Qozog'iston-Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari munosabatlari - Kazakhstan–United States relations

Qozog'iston-Amerika munosabatlari
Map indicating locations of Kazakhstan and USA

Qozog'iston
Qo'shma Shtatlar
Elchi
Elchi Yerjan KazyxanovElchi Uilyam H. Mozer

The Qo'shma Shtatlar va Qozog'iston Respublikasi 1991 yil 16 dekabrda diplomatik aloqalarni o'rnatdi. Qo'shma Shtatlar o'z elchixonasini ochdi Olmaota 1992 yil yanvar oyida va keyin ko'chib o'tdi Nur-Sulton 2006 yilda.[1]

Qo'shma Shtatlar 1991-1996 yillarda Qozog'istonga strategik yadro qurollari zaxirasidan xalos bo'lish va yadro quroli infratuzilmasini demontaj qilishda yordam berishda muhim rol o'ynagan. Nunn-Lugar tahdidni har tomonlama kamaytirish (CTR) yordami. 1992 yildan 2008 yilgacha bo'lgan davrda kümülatif KTR yordami Qozog'istonga 341 million dollarga yetdi. 2012 yil mart oyida bo'lib o'tgan "2012 yil Seul yadro xavfsizligi sammitida", Prezidentlar Obama va Nazarboyev yana bir bor tasdiqladilar yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik sohasidagi ikki tomonlama hamkorlik. Prezident Obama so'zlarini davom ettirdi: "Mamlakatlarimiz o'rtasidagi yaqin munosabatlar faqat yadroviy xavfsizlik masalasidan tashqariga chiqadi, shuning uchun ushbu uchrashuv Afg'oniston va Afg'onistonga nisbatan so'nggi bir necha yil ichida o'rnatgan hamkorligimizni muhokama qilish imkoniyatini beradi. bizning qo'shinlarimizni etkazib berishda va Afg'oniston hukumatiga yordam berishda bizga yordam ". Yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik bilan bir qatorda, AQSh va Qozog'iston strategik iqtisodiy va siyosiy aloqalarni davom ettiradi. AQShning "Chevron" neft kompaniyasi 1993 yilda "TengizChevroil" qo'shma korxonasi tashkil etilishi bilan Qozog'istondagi birinchi yirik investorga aylandi. "Bolashak" dasturi orqali qozog'istonlik talabalar chet elda o'qiydi. Hozirda ularning soni 3000 dan oshdi Bolashak butun dunyo bo'ylab talabalar, ulardan 800 nafari Qo'shma Shtatlardagi 42 universitetda tahsil olishmoqda.

Keyinchalik hamkorlik mustahkamlandi 2001 yil 11 sentyabrdagi hujumlar chunki Qo'shma Shtatlar yaqin strategik sheriklarni izlaydilar Afg'oniston va keyinroq yaqin Iroq, hukumatlari Qozog'istonda ham, Qo'shma Shtatlarda ham terrorizmga yordam bergan[iqtibos kerak ]. Terrorizmga qarshi kurashda tobora muhim rol o'ynaydi Qozog'iston bilan munosabatlar Qo'shma Shtatlar va Birlashgan Qirollik,[2] har doim yuqori bo'lgan.[3] Qozog'iston oldi O'zbekiston eng yaxshi sherik sifatida joy Markaziy Osiyo Rossiya uchun ham, AQSh uchun ham Yangi ajoyib o'yin.[4][5][6][7]

Ikki mamlakat energetika sohasida yaqindan hamkorlik qilmoqda. 2001 yilda Qozog'iston va Qo'shma Shtatlar AQSh-Qozog'iston energetik sherikligini o'rnatdilar.[1]

2012 yilgi AQShning global etakchilik hisobotiga ko'ra, 28% Qozoqlar AQSh rahbariyatining ma'qullashi, 27% norozi va 45% noaniqlik bilan.[8]

The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Davlat departamenti Qozog'istondagi inson huquqlari bilan bog'liq vaziyatni tanqid ostiga oladi va yillik hisobotida muhim muammolar va buzilishlarni ta'kidlaydi.[9]

2016 yilda Qozog'iston va AQSh Qozog'iston-AQShning 25 yilligini nishonladilar. munosabatlar. Shu maqsadda har ikki mamlakat diplomatik vakolatxonalari bayram tadbirlarini boshlashdi.[10]

Nursulton Nazabayev 2016 yil 30-noyabr kuni bo'lib o'tgan telefon suhbati davomida Donald Trampni prezidentlik saylovidagi g'alabasi bilan tabrikladi. Ikki davlat rahbarlari "do'stona Qozog'iston-Amerika munosabatlarini yangi bosqichga" olib chiqishga qaror qilishgan.[11]

Qozog'iston va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari 2016 yil dekabrida o'zaro 10 yillik biznes va turizm vizalarini joriy qilganliklarini e'lon qilishdi. Bu haqda AQSh va Qozog'iston ikki mamlakat o'rtasidagi diplomatik munosabatlarning 25 yilligini nishonlayotgan paytda e'lon qilindi.[12]

Strategik sheriklik muloqoti

Strategik sheriklik muloqoti - bu Qozog'iston va AQSh o'rtasidagi ikki tomonlama va mintaqaviy masalalar bo'yicha keng muhokamalarni o'z ichiga olgan dialog. Birinchi SPD 2012 yil 9–10 aprel kunlari Vashingtonda bo'lib o'tdi;[13] ikkinchisi 2013 yil 9 iyulda Vashingtonda bo'lib o'tdi. Qozog'iston tashqi ishlar vaziri Erlan Idrissov va AQSh davlat kotibi Jon Kerri strategik sheriklik muloqotining hamraisidirlar.[14]

Elchi Qayrat Umarov 2014 yil 24 martda SPD haqida ma'lumot berdi fikr qismi The Astana Times gazetasida Qozog'iston-AQSh Ko'tarilishdagi strategik sheriklik.

Uchinchi strategik sheriklik muloqoti (SPD) 2014 yil 10 dekabrda Vashington shahrida bo'lib o'tdi. Qozog'iston tashqi ishlar vaziri Erlan Idrissov va AQSh davlat kotibi Jon Kerri uchrashuvga hamraislik qildilar.[15] Muhokamalar global terrorizmga qarshi kurash va narkotiklarga qarshi kurash, qurollarni tarqatmaslik, aniqrog'i IAEA LEU Bankning Qozog'istonda ochilishi, EXPO 2017, Qozog'istonning JSTga a'zo bo'lishi va boshqa sohalarda ikki tomonlama hamkorlikni o'z ichiga oldi.[15]

2015 yil 2-noyabrda Jon Kerri Ostonaga tashrif buyurdi va u erda to'rtinchi SPDni ishga tushirdi. Tomonlar Ukraina sharqidagi mojaroni muhokama qilib, Minsk jarayonini qo'llab-quvvatlashlarini ta'kidladilar. Ikki tomon ham IShID, terrorizm va boshqa tahdidlarga qarshi kurashishda o'zaro hamkorlikni chuqurlashtirishga va'da berishdi zo'ravon ekstremizm.[16] 2016 yil 9 mart kuni Vashington shahrida to'rtinchi strategik sheriklik muloqotining navbatdagi sessiyasi bo'lib o'tdi va unda bir qator masalalar qamrab olindi: xalqaro va mintaqaviy ishlar, xavfsizlik sohasida hamkorlik, iqtisodiy hamkorlik, boshqaruv, qonun ustuvorligi va mehnat va inson huquqlari. Qozog'istonda.[17]

