Uy armiyasi - Home Army - Wikipedia

Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Uy qo'riqchisi.

Uy armiyasi
Armiya Krajova
Flaga PPP.svg
Polshaning qizil va oq bayrog'i ustiga qo'yilgan Kotvika ("Anchor") emblemasi Polsha yer osti davlati va ichki armiya
Faol1942 yil 14 fevral - 1945 yil 19 yanvar
MamlakatPolsha
Sadoqat Polsha quvg'inda bo'lgan hukumat
RolQurolli kuchlari Polsha yer osti davlati va Polsha quvg'inda bo'lgan hukumat
Hajmi400,000 (1944)
NishonlarIkkinchi jahon urushi
Qo'mondonlar
E'tiborli
qo'mondonlar		Tadeush Komorovskiy
Stefan Rowecki
Leopold Okulicki
Emil Avgust Fildorf
Antoni Krusiel
Belgilar
Identifikatsiya
belgi		Kotvika
Qismi bir qator ustida
Polska Walczy Polsha
Yer osti holati
Parasol polki, Varshava, 1944 yil

The Uy armiyasi (Polsha: Armiya Krajova, qisqartirilgan AK; Polsha talaffuzi:[ˈArmʲa kraˈjɔva]) dominant edi Polsha qarshilik harakati mamlakat davomida Ikkinchi jahon urushi fashistlar Germaniyasi va Sovet Ittifoqi tomonidan bosib olinishi. Uy armiyasi 1942 yil fevralida avvalgisidan tuzilgan Związek Walki Zbrojnej (Qurolli qarshilik). Keyingi ikki yil ichida uy armiyasi boshqalarni o'zlashtirdi Polsha yer osti kuchlari. Uning sodiqligi Polshada surgun qilingan hukumat yilda London va u "deb nomlangan qurolli qanotni tashkil etdi"Polsha yer osti davlati ".

Uy armiyasi sabotaj qilingan Nemis transportlari yo'nalish tomon yo'l olishdi Sharqiy front Sovet Ittifoqida Germaniya ta'minotini yo'q qilish va Germaniyaning katta kuchlarini bog'lash. Shuningdek, u bir nechta jang qildi janglar nemislarga qarshi, ayniqsa 1943 yilda va Tempest operatsiyasi (1944). Uy armiyasining eng mashhur operatsiyasi 1944 yil edi Varshava qo'zg'oloni. Uy armiyasi polshalik tinch aholini ham himoya qildi vahshiyliklar Germaniyaning ukrain va litvaliklari tomonidan hamkorlar.

Uy armiyasining 1944 yilgi kuchini taxmin qilish 200,000 dan 600,000 gacha, eng ko'p keltirilgan soni 400,000. Oxirgi raqam uy armiyasini nafaqat Polshaning eng katta er osti qismiga aylantiradi qarshilik harakati lekin, bilan birga Sovet partizanlari, Evropaning Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidagi ikkita eng yirik er osti harakatlaridan biri.[a]

Uy armiyasi surgun qilingan Polsha hukumatiga sodiq bo'lganligi sababli, Sovet Ittifoqi bunga to'siq sifatida qaradi Polshadagi kommunizm. Binobarin, urush davomida Uy armiyasi va Sovet kuchlari o'rtasida ziddiyatlar kuchayib bordi. Sovet armiyasidan keyin Uy armiyasi 1945 yil 19-yanvarda tarqatib yuborildi Qizil Armiya ko'pini tozalagan edi Polsha hududi nemis kuchlari. Urushdan keyin, xususan, 1950-60 yillarda, kommunistik hukumat targ'iboti uy armiyasini zolim va reaktsion kuch sifatida ko'rsatdi; sobiq uy armiyasining minglab xodimlari deportatsiya qilindi Gulaglar Sovet qamoqxonalari, boshqalari, shu qatorda bir qator katta qo'mondonlar qatl etildi. Sharqiy Evropada kommunizm qulaganidan beri Uy armiyasining obro'si yaxshilandi.[1][2]

Tarix

Ikkinchi jahon urushi

Uy armiyasi kelib chiqishi Polsha g'alabasi uchun xizmat (Slłba Zwycięstwu Polski), qaysi general Mixal Karaszevich-Tokarzewski xuddi muvofiqlashtirilganidek, 1939 yil 27 sentyabrda tashkil etilgan Nemis va Sovet Ittifoqining Polshaga bostirib kirishi tugashga yaqin.[3] Etti hafta o'tgach, 1939 yil 17-noyabrda generalning buyrug'i bilan Wladyslaw Sikorski, Polsha g'alabasi uchun xizmat o'rnini egalladi Qurolli qarshilik (Związek Walki Zbrojnej), bu o'z navbatida, ikki yildan sal ko'proq vaqt o'tgach, 1942 yil 14-fevralda "Uy armiyasi" ga aylandi.[3][4] Biroq, boshqa ko'plab qarshilik ko'rsatuvchi tashkilotlar Polshada faol qolishdi.[5] Ularning aksariyati oxir-oqibat 1939-1944 yillarda Qurolli qarshilik yoki uning o'rnini egallagan Uy armiyasi bilan birlashdilar va uy armiyasining sonini sezilarli darajada oshirdilar.[4][5]

Uy armiyasi bularga sodiq edi Polshada surgun qilingan hukumat va uning bosib olingan Polshadagi vakolatxonasiga Polsha uchun hukumat delegatsiyasi (Delegatura). Polsha fuqarolik hukumati Uy armiyasini siyosiy bo'lmagan, umummilliy qarshilik ko'rsatuvchi tashkilot sifatida tasavvur qildi. Oliy qo'mondonlik uy armiyasining asosiy vazifalarini nemis bosqinchilariga qarshi partizanlar urushi, er osti qismida qurolli kuchlarni qayta tiklash va nemis bosqinchiligining oxiriga kelib, uy qurolli kuchlari qurollangan general qurolli kuchlar ko'tarib, ichki armiya rejalari g'alaba qozonguniga qadar javobgarlikka tortilishini belgilab berdi. urush tugashi, surgun qilingan hukumat urush oxirida Polshaga qaytganidan keyin urushgacha bo'lgan hukumatni tiklash.[6][3][4][7][8][9]

Uy armiyasi, nazariy jihatdan fuqarolik hokimiyatiga va surgun qilingan hukumatga bo'ysungan bo'lsa-da, ko'pincha bir oz mustaqil harakat qildilar, na Polshadagi Ichki Armiya qo'mondonlari va na "London hukumati" boshqasining ahvolidan to'liq xabardor edilar.[10]:235–236

Keyin Germaniya Sovet Ittifoqiga hujumini boshladi 1941 yil 22 iyunda Sovet Ittifoqi qo'shildi Ittifoqchilar va imzoladi Angliya-Sovet shartnomasi 1941 yil 12-iyulda. Bu Polsha hukumatini qiyin ahvolga solib qo'ydi, chunki u ilgari "ikki dushman" siyosatini olib borgan edi. Garchi a Polsha-Sovet shartnomasi 1941 yil avgustda imzolangan edi, 1943 yildan keyin ham fashistlar Germaniyasi buni e'lon qilganidan keyin ham hamkorlik qiyinlashdi va yomonlashdi Kattin qatliomi 1940 yil[11]

1944 yildagi yirik ko'tarilishga qadar Ichki armiya o'zini himoya qilish (mahbuslar va garovga olinganlarni ozod qilish, nemislarning tinchlantirish operatsiyalaridan himoya qilish) va nemis kuchlariga qarshi hujumlarga e'tibor qaratdi. Uy armiyasi bo'linmalari minglab qurolli reydlar va razvedka operatsiyalarini amalga oshirdi, yuzlab temir yo'l yuklarini sabotaj qildi va ko'pchilikda qatnashdi partizan nemis politsiyasi bilan to'qnashuvlar va janglar va Vermaxt birliklar. Uy armiyasi ham taniqli odamlarni o'ldirdi Natsistlar va Gestapo Politsiyaning tinch aholisiga etkazilgan fashistlar terroriga qarshi qasos uchun rasmiylar; uy armiyasi tomonidan o'ldirilgan taniqli shaxslar Igo Sym (1941) va Frants Kutschera (1944).[3][7]

Urushdan keyingi

Shuningdek qarang: La'natlangan askarlar
1945 yil iyun Moskva 16 Polsha fuqarolik va ichki armiya rahbarlarining sud jarayoni. Ular "AQShga qarshi harbiy harakatlarni rejalashtirish" da ayblangan. 1945 yil mart oyida ular Polsha Milliy Birlik Hukumatini tashkil etishga yordam berishga taklif qilingan va ular tomonidan hibsga olingan Sovet NKVD. Sudning yumshoqligiga qaramay, oradan 6 yil o'tib, faqat ikkitasi tirik edi.

