling up to a Butterfield stage station was like making a NASCAR pit stop.'"[58]

Extant Butterfield stages

All the stages that weren't in use were distributed at stations along the 2,700-mile trail. At the closing of Butterfield’s operations on the Southern Overland Trail in March 1861, because of the start of the Fuqarolar urushi, many of the stages were confiscated and used by the Confederate Army as military vehicles.[59] As much of the equipment as possible was transferred to the central trail to continue the Overland Mail Company contract. Only enough of the stages made it to the central route to operate the line from Salt Lake City, Utah, to western Nevada. The biography of Edwin R. Purple tells of transferring the stages to the central route. He was employed by the Overland Mail Company as a financial agent at Fort Yuma, California, in May 1860. At the closing of the line, on the Southern Overland Trail, in March 1861, he was ordered to transfer the stock and stages from Tucson, Arizona, to Los Angeles, California, to supply the central route line, which was to commence operations on July 1, 1861. On May 8, 1861, with 30 men, he left Los Angeles and successfully arrived at Salt Lake City on June 16 with 18 stage wagons and 130 horses.[60] In a discussion by Gerald T. Ahnert with members of the True West Historical Society, it was suggested that many of these original stagecoaches and stage wagons were bought by movie companies in the 1930s through 1950s and used in their movie productions. Many were destroyed in scenes of the stages being attacked.[61]

Amaliyotlar

Overland mail commemorative stamp issued by the U.S. Post Office, 100th Anniversary, October 10, 1958

Butterfield's Overland Mail Company held the AQSh pochtasi contract from September 16, 1858, on a six-year contract. The first stage going east left San Francisco at 10 minutes past midnight on September 14, 1858. The mail from San Francisco reached St. Louis in 24 days, 18 hours, and 26 minutes.[62] The first stage going west left Tipton, Missouri, at 8 a. m. on September 16, 1858. The mail was carried by railroad for the first 160 miles (260 km) from St. Louis to Tipton.[63]

Butterfield's Overland Mail Company made two trips a week from September 1858 to March 1861. At the start of service, the mail would leave St. Louis, Missouri, and San Francisco, California, every Monday and Thursday.[64] A December 1, 1858, advertisement stated that the days for departure from San Francisco on Monday and Friday and that the through fare to Terminus of Pacific Railroad as $100.[65]An advertisement appeared in the same newspaper on January 11, 1859, that the through fare to Terminus of Pacific Railroad had increased to $200.[66] Butterfield's Overland Mail Company had 139 stage stations at the start of service[67] but more stations were built after service started and increased to about 170.[68] As noted about 100 stages were employed.

Pony Express as part of the Overland Mail Company contract

When the Overland Mail Company Contract No. 12578 was transferred to the Central Overland Trail, the contract was amended on March 12, 1861, to include the Pony Express. The new contract stated the following:

"And to be required also, during the continuance of their contract, or until completion of the overland telegraph, to run a pony-express semi-weekly at a schedule time of ten days, eight months of the year, and twelve days four months of the year [presumably the winter months], and to convey for the Government free of charge five pounds of mail matter, with liberty of charging the public for transportation of letters by said express not exceeding $1 per half ounce. The compensation for the whole service [which included the stage line mail service] to be $1,000,000 per annum, to take effect on or before the 1st of July, 1861 and to expire the 1st of July, 1864 [the same date for the end of the old contract No. 12578]. The number of the route to be changed to 10773 and the service to be recorded in the route register for Missouri."[69]

In behalf of the Overland Mail Company, the order was signed by president W. B. Dinsmore. William B. Dinsmore became president after John Butterfield was voted out as president. Butterfield still remained a stockholder.[70] The Pony Express was terminated before the end of the contract because the telegraph line was completed October 24, 1861.