20 sentyabr kuni Nyu-York shahrida Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining 71-Bosh Assambleyasi huzurida AQSh-Qozog'iston o'rtasidagi strategik sheriklik bo'yicha muloqotning beshinchi yig'ilishi bo'lib o'tdi. Qozog'iston tashqi ishlar vaziri Erlan Idrissov AQSh davlat kotibi Jon Kerri bilan uchrashdi. Tomonlar ikki mamlakat o'rtasidagi strategik sheriklik hech qachon bundan mustaxkam bo'lmagan deb baholadilar.[18]

Afg'oniston va mintaqaviy integratsiya

Qo'shma Shtatlar Qozog'istonning xavfsizlikni ta'minlashdagi etakchi rolini mamnuniyat bilan qabul qiladi Afg'oniston va mintaqa, shu jumladan uning yordami orqali Afg'oniston milliy xavfsizlik kuchlari va hissasi Istanbul jarayoni. Qo'shma Shtatlar Qozog'iston universitetlarida ming afg'on talabasini o'qitish uchun Qozog'istonning 50 million dollarlik stipendiya dasturini qadrlaydi. Qo'shma Shtatlar Qozog'istonning iqtisodiy aloqalari bo'yicha sa'y-harakatlarini, xususan, mintaqaviy infratuzilma uchun sarmoyalarini mamnuniyat bilan qabul qiladi Qozog'iston-Turkmaniston temir yo'li va Kaspiy dengiz porti Aktau. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va Qozog'iston Afg'oniston va mintaqada barqarorlik, tinchlik va farovonlikni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun yaqindan hamkorlik qilishni davom ettiradi.[14]

Janubiy va Markaziy Osiyo masalalari bo'yicha byuro kotibi yordamchisining o'rinbosari Fatema Z. Sumar 2014 yil iyun oyida Olmaotada KazakhTV telekanaliga bergan intervyusida Qozog'iston mintaqani, xususan Afg'onistonni barqarorlik va farovonlikka o'tishda qo'llab-quvvatlashda muhim rol o'ynaganligini aytdi.[19]

Yadro xavfsizligi va qurolni tarqatmaslik

Prezidentlar Nazarboyev va Obama 2014 yilda Gaagada bo'lib o'tgan yadroviy xavfsizlik sammiti doirasida ikki tomonlama uchrashuv o'tkazdilar.

Keyin Prezident Obama Qozog'istonning global yadroviy qurolsizlanishdagi muhim etakchilik rolini bir necha bor ta'kidladi.[19]Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va Qozog'iston tarqalishining oldini olish bo'yicha o'zlarining umumiy majburiyatlarini tasdiqladilar ommaviy qirg'in qurollari.[20] Xavfni kamaytirish va qurolni tarqatmaslik global va mintaqaviy xavfsizlikni ta'minlash bo'yicha AQSh-KZ qo'shma sa'y-harakatlarining asosi bo'lib qolmoqda. Qo'shma Shtatlar Qozog'istonning Qozog'istonda mintaqaviy Yadro xavfsizligi o'quv markazini tashkil etish bo'yicha sa'y-harakatlarini mamnuniyat bilan qabul qiladi. Qo'shma Shtatlar Qozog'istonni qo'llab-quvvatladi mezbonlik qilishni taklif qilish an IAEA Kam boyitilgan Uran banki.[14] Obama ma'muriyati Nazarboyev ma'muriyati bilan yaqin hamkorlik qilib, Qozog'istonning IAEA LEU Fuel Bank-ga mezbonlik qilish to'g'risidagi shartnomasini yakunladi.[21] 2015 yilda AQSh hukumati IAEA bilan LEU bankini Qozog'istonda joylashtirish to'g'risida shartnoma tuzdi.[22]

Ostida Xavfni kamaytirishning kooperativ dasturi, Qo'shma Shtatlar Qozog'istonga ommaviy qirg'in qurollari va tegishli infratuzilmani yo'q qilishda yordam berish uchun 240 million dollar sarfladi.[1]

2014 yilda Gaagada bo'lib o'tgan Yadro Xavfsizligi Sammiti paytida Prezidentlar Obama va Nazarboyev qo'shma bayonot berib, yadroviy qurollarni tarqatmaslik va yadro xavfsizligini mustahkamlashga qo'shilishlarini tasdiqladilar.[23]

Qo'shma bayonotda quyidagicha bayon etilgan:

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Qozog'iston Respublikasining yadro xavfsizligini mustahkamlash va Vashington va Seul yadro xavfsizligi sammitlari qarorlarini, shu jumladan Yadro Fizikasi Institutidagi (VN) VVR-K tadqiqot reaktorini past boyitilgan uranga aylantirish bo'yicha qarorlarini amalga oshirish bo'yicha faoliyatini mamnuniyat bilan qabul qiladi ( LEU) yoqilg'isi, INP ning yuqori darajada boyitilgan uran (HEU) materialini aralashtirib, HEU ishlatilgan yoqilg'isini reaktordan chiqarib tashlaydi. Qo'shma Shtatlar va Qozog'iston Qozog'istonning qolgan HEU reaktorlarini LEU yoqilg'isiga aylantirish va qolgan barcha HEU tadqiqot reaktorlari yoqilg'isini texnik jihatdan imkon qadar tezroq yo'q qilish bo'yicha birgalikda ishlashni davom ettiradi.[23]

To'rtinchi yadro xavfsizligi sammiti (NSS 2016) 2016 yil 31 mart - 1 aprel kunlari Vashington shahrida bo'lib o'tdi.[24] Prezident Nursulton Nazarboyev sammitda Qozog'iston yadro inshootlari va materiallari xavfsizligi darajasi yuqori bo'lgan yigirma davlatdan biri sifatida qaralishini aytdi.[25] NSS 2016 doirasida Qozog'iston va AQSh qurollarni tarqatmaslik va yadroviy xavfsizlik sohasida hamkorlik to'g'risida qo'shma bayonot qabul qildilar. Tomonlar ushbu sohada amaliy hamkorlikni davom ettirishga umumiy intilishlarini yana bir bor ta'kidladilar.[26]

Umumiy tashabbuslar

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va Qozog'iston yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik sohasida ko'plab umumiy manfaatlarga ega. 1991 yil 29 avgustda, qachon Nursulton Nazarboyev Semipalatinsk yadro poligonini yopdi, u qurolni tarqatmaslik harakatida dunyoda etakchi o'rinni egalladi.[27] Ushbu lavozimda u yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik uchun Vashington bilan yaqin hamkorlik qildi. 2006 yilda u Markaziy Osiyodagi qo'shnilari Qirg'iziston, Tojikiston, Turkmaniston va O'zbekiston bilan qo'shilib, butun mintaqa abadiy yadro qurolidan xoli hudud bo'lishini tasdiqladi.[27] Shubhasiz, AQSh avvaliga mintaqa bo'ylab yadroviy materiallarni tashishni istisno qilishidan qo'rqib bunga qarshi chiqdi, ammo oxir-oqibat bu qadam ham Vashington tomonidan kuchli ma'qullandi.[27] Bundan tashqari, Qozog'iston dunyoga ochiq, erkin va qonuniy bozorlarga aniq yo'naltirilgan va normal demokratik kanallar orqali o'z hukumat ishlarida ishtirok etishni istagan yosh avlodni tarbiyaladi.[27]AQSh davlat kotibi Jon Kerri 2015 yil Ostona tashrifi chog'ida Prezident Obama Prezident Nazarboyevning yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik va zo'ravon ekstremizmga qarshi kurashish bo'yicha rahbarligini yuqori baholaganini aytdi.[28]