Fuqarolar urushi va Sovetlar bilan qurolli to'qnashuvlarning oldini olish uchun Uy armiyasi 1945 yil 19 yanvarda rasman tarqatib yuborildi. Biroq, sobiq uy armiyasining ko'plab bo'linmalari operatsiyalarni davom ettirishga qaror qilishdi. Sovet Ittifoqi va Polsha Kommunistik hukumati u hali ham sodiq bo'lgan, uni boshqaradigan, er osti ko'rinadigan Polsha quvg'inda bo'lgan hukumat, Polsha ustidan to'liq nazoratni qo'lga kiritmasdan oldin ularni yo'q qilish uchun kuch sifatida. Kelajak Bosh kotib ning Polsha Birlashgan ishchi partiyasi, Wladysław Gomulka, "AK askarlari shafqatsizlarcha olib tashlanishi kerak bo'lgan dushman unsurdir." Yana bir taniqli polshalik kommunist, Rim Zambrovskiy, Uy armiyasini "yo'q qilish" kerakligini aytdi.[12][yaxshiroq manba kerak ]

Sovet Ittifoqi tahdidiga qarshi kurashish uchun mo'ljallangan birinchi uy armiyasining tuzilishi edi NIE, 1943 yil o'rtalarida tashkil topgan. Uning maqsadi Sovet kuchlarini jangga jalb qilish emas, balki ularni kuzatib borish va razvedka ma'lumotlarini yig'ish edi. Polsha quvg'in qilingan hukumat Sovetlar bilan qanday munosabatda bo'lishni hal qilar edi; o'sha paytda surgun qilingan hukumat hali ham Sovetlar bilan konstruktiv muzokaralar o'tkazilishiga ishongan. 1945 yil 7 mayda NIE ("YO'Q") tarqatib yuborildi va "ga" aylantirildi Polsha uchun qurolli kuchlar delegatsiyasi (Delegatura Sił Zbrojnych na Kraj); ammo bu tashkilot faqat 1945 yil 8-avgustga qadar davom etdi, keyin uni tarqatib yuborish va partiyaviy qarshilikni to'xtatish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi.[12][yaxshiroq manba kerak ]

Birinchi Polsha kommunistik hukumati Polsha milliy ozodlik qo'mitasi, 1944 yil iyulda tashkil etilgan, shuning uchun bir yildan beri uy armiyasi askarlari ustidan yurisdiksiyani qabul qilishdan bosh tortdi Sovet kabi agentliklar NKVD uy armiyasini qurolsizlantirish uchun javobgarlikni o'z zimmasiga oldi. Urush oxiriga kelib, 60 mingga yaqin uy armiyasi askarlari hibsga olingan, ularning 50 ming nafari Sovet Ittifoqiga ko'chirilgan Gulaglar va qamoqxonalar; ushbu askarlarning aksariyati Sovet Ittifoqi tomonidan yoki undan keyin asirga olingan. Tempest operatsiyasi, Uy armiyasining ko'plab bo'linmalari Sovetlar bilan birgalikda nemislarga qarshi umummilliy qo'zg'olonda ishlashga harakat qilganlarida. Boshqa ichki armiya faxriylari va'da qilinganidan keyin Polsha kommunistik hukumat amaldorlariga murojaat qilganlarida hibsga olingan amnistiya. Kommunistik boshqaruvning dastlabki bir necha yilidagi bir qancha bunday va'dalardan keyin Uy armiyasi askarlari hukumatga ishonishni to'xtatdilar.[12][yaxshiroq manba kerak ]

Uydan keyingi uchinchi tashkilot Volnoć i Niezawisłoć (WiN: Ozodlik va mustaqillik). Uning asosiy maqsadi ham jang emas edi. Aksincha, u uy armiyasi askarlariga partizanlikdan fuqarolik hayotiga o'tishda yordam berish uchun ishlab chiqilgan; kommunistik hukumat tomonidan ichki armiya faxriylariga nisbatan ta'qiblar kuchayganligi sababli maxfiylik zarur edi.[13][yaxshiroq manba kerak ] WiN ammo, yolg'on hujjatlar uchun to'lash va urushda ko'plari uylaridan va hayotdan to'planib qolgan partizanlarni mablag 'bilan ta'minlash uchun juda zarur bo'lgan mablag'ga muhtoj edilar. Davlatning dushmani sifatida ko'rilgan, boyliklardan mahrum bo'lgan va Sovet va ularning polshalik ishonchli vakillariga qarshi qurolli qarshilik ko'rsatishni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi vokal guruh bilan, WiN samaradorlikdan uzoq edi. Sovet uchun katta g'alaba NKVD va yangi tashkil etilgan Polsha maxfiy politsiyasi, Urząd Bezpieczeństwa (UB), 1945 yilning ikkinchi yarmida ular bir nechta uy armiyasini ishontirishga muvaffaq bo'lganda va WiN ular haqiqatan ham taklif qilmoqchi bo'lgan rahbarlar amnistiya uy armiyasi a'zolariga. Bir necha oy ichida ular juda ko'p sonli Uy armiyasi va WiN odamlar va resurslar. O'sha paytda (qamoqda) Uy armiyasi va WiN rahbarlar o'zlarining xatosini angladilar, tashkilotlar nogiron bo'lib, ularning minglab a'zolari hibsga olindi. WiN nihoyat 1952 yilda tarqatib yuborilgan. 1947 yilga kelib kommunistik kuchlarning polkovnigi "Terroristik va siyosiy yashirin tahdid soluvchi kuch bo'lishni to'xtatdi, ammo hali ham o'rmon odamlari bor" deb muomala qilish kerak.[12][yaxshiroq manba kerak ]

Uy armiyasi xochi tomonidan uy armiyasi faxriylariga topshirildi Polshada surgun qilingan hukumat

Uy armiyasini ta'qib qilish faqat bir qism edi Stalin Polshadagi repressiyalar. 1944–56 yillarda 2 millionga yaqin odam hibsga olingan, ularning 20 mingdan ortig'i, shu jumladan qahramoni Osvensim, Vitold Pilecki, kommunistik qamoqxonalarda qatl etilgan va 6 million Polsha fuqarosi (har uchinchi kattagina qutb) "reaktsioner" yoki "jinoiy unsurlar" toifasiga kiritilib, davlat idoralari tomonidan josuslikka duchor qilingan.[12][yaxshiroq manba kerak ]

Uy armiyasining ko'pgina askarlari NKVD yoki Polsha tomonidan UB siyosiy politsiya. Ular "fashizm" kabi turli ayblovlar bilan so'roq qilinib, qamoqqa tashlangan.[14][15] Ko'pchilik yuborildi Gulaglar, qatl qilingan yoki "g'oyib bo'lgan".[14] Shunday qilib, 1944 yildan 1956 yilgacha barcha a'zolar Batalion Zośka da jang qilgan Varshava qo'zg'oloni, kommunistik qamoqxonalarda qamalgan edi.[16] 1956 yilda amnistiya qamoqxonalardan uy armiyasining 35000 sobiq askarlarini ozod qildi.[17]

Ammo shunda ham, ba'zi partizanlar qishloqda qolib, jamoaga qo'shilishni istamagan yoki olisholmagan; ular nomi bilan tanilgan la'natlangan askarlar. Stanislav Marchewka "Ryba" 1957 yilda o'ldirilgan va oxirgi AK partizan, Yozef Frantszak "Lalek" 1963 yilda - Ikkinchi Jahon urushi tugaganidan deyarli yigirma yil o'tib o'ldirilgan. Faqat to'rt yil o'tib, 1967 yilda, bu Adam Borichka, AKning askari va elita a'zosi, Britaniya tomonidan o'qitilgan Cichociemny ("Silent Geyb") razvedka va qo'llab-quvvatlash guruhi qamoqdan ozod qilindi. Oxirigacha Polsha Xalq Respublikasi, Ichki armiya askarlari maxfiy politsiya tomonidan tergov ostida qolishdi va bu faqat 1989 yilda, keyin kommunizm qulashi Polsha sudlari tomonidan uy armiyasi askarlarining hukmlari nihoyat bekor va bekor qilindi.[12][yaxshiroq manba kerak ]

O'shandan beri Polshada uy armiyasiga ko'plab yodgorliklar, shu jumladan Polsha yer osti davlati va uy armiyasi yodgorligi o'rnatilgan Seym Varshavadagi bino, 1999 yilda ochilgan.[18][19] Uy armiyasi ham yodga olinadi Krakovdagi uy armiyasi muzeyi[20] va Varshava qo'zg'oloni muzeyi Varshavada.[21]

Amaliyotlar

Aql

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Polsha razvedka xizmatlari tarixi § 1939–1945
Der Klabautermann (an Operatsiya N jurnal), 1943 yil 3-yanvar soni, satira Uchinchi reyx Natsist terror va genotsid. O'ngdan, "III" dan ("Uchinchi reyx" ning uchta rim raqami) paydo bo'lgan: Gimmler, Gitler va O'lim.