Uchun muxbir Nyu-York Herald, Waterman L. Ormsby, remarked after his 2,812-mile (4,525 km) trek through the western US to San Francisco on a Butterfield Stagecoach thus: "Had I not just come out over the route, I would be perfectly willing to go back, but I now know what Jahannam kabi. I've just had 24 days of it."[1] Ormsby was the only passenger on the first East-West run of the Butterfield Stage who journeyed the entire distance of the mail route. He sent periodic dispatches to the paper describing his journey, including the pickup of passengers outside the Lawrence Livery Stables.[71]

Near the end of Butterfield's service, in March 1861 on the Southern Overland Trail, John Butterfield was voted out as president of the Overland Mail Company because he wasn't making money for the stockholders. He remained a stockholder in the company and attended the meetings with vice-president William B. Dinsmore now elevated to president of the company. The Congressional report shows the modifications to the six-year Butterfield contract ending on September 15, 1864. Kirby Sanders was the National Park Service consulting historian and lead researcher for compiling the history for the master Special Resource Study for the Butterfield National Trail project and put into perspective the confusion over Wells, Fargo & Co.'s only involvement on the Butterfield Trail (Southern Overland Trail). He stated that they had only a secondary role and may have run a "trunk route" off of Butterfield from Los Angeles to San Diego.[72] Waddell F. Smith, grandson of William Bradford Waddell, one of the founders of the Pony Express put into perspective the later involvement of Wells, Fargo & Co., two years after the Butterfield contract ended. What was known as the "Grand Consolidation," of the three stage lines, that held the mail contract on the Central Overland Trail, was achieved by Ben Holladay, "The Stagecoach King." The three lines now comprising the consolidation were the Pioneer Stage Line, the Overland Mail Company, and Wells, Fargo & Co. This three-million-dollar corporation, formed on February 5, 1866, became a new giant with an increased capitalization of ten million dollars. Wells, Fargo & Co. changed its name to Wells, Fargo and Company and was approved by the stockholders on December 10, 1866. Wells, Fargo and Company bought out Ben Holladay and was finally operating as a mail carrying stage company, with their name finally on a transom rail of a stagecoach, on the Central Overland Trail. But the end was in sight, as the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad was nearing completion. On May 16, 1868, the board of directors of Wells, Fargo and Company authorized the sale of the company's stage lines, although they remained in operation until the completion of the railroad on May 10, 1869.[73]

Transfer to Central Overland Trail

Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company was ordered to transfer the company to the Ittifoq - ushlab turilgan Central Overland Trail, because of the impending start of the Fuqarolar urushi.[74] The last Overland Mail Company mail bag left St. Louis, Missouri, March 18, 1861.[75] This last mail arrived in San Francisco, California April 13, 1861.[76]

William Buckley, of Watertown, New York, was the Superintendent of the Fourth Division for Butterfield's Overland Mail Company on the Southern Overland Trail. When Butterfield's Overland Mail Company contract was transferred to the Central Overland Trail, although some of the employees returned to Upstate New York, some retained their positions with the company. William Buckley was one of the original employees to continue with the company on the Central Overland Trail and took the position of Superintendent. Although William B. Dinsmore was now the company president, John Butterfield was still a stockholder and it can be seen in this article that the Overland Mail Company was still called "Butterfield's" by the employees.

Only enough equipment and employees were transferred to stock the trail from Carson City, Nevada, to Salt Lake City, Utah.[77] A June 1861 newspaper accounted the details:

"Great Salt Lake City, June 5, 1861. ...William Buckley, formerly the Superintendent of the Butterfield route from San Francisco to El Paso, F. Cluggage, an Agent in that route and Bolivar Roberts, the Superintendent of the western division on this route, came in a week ago yesterday from Carson, which I noticed in my last letter, and on Friday Edward Fisher, and four other employees in some department, came in from St. Joseph. ...They have, whatever else besides, at least made all the necessary arrangements for a vigorous start to the daily mail, and everything will be ready by the first week in July [July 1 was when the line was ordered to start by the new contract] to fulfill the of obligations of the million contract. ...Last evening, profiting by a conversation with Mr. Buckley, I obtained from him a copy of his measurement of the road from Carson to this city [Salt Lake City]. ...Placerville [California] being the terminus, another 100 miles should be added between that and Carson, as the entire distance of the Butterfield new route. These are the stations now in use and to be continued, from the facilities they afford of proximity to wood, water and feed; but I am informed the Butterfield Company propose erecting intermediate stations every twelve miles, on account of the greater amount of horses required for the accomplishment of the journey within the specified time of sixteen days from St. Joseph to Placerville.”[78]

Ostida Amerika Konfederativ Shtatlari, the abandoned Butterfield route between Texas and Southern California operated under a new Federal contract as part of the Overland Mail Corporation route with limited success by George Henry Giddings. The contract was given in May 1861 and was to start on April 1, 1861, and to end on June 30, 1862. "An attempt was made to fulfill the contract, beginning April 1, but faced with insurmountable obstacles and with the development of the Civil War, The contractors were compelled to give it up. The eastern portion of the line was curtailed June 30, 1861. The final chapter was closed when the latter part of the line was discontinued Aug. 1, 1861."[79] Wells Fargo continued its stagecoach runs to mining camps in more northern locations until the coming of the US Transkontinental temir yo'l 1869 yilda.