Yadroviy xavfsizlik bo'yicha o'quv markazi

Qo'shma Shtatlar Qozog'istondagi barcha yadro inshootlari uchun mahalliy xavfsizlik va xavfsizlik qobiliyatini oshirish uchun yadro xavfsizligini o'rgatish markazini (NSTC) rivojlantirish ustida ishlamoqda.[29] NSTC yadroviy xodimlarga moddiy muhofazasini kuchaytirish, nazorat qilish va hisobga olishni kuchaytirish va yadro va radioaktiv savdosiga qarshi kurashishni o'rgatishni maqsad qilgan.[30] AQSh Energetika Vazirligi Milliy Yadro Xavfsizligi Ma'muriyati (DOE / NNSA) ko'magi NSTCni qurish va jihozlash bilan bir qatorda jismoniy himoya va moddiy nazorat va buxgalteriya mutaxassislari uchun o'quv dasturlarini ishlab chiqishni o'z ichiga oladi. Amalga oshirishni rejalashtirilgan 2015 yil oxirigacha. AQSh Davlat departamenti boshchiligidagi va Energetika va Mudofaa vazirliklari bilan kelishilgan holda Qozog'iston bilan ushbu markazda yadro kontrabandasiga qarshi o'quv dasturini ishlab chiqishda va boshqa tegishli narsalar bilan hamkorlik qilmoqda. yadroviy xavfsizlik bo'yicha trening.[29]

Uranni yuqori darajada boyitish

Qo'shma Shtatlar Qozog'iston bilan uning ortiqcha qismini yo'q qilish bo'yicha ish olib bormoqda Yuqori darajada boyitilgan uran (HEU) tugaganidan beri Sapphire loyihasi 1994 yilda, ikki mamlakat taxminan 600 kilogrammni olib tashlash va AQShga jo'natish bo'yicha hamkorlik qilganlarida HEU Qozog'istondan.[29] So'nggi yillarda, AQSh Energetika vazirligi / Milliy yadro xavfsizligi boshqarmasi (DOE / NNSA) Global Tahdidni kamaytirish tashabbusi (GTRI) Rossiyaga deyarli 75 kilogramm HEU sarflangan yoqilg'isini qaytarib berdi va qolgan barcha yangi HEU (33 kilogramm) ni aralashtirdi. So'nggi uchta tadqiqot reaktori LEU ga aylantirilgandan so'ng, (DOE / NNSA) Qozog'iston bilan ushbu inshootlarda qolgan 85 kg HEUni tasarruf etish uchun Rossiya Federatsiyasiga qaytarish uchun ishlaydi. Keyingi yuk 2014 yil oxirida Yadro fizikasi institutidan amalga oshiriladi Alatau.[29]

2015 yil 7-yanvar kuni Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Energetika vazirligining Yadro xavfsizligi bo'yicha milliy ma'muriyati (DOE / NNSA) Olmaotadagi Yadro Fizikasi Institutidan (INP) 36 kilogramm (taxminan 80 funt) yuqori darajada boyitilgan uran (HEU) yoqilg'isi olib tashlanganligini e'lon qildi. .[31]

Qozog'iston va AQSh yuqori darajada boyitilgan uranni xavfsiz tarzda yo'q qilish bo'yicha birgalikda ishlashga kelishib oldilar. Kelishuvni AQSh Energetika vazirligining yadro xavfsizligi bo'yicha kotibi o'rinbosari Liza Gordon-Xagerti va Qozog'iston energetika vaziri Kanat Bozumbayev imzoladilar. IAEA 2019 yil sentyabr oyida bo'lib o'tadigan 63-Bosh konferentsiya.[32]

HEU va Plutonyum xavfsizligi va joylashishi

Qo'shma Shtatlar Qozog'iston bilan 10 metrlik tonnani tashishni yakunlash uchun hamkorlik qildi HEU va 3 metrik tonna plutonyum - 775 ta yadro qurolini yaratish uchun yetarli material - Qozog'istonning BN-350 inshootidan. Aktau mamlakatning shimoli-sharqiy qismidagi xavfsiz inshootga.[29] Hozirgi vaqtda Qozog'iston ushbu materialni yakuniy joylashtirish variantlarini baholash uchun texnik-iqtisodiy asoslashni qayta ishlash jarayonida.[29]

Xavfsizlik bo'yicha hamkorlik

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va Qozog'iston mintaqadagi barqarorlikni qo'llab-quvvatlashda davom etayotgan hamkorlikni, shu jumladan, terrorizmga qarshi kurashish bo'yicha birgalikdagi sa'y-harakatlarimiz bilan tasdiqladilar. Xavfsizlik sohasidagi hamkorlikka sodiqligimizni AQShning Qozog'iston tinchlikparvarlik brigadasini qo'llab-quvvatlashi kabi tadbirlar namoyish etadi KAZBAT[33] va har yili o'tkaziladigan harbiy mashqlar Dasht burguti.[14]

Qozog'iston va AQSh xavfsizlik va uyushgan jinoyatchilik, terrorizm, ekstremizm va giyohvand moddalar savdosiga qarshi kurashish sohasidagi hamkorlikni rivojlantirishga bag'ishlangan muntazam uchrashuvlar o'tkazmoqda.[34] 2015 yil may oyida Qozog'iston Respublikasi Bosh prokurori Asxat Daulbayev Ostona shahrida AQShning Qozog'istondagi elchisi Jorj Krol bilan uchrashib, ikki tomonlama huquqiy hamkorlikning keng ko'lamli masalalarini, shu jumladan transmilliy uyushgan jinoyatchilik, terrorizm, giyohvand moddalar savdosi va boshqalarni muhokama qildi.[34] Daulbayev Qozog'iston Bosh prokuraturasi AQSh bilan jinoyatchilikka qarshi kurashishda faol hamkorlik qilib kelayotganini ta'kidladi.[34]

2016 yil avgust oyida AQSh Davlat kotibining fuqarolik xavfsizligi, demokratiya va inson huquqlari bo'yicha muovini Sara Syuol qozog'istonlik hamkasblari bilan ikki mamlakatning terrorizmga qarshi hamkorligini kuchaytirish yo'llarini muhokama qilish uchun Qozog'istonga safar uyushtirdi.[35]

AQSh Davlat departamentining terrorizmga qarshi kurash bo'yicha koordinatori Natan Sels 2019 yil 7 va 8 oktyabr kunlari Qozog'istonga tashrif buyurib, AQSh - Qozog'iston aksilterrorchilik sherikligi va Qozog'istonning Suriyadan o'z fuqarolarini qaytarish bo'yicha harakatlarini muhokama qildi. Elchi Sotish Qozog'istonni vatanga qaytarish dasturi boshqa mamlakatlar uchun ham xuddi shunday yo'l xaritasi bo'lishi mumkinligini aytdi.[36]