Uy armiyasi qimmatbaho buyumlarni etkazib berdi aql-idrok ittifoqchilarga; Tomonidan qabul qilingan barcha hisobotlarning 48% Britaniya maxfiy xizmatlari 1939 yildan 1945 yilgacha Evropa qit'asidan Polsha manbalaridan olingan.[22] Ushbu hisobotlarning umumiy soni taxminan 80,000 ga baholanadi va ularning 85% yuqori sifatli yoki undan yaxshi deb topilgan.[23] Polsha razvedka tarmog'i tez o'sdi; urush oxiriga kelib uning 1600 dan ortiq agentlari ro'yxatdan o'tgan edi.[22]

G'arbiy ittifoqchilar Markaziy va Sharqiy Evropada cheklangan razvedka aktivlariga ega edilar; Polshaning keng qamrovli razvedka tarmog'i asosiy manba bo'lib chiqdi, hatto frantsuz kapitulyatsiyasidan keyin "qit'adagi yagona [A] razvedka aktivlari" deb ta'riflandi.[24][25][22] Ga binoan Marek Ney-Krvavich [pl ], G'arbiy ittifoqchilar uchun ichki armiya tomonidan taqdim etilgan razvedka Sharqiy frontda eng yaxshi ma'lumot manbai hisoblangan.[26]

Uy armiyasi razvedkasi ittifoqchilarga ma'lumot berdi Germaniya kontslagerlari va Polshadagi xolokost (shu jumladan birinchi hisobotlar ittifoqchilar tomonidan qabul qilingan ushbu mavzu bo'yicha[27][28]), nemis suvosti operatsiyalarida va, eng mashhuri, V-1 uchar bomba va V-2 raketasi.[3][26] Bittasida Big Ben loyihasi missiya (Wildhorn III operatsiyasi;[29] Polsha kriptonim, III qismi, "Bridge III"), yengilligi uchun echintirilgan RAF ikkita dvigatel Dakota uchib ketdi Brindisi yilda Italiya Polshadagi tashlandiq nemis aerodromiga polshalik aviatsiya konstruktori tomonidan tayyorlangan ma'lumotni olish uchun Antoni Kocjan, shu jumladan 100 funt (45 kg) dan V-2 raketasi a. qoldiqlari Peenemünde ishga tushirish, a Maxsus hisobot 1 / R, yo'q. 242, fotosuratlar, V-2 sakkizta asosiy qismlari va qoldiqlarning rasmlari.[30] Polsha agentlari, shuningdek, Germaniyaning urush ishlab chiqarishi, ruhiy holati va qo'shin harakatlari to'g'risida hisobotlar taqdim etishdi.[22] Polsha razvedka tarmog'i Polshadan tashqarida va hatto Evropadan tashqarida ham tarqaldi: masalan, Shimoliy Afrikada Mieczlaw Zygfryd Slovikovski tomonidan tashkil etilgan razvedka tarmog'i "Shimoliy Afrikadagi yagona [A] ittifoqdosh ... tarmoq" deb ta'riflangan.[22] Polsha tarmog'ida hattoki Germaniya oliy qo'mondonligida ikkita agent bor edi.[22]

Uy armiyasi razvedkasi bo'yicha birinchi polyak-ingliz monografiyasini yaratgan tadqiqotchilar (Ikkinchi Jahon urushi davrida Polsha va Buyuk Britaniya o'rtasidagi razvedka bo'yicha hamkorlik: Angliya-Polsha tarixiy qo'mitasining hisobotiPolsha razvedkasining Ittifoqchilar g'alabasiga qo'shgan hissasi "nomutanosib ravishda katta"[31] va "ichki armiya razvedkasi tomonidan amalga oshirilgan ishlar, shubhasiz, ittifoqchilarning qurolli harakatlarini buzg'unchilik va partizanlik harakatlariga qaraganda ancha samarali qo'llab-quvvatladi" deb ta'kidladi.[32]

Subversiv tadbirlar va targ'ibot

Uy armiyasi ham olib bordi psixologik urush. Uning "Operatsiya N "Germaniyaning o'zida Gitlerga qarshi bo'lgan nemis harakati xayoliyligini yaratdi.[3]

Ichki armiya har hafta nashr etdi Byuletyn informatsionjny (Axborot byulleteni), eng ko'p tiraji bilan (1943 yil noyabrda) 50 000 dona.[33][34]

Asosiy operatsiyalar

Sabotaj Qasos uyushmasi va keyinroq Vaxlarz va Kedyw birliklar.[4]

Uy armiyasining asosiy harbiy va sabotaj operatsiyalari quyidagilarni o'z ichiga olgan:

"Qurolga!" 1944 yil davomida uy armiyasining afishasi Varshava qo'zg'oloni

"Tempest" operatsiyasining eng katta va eng taniqli jangchisi Varshava qo'zg'oloni, 1944 yil 1-avgustda Polsha poytaxtini ozod qilishga urinishni tashkil etdi. Polsha kuchlari shaharning katta qismlarini o'z nazoratiga oldi va Germaniya boshchiligidagi kuchlarga 2 oktyabrgacha (jami 63 kun) qarshilik ko'rsatdi. Polshaliklar yaqinlashib kelayotgan Qizil Armiya tomonidan hech qanday yordam olmaganligi sababli, nemislar oxir-oqibat qo'zg'olonchilarni mag'lub etib, shaharni yoqib yuborishdi va nihoyat 1944 yil 2 oktyabrda qo'zg'olonni bostirishdi.[3] Uy armiyasining boshqa yirik shahar ko'tarilishlari kiritilgan "Ostra Brama" operatsiyasi, yilda Wilno, va Lwów qo'zg'oloni. Uy armiyasi ham a uchun tayyorlandi Krakovda ko'tarilgan, ammo turli holatlar tufayli u bekor qilindi. Uy armiyasi bir qator joylarni nemislar nazorati ostidan chiqarishga muvaffaq bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, masalan Lyublin mintaqaviy tuzilmalar amaldagi hukumatni barpo etishga qodir bo'lgan hudud - oxir-oqibat, Sovet dushmanligi tufayli Ichki armiya surgundagi hukumatning Polshaga qaytishi uchun etarli hududni ta'minlay olmadi.[3][4][35]

Uy armiyasi ham amalga oshirdi sabotaj Germaniya temir yo'l va avtomobil transportining Sharqiy front Sovet Ittifoqida.[36] Richard J. Krampton Germaniya transportining sakkizdan bir qismi Sharqiy front Uy armiyasining operatsiyalari tufayli vayron qilingan yoki sezilarli darajada kechiktirilgan.[36]

Qurolli qarshilikning sabotaj va yashirin operatsiyalari tasdiqlangan (ZWZ) va uy armiyasi (AK)
1941 yil 1 yanvardan 1944 yil 30 iyungacha, turlari bo'yicha ro'yxatlangan[37][38]
Sabotaj / yashirin operatsiya turiJami raqamlar
Zarar ko'rgan lokomotivlar6,930
Buzilgan temir yo'l vagonlari19,058
Lokomotivlarni ta'mirlash kechiktirildi803
Yo'q qilingan transportlar732
Transportlar yonib ketdi443
Portlatilgan temir yo'l ko'priklari38
Varshava tarmog'ida elektr ta'minotidagi uzilishlar638
Zarar ko'rgan yoki yo'q qilingan armiya transport vositalari4,326
Buzilgan samolyotlar28
Yoqilg'i quyish idishlari yo'q qilindi1,167
Yo'q qilingan yoqilg'i (tonnada)4,674
Bloklangan neft quduqlari5
Yo'q qilindi yog'och jun vagonlar150
Harbiy do'konlarni yoqib yubordi130
Zavod ishlab chiqarishidagi uzilishlar7
Samolyot dvigatellari qismlarida o'rnatilgan kamchiliklar4,710
Qurol-yarog 'ichidagi kamchiliklar203
Artilleriya snaryadlaridagi ichki nuqsonlar92,000
Havo harakati radiostantsiyalaridagi ichki kamchiliklar107
Kondensatorlarda o'rnatilgan kamchiliklar70,000
Elektro-sanoat dastgohlarida o'rnatilgan kamchiliklar1,700
Muhim zavod mexanizmlarining shikastlanishi2,872
Sabotaj harakatlari25,145
Fashist nemislarining suiqasdlari5,733

Natsistlar rahbarlarining suiqasdlari

Asosiy maqola: Operatsion boshlari
Polshalik "terroristik tashkilot inglizlar xizmatida" tomonidan nemis politsiyasi va SSga qilingan suiqasd uchun javobgarlikka tortilgan 100 nafar polshalik garovga olinganlarning ro'yxati, Varshava, 1943 yil 2 oktyabr.

Polshadagi qarshilik eng yirik Polshada nemis qo'mondonlariga o'nlab hujumlarni amalga oshirdi seriyali shunday bo'lish kodlangan "Operatsion boshlari ". O'nlab qo'shimcha suiqasdlar amalga oshirildi, eng taniqli:

A'zolik

Drohobycz uy armiyasi Sambor qo'mondonligining 1-rota askarlari (Obved Sambor AK) Germaniya, Sovet va Buyuk Britaniyada ishlab chiqarilgan qurol-yarog 'bilan qurollangan va qo'lga olingan nemis dala formasini kiygan inspektsiya. Pastki chap tarafdagi askar Sovet Ittifoqi ishlab chiqargan ekan PPSh-41 yoki ularning biron bir hosilasi.