At least four battles of the American Civil War occurred at or near Butterfield mail posts, the Stanwix stantsiyasidagi jang, Picacho dovoni jangi, Mesilla ikkinchi urushi va No'xat tizmasi jangi. Four clashes between the Apache and Confederate or Union forces in the Apache urushlari occurred on the route, Dragoon Springs birinchi jangi, Dragoon Springs ikkinchi urushi, Apache dovoni jangi va Shubhali Kanyondagi to'qnashuv. Confederates attempted to keep the stations from Tucson to Mesilla open while they destroyed the stations from Tucson to Yuma which were used to supply the Union army as it advanced through An'anaviy Arizona. Ning yonishi Stanwix stantsiyasi and others led to a significant delay to the Union advance, postponing the Fall of Tucson, Arizona's western Confederate capital, which housed one of two territorial courts; the other court was in Mesilla.[iqtibos kerak ] All said engagements happened in the Confederate Arizona and Arkansas sectors of the mail route.

Modern remnants

There are two surviving stage stations in San-Diego okrugi: the Oak Grove Butterfield Stage Station yilda Oak Grove, Kaliforniya va Warner's Ranch yaqin Uorner-Springs, Kaliforniya. Both properties, 20 miles (32 km) apart, were declared Milliy tarixiy joylar 1961 yilda.[80]

The Elxorn tavernasi ichida Pea Ridge milliy harbiy parki was another destination along the route that was rebuilt after the Civil War. It is on one of the last sections of the trail that still exists: The segment of Old Wire Road yugurish Shimoliy-G'arbiy Arkanzas. Also in Arkansas is the town of Pottsvill atrofida qurilgan Potts Inn. Potts Inn was finished in 1859 and was a popular stop along the route. It survives as a museum owned by the Papa okrugi Historic Society.

When it was first established, the route proceeded due east from Franklin, Texas, tomonga Hueco tanklari;[81] the remains of a stagecoach stop are still visible at the Hueco Tanks davlat tarixiy sayti.

Sammiti Guadalupe cho'qqisi yilda Guadalupe tog'lari milliy bog'i features a stainless steel pyramid erected in 1958 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Butterfield Overland Mail, which passed south of the mountain.

  • Butterfield marker in Sherman, Texas

  • Chadburn Fort reconstructed stage station

  • Fort Chadbourne museum

  • Fort Belknap (Texas) Tarixiy marker

  • Advertising poster for a similar but later service between California and Oregon

  • Guadalupe cho'qqisi summit, with a pyramid commemorating the 100th anniversary of the Butterfield Overland Mail


Proposed national historic trail

On March 30, 2009, President Barak Obama signed Congressional legislation (Sec. 7209 of P.L. 111-11) to conduct a study of designating the trail a Milliy tarixiy iz. The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari milliy bog'i xizmati is conducting meetings in affected communities and doing Special Resource Study/Environmental Assessment to determine whether it should become a trail and what the route should be.[82]

National Park Service Historian Frank Norris gives the details for the bill in the Senate to designate the Butterfield Trail a National Historic Trail:

"A new bill (S. 22), called the Omnibus davlat er boshqaruvi to'g'risidagi qonun, and which contained a provision for study of the Butterfield Trail, was passed by the Senate in January 2009. In March, the House passed a similar bill—H.R. 146. On March 19, the Senate passed the House bill with a few added amendments, and on March 25 the house agreed to the Senate amendments. President Obama signed the bill, which became Public Law 111-11, on March 30, 2009."[83]

Ommaviy madaniyatda

A Butterfield Overland stagecoach is featured in the 2015 western film Nafratli sakkizta. The stagecoach in the movie was not representative of John Butterfield's stagecoaches as the movie fictionally represented the Central Overland Trail after the Civil War. John Butterfield never used his name on a stage; only "Overland Mail Company" and only operated on the Southern Overland Trail.