Demokratiya va taraqqiyot

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va Qozog'iston demokratik rivojlanish va an. Kabi vakillik institutlarini kuchaytirishga qaratilgan sa'y-harakatlarning muhimligini tasdiqladilar mustaqil ommaviy axborot vositalari va mahalliy o'zini o'zi boshqarish. Ikkala tomon ham jonli va xilma-xillikning muhimligini tan oldilar fuqarolik jamiyati strategik sheriklik dialogi davomida davra suhbati davomida boshqaruv va inson huquqlari nodavlat tashkilotlar bilan.[14] Qo'shma Shtatlar Qozog'istonning rivojlantirishga ko'maklashish bo'yicha milliy agentlik - KazAIDni tashkil etish bo'yicha sa'y-harakatlarini mamnuniyat bilan qabul qiladi.[37]

Davlat kotibi Kerri 2015 yil Ostona shahrida Qozog'iston prezidenti Nazarboyev bilan uchrashdi

Qozog'iston Markaziy Osiyoda milliy ODA tizimiga ega bo'lgan birinchi davlatdir (rivojlanishga rasmiy yordam).[38] BMTning Gumanitar masalalarni muvofiqlashtirish idorasi (OCHA) KazAID tashkil etilishi yanada barqaror va xavfsiz muhit yaratishga yordam berishiga umid bildirdi.[38]

2014 yil 10 dekabrda AQSh davlat kotibi Jon Kerri va Qozog'iston tashqi ishlar vaziri Erlan Idrisov hamraislik qildi Strategik sheriklik muloqotining uchinchi uchrashuvi Vashingtonda.[39] Tomonlar Qozog'iston va AQSh o'rtasidagi mustahkam va rivojlanib borayotgan ikki tomonlama aloqalarni ta'kidladilar.[39] Strategik sheriklik muloqotida ikki tomonlama va mintaqaviy masalalar bo'yicha keng muhokamalar quyidagilarni o'z ichiga oldi: global muammolar bo'yicha sheriklik; qurolni tarqatmaslik; demokratiya, inson huquqlari va rivojlanish; savdo, investitsiya va energetika; Afg'oniston va mintaqaviy integratsiya; xavfsizlik va huquqni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha hamkorlik; harbiy hamkorlik; ta'lim, fan va texnologiya bo'yicha hamkorlik; gumanitar yordamni rivojlantirish; EXPO-2017.[39]

Iqtisodiy hamkorlik

Amerika va Qozog'iston delegatsiyalari 2020 yilda uchrashadi

The Qozog'istondagi Amerika savdo palatasi 30 sanoat sektoridagi 200 ga yaqin a'zo kompaniyalarni namoyish etadi.[40] Qozog'istondagi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri tashqi investitsiyalarning 15% yoki 48,4 milliard dollari AQShdan kelib chiqqan.[41]

Savdo va biznes

Hozirda Qozog'iston AQShning tovar savdosi bo'yicha 79-o'rinda turadi, bu 2018 yil davomida 2,1 milliard dollarlik (ikki tomonlama) tovar ayirboshlash bilan. AQSh mahsulotlarining Qozog'istonga eksporti 2018 yilda 729 million dollarni tashkil qildi, bu 2017 yilga nisbatan 32,1 foizga (177 million dollar) ko'pdir. Qo'shma Shtatlarning 2018 yildagi 72-chi eng yirik tovar etkazib beruvchisi. Qozog'istondan AQSh mollari importi 2018 yilda 1,4 milliard dollarni tashkil etdi, bu 2017 yilga nisbatan 75,0 foizga (593 million dollar) oshdi.[42]

AQShning Qozog'istondagi diplomatik vakolatxonasi ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Qozog'iston rivojlanayotgan bozorlarning eng dinamik qismida yangi imkoniyatlar izlayotgan AQSh firmalari uchun savdo va investitsiya istiqbollarini taqdim etadi.[43] AQSh Savdo palatasi har yili ishlab chiqaradi tijorat qo'llanmasi AQSh kompaniyalari uchun. 1993 yildan 2013 yilgacha AQSh firmalari Qozog'istonga 42 milliard dollardan ortiq sarmoya kiritgan. AQSh va Qozog'iston o'rtasidagi ikki tomonlama savdo hajmi 2014 yilda 2,4 milliard dollarga yetdi.[1]

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari bor qo'llaniladi Oddiy savdo aloqalari maqomiga ega Qozog'iston. AQSh Savdo palatasi Qozog'istonga doimiy normal savdo aloqalarini ta'minlash Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining milliy manfaatlariga javob beradi.[44]

Qozog'istonning AQShdagi elchisi Qayrat Umarov Amerika va Qozog'iston kompaniyalari uchun tijorat imkoniyatlarini rivojlantirish uchun 2014 yil avgust oyida Missuri shtatidagi Sprinfildga tashrif buyurdi.[45] Natijada, Missuri shtatidagi Sprinfildda joylashgan Allen Global prezidenti Jerri Nikolsning Qozog'istonga sayohati uyushtirildi va keyinchalik Qozog'istonga katta ekspansiyani e'lon qildi, bu esa ko'proq Amerika va Qozog'iston ish o'rinlarini yaratadi.[46]

AQShning Qozog'istondagi elchisi Jorj Krol AQShning 2015 yilda Qozog'istonga bo'lgan sadoqatini tasdiqladi intervyu. Elchi Krol, "Qo'shma Shtatlar va Qozog'iston, men aytgan bo'lardim, bir-birimiz uchun yaratilgan. Va biz ushbu strategik sheriklikni yanada chuqurlashtirishga va iqtisodiy va ishbilarmonlik aloqalarimizni oshirishga va'da berdik. Ushbu qismda biz ishlashga kelishib oldik. tijorat hamkorligimizni rivojlantirish to'g'risida. "[47]

2015 yil iyun oyida Qozog'iston unga qo'shilishni yakunladi JST.[48] Shu munosabat bilan AQShning Qozog'istondagi elchisi Jorj Krol shunday dedi: "Bu bizning manfaatlarimizga javob beradi, chunki Qozog'iston global iqtisodiyotda muhim rol o'ynaydi va JSTga a'zo bo'lishi kerak. Biz Qozog'istonning JSTga a'zo bo'lishini qo'llab-quvvatladik va Qozog'istonni qo'llab-quvvatlaymiz".[48]

2014 yilda Qozog'iston AQShga taxminan 12 million funt uran sotdi, bu AQSh sotib olgan 53,3 million funtning 23 foizini tashkil etadi, bu 2013 yilga nisbatan ikki baravar ko'pdir.[49]

Qozog'iston Bosh vaziri Baqitjan Sagintayev 2017 yil 11–14 aprel kunlari AQShga tashrif buyurdi. Safarning maqsadi AQSh biznes rahbarlari bilan Qozog'iston iqtisodiyotini 3-chi modernizatsiyalash borasida hamkorlik imkoniyatlarini muhokama qilish edi. Bosh vazir Chevron bosh direktori, yirik moliya institutlari vakillari, shuningdek, Silikon vodiysidagi texnologik kompaniyalar bilan uchrashdi.[50] Bosh vazirning tashrifi chog'ida AQSh va Qozog'iston tomonlari Silikon vodiysida Qozog'iston vakolatxonasini ochish to'g'risida bitim imzoladilar.[51]

Ostona 2017 yil 14 iyunda AQSh - Qozog'iston biznes forumini o'tkazdi. Forumda 25 AQSh kompaniyalari va Qozog'iston davlat organlari vakillari, milliy kompaniyalar va mahalliy biznes vakillari ishtirok etishdi. Ushbu tadbir AQSh kompaniyalarini avtoulovlarni yig'ish sanoati, sog'liqni saqlash, qurilish, qishloq xo'jaligi va engil sanoat kabi ustuvor sohalarga jalb qilishga qaratilgan.[52]