1942 yil fevralda, uy armiyasi tashkil etilganida Qurolli qarshilik 100 mingga yaqin a'zoni tashkil etdi.[7] Bir yildan kam vaqt o'tgach, 1943 yil boshida u 200 mingga yaqin kuchga ega bo'ldi.[7] 1944 yil yozida, qachon Tempest operatsiyasi Boshlandi, Uy armiyasi eng yuqori a'zolikka erishdi.[7] 1944 yilning birinchi yarmi va yozidagi a'zolik taxminlari 200000 kishidan iborat,[10]:234 300,000 orqali,[41] 380,000[7] va 400,000[42] 450,000-500,000 gacha.[43] Aksariyat hisob-kitoblar o'rtacha 400,000 atrofida. Quvvat ko'rsatkichlari boshqa qarshilik ko'rsatuvchi tashkilotlarning uy armiyasiga doimiy ravishda qo'shilib borishi tufayli o'zgarib turadi; a'zolari soni juda ko'p bo'lgan va xayrixohlar soni ancha ko'p bo'lganligi sababli, har qanday vaqtda operatsiyalarda qatnashadigan qurollangan a'zolar soni kamroq edi - 1943 yilda bir foizga, shuncha ko'p 1944 yilda 5-10%[42]- etarli miqdorda qurol yo'qligi sababli.[7][44][10]:234

1944 yildagi uy armiyasi raqamlari tarkibida 10000–11000 dan ortiq zobitlar, 7500 ta zobitlar (birlik: podchorąży ) va 88,000 unts-ofitserlar (NCOs).[7] Zobit kadrlar urushgacha bo'lgan ofitserlar va NKOlardan, yer osti kurslari bitiruvchilaridan va odatda G'arbdan parashyut bilan tushgan elita operativ xodimlaridan tuzilgan. Jim ko'rinmaydigan ).[7] Asosiy tashkiliy bo'linma - 35-50 kishidan iborat bo'lgan vzvod, 16-25 kishilik skeletlari bo'lmagan harakatsiz versiyasi; 1944 yil fevralda Uy armiyasi 6287 ta doimiy va 2613 ta skelet vzvodini ishladi.[7] Bunday raqamlar Uy armiyasini nafaqat eng yirik Polsha qarshilik harakati, balki Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidagi Evropadagi eng yirik ikkitadan biriga aylantirdi.[a] Urush paytida halok bo'lganlar taxminan 34 mingga baholanmoqda[41]–100,000,[7] ortiqcha 20000 ga yaqin[41]–50,000[7] urushdan keyin (qurbonlar va qamoq).

Uy armiyasi faxriylarining paradi, Sanok, Polsha, 2008 yil 11-noyabr

Germaniyaga qarshi qaratilgan barcha dushman razvedka operatsiyalari doirasida Polsha qarshilik harakati razvedka xizmati katta ahamiyatga ega bo'ldi. Polshadagi qarshilik harakati eng kichik bo'linib ketgan guruhga qadar kengaytirilgan va ajoyib tarzda uyushtirilgan operatsiyalarining ko'lami va ahamiyati [turli manbalarda] politsiyaning katta xavfsizlik operatsiyalari o'tkazilishi munosabati bilan ochib berilgan. — Geynrix Ximmler, 1942 yil 31-dekabr[45]

Uy armiyasi urushgacha bo'lgan ofitserlarning asosiy qismi tomonidan tashkil etilgan ommaviy tashkilot sifatida mo'ljallangan edi.[7] Uy armiyasi askarlari uch guruhga bo'lingan. Birinchi ikkitasi "to'la vaqtli a'zolar" dan iborat edi: yashirin tezkor xodimlar, asosan shahar sharoitida soxta shaxslar ostida yashaydilar (uy armiyasining yuqori lavozimli ofitserlarining aksariyati ushbu guruhga mansub); va o'rmonli hududlarda yashovchi bir xil (ma'lum darajada) partizanlar (qarang "o'rmon odamlari "), nemislarga qarshi ochiqchasiga kurashgan (1943 yil boshlarida o'rmon aholisi taxminan 4000 ta guruhga ega, ularning soni 1200-4000 kishini tashkil etgan, ammo ularning soni sezilarli darajada o'sgan Tempest operatsiyasi ).[10]:234–235 Uchinchi, eng katta guruh "yarim kunlik ishchilar" edi: o'z uylarida haqiqiy ismlari ostida "ikki kishilik hayot" olib borgan, xizmatlari uchun hech qanday haq olmagan, yashirin bo'linma qo'mondonlari bilan aloqada bo'lgan, ammo operatsiyalarga kamdan-kam yig'ilgan hamdardlar. , chunki Uy armiyasi ulardan faqat rejalangan umummilliy ko'tarilish paytida foydalanishni rejalashtirgan.[10]:234–235

Uy armiyasi Polsha millatining vakili bo'lishi kerak edi, uning a'zolari barcha partiyalar va ijtimoiy tabaqalardan jalb qilingan (Sovet Ittifoqi tomonidan yuborilgan kommunistlar va Sovet Ittifoqi tomonidan yaratilgan yagona istisno). Xalq armiyasi ).[10]:235–236 Uy armiyasining o'sishi asosan kichikroq qarshilik ko'rsatuvchi tashkilotlarning ko'plab qatorlariga qo'shilishga asoslangan edi. Polshaning boshqa ko'plab er osti qurolli tashkilotlari Uy armiyasiga qo'shilgan (garchi ular turli darajadagi avtonomiyalarni saqlab qolishgan bo'lsa ham).[4] Uy armiyasiga qo'shilgan eng yirik tashkilot chap tomon edi Bataliony Xlopski (Dehqonlar batalyonlari), taxminan 1943–44.[46] Ning qismlari Narodowe Siły Zbrojne (Milliy qurolli kuchlar) ham uy armiyasiga bo'ysundirila boshlandi.[47] Natijada, uy armiyasining alohida bo'linmalari siyosiy qarashlari jihatidan (xususan, etnik ozchiliklarga va Sovetlarga bo'lgan munosabatlarida) farq qilar edi.[10]:235-236 Uy armiyasiga qo'shilishdan butunlay voz kechgan eng katta guruh sovetparast, kommunistik edi Xalq armiyasi 1944 yilda uning balandligi 30000 kishini tashkil etdi.[48]

Uy armiyasidagi ayollar

Yosh Radoslav guruhi askarlar, 1944 yil 2 sentyabr, bir oy o'tgach Varshava qo'zg'oloni. Ular faqat Varshava kanalizatsiyasi orqali bir necha soat yurishgan.

Uy armiyasi saflarida bir qator operativ ayollar bor edi; xizmat juda xavfli edi.[49] Aloqa sohasida ayollar ko'p edi, ko'plari kuryer sifatida xizmat qilishdi.[50] Uy armiyasi qo'zg'olonchilarining taxminan ettinchi-o'ninchi qismi ayol edi.[51][50][52]

AKdagi taniqli ayollar Elżbieta Zawacka, ba'zida yagona ayol deb ataladigan er osti kurer Cichociemna.[53] Grażyna Lipińska [pl ] Germaniya tomonidan ishg'ol qilingan joyda razvedka tarmog'ini tashkil qildi Belorussiya 1942–1944 yillarda.[54][55] Janina Karasiówna [pl ] va Emiliya Malessa tashkilotning aloqa bo'limida "yuqori lavozimlarni egallash" deb ta'riflangan yuqori lavozimli ofitserlar edi.[50] Wanda Kraszewska-Ancerewicz [pl ] tarqatish filialini boshqargan.[50] Bir nechta barcha ayol birliklar AK tuzilmalarida mavjud edi. Ular kiritilgan Disk [pl ]boshchiligidagi butunlay ayollarning sabotaj bo'limi Vanda Gertz, bu sabotajdan tashqari, ayollarga suiqasdlarni ham amalga oshirgan Gestapo axborot beruvchilar.[50][56] Varshava qo'zg'oloni paytida ikkita ayol bo'linmasi - buzish bo'linmasi va kanalizatsiya tizimi bo'limi yaratildi.[51]

Varshava qo'zg'olonida ko'plab ayollar, xususan, shifokor yoki skaut sifatida qatnashishgan.[57][58][51] Hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra, qo'zg'olonli tibbiyot xodimlarining taxminan 75 foizini ayollar tashkil etgan.[52] Qo'zg'olon tugagandan so'ng, 2000 dan ortiq ayol askarlar asirga olingan (va 5000 ga yaqin odam halok bo'lgan), ularning oldingi soni "evropalik shov-shuvga" sabab bo'lgan.[50]

Tuzilishi

Mintaqaviy tashkilot, 1944 yil

Uy armiyasining shtab-kvartirasi beshta bo'limga, ikkita byuroga va boshqa bir qator ixtisoslashtirilgan bo'linmalarga bo'lingan:[3][7][59]

  • I bo'lim: Tashkilot - kadrlar, adolat, din
  • II bo'lim: Razvedka va qarshi razvedka
  • III bo'lim: Amaliyot va o'qitish - muvofiqlashtirish, rejalashtirish, umummilliy qo'zg'olonga tayyorgarlik
  • IV bo'lim: Logistika
  • V bo'lim: Aloqa, shu jumladan G'arbiy ittifoqchilar bilan; havo tushadi
  • Axborot va targ'ibot byurosi (ba'zan "VI bo'lim" deb nomlanadi) - axborot va targ'ibot
  • Moliya byurosi (ba'zan "VII bo'lim" deb nomlanadi) - moliya
  • Kedyw (qisqartmasi Kierownictwo Dywersji, "Diversion Directorate" uchun polyakcha) - maxsus operatsiyalar
  • Yerosti qarshiligi boshqarmasi