It is also featured in the 1957 film 3:10 dan Yumaga. The railroad was not completed through Arizona until 1879, eighteen years after Butterfield's Overland Mail Company ceased its service through Arizona. Also Butterfield never used his name on a stagecoach, only "Overland Mail Company."

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ a b Waterman L. Ormsby, edited by Lyle H. Wright and Josephine M. Bynum, "The Butterfield Overland Mail", The Huntington Library, San Marino, California, 1991.
  2. ^ Goddard Bailey, Special Agent to Hon. A. V. Brown. P. M., Washington, D. C., The Senate of the United States, Second Session, Thirty-Fifth Congress, 1858-'59, Postmaster General, Appendix, "Great Overland Mail", Washington, D. C., October 18, 1858.https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c109481050;view=1up;seq=745
  3. ^ Aaron V. Brown, Report of the Postmaster General, Senate, 35th Congress, 2d Session, Ex. Hujjat No. 48, Contract with J. Butterfield and Co. p. 1.
  4. ^ Isaiah Churchill Woods, Report to Hon. A. V. Brown, "Postmaster General on the Opening and Present Condition of the Overland Mail Route Between San Antonio, Texas, and San Diego, California", by J.[I] C. Wood [Woods] Superintendent, Washington City, D.C., March 1858. Note: This 43-page report to the Postmaster General also contains references from Woods' day book.https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=miun.aft3376.0001.001;view=1up;seq=1
  5. ^ A biographical memorial of General Daniel Butterfield, edited by Julia Lorrilard Butterfield, The Grafton Press, New York, 1904
  6. ^ From an advertisement titled "1827-Half Century-1880, The Old Established Butterfield Livery Stable", Francis & Stewart's Utica City Directory for 1880, June 1st, 1880, Published by the Utica Directory Co., 167 Genesee St., Utica, N. Y.
  7. ^ History of Oneida County, New York : with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers, Philadelphian, Everts & Fariss, 1878.
  8. ^ Oswego Weekly Palladium, Oswego, New York, "Butterfield Stables Sold," June 13, 1894.
  9. ^ Lieutenant John G. Parke, Exploration and Surveys for a Rail Road Route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, Route near the 32d Parallel & Coast Route Cal., 1854-1855.
  10. ^ "Butterfield Overland Mail Company". Bridgeport, Texas Historical Society. Olingan 6 may 2011.
  11. ^ Abstract of Bids, Report of the Postmaster General, Senate, 35th Congress, 2d Session, Ex. Doc., No. 48, Post Office Department, March 3, 1859, pp. 4 &5.https://books.google.com/books?id=kmlHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA155&dq=%22Contract+with+j.+butterfield+and+co.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiV_JL0kendAhUizlkKHUjuBEMQuwUIKTAA#v=onepage&q=abstract%20of%20the%20bids&f=false
  12. ^ The California Overland Mail Company Contract, Evening Star, Washington, D. C., April 29, 1858.
  13. ^ His name was misspelled in Contract with J. Butterfield and Co., Report of the Postmaster General, Senate, 35th Congress, 2d Session, Ex. Hujjat No. 48. pp. 7-10. In the details of the contract is M. L. Kinyon and at the end of the contract is M. L. Kenyon. Because his name was misspelled, researchers have been unable to find information concerning Kenyon's history. In Waterman L. Ormsby's The Butterfield Overland Mail in footnote 151 on page 131, publisher Huntington Library stated nothing has been found concerning Garner, of Utica, New York, or Kinyon, of Rome, NY. The other misspellings are Marquis L. Kinyon, Marcus L. Kinyon on the 1860 Federal Census, and M. L. Kinyon. All of these have also been used without the middle initial. Mark Kenyon va Mark Kinyon were sometimes used in Upstate New York newspapers.
  14. ^ Immigrant Roads and Mail Routes across the Continent, Sakramento kundalik ittifoqi, November 2, 1858.