To'g'ridan-to'g'ri xorijiy investitsiyalar

AQSh kompaniyalari Qozog'istondagi ikkinchi yirik sarmoyador. 2019 yilda Qozog'istonga AQShdan 5,5 milliard dollarlik to'g'ridan to'g'ri investitsiyalar yo'naltirildi, bu mamlakatdagi to'g'ridan to'g'ri investitsiyalarning 23 foizini tashkil etdi.[53]

Qozog'iston - Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Konvensiyasi

Birinchi Qozog'iston - AQSh konvensiyasi 2013 yil 11 dekabrda Vashington shahrida bo'lib o'tdi.[54] 2013 yilgi konvensiyaning mavzusi muvaffaqiyatli strategik sheriklik edi. U Qozog'iston va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari o'rtasidagi mavjud sheriklikni rivojlantirish, strategik hamkorlikni oshirish va Amerika va Qozog'iston o'rtasida uzoq muddatli tashabbuslar uchun yangi imkoniyatlar ochishga qaratilgan.[54]

2013 yilgi anjumanda AQSh Kongressining bir nechta a'zolari, shu jumladan senator Kelli Ayotte, vakili Genri Kuellar, TX vakili, Jim Jim Bridenstin, OK, vakili Ted Po, TX, vakili Dana Rohrabaxer, Kaliforniya shtati vakili, Stiv Stokman, TX vakili, Leonard ishtirok etdi. Lens, NJ, vakili Bill Paskrel, NJ, vakili Mayk Fitspatrik, Pensilvaniya, vakili Rob Endryus, NJ, vakili Mishel L. Grisham, NM, vakili Pit Olson, TX, vakili Pit Gallego, TX, vakili Mark Meadov, shtatining vakili, vakili Kris Gibson, Nyu-York, vakili Dag Kollinz, GA, vakili Xeyk Jeffri, NY, vakili Greys Men, NY, vakili Stiven Linch, MA, vakili Korrin Braun, FL va vakili Donna Edvard, tibbiyot.[55]

Qozog'iston - Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining 2-konventsiyasi 2014 yil 10 dekabrda bo'lib o'tdi va "Xavfsiz kelajak uchun birgalikda ishlash" mavzusini o'tkazdi. [54] A video 2014 yilgi anjumanda yoritilgan mavzularni yoritib berish uchun ishlab chiqarilgan.

2014 yilgi anjuman ochilish marosimi, siyosiy va biznes sessiyalardan iborat edi.[54] Atlantika kengashining bosh direktori va prezidenti Frederik Kempe siyosiy sessiyada moderatorlik qildi.[54] Qozog'iston tashqi ishlar vaziri Erlan Idrisov va sobiq davlat kotibi Madlen Olbrayt sessiyaning asosiy ma'ruzachilari bo'lishdi.[54] Tadbirning ushbu qismida AQSh Davlat kotibining yordamchisi Nisha Bisval, Milliy yadro xavfsizligi ma'murining ma'murining o'rinbosari Enn Xarrington, energetika vazirining sobiq o'rinbosari Deniel Poneman va CSIS Rossiya va Evrosiyo dasturining katta xodimi va direktori Endryu Kuchins so'zga chiqdilar.[54]

2-konvensiyaning biznes sessiyasini USKBA prezidenti Uilyam Kortni boshqargan.[54] Sessiyaning asosiy ma'ruzachilari orasida Qozog'istonning iqtisodiy integratsiya vaziri Janar Aytjanova va davlat kotibi o'rinbosari Ketrin Novelli ishtirok etishdi.[54] Biznes-sessiya ma'ruzachilari Astana EXPO-2017 raisi o'rinbosari Aynur Kuatova, KAZNEX INVEST raisi o'rinbosari Assel Yergaziyeva, sobiq davlat kotibi muovini Robert Xormats, Guggenxeym International prezidenti Stiven J. Grin, Milliy tadbirkorlar palatasi ijrochi kotibi Sabr Yesimbekov.[54]

3-Qozog'iston - AQSh konvensiyasi 2015 yil 8 dekabrda AQSh Tinchlik institutida bo'lib o'tdi. Anjumanning mavzusi "Ostona EXPO 2017 ga yo'l: umumiy farovonlik va jadal rivojlanish". [56] 2016 yil Qozog'iston va AQSh diplomatik munosabatlariga 25 yil to'ldi. 25 yilligi 2016 yil 6 dekabrda Vashington shahridagi Ritz Carlton mehmonxonasida bo'lib o'tgan 4-konvensiyaning asosiy mavzusi bo'ldi. 4-anjumanning mavzusi "Qozog'iston - AQShning strategik sherikligi chorak asrni nishonlamoqda" deb nomlandi.[57]

To'rtinchi Qozog'iston - AQSh konvensiyasi 2016 yil 6 dekabrda bo'lib o'tdi va AQSh Savdo vazirining o'rinbosari Bryus Endryus tomonidan ma'ruza qilindi.[58] Kotib Endryus AQSh kompaniyalari Qozog'istonning o'sishi va rivojlanishiga qanday hissa qo'shganligini eslatib o'tdi.[58]

AQSh - Qozog'iston ishbilarmonlar kengashi

AQSh Savdo palatasi 2020 yil 1 sentyabrda AQSh-Qozog'iston ishbilarmonlar kengashi (USKZBC) ish boshlaganini e'lon qildi. Yangi Kengash ikki mamlakat o'rtasidagi iqtisodiy va tijorat hamkorligini rivojlantirishga qaratilgan.[59]

Ilmiy-texnikaviy hamkorlik

Qozog'iston Bosh vaziri Baxitjan Sagintayev 2017 yil aprel oyida AQShga amaliy tashrif buyurdi. Safarning asosiy yo'nalishlaridan biri IT texnologiyalari va muhandislik sohasidagi hamkorlikni rivojlantirish edi. Shu maqsadda Bosh vazir Silikon vodiysidagi Tesla Motors va Cisco kabi kompaniyalar bilan uchrashdi. Qozog'iston Bosh vaziri tashrifi davomida, shuningdek, texnologiya sohasida hamkorlikni boshlashi kutilayotgan Amerika kompaniyalari bilan turli xil memorandumlarni imzoladi.[60]

Inson huquqlari

Qo'shma Shtatlarning 2014 yilgi davlat hisoboti Davlat departamenti "s Demokratiya, inson huquqlari va mehnat byurosi Qozog'istondagi inson huquqlari bilan bog'liq vaziyatning ko'p jihatlarini tanqid qiladi,[61] bunga ishora qilib -

Prezident qonun chiqaruvchi va sud hokimiyati hamda mintaqaviy va mahalliy hokimiyatlarni nazorat qiladi. Konstitutsiyaga o'zgartirishlar yoki qo'shimchalar kiritish uchun prezidentning roziligi kerak. 2012 yilgi Majlis (parlamentning quyi palatasi) uchun bo'lib o'tgan milliy saylovlar, 2011 yilgi prezident saylovlari singari, Prezident Nazarboyev 95 foiz ovoz olgan xalqaro talablarga javob bermadi. Fuqarolik hokimiyati xavfsizlik kuchlari ustidan samarali nazoratni saqlab turdi.