Uy armiyasining qo'mondoni harbiy xizmatga bo'ysungan buyruq zanjiri Polsha Bosh qo'mondoniga (Qurolli kuchlarning bosh inspektori ) ning Polsha hukumati surgunda va fuqarolik buyrug'i bilan javob berdi Polsha uchun hukumat delegatsiyasi.[7][6]

Uy armiyasining birinchi qo'mondoni, 1943 yilda nemislar tomonidan hibsga olingunga qadar bo'lgan Stefan Rowecki (nom de guerre "Grot"," Nayza uchi "). Tadeush Bor-Komorovskiy (Tadeush Komorovskiy, nom de guerre "Bor"," O'rmon ") 1943 yil iyuldan boshlab nemislarga taslim bo'lguniga qadar buyruq berdi Varshava qo'zg'oloni, 1944 yil oktyabrda. Leopold Okulicki, nom de guerre "Niedzviyadek"(" Bear "), so'nggi kunlarda Uy armiyasini boshqargan.[3][60][61][62]

Uy armiyasi qo'mondoniKod nomiDavrO'zgartirildi, chunkiTaqdirSurat
Umumiy Mixal Karaszevich-Tokarzewski
Texnik jihatdan qo'mondon Slłba Zwycięstwu Polski va Związek Walki Zbrojnej chunki Armia Krajova 1942 yilgacha shunday nomlanmagan		Torvid1939 yil 27 sentyabr - 1940 yil martSovetlar tomonidan hibsga olinganGa qo'shildi Anders armiyasi, jang qilgan G'arbdagi Polsha qurolli kuchlari. Birlashgan Qirollikka ko'chib ketgan.Michał Karaszewicz.JPG
Umumiy Stefan RoweckiGrot1940 yil 18-iyun - 1943 yil 30-iyunNemis tomonidan kashf etilgan va hibsga olingan GestapoQamoqqa olingan Zaxsenhauzen kontslageri. Ning shaxsiy farmoni bilan ijro etilgan Geynrix Ximmler keyin Varshava qo'zg'oloni boshlandi.Stefan Rowecki - 1926.jpg
Umumiy Tadeush KomorovskiyBor1943 yil iyul - 1944 yil 2 sentyabrTugaganidan keyin taslim bo'ldi Varshava qo'zg'oloni.Birlashgan Qirollikka ko'chib ketgan.Tadeusz Bor Komorowski.jpg
Umumiy Leopold OkulickiNidviyadek1944 yil 3-oktyabr - 1945 yil 17-yanvarPolsha-Sovet ziddiyatini kamaytirishga urinib ko'rgan AK tarqatildi.Sovetlar tomonidan hibsga olingan, qamoq jazosiga hukm qilingan O'n oltita sud jarayoni. Ehtimol, 1946 yilda qatl etilgan.Okulicki.jpg

Mintaqalar

Uy armiyasi geografik jihatdan mintaqaviy bo'limlarga yoki hududlarga bo'lingan (obzzar).[3] Filiallar yoki maydonlar ostida subregionlar yoki subareaslar (podokręg) yoki mustaqil hududlar (okręgi samodzielne). Kichik tashkiliy bo'linmalar 89 inspektsiyadan iborat edi (inspektorat) va 280 (1944 yil boshida) tumanlar (obd).[7] Umuman olganda, Uy armiyasining mintaqaviy tuzilishi asosan Polshaning urushlararo ma'muriyat bo'linmasiga o'xshardi okręg ga o'xshash bo'lish voivodlik (qarang Ikkinchi Polsha Respublikasining ma'muriy bo'linishi ).[7]

Uchdan beshta maydon mavjud edi: Varshava (Obszar Varshavskiy, ba'zi manbalar chap va o'ng qirg'oq hududlarini ajratib turganda - Obszar Warszavski prawo- i lewobrzeżny), G'arbiy (Obszar Zachodni, ichida Pomeraniya va Poznań mintaqalar), janubi-sharqiy (Obszar Poludniowo-Wschodni, ichida Lwow maydon); manbalar shimoliy-sharqiy hudud (markazda joylashgan) bo'ladimi-yo'qligiga qarab farq qiladi Belostok – Obszar Bialistokki) yoki Belostok mustaqil hudud sifatida tasniflanganmi (Okręg samodzielny Bialistok).[63]

MaydonTumanlarKod nomlariDavomida yaratilgan birliklar (qayta)
polyakni qayta qurish
Armiya Tempest operatsiyasi
Varshava maydoni
Kod nomlari: Cegielnia (g'isht zavodlari), Woda (suv), Rzeka (daryo)
Varshava
Polkovnik Albin Skrokzinskiy Łaszcz		Sharqiy
Varshava -Praga
Polkovnik Hieronim Suszczinskiy Szeliga		Struga (oqim), Krinitsa (manba), Gorzelniya (distillash)10-piyoda diviziyasi
G'arbiy
Varshava
Polkovnik Frantsisk Yachich Rim		Hallerowo (Hallertaun ), Xajduki, Cukrownia (Shakar zavodi)28-piyoda diviziyasi
Shimoliy
Varshava
Podpolkovnik Zigmunt Marszevskiy Kazimyerz		Olsztyn, Tuxola, Krolevets, Garbarniya (teri zavodi)8-piyoda diviziyasi
Janubi-sharqiy hudud
Kod nomlari: Lyuks, Lutniya (Lute), Orzech (Yong'oq)
Lwow
Polkovnik Wladysław Filipkovskiy Janka		Lwow
Lwow - ikkita sohaga bo'lingan
Okręg Lwow Zachod (G'arbiy) va Okrug Lwow Wshod (Sharqiy)
Polkovnik Stefan Czervitski Luniya		Dukat (dukat), Lira (lira), Promie (ray)5-piyoda diviziyasi
Stanislavov
Stanislavov
Kapitan Wladysław Herman Awuraw		Karaś (crucian sazan ), Struga (oqim), Shvatya (chiroqlar)11-piyoda diviziyasi
Tarnopol
Tarnopol
Katta Bronislav Zavadki		Komar (chivin), Tarcza (qalqon), Ton (ohang)12-piyoda diviziyasi
G'arbiy hudud
Kod nomi: Zamek (qal'a)
Poznań
Polkovnik Zigmunt Milkovskiy Denxof		Pomeraniya
Gdiniya
Polkovnik Yanush Polubicki Piorun		Borovki (rezavorlar), Pomnik (yodgorlik)
Poznań
Poznań
Polkovnik Genrix Kovalovka		Polak (saroy), Parsela (lot)
Mustaqil hududlarWilno
Wilno
Polkovnik Aleksandr Kzyzanovskiy Uilk		Miod (asal), Viano (mahr) ("Kaunas Litva" subbirligi)
Nowogródek
Nowogródek
Kollektiv podpolkovnik. Yanush Slaski Borsuk		Siranka (garganey), Nov (yangi oy)Zgrupowanie Okręgu AK Nowogródek
Varshava
Varshava
Polkovnik Antoni Krusiel Monter		Drapach (osmon qiruvchisi), Przistań (port),
Wydra (otter), balo (transport)
Polesie
Pinsk
Polkovnik Genrix Krayevskiy Leśny		Kvadra (chorak), Tvierdza (ushlab turing), Żurav (kran)30-piyoda diviziyasi
Volys
Ron
Polkovnik Kazimierz Bbińskiy Lyuboń		Hreczka (grechka), Konopie (kenevir)27-piyoda diviziyasi
Belostok
Belostok
Polkovnik Wladysław Liniarski Mitsislav		Lin (tench), Czapla (aigrette), Pelniya (to'lin oy)29-piyoda diviziyasi
Lyublin
Lyublin
Polkovnik Kazimierz Tumidajski Marcin		Len (linnen), salon (salon), tsyto (javdar)3-legionlar piyoda diviziyasi
9-piyoda diviziyasi
Krakov
Krakov
turli qo'mondonlar, shu jumladan. Polkovnik Julian Filipovich Rog		Gobelin, Godlo (gerb), Muzey (muzey)6-piyoda diviziyasi
106-piyoda diviziyasi
21-piyoda diviziyasi
22-piyoda diviziyasi
24-piyoda diviziyasi
Krakov motorli otliqlar brigadasi
Sileziya
Katovitsa
turli qo'mondonlar, shu jumladan. Polkovnik Zigmunt Janke Zigmunt		Kilof (yig'ish), Komin (baca), Kyunya (quyish), Serce (yurak)
Kielce-Radom
Kielce, Radom
Polkovnik Yan Zientarski Maykzlav		Rolnik (fermer), Jodla (fir)2-legionlar piyoda diviziyasi
7-piyoda diviziyasi
Źódź
Źódź
Polkovnik Mixal Stempkovski Grzegorz		Arka (ark), Barka (barja), Hanya (hammom)25-piyoda diviziyasi
26-piyoda diviziyasi
Chet el hududlariVengriya
Budapesht
Kollektiv podpolkovnik. Yan Korkozovich		Liszt
Reyx
Berlin		Blok (blok)