  15. ^ G. Bailey, Special Agent, to Hon. A. V. Brown, P. M. General, Washington, D. C., APPENDIX, Great Overland Mail, Washington, October 18, 1858, The Senate of the United States, Second Session, Thirty-Fifth Congress, 1858-'59, Washington, 1859, pp. 739-744 Note: This report is based on Bailey's inspection trip on the first Butterfield stage to leave San Francisco heading east. He lists all the stations and their divisions. He also lists the time that he traveled on these divisions.https://books.google.com/books?id=gG9HAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA739&dq=%22postmaster+General%22+Appendix+%22great+Overland+Mail%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir46Wno8HPAhVIMSYKHfw4Ab4Q6AEIJjAC#v=onepage&q=%22postmaster%20General%22%20Appendix%20%22great%20Overland%20Mail%22&f=false
  16. ^ Utica Daily Observer (New York), obituary, The Late Hon. M.L. Kinyon (sic), April 3, 1862
  17. ^ Evening Star, Washington City, November 23, 1857
  18. ^ Oneida Weekly Herald, The Overland Mail Route, Utica, New York, May 4, 1858
  19. ^ Dan Sent-Luis respublikachisi 27 aprel, New York Herald Tribune, Return of the Overland Mail Expedition, May 3, 1858
  20. ^ Binghamton matbuoti, New York, Utica Man Linked East with West, John Butterfield Established Overland Mail Route Half a Century Ago, March 23, 1909
  21. ^ Frank Norris, Historian National Park Service, Cho'l yo'llari, "Butterfield Overland Mail," pp. 15-20.
  22. ^ For a more comprehensive history concerning this subject see: Gerald T. Ahnert, BUTTERFIELD MAKES THE SOUTHERN OVERLAND TRAIL HIS OWN. The report has been requested by many organizations. Copies have been supplied to National Park Service Historian Frank Norris, Dr. Aaron Wright, Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, San Diego History Center, Arizona Historical Society Archives, Tucson, Arizona, Oneida Historical Society, Oneida, New York, and Benson Visitors Center, Benson, Arizona
  23. ^ Waterman L. Ormsby, The Butterfield Overland Mail, Only Through Passenger on the First Westbound Stage, Edited by Lyle H. Wright and Johnson M. Bynum, The Huntington Library, San Marino California, 1991, p. 42.
  24. ^ Ormsby, p. 44. (Italics added for emphasis).
  25. ^ Ormsby, p. 44.
  26. ^ Goddard Bailey, Special Agent to Hon. A. V. Brown. P. M., Washington, D. C., The Senate of the United States, Second Session, Thirty-Fifth Congress, 1858-'59, Postmaster General, Appendix, "Great Overland Mail", Washington, D. C., October 1858," pp. 742-743
  27. ^ "Contract with J. Butterfield and Co., "THE EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES, SECOND SESSION, THIRTY-FIFTH CONGRESS, 1858-'59, Washington, 1859, p. 4.
  28. ^ Ormsby, p. 77.
  29. ^ William A Wallace, "The Stations," Kundalik Alta Kaliforniya, June 10, 1860.
  30. ^ Ormsby, p. 33.
  31. ^ THE EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES, FIRST SESSION, THIRTY-SIXTH CONGRESS, 1859-60, "Colonel Bonneville to the General-in-chief, Headquarters Department of New Mexico, Santa Fe, July 15, 1859," Washington, 1860, p. 300
  32. ^ Liut. Col. E. E. Eyre, Qo'zg'olon urushi, Series I, Volume L, Fort Thorn, Arizona, July 6. 1862, p. 121 2.
  33. ^ Evening Star, Washington D. C., October 11, 1858, p. 2018-04-02 121 2.
  34. ^ Sakramento kundalik ittifoqi, October 29, 1859 (italics added for emphasis)
  35. ^ Wright, "Historic Places-Appendix A", p. 821
  36. ^ Richardson, "Butterfield Overland Mail": "As of 1858 the route extended from San Francisco to Los Angeles, thence by Fort Yuma, California, and Tucson, Arizona, to Franklin, Texas (present El Paso)."
  37. ^ The Butterfield Overland Mail Route Lucian Wood Road Segment. Arxivlandi 2014 yil 1 fevral, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi History & Architecture: Arkansas Historic Preservation Program.
  38. ^ Nyu-York Herald, Sunday, July 22, 1860
  39. ^ SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO CONDUCTORS, AGENTS, DRIVERS & EMPLOYEES, John Butterfield, Order No. 8. A copy of these instructions was published in The Butterfield Overland Mail, by Waterman L. Ormsby
  40. ^ Waterman L. Ormsby, The Butterfield Overland Mail, p. 55