Inson huquqlari bilan bog'liq eng muhim muammolar fuqarolarning erkin va adolatli saylovlarda ovoz berish huquqi orqali hukumatni o'zgartirish qobiliyatining jiddiy cheklovlari edi; so'z, matbuot, yig'ilishlar, din va birlashmalar erkinligini cheklash; mustaqil sud tizimining etishmasligi va tegishli tartibda, ayniqsa, keng tarqalgan korruptsiya va huquqni muhofaza qilish idoralari va sud idoralari xodimlarining huquqbuzarliklariga qarshi kurashishda. Yil davomida parlament so'z, yig'ilish va din erkinligini yanada cheklash imkoniyatiga ega bo'lgan yangi jinoiy va ma'muriy javobgarlik to'g'risidagi kodekslarni hamda yangi mehnat to'g'risidagi qonunlarni qabul qildi.

Boshqa xabar qilingan qonunbuzarliklar quyidagilarni o'z ichiga olgan: o'zboshimchalik bilan yoki qonunga xilof ravishda o'ldirish; o'limga olib kelgan harbiy hazing; hibsga olingan va mahbuslarni qiynoqqa solish va boshqa suiiste'mol qilish; qattiq va ba'zan hayot uchun xavfli bo'lgan qamoq sharoitlari; o'zboshimchalik bilan hibsga olish va hibsga olish; fuqarolarning shaxsiy hayoti huquqlarini buzish; taqiqlovchi siyosiy partiyalarni ro'yxatdan o'tkazish talablari; nodavlat tashkilotlar (NNT) faoliyatiga cheklovlar; ayollarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik va kamsitish; bolalarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik; jinsiy va mehnat savdosi; nogironlarni kamsitish; lezbiyen, gey, biseksual va transgender (LGBT) shaxslarga nisbatan ijtimoiy kamsitish; OIV / OITS bilan kasallanganlarni kamsitish; va bolalar mehnati.

Hukumat qonunbuzarliklarga yo'l qo'ygan mansabdor shaxslarni, xususan korrupsiyaga oid shov-shuvli ishlarda, shu jumladan bir nechta vazir o'rinbosarlari, viloyat hokimi va Tabiiy monopoliyalarni tartibga solish agentligi raisini javobgarlikka tortish uchun ba'zi choralarni ko'rdi; ammo, korruptsiya keng tarqaldi va hukumat yoki huquqni muhofaza qilish idoralari bilan aloqasi bo'lganlar kabi, vakolatli lavozim egalari uchun ham jazosizlik mavjud edi.[9]

Qo'shma Shtatlar va Qozog'iston inson huquqlari sohasidagi ishlarini tasdiqladilar. 2013 yilda bolalar huquqlarini himoya qilish bo'yicha Qozog'iston komissiyasi va Bosh prokuratura AQSh Davlat departamentining bolalar masalalari bo'yicha maxsus maslahatchisi Syuzan Jeykobs bilan bolalarni asrab olishning er osti onlayn tarmog'ini muhokama qilish uchun uchrashdi va ushbu noqonuniy harakatlarga qarshi kurashish uchun komissiya tuzdi. asrab olish uzuklari. AQSh ushbu tarmoqlarda Qozog'istonga ma'lumot beradi va AQShda asrab olingan qozoq bolalarining yashash sharoitlarini tushunishda yordam beradi.[62]

Qozog'iston va USAID "Qadr va huquq" dasturini 2020 yil oktyabr oyida yakunladilar. Dastur USAID tomonidan odam savdosiga qarshi kurashish va migrantlarning huquqlarini himoya qilish uchun moliyalashtirildi.[63]

Qonun ustuvorligi

AQSh hukumatining 2014 yilda e'lon qilingan hisobotida Qozog'istonda quyidagicha izoh berilgan:

Qonunda politsiya hibsga olinganlarga ularning advokat huquqiga ega ekanligi to'g'risida xabar berishi shart emas va politsiya buni bajarmagan. Inson huquqlari kuzatuvchilarining ta'kidlashicha, huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari xodimlari hibsga olinganlarni advokatni ko'rishdan qaytargan, hibsga olingan shaxsning advokati kelguniga qadar dastlabki so'roq qilish orqali dalillarni to'plagan va ba'zi hollarda dalil to'plash uchun buzilgan himoyachilardan foydalangan. ... Qonunda mustaqil sud hokimiyati etarli darajada ta'minlanmagan. Ijro etuvchi hokimiyat sud mustaqilligini keskin cheklab qo'ydi. Prokurorlar kvazi sud rolidan foydalangan va sud qarorlarini to'xtatib turish vakolatiga ega bo'lgan. Sud jarayonining har bir bosqichida korruptsiya aniq ko'rinib turardi. Sudyalar eng ko'p maosh oladigan davlat xizmatchilari qatoriga kirsalar ham, advokatlar va inson huquqlari kuzatuvchilari sudyalar, prokurorlar va boshqa mansabdor shaxslar jinoiy ishlarning ko'pchiligida ijobiy qaror chiqarish evaziga pora so'raganliklarini da'vo qilishdi.[64]

Amerika Advokatlar Assotsiatsiyasining Qonun ustuvorligi tashabbusi Qozog'istonda adliya sohasi mutaxassislarini tayyorlash bo'yicha dasturlarga ega.[65] Qozog'iston Oliy sudi modernizatsiya qilish va shaffoflikni oshirish va mamlakat huquqiy tizimi ustidan nazoratni kuchaytirish bo'yicha qadamlar e'lon qildi. AQSh Xalqaro taraqqiyot agentligi tomonidan moliyalashtirilib, ABA qonun ustuvorligi tashabbusi (ABA ROLI) 2012 yil aprel oyida Qozog'iston sud tizimining mustaqilligi va hisobdorligini kuchaytirishga qaratilgan yangi dasturni boshladi.[54]

Qozog'iston Bosh prokurori va Federal tergov byurosi 2006 yil 11 fevralda Oltinbek Sarsenbayev, Baurjan Baybosyn va Vasiliy Juravlevning uch marta o'ldirilishi bo'yicha ettita yillik kompleks tergovda muvaffaqiyatli hamkorlik qildi.[66]

2016 yil iyun oyida Amerika Advokatlar Assotsiatsiyasi "Qonun ustuvorligi tashabbusi" tomonidan ekstremizm va terrorizmga oid ishlar bo'yicha sud amaliyotiga bag'ishlangan davra suhbati o'tkazildi. Davra suhbati ishtirokchilari orasida Qozog'iston Oliy sudi, Qozog'iston sudyalar ittifoqi va AQSh Xalqaro taraqqiyot agentligi (USAID) vakillari bor edi.[67]

2020 yil 2 oktyabrda USAID Qozog'istondagi huquqiy islohotlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun 7 million dollardan ortiq mablag 'evaziga besh yillik huquqiy davlat dasturini boshladi.[68] Qozog'iston Oliy sudi va Axborot va jamoat rivojlanish vazirligi ushbu dastur doirasida USAID bilan hamkorlik qilmoqda.