1943 yilda Uy armiyasi urushgacha Polsha armiyasini tashkil etishni boshladi, uning turli xil bo'linmalari endi vzvodlar, batalyonlar, polklar, brigadalar, bo'limlar va tezkor guruhlar.[7]

Qurol va uskunalar

Kubuś, 1944 yil davomida qarshilik tomonidan ishlatilgan zirhli mashina Varshava qo'zg'oloni

Dushman tomonidan bosib olingan mamlakatda faoliyat yuritadigan va har qanday do'stona hududdan ming kilometrdan uzoqroq masofada joylashgan yashirin armiya sifatida Ichki armiya qurol-yarog 'va asbob-uskunalar olishda noyob muammolarga duch keldi.[64] U bu qiyinchiliklarni ma'lum darajada engib, o'n minglab qurollangan askarlarni maydonga tushirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Shunga qaramay, qiyin sharoitlar faqat engil qurol bilan qurollangan piyoda kuchlari maydonga tushishini anglatardi. Artilleriya, zirh yoki samolyotdan har qanday foydalanish imkonsiz edi (faqat bir necha holatlar bundan mustasno Varshava qo'zg'oloni kabi Kubuś zirhli mashina ).[64][65] Hatto ushbu yengil piyoda birliklar ham qoida tariqasida har xil turdagi qurollar bilan qurollangan edilar, odatda birlik askarlarining faqat bir qismini qurollantirish uchun etarli bo'lgan miqdorda.[44][10]:234[64]

Uy armiyasining qurol-yarog 'va jihozlari asosan to'rtta manbadan olingan: 1939 yildan keyin Polsha armiyasi tomonidan jang maydonlarida ko'milgan qurollar. Polshaga bostirib kirish; nemislar va ularning ittifoqchilaridan sotib olingan yoki qo'lga olingan qurollar; yashirin ravishda uy armiyasining o'zi tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan qurollar; va qurolli kuchlar ittifoqdoshlaridan havo tomchilari.[64]

1939 yilda yashiringan qurol-yarog 'omborlaridan Uy armiyasi 614 ta og'ir pulemyot, 1193 yengil pulemyot, 33 052 miltiq, 6 732 ta to'pponcha, 28 ta tankga qarshi engil dala qurol, 25 ta tankga qarshi miltiq va 43 154 ta qo'l granatasini qo'lga kiritdi. Biroq, ularning etarli darajada saqlanmagani sababli, sentyabr kampaniyasining betartibligida tug'ilishi kerak edi, qurollarning aksariyati yomon ahvolda edi. 1944 yilda Tempest operatsiyasiga tayyorgarlik paytida erga ko'milgan va qazilganlardan faqat 30% foydalanishga yaroqli edi.[66]:63

Ba'zida qurol sotib olindi qora bozor nemis askarlari yoki ularning ittifoqchilaridan yoki nemis ta'minot omborlaridan yoki transport vositalaridan o'g'irlangan.[64] Nemislardan qurol-yarog 'olish uchun qilingan harakatlar ham juda muvaffaqiyatli bo'ldi. Reydlar frontga uskunalar olib boruvchi poezdlarda, shuningdek, qorovulxonalarda va jandarma xabarlar. Ba'zida qurol-yarog 'ko'chada turgan birma-bir nemis askarlaridan tortib olinardi. Varshava qo'zg'oloni paytida uy armiyasi hatto bir nechta nemis zirhli mashinalarini qo'lga olishga muvaffaq bo'ldi, eng muhimi a Jagdpanzer 38 Hetzer yengil tank qiruvchisi nomi o'zgartirildi Chvat [pl ] zirhli qo'shin transporti SdKfz 251 qayta nomlandi Kulrang bo'ri [pl ].[65]

Polsha qurollari, shu jumladan (yuqori) Blyskawica ("Chaqmoq") avtomati, bosib olingan Evropada yashirin ravishda ishlab chiqilgan va ommaviy ravishda ishlab chiqarilgan juda oz sonli qurollardan biri

Qurollarni yashirin ravishda uy armiyasi o'zining maxfiy ustaxonalarida, shuningdek nemis qurol-aslaha fabrikalarida ishlaydigan uy armiyasi a'zolari tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan.[64] Shu tarzda uy armiyasi sotib olishga muvaffaq bo'ldi avtomatlar (inglizlarning nusxalari Stens, mahalliy Blyskawicas va KIS ), avtomatlar (Vis ), otashinlar, portlovchi moslamalar, yo'l minalari va Filipinka va Sidolowka qo'l bombalari.[64] Yuzlab odamlar ishlab chiqarish harakatlariga jalb qilingan. Uy armiyasi o'z o'q-dorilarini ishlab chiqarmadi, lekin nemislar tomonidan boshqariladigan fabrikalardan polshalik ishchilar tomonidan o'g'irlangan materiallarga tayanadi.[64]

Ta'minotning so'nggi manbai Ittifoqdosh edi havo tushadi. Bu kabi ekzotik, juda foydali uskunalarni olishning yagona usuli edi plastik portlovchi moddalar inglizlar kabi tankga qarshi qurollar PIAT. Urush paytida G'arbdan 485 ta havo tashlab yuborish missiyasi (ularning yarmiga yaqini polshalik harbiylar tomonidan uchirilgan) Polsha qarshiligi uchun qariyb 600 tonna yuk etkazib berdi.[67] Uskunalar bilan bir qatorda, samolyotlar parashyut bilan yuqori malakali o'qituvchilar tarkibiga ham tushishdi (Cichociemni ), Ulardan 316 nafari urush paytida Polshaga kiritilgan.[41][68]

Ammo havo tomchilari juda oz, juda kech edi. G'arbdan havo orqali etkazib berish cheklangan Stalin samolyotlarning Sovet hududiga qo'nishini rad etish; inglizlar tomonidan Polshaga parvozlarni amalga oshirishda past ustuvorlik bo'yicha; va Polshaning "Maxsus bojxona parvozi" xodimlari tomonidan etkazilgan o'ta og'ir yo'qotishlarga olib keldi. Ayniqsa, Gitler 1941 yil iyun oyida Sovet Ittifoqiga hujum qilganidan va Sovet Ittifoqi Germaniyaga qarshi urushda G'arbiy ittifoqchilarga qo'shilgandan so'ng, Buyuk Britaniya va Qo'shma Shtatlar Stalinni antagonist qilmaslikka ko'proq ahamiyat berishdi, chunki ular polyaklarning o'zlarining milliy suverenitetlarini tiklashga bo'lgan intilishlariga qaraganda.[69]

Oxir-oqibat, barcha sa'y-harakatlarga qaramay, Uy armiyasining ko'pgina kuchlari etarli darajada qurolga ega emas edi. 1944 yilda, uy armiyasi eng yuqori darajada bo'lganida (har xil hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra 200-60000), ichki armiyada atigi 32000 askarga etarli qurol bor edi. "[10]:234 1944 yil 1-avgustda, qachon Varshava qo'zg'oloni boshlandi, Varshavadagi Uy armiyasi jangchilarining atigi oltidan biri qurollangan edi.[10]:234

Boshqa fraksiyalar bilan aloqalar

Yahudiylar bilan aloqalar

Shuningdek qarang: Holokost paytida yahudiylarni polyaklar tomonidan qutqarish va Polshadagi xolokost

Uy armiyasi a'zolarining yahudiylarga bo'lgan munosabati har bir birlikda turlicha bo'lgan va mavzu munozarali bo'lib qolmoqda.[70][71][72] Uy armiyasi Milliy Kengashga javob berdi Polsha hukumati surgunda, ba'zi yahudiylar rahbarlik lavozimlarida xizmat qilgan (masalan, Ignacy Schwarzbart va Szmul Zygielbojm )[73] (ammo yahudiylarning vakillari bo'lmagan bo'lsa ham Polsha uchun hukumat delegatsiyasi ).[74]:110–114 An'anaga ko'ra, Polsha tarixshunosligi uy armiyasining yahudiylar bilan o'zaro aloqalarini ijobiy tomondan namoyish etdi, yahudiylarning tarixshunosligi asosan salbiy edi. More recent scholarship has presented a mixed, ambivalent view of Home Army–Jewish relations. Both "profoundly disturbing acts of violence as well as extraordinary acts of aid and compassion" have been reported, although the majority of Holocaust survivors in an analysis by Joshua D. Zimmerman reported negative interactions with the Home Army.[75][72]

Members of the Home Army that were named Xalqlar orasida solih o'z ichiga oladi Jan Karski,[76] Aleksandr Kaminskiy,[77] Stefan Korbonski,[78] Genrix Voliskiy,[79] Yan Zabinskiy,[80] Władysław Bartoszewski,[81] Maykzlav Fogg,[82] Genrix Ivasski,[83] va Yan Dobrajinskiy.[84]

Daily operations

Gsiówka -liberation memorial plaque in Polish, Ibroniycha va ingliz

A Jewish partisan detachment served in the Varshava qo'zg'oloni,[85][86] va boshqasi Hanaczów [pl ].[87][88] Home Army provided training and supplies to Varshava gettosi "s Yahudiylarning jangovar tashkiloti.[87] Thousands of Jews joined or claimed they joined the Home Army in order to survive while hiding, but it was the exception rather than the rule that Jews served openly in the Home Army. Most could not pass themselves off as ethnic Poles and had to fear the potentially deadly consequences of being discovered.[89][90]:275