  41. ^ John M. Farwell, Kundalik Alta Kaliforniya, San Francisco, "Letter from our Overland Correspondent," Tuesday, November 16, 1858
  42. ^ G'arbiy otliq, "The Mud Wagon", John and Mildred Frizzell, May 1976, p. 140
  43. ^ Buffalo kureri, Buffalo, New York, Saturday, June 26, 1858, Sakramento kundalik ittifoqi, California, July 31, 1858
  44. ^ Special Collections, Tuck Library, New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord, New Hampshire. Historian Gerald T. Ahnert visited the archives twice and found that the original order book for June and July 1858 was missing. This was the time period for Butterfield's order.
  45. ^ G. Bailey, Report of the Postmaster General, THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES, SECOND SESSION, THIRTY-FIFTH Congress, 1858-59, Washington, 1858. p. 741.
  46. ^ Memfisning kundalik murojaatnomasi, Tennessee, July 13, 1858, reprinted from the Fort Smith Herald (Arkanzas)
  47. ^ Memfisning kundalik murojaatnomasi, Tennessee, July 21, 1858, reprinted from the Fort Smith Times (Arkanzas)
  48. ^ Waterman L. Ormsby, The Butterfield Overland Mail, p. 127
  49. ^ Waterman L. Ormsby, The Butterfield Overland Mail, 17-18 betlar
  50. ^ Waterman L. Ormsby, The Butterfield Overland Mail, pp. 49, 53, 54, 55, 66, 68, 94, 123, 124, 139
  51. ^ Sakramento kundalik ittifoqi, California, October 13, 1858. The article was taken from Memfis apellyatsiyasi, which published "…the particulars of an interview had with Mr. J. T. Chidester, a member of the firm of Chidester, Reeside & Co., upon the western end of the route, between Memphis and Fort Smith, who came down to superintend the departure of the first train."
  52. ^ Des Arc Citizen, Arkansas, Friday, September 16, 1858
  53. ^ Sakramento kundalik ittifoqi, California, October 13, 1858. Article reprinted from Memfisga murojaat, Tennessi
  54. ^ Waterman L. Ormsby, The Butterfield Overland Mail, p. 94
  55. ^ Waterman L. Ormsby, The Butterfield Overland Mail, p. 14
  56. ^ John M. Farwell, Kundalik Alta Kaliforniya, San Francisco, “Letter from our Overland Correspondent,” Tuesday, November 16, 1858
  57. ^ Jerald T. Ahnert, Tashish jurnali, “Surviving the Ride on a Butterfield Stagecoach,” Volume 53, Number 4, August 2015, pp. 220-225. This article tells correspondents humorous accounts about riding on Butterfield’s stages.
  58. ^ Frank Norris, Cho'l yo'llari, "Butterfield Overland Trail," January 2015. This article is about the proposal for the Butterfield National Historic Trail.
  59. ^ Tri Weekly Commonwealth, Frankfort, Kentucky, "Later from Texas, Fort Smith, Feb. 20," February 22, 1861
  60. ^ Edwin R. Purple, The New York State Genealogical and Biographical Record, New York, July, 1879
  61. ^ For a more comprehensive history concerning this subject see: Gerald T. Ahnert, BUTTERFIELD'S OVERLAND MAIL COMPANY STAGECOACHES AND (CELERITY) WAGONS ON THE SOUTHERN OVERLAND TRAIL, 1858-1861. The report has been requested by many organizations. Copies have been supplied to National Park Service Historian Frank Norris, Dr. Aaron Wright, Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, San Diego History Center, Arizona Historical Society Archives, Tucson, Arizona, Oneida Historical Society, Oneida, New York, and Benson Visitors Center, Benson, Arizona
  62. ^ G. Bailey, Report of the Postmaster General, APPENDIX, PP. 739 (the time the stage left San Francisco) & 744 (the total number of hours to St. Louis).
  63. ^ Waterman L. Ormsby, The Butterfield Overland Mail 9-bet.
  64. ^ John Butterfield, Overland Mail Company Through Time Schedule between St. Louis, Mo./Memphis, Tenn. & San Francisco, Cal., No. 1, Sep. 16th,1858
  65. ^ San-Fransisko byulleteni, California, December 1, 1858. This ad appeared until January 10, 1858.
  66. ^ San Francisco Bulletin, January 11, 1859
  67. ^ Beyli, Great Overland Mail, Postmaster General, THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES, SECOND SESSION, THIRTY-FIFTH CONGRESS, 1858-59, Washington, 1858, pp. 742-743
  68. ^ National Park Service Historian Frank Norris, Cho'l yo'llari, 2015 yil yanvar, p. 17