Adliya sektorini institutsional mustahkamlash loyihasi

Qozog'istonda sud xizmatlarini kuchaytirish va asosiy huquqiy va huquqiy davlatni takomillashtirishga qaratilgan "Adliya sektorini institutsional mustahkamlash" loyihasi Jahon banki guruhidan 36 million dollar miqdorida kredit oladi.[69]

Jinoyat ishlari bo'yicha o'zaro huquqiy yordam to'g'risidagi shartnoma

2015 yil 20 fevralda Bosh prokuror yordamchisining o'rinbosari va Adliya departamentining xalqaro ishlar bo'yicha maslahatchisi Bryus C. Svars va Qozog'iston Respublikasi Bosh prokurori Asxat Daulbayev Vashington shahrida jinoyat ishlari bo'yicha o'zaro huquqiy yordam to'g'risida Shartnomani imzoladilar.[70] Shartnoma jinoyatchilarni tergov qilish, ta'qib qilish va tegishli sud ishlarini yuritishda dalillar va boshqa turdagi huquqni muhofaza qilish organlariga yordam berishning rasmiy hukumatlararo mexanizmini taqdim etadi.[70] 2015 yil iyul oyida Qozog'iston ushbu shartnomani ratifikatsiya qildi.[71]

Harbiy va xavfsizlik sohasidagi hamkorlik

Mudofaa vaziri Uilyam Koen (chapda) va Prezident Nazarboyev (o'ngda) polkovnik Gregori Gardner (markazda) hamrohligida 3-piyoda polki Nazarboyevga harbiy xizmatga to'liq tashrif buyurish marosimida qo'shma xizmat faxriy qorovulini tekshiring Pentagon, 1997 yil 17-noyabr.

Xabarlarga ko'ra, AQShning murojaatiga javoban 2003 yil may oyida Qozog'iston qonunchilik organi Iroqdagi koalitsiya operatsiyalariga yordam berish uchun harbiy muhandislarni yuborishni ma'qullagan. 27 qo'shin Iroqliklarni minalardan tozalash va suvni tozalash bo'yicha o'qitgan. They pulled out of Iraq in late 2008. Since 2009, Kazakhstan has permitted air and land transit for U.S. and NATO troops and equipment—as part of the Northern Distribution Network—to support stabilization operations in Afghanistan.

For almost a decade, thousands of service members and civilians from more than 15 nations have converged on the Republic of Kazakhstan for Exercise Dasht burguti. More than 1,000 participants from six countries are invited to be a part of the multinational, peacekeeping exercise at Camp Illisky (a training facility outside Kazakhstan's largest city, Almaty).

The second phase of the Steppe Eagle 2015 peacekeeping exercises began June 15, 2015 at the Ili training area near Almaty.[72] It was the 13th time the exercise was held.[72] Annually, exercises involved more than 1,500 people as well as military observers from foreign states, experts from various NATO headquarters and military-diplomatic corps accredited in Kazakhstan.[72]

During the second Iraq War, Kazakhstani troops dismantled 4 million mines and other explosives, and help provide medical care to more than 5,000 coalition members and civilians, and purified 718 cubic meters of water.

Since 1995, Kazakhstan has been partnered with the state of Arizona through the State Partnership Program which works to build relationships, learn best practices, foster military and civilian ties.[73]

Kazakhstan's Military Institute of Land Forces has an exchange program with West Point Military Academy in the USA.[74] Each year student from the Kazakhstan's military institute visit West Point to get familiar with cadets' routine, take raining, physical reparation and military training.[74] Cadets from West Point, in their turn, visit Kazakhstan's Military Institute of Land Forces for the same purposes.[74]

Kazakh military officials have sought to learn from the U.S. Army on Kazakhstan's transition from a conscript to an all-volunteer army.[75]

Phase one of Steppe Eagle 2016 was held in Illisky Training Center neat Almaty on April 11–22. The peacekeeping exercise featured instructors and soldiers from the Kazakhstan Peacekeeping Operations Training Center, U.K. soldiers from the 1st Rifles Battalion, 160th Brigade, and Soldiers from the Arizona National Guard. Phase two of Steppe Eagle 2016 scheduled to take place in the U.K. in July.[76]

The second stage of the Steppe Eagle 2016 International Peacekeeping Exercise took place at Stanford Training Area in the United Kingdom. The participant countries included Kazakhstan, the U.K., the U.S., Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.[77]

Phase 1 of Steppe Eagle 2017 took place March 31 to April 11, 2017, at Illisky Training Center, Kazakhstan. About 50 U.S. and U.K. soldiers and over 500 Kazakh soldiers participated in the peacekeeping exercises that focused on medical and communication operations.[78]

Bilateral Meetings

Nursultan Nazarbayev and the George W. Bush Administration

In May 2006 Vice President Dik Cheyni traveled to Kazakhstan to meet with President Nazarbayev to promote the expansion of oil and gas export routes.[79] This was the third meeting between Cheney and Nazarbayev, the first occurring when Cheney was CEO of Halliburton, and the second shortly after Cheney became vice president. After the meeting, Nazarbayev publicly stated that memoranda of understanding had been signed for co-financing of Kazakh projects and $158 million allocated for defense projects.[80]

On September 29, 2006, Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev met with President George W. Bush in the White House. In their public remarks President Bush thanked Nazarbayev for his country's support in Afghanistan, and stated the two had discussed Kazakhstan's ascension to the WTO and commitment to institutions "that will enable liberty to flourish."[81] President Nazarbayev pointed to the strength in bilateral relations between the two countries as resulting from cooperation on matters of energy security, Bush's war on terror, and economic agreements.[81] The joint declaration signed by both leaders highlighted several bilateral and global issues; these included American support for Kazakh oil and gas pipeline expansion in the Boku-Tbilisi-Jeyhan loyihasi, Kazakhstan's national development into a diverse and stable economy, and Kazakh ascension to the WTO. Included in the joint statement was a component focused on Kazakhstan's efforts to invest in "its citizens ... an independent media, local self-government, and elections deemed free and fair by international standards."[82]

Erzhan Ashikbayev in the United States

Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan Erzhan Ashikbayev visited the United States on June 10–12, 2014, where he met with the leadership of the White House, State Department, United States Congress, the Department of Defense, Department of Energy, as well as with representatives of the U.S. export and business community.[83]

Meeting of Nursultan Nazarbayev with the U.S. Congressmen

Prezident Nursulton Nazarboyev met with the members of the United States Congress Dana Rohrabaxer va Gregori Meks on Sept. 5, 2014 in Borovoye, 250 kilometres north from the Kazakh capital.[84] The U.S. congressmen expressed hope for further strengthening of the mutually beneficial partnership between the two countries.[84]

Also on Sept. 5, the U.S. congressmen had a meeting with Kazakh Foreign Minister Erlan Idrissov. With Idrissov, who spent five years as Kazakhstan's ambassador in Washington, they discussed the current state and outlook for cooperation between Kazakhstan and the United States in political, economic and trade areas.[84]

The congressmen discussed the readiness jointly with U.S. businesses to offer shared projects in non-oil sectors of Kazakhstan economy. The American side also supported Kazakhstan's accession to the WTO and the economic development strategy of the country. The two sides underlined their cooperation in global security issues, primarily in non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and regional security issues, including the situation in Afghanistan.[84]

Nursultan Nazarbayev and Barack Obama

U.S. President Barack Obama repeatedly stressed the important nature of the Kazakh-U.S. relationship, citing economic issues, human rights and regional security.[85] In 2012 during the nuclear security summit in Seoul, South Korea, Obama noted: "The close relationship between our two countries extends beyond just the nuclear security issue".[85]

On January 21, 2015 Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev held a late night phone conversation with the U.S. President Barack Obama.[86] The main topic of the call was south-eastern Ukraine.[86] Obama praised Kazakhstan's efforts in strengthening international security and expressed his hope that the Kazakh President will continue to actively contribute to finding a peaceful solution to the conflict in Ukraine.[86]

President Nazarbayev was one of four heads of state President Obama held bilateral meetings with during the 2015 United Nations General Assembly in New York City.[87]