In February 1942, the Home Army Operational Command's Office of Information and Propaganda set up a Section for Jewish Affairs, directed by Genrix Voliskiy.[91] This section collected data about the situation of the Yahudiy population, drafted reports, and sent information to London. It also centralized contacts between Polish and Jewish military organizations. The Home Army also supported the Relief Council for Jews in Poland (Otaegota ) as well as the formation of Yahudiylarning qarshilik ko'rsatuvchi tashkilotlari.[92][93]

Holokost

From 1940 onward the Home Army courier Jan Karski delivered the first eyewitness account of the Holocaust to the Western powers, after having personally visited the Varshava gettosi and a Nazi concentration camp.[74]:110–114[94][28][27] Another crucial role was played by Vitold Pilecki who was the only person to volunteer to be imprisoned at Osvensim (where he would spend three and a half years) to organize a resistance on the inside and to gather information on the atrocities occurring there to inform the Western Allies about the fate of the Jewish population.[95] Home Army reports from March 1943 described crimes committed by the Germans against the Jewish populace. General Rowecki estimated that 640,000 people had perished in Auschwitz between 1940 and March 1943, including 66,000 ethnic Poles and 540,000 Jews from various countries (this figure was revised later to 500,000).[96] Starting summer of 1943 the Home Army started carrying out death sentences for szmalcowniks in Warsaw.[97]

Antoniy Polonskiy observed that "the attitude of the military underground to the genocide is both more complex and more controversial [than its approach towards szmalcowniks ]. Throughout the period when it was being carried out, the Home Army was preoccupied with preparing for ... [the moment when] Nazi rule in Poland collapsed. It was determined to avoid premature military action and to conserve its strength (and weapons) for the crucial confrontation that, it was assumed, would determine the fate of Poland... [However] to the Home Army, the Jews were not a part of 'our nation' and ... action to defend them was not to be taken if it endangered [the Home Army's] other objectives." He continues to observe that "it is probably unrealistic to have expected the Home Army—which was neither as well armed nor as well organized as its propaganda claimed—to have been able to do much to aid the Jews. The fact remains that its leadership did not want to do so."[98]:68 General Rowecki's attitudes shifted in the following months as the brutal reality of the Holocaust became more apparent, and the Polish public support for the Jewish resistance increased. Rowecki was willing to provide Jewish fighters with aid and resources when it contributed to "the greater war effort", but had (apparently) concluded that providing large quantities of supplies to the Jewish resistance would be futile. This reasoning was the norm among the Ittifoqchilar, who believed that the Holocaust could only be halted by a significant military action.[74]:110–122

The Warsaw ghetto uprising

The Home Army provided the Varshava gettosi with firearms, ammunition and explosives,[99] but only after it was convinced of the Yahudiylarning jangovar tashkiloti 's eagerness to fight,[98]:67 and after intervention by Wladyslaw Sikorski on the organization's behalf.[100] Zimmerman describes the supplies as "limited but real".[74]:121-122 Jewish fighters of the Yahudiylarning harbiy ittifoqi (ŻZW) received from the Home Army, among other things: 2 heavy machine guns, 4 light machine guns, 21 submachine guns, 30 rifles, 50 pistols, and over 400 grenades.[101] Some supplies were also provided to the Yahudiylarning jangovar tashkiloti (ŻOB), but lass than to ŻZW with whom the Home Army had closer ties and ideological similarities.[102] Antoni Krusiel, commander of the Home Army in Warsaw, ordered the entire armory of the Wola district transferred to the getto.[103] In January 1943 the Home Army delivered a larger shipment 50 pistols, 50 hand grenades' and several kilograms of explosives, and together with a number of smaller shipments transferred around that time a total of 70 pistols, 10 rifles, 2 hand machine guns, 1 light machine gun, as well as ammunition and over 150 kilograms of explosives.[103][104] The number of supplies provided to the ghetto resistance has been sometimes described as insufficient, as the Home Army faced a number of dilemmas which resulted in it providing only a limited assistance to the Jewish resistance; those include the fact that it had very limited supplies and was unable to arm its own troops; the view (shared by most of the Jewish reistance) that any wide-scale uprising in 1943 would be oremature and futile; and the difficulty to coordinatw with the internally divided Jewish resistance, coupled with the pro-Soviet attitude of the ŻOB.[105][103] During the 1943 Varshava getto qo'zg'oloni, Home Army units twice tried to blow up the Ghetto wall, carried out diversionary actions outside the Ghetto walls, and attacked German sentries sporadically near the Ghetto walls.[106][107] Ga binoan Marian Fuks, the Ghetto uprising would not have been possible without supplies from the Polish Home Army.[108][103]

A year later, during the 1944 Varshava qo'zg'oloni, Zośka batalyoni liberated hundreds of Jewish inmates from the Gsiówka qismi Warsaw Concentration Camp.[90]:275

Attitude towards fugitives

1943 Axborot byulleteni article on Kedyw bajarilishi szmalcownik Jan Grabiec, who had blackmailed residents of villages that hid Jews

Because it was the largest Polish resistance organization, the Home Army's attitude towards Jewish fugitives often determined their fate.[109] Ga binoan Antoniy Polonskiy the AK saw Jewish fugitives as security risks.[98]:66 At the same time, AK's "paper mills" supplied forged identification documents to many Jewish fugitives, enabling them to pass as Poles.[90]:275 Home Army published leaflet in 1943 stating that "Every Pole is obligated to help those in hiding. Those who refuse them aid will be punished on the basis of...treason to the Polish Nation".[110] Nevertheless, Jewish historians have asserted that the main cause for the low survival rates of escaping Jews was the antisemitizm Polsha aholisining.[111]

Attitudes towards Jews in the Home Army were mixed.[72] A few AK units actively hunted down Jews.[112]:238[113] In particular, two district commanders in the northeast of Poland—Władysław Liniarski of Białystok and Janusz Szlaski of Nowogródek—openly and routinely persecuted Jewish partisans and fugitives.[114] The extent of such behaviors in the Home Army overall has been disputed;[kim tomonidan? ][115]:88-90[116] masalan Tadeush Piotrovski wrote that the bulk of the Home Army's antisemitic behavior can be ascribed to a small minority of members,[115]:88–90 often affiliated with the far-right Milliy demokratiya (N.D.yoki "endecja") party, whose Milliy qurolli kuchlar organization was mostly integrated into the Home Army in 1944.[117]:17[117]:45 Adam Pulavskiy has suggested that some of these incidents are better understood in the context of the Polish–Soviet conflict, as some of the Soviet-affiliated partisan units that AK units attacked or was attacked by had a sizable Jewish presence.[87] In general, AK units in the east were more likely to be hostile towards Jewish partisans, who in turn were more closely associated with the Soviet underground, while AK units in the west were more helpful towards the Jews. Further, AK had a more favorable attitude towards Jewish civilians, and was more hesitant or hostile towards independent Jewish partisans, whom it suspected of pro-Soviet sympathies.[118] General Rowecki believed that antisemitic attitudes were related to Jewish involvement with Soviet partisans.[119] Some Home Army units were friendly to Jews,[120] and in Hanaczów Home Army officers hid and protected an entire 250 persons Jewish community, and supplied a Jewish Home Army platoon.[121] The Home Army leadership punished a number of perpetrators of antisemitic violence in its ranks, in some cases sentencing them to death.[115]:88-90

Most of underground press was sympathetic towards Jews,[96] and the Home Army's Bureau of Information and Propaganda was led by operatives who were pro-Jewish and represented the liberal wing of Home Army.[96] However, the bureau's Anti-Communist sub-division ("Antyk"; Shuningdek qarang Antyk operatsiyasi ), created as a response to Communist propaganda, was led by operatives who held strong anti-communist and anti-Jewish views, including the żydokomuna stereotip.[122][96] The perceived association between Jews and communists was actively reinforced by Antyk, whose initial reports "tended to conflate communists with Jews, dangerously disseminating the notion that Jewish loyalties were to Soviet Russia and communism rather than to Poland," and which repeated the notion that anti-Semitism was a "useful tool in the struggle against Soviet Russia."[123]

Relations with Lithuanians

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Ikkinchi Jahon urushi davrida Polsha-Litva munosabatlari
Aleksandr Kzyzanovskiy, Wilno -region Home Army commander

Garchi Litva and Polish resistance movements had common enemies—Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union—they began working together only in 1944–1945, after the Soviet reoccupation, when both fought the Soviet occupiers.[124] The main obstacle to unity was a long-standing territorial dispute over Vilnius.[125]

The Litva faollari jabhasi (Lietuvos Aktyvistų Frontas, or LAF)[115]:163 had cooperated with Nazi operations against Poles during the German occupation. In autumn 1943, the Home Army opened retaliatory operations against the Nazis' Lithuanian supporters, mainly the Lithuanian Shutzmannschaft batalyonlar Litva hududiy mudofaa kuchlari, va Litva maxfiy politsiyasi,[126] and killed hundreds of mostly Lithuanian policemen and other collaborators during the first half of 1944. In response, the Lithuanian Sonderkommando, who had already killed hundreds of Polish civilians since 1941 (see Ponary qirg'ini ),[115]:168–169 intensified their operations against the Poles.