  69. ^ Contract with Overland Mail Company, REPORT OF THE POSTMASTER GENERAL, Senate, 46th Congress, 3d Session, Ex. Hujjat No. 21, p. 7.https://books.google.com/books?id=AqEZAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA14-PA1&dq=%22contract+with+overland+mail+company%22++46th+congress&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjw_IPK5_XdAhUSPq0KHXQXDoIQuwUIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22contract%20with%20overland%20mail%20company%22%20%2046th%20congress&f=false
  70. ^ Waddell F. Smith, Tutun signali "The Pony Express - The Overland Mail," Spring 1968, No. 17, published by The Corral of the Westerners, Tucson, Arizona. Note: This article, by the grandson of one of the Pony Express owners, is an excellent study of the Pony Express becoming part of the Overland Mail Company contract, pp. 153 & 154
  71. ^ "Waterman Lilly Ormsby 1834 - 1919". Ormsby.org. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2011 yil 27 iyulda. Olingan 6 fevral 2011.
  72. ^ Kirby Sanders, "Butterfield Overland Trail Friends," facebook site. Sanders was the administer of the site until his death. The site is for historians interested in the Butterfield Trail, as well as for the public. https://www.facebook.com/groups/338802216162970/
  73. ^ Waddell F. Smith, Tutun signali "The Pony Express - The Overland Mail," Spring 1968, No. 17, published by The Corral of the Westerners, Tucson, Arizona. Note: This article, by the grandson of one of the Pony Express owners, is an excellent study of the Overland Mail Company's history.
  74. ^ Contract with Overland Mail Company, Report of the Postmaster General, Senate, 35th Congress, 2d Session, Ex. Hujjat No. 48, "1861, March 12. Ordered that the overland mail service on route 12578 be discontinued," p. 4
  75. ^ Sakramento kundalik ittifoqi, California, April 5, 1861, “Letter from St. Louis, from our Special Correspondent, St. Louis, March 19, 1861.
  76. ^ Kundalik Alta Kaliforniya, San Francisco, Sunday, April 14, 1861.
  77. ^ Ildiz, The Overland Stage to California, p. 42: "The stock, coaches, etc., on the southern route were pulled off, and accordingly moved north, and, by act of Congress, on July 1, 1861, the route between St. Joseph and Placerville, having been duly equipped for a daily line, went into operation. It took about three months to make the transfer of stages and stock, and to build a number of new stations, secure hay and grain, and get everything in readiness for operating a six-times-a-week mail line. The new line was designated by the post-office department as the Central Overland California Route."
  78. ^ Sakramento kundalik ittifoqi, California, June 11, 1861, “Letter from Salt Lake, From our Special Correspondent." Note: The complete article can be accessed by the following link https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18610611&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1
  79. ^ Basil C. Pearce, The Jackass Mail—San Antonio and San Diego Mail Line, San-Diego tarixi jurnali, San Diego Historical Society Quarterly, Spring 1969, Volume 15, Number 2
  80. ^ Patricia Heintzelman and Charles Snell (1975) National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Oak Grove Butterfield Station, National Park Service, accessed 18 November 2009
  81. ^ Butterfield Overland Mail dan Texas qo'llanmasi Onlayn
  82. ^ "PEPC". parkplanning.nps.gov. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2012 yil 4 aprelda. Olingan 9 iyun 2018.
  83. ^ Frank Norris, Historian National Park Service, Cho'l yo'llari, "Butterfield Overland Mail," pp. 15.

Bibliografiya

Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • Swensen, Henry Edward (1911). The overland mail and passenger service.
    The overland mail and passenger service. p. 156.    , Elektron kitob
  • Greene, A. C.,900 Miles on the Butterfield Trail. Denton: University of North Texas Press, 1994. MUSE loyihasi, Print-ISBN  9781574412130, OCLC Number: 835770429

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