In April 1944, the Home Army in the Vilnyus viloyati attempted to open negotiations with Povilas Plechavichius, komandiri Litva hududiy mudofaa kuchlari, proposing a non-aggression pact and cooperation against Nazi Germany.[127] The Lithuanian side refused and demanded that the Poles either leave the Vilnius region (disputed between Poles and Lithuanians) or subordinate themselves to the Lithuanians' struggle against the Soviets.[127] In the May 1944 Murowana Oszmianka jangi, the Home Army dealt a substantial blow to the Nazi-sponsored Litva hududiy mudofaa kuchlari.[115]:165–166[128] This resulted in a low-level civil war between anti-Nazi Poles and pro-Nazi Lithuanians, encouraged by the German authorities,[126] culminating in June 1944 massacres of Polish and Lithuanian civilians, respectively, in the villages of Glitishklar (Glinciszki) va Dubingiya (Dubinki).[115]:168–169

Postwar assessments of the Home Army's activities in Lithuania have been controversial. In 1993, the Home Army's activities there were investigated by a special Lithuanian government commission. Only in recent years have Polish and Lithuanian historians been able to approach consensus, though still differing in their interpretations of many events.[129][130]

Relations with the Soviets

Soviet and Home Army soldiers patrol together, Wilno, 1944 yil iyul
Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Soviet partisans in Poland

Home Army relations with the Soviet Qizil Armiya became increasingly poor over the course of the war. Not only had the Sovet Ittifoqi Polshani bosib oldi on 17 September 1939, following the Germaniya bosqini beginning 1 September 1939, but even after the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 the latter saw Polsha partizanlari loyal to the Polish Government in Exile more as a potential obstacle to Soviet plans to take control of postwar Poland, than as a potential ally.[131] On orders from the Soviet Stavka (high command), issued on 22 June 1943,[115]:98–99 Soviet partisans engaged Polish partisans in combat, and it has been claimed that they attacked the Poles more often than they did the Germans.[131]

In late 1943 the actions of Soviet partisans, who had been ordered to destroy Home Army forces,[115]:98–99 even resulted in limited uneasy cooperation between some Home Army units and German forces.[115]:88–90 While the Home Army still treated the Germans as the enemy and conducted operations against them,[115]:88–90 when the Germans offered arms and supplies to the Home Army, to be used against the Soviet partisans, some Polish units in the Nowogródek va Wilno areas accepted them. However, such arrangements were purely tactical and indicated no ideological collaboration such as was shown by France's Vichy regime or Norway's Quisling regime.[115]:88–90 The Poles' main motive was to acquire intelligence on the Germans and to obtain much-needed equipment.[70] There were no known joint Polish-German operations, and the Germans were unsuccessful in recruiting the Poles to fight exclusively against the Soviet partisans.[115]:88–90 Furthermore, most such cooperation by local Home Army commanders with the Germans was condemned by Home Army headquarters.[115]:88–90

Bilan Sharqiy front entering Polish territories in 1944, the Home Army established an uneasy truce with the Soviets. Even so, the main Qizil Armiya va NKVD forces conducted operations against Home Army partisans, including during or directly after Poland's Tempest operatsiyasi, which the Poles had envisioned to be a joint Polish–Soviet operation against the retreating Germans which would also establish Polish claims to those territories.[12][yaxshiroq manba kerak ] The Home Army helped Soviet units with scouting assistance, uprisings, and assistance in liberating some cities (e.g., "Ostra Brama" operatsiyasi yilda Vilnyus, va Lwów qo'zg'oloni ), only to find that immediately afterwards Home Army troops were arrested, imprisoned—even executed.[36] Unknown to the Poles, their Operation Tempest had been fatally flawed from the start due to Jozef Stalin 's intention of ensuring that an independent Poland would never re-emerge after the war.[132]

Long after the war, Soviet forces continued engaging elements of the Home Army. Many Home Army soldiers continued their war in an anti-Soviet Polish underground known as the "la'natlangan askarlar ".[12][yaxshiroq manba kerak ]

Ukrainlar bilan aloqalar

Shuningdek qarang: Polsha - Ukraina munosabatlari va Volginiya va Sharqiy Galitsiyada qutblarni qirg'in qilish
Voliniya self-defense centers organized with Home Army help, 1943

In the South-Eastern part of occupied Polish territories, there have been long-standing tensions between the Polish and Ukrainian populations. Poland's plans to restore its prewar borders were opposed by the Ukrainians, and some Ukrainian groups' collaboration with Nazi Germany had discredited their partisans as potential Polish allies.[133] While the Polish government in exile considered tentative plans about providing a limited autonomy for Ukrainians, in 1942 the staff of the Home Army of Lviv recommended deporting between one and one and a half million Ukrainians to the Soviet Union and settling the remainder in other parts of Poland once the war is finished.[134] The situation escalated the next year when the Ukraina qo'zg'olonchilar armiyasi (UPA), a Ukrainian nationalist force and the military arm of the Ukraina millatchilari tashkiloti (OUN),[135] which some historians consider fascist,[136] and which was fighting the Germans, Soviets and Poles—all of whom they saw as occupiers of the future ethnically-pure Ukrainian state[137]—to direct most of its attacks against Poles and Jews.[137] One of UPA's leaders, Stepan Bandera, and his followers, concluded that the war would end in the exhaustion of both Germany and the Soviet Union, leaving only the Poles – who laid claim to Sharqiy Galisiya (viewed by the Ukrainians as G'arbiy Ukraina, and by the Poles as Sharqiy Polsha )—as a significant force, and therefore the Poles had to be weakened before the war's end.[133]

The OUN decided to attack Polish civilians, who constituted about a third of the population of the disputed territories.[133] The OUN equated Ukrainian independence with ethnic homogeneity; the Polish presence had to be removed completely.[133] By February 1943 the OUN began a deliberate campaign of killing Polish civilians.[133] Yilda Voliniyadagi polyaklarning qirg'inlari and Eastern Galicia, beginning in the spring of 1943 100,000 Poles were killed.[138][139][140] OUN forces targeted Polish villages, prompting the formation of Polish self-defense units (e.g., the Przebra mudofaasi ) and fights between the Home Army and the OUN.[133][141][142] The Germans encouraged both sides against each other; Erix Koch said: "We have to do everything possible so that a Pole, when meeting a Ukrainian, will be ready to kill him, and conversely, a Ukrainian will be ready to kill the Pole." A German commissioner from Sarny, when local Poles complained about massacres, answered: "You want Sikorski, the Ukrainians want Bandera. Fight each other."[143] On 10 July 1943, Zygmunt Rumel was sent to talk with local Ukrainians, with the goal of ending the massacres. The mission was unsuccessful; the Banderites killed the Polish delegation.[144] On 20 July that year the Home Army command decided to establish partisan units in Volhynia. Nine formations were created, numbering about a thousand soldiers.[133][145] Notably, in January 1944 the 27-uy armiyasi piyoda diviziyasi was formed in Volhynia. Between January and March 1944, the division fought 16 major battles with the UPA, expanding its operational base and securing Polish forces against the main attack.[146] One of the largest battles between the Home Army and the UPA took place in Hanaczów [pl ], where local self-defense managed to fend off two attacks.[147]

The Polish Government-in-Exile, in London, was taken by surprise; it had not expected Ukrainian anti-Polish actions of such magnitude.[133] There is no evidence that the Polish Government-in-Exile contemplated a general policy of revenge against the Ukrainians, but local Poles, including Home Army commanders, engaged in retaliatory actions.[133] Polish partisans attacked the OUN, assassinated Ukrainian commanders, and carried out operations against Ukrainian villages.[133] Retaliatory operations aimed at intimidating the Ukrainian population contributed to increased support for the UPA.[148] The Home Army command tried to limit operations against Ukrainian civilians to a minimum.[149] Ga binoan Grzegorz Motika, the Polish operations resulted in 10,000 to 15,000 Ukrainian deaths in 1943–47,[150] including 8,000-10,000 on territory of post-war Poland.[151][152] From February to April 1945, mainly in Rzeszowszczyzna (the Rezov area), Polish units (including affiliates of the Home Army) carried out retaliatory attacks in which about 3,000 Ukrainians were killed; one of the most infamous ones is known as the Pawłokoma qatliomi.[153][154]

By mid-1944, most of the disputed regions were occupied by the Soviet Red Army. Polish partisans disbanded or went underground, as did most Ukrainian partisans. Both the Poles and the Ukrainians would increasingly concentrate on the Soviets as their primary enemy – and both would ultimately fail.[133]

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ a b A number of sources note that the Home Army was the largest resistance movement in Nazi-occupied Europe. Norman Devies writes that the "Armia Krajowa (Home Army), the AK,... could fairly claim to be the largest of European resistance [organizations]."[155] Gregor Dallas writes that the "Home Army (Armia Krajowa or AK) in late 1943 numbered around 400,000, making it the largest resistance organization in Europe."[156] Mark Wyman writes that the "Armia Krajowa was considered the largest underground resistance unit in wartime Europe."[157] Ning raqamlari Sovet partizanlari were very similar to those of the Polish resistance.[158]

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar
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