Nursultan Nazarbayev and Donald Trump

Donald Trump and Nursultan Nazarbayev held their first bilateral phone conversation soon after Trump's election as President of the United States.[88]

The first meeting between Presidents Donald Trump and Nursultan Nazarbayev came on the sidelines of the Arab-Islamic-American Summit held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The two leaders exchanged thoughts on strengthening the bilateral relationship between their countries and prospects for "deepening relations in trade, economic, political, cultural and humanitarian spheres," according to the Kazakhstan embassy website.[89] In later statements Donald Trump expressed his view that the two leaders "developed an immediate relationship" in this meeting.[90]

On January 16, 2018, President Donald Trump met with President Nazarbayev in the White House, the first such visit in Washington by the Kazakh head of state since a 2006 meeting with then-President George W. Bush.[91] Uchrashuvdan oldin, Kazinform, a Kazakh state-news agency and one of the largest media outlets in Kazakhstan, stated that the meeting would focus on "the promotion of regional and global security," including specific situations in Afghanistan, Syria, and Russia, as well as a centering on Kazakhstan's cooperation with the US in nuclear nonproliferation.[92] In their public remarks from Washington, President Trump highlighted economic cooperation between the countries, citing deals with companies General Electric va Boeing, while also referring to regional security cooperation in Saudi Arabia. Trump praised Kazakhstan for their economic deals and Nazarbayev's "great, great job" as president. President Nazarbayev positively referred to American support for Kazakhstan's independence and growing economic cooperation.[90] Nazarbayev also praised President Trump's signing of tax cut legislation in December 2017, calling it an "outstanding decision," and alluding to similar legislation passed in Kazakhstan.[93]

Kassym-Jomart Tokayev and Under-Secretary of State

Kazakhstan President Tokayev met with Under-Secretary of State for Political Affairs David Have on August 21, 2019 in Nur-Sulton, Qozog'iston. The meeting was important as it was one of the first official meetings with the new President administration of Kazakhstan. It was a chance for both sides to reiterate their commitment to common goals in the bilateral relations.[94]

Kassym-Jomart Tokayev and Donald Trump

President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev met for the first time with President Donald Trump on September 25, 2019 on the sidelines of the 74th session of the United Nations General Assembly. The presidents agreed to strengthen cooperation in political, trade, economic, humanitarian and security spheres.[95]

C5 + 1 meetings

C5 + 1 is a format for dialogue between foreign ministers of the United States and the Central Asian countries. The first C5 +1 meeting was held in November 2015 in Samarkand, Uzbekistan.[96] The second meeting took place on August 3, 2016 in Washington DC. The foreign ministers stressed the importance of developing the transport, logistics and energy potential of Central Asia. Secretary of State John Kerry emphasized the willingness of the U.S. to promote initiatives on counterterrorism, trade and investment, economic development, and clean energy in the Central Asian countries.[97] The six ministers agreed to launch five projects related to these goals, which the U.S. plans to support with up to $15 million.[98]

The 2019 C5+1 meeting was held in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan on August 21. The U.S. delegation was led by Under-Secretary of State for Political Affairs David Hale.[99]

Next C5+1 meeting took place in New York on September 22, 2019. The newly appointed Foreign Minister of Kazakhstan, Mukhtar Tileuberdi, led the Kazakh delegation. The US delegation was led by US Secretary of State Mayk Pompeo. The parties discussed ways to expand trade and investment ties as well as integration processes.[100]

2001 yil 11 sentyabr xurujlariga javob

President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev with U.S. President George W. Bush
Asosiy maqola: 11 sentyabr hujumlari

Keyin 2001 yil 11 sentyabrdagi hujumlar, Qozog'iston Prezidenti Nursulton Nazarboyev ga xabar yubordi AQSh prezidenti Jorj V.Bush "ko'p sonli odamlarning halok bo'lishiga olib kelgan terroristik harakatlardan g'azablanish" ni ifoda etdi. The "civilized community must unite and take effective measures to fight international terrorism. All the Kazakhstan people sympathize with the American people in their grief and mourn aver [sic] the tragedy."[101]

Ga ko'ra Mudofaa haqida ma'lumot markazi, Qozog'iston hukumati "AQSh boshchiligidagi terrorizmga qarshi urushni nihoyatda qo'llab-quvvatladi". Hukumat yirik aeroportdan foydalanishni taklif qildi Doimiy erkinlik operatsiyasi. Qozog'iston hududi bo'ylab AQShning 800 dan ortiq reyslari ma'qullandi va davom etdi. CDI-ning Qozog'istondagi profili xavfsizlik kuchlariga "AQShning xususiy sarmoyasi bilan AQSh hukumati ob'ektlari va neft inshootlarini himoya qilish bo'yicha harakatlarni kuchaytirgani" va "AQShning terroristik aktivlarni blokirovka qilish bo'yicha belgilangan ro'yxatida aniqlangan terrorchilar aktivlarini muzlatib qo'yishga" va'da bergani uchun beriladi. The U.S. officially gave the Kazakh government US$52.893 million in 2002, $47 million in 2003, and $36.2 million in 2004.[102] In addition, U.S. Government agencies spent $92 million in assistance programs in Kazakhstan in 2003.[103]

In a speech given on December 19, 2001 at the Evroatlantik sheriklik kengashi during the Defence Ministers session, Muxtor Oltinboyev, Kazakh Minister of Defense va general Qozog'iston armiyasi, said the attacks "demonstrated that international terrorism has no borders and represents a threat to all the world community." He reaffirmed Kazakhstan's will to fight terrorism and the need to "punish" terrorists and their sponsors. Addressing the possibility, raised by NATO experts, of using Kazakh airfields for counterterrorist operations, he said there were "other practical issues under consideration," but that Kazakhstan would commit to providing humanitarian assistance to Afg'onistonliklar.[101]

On September 11, 2006, the fifth anniversary of the attacks, the Astana Congress issued a Declaration on Religion, Society and International Security, promoting working "together to tackle and ultimately eliminate prejudice, ignorance and misrepresentation of other religions. These common views include the condemnation of terrorism on the basis that justice can never be established through fear and bloodshed and that the use of such means is a violation and betrayal of any faith that appeals to human goodness and dialogue." President Nazarbayev said at the conference, "An ideology of tolerance and dialogue must confront the ideology of terrorism. The global nature of dinlararo contradictions and religious dialogue allows us to think that (the) Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti will declare one of the following years (the) International Year of Religious and Cultural Tolerance. We should endeavor best efforts in order to root out ideology of terrorism and maintain material values of gumanizm ... There hardly exists something in the world comparable to potential of religion."[104]

Guantanamo qamoqxonasida saqlanayotganlar

Three Kazakh citizens, Yaqub Abahanov, Abdulrahim Kerimbakiev va Abdallah Tohtasinovich Magrupov, barchasi tug'ilgan Semey, are held in suddan tashqari hibsga olish Qo'shma Shtatlarda ' Guantanamo qamoqxonasi, yilda Kuba for alleged ties to the Taliban. Additionally, Uzbek citizen and Guantánamo captive Ilxam Turdbyavich Batayev 's birthplace is Abaye, Kazakhstan.[105]

Asosiy maqola: Qozog'iston asirlari Guantanamoda

Idrisov-Rushailo declaration

Tashqi ishlar vaziri Yerlan Idrisov told journalists in Almaty on 18 September 2001, seven days after the September 11 attacks in Nyu-York shahri, Nyu York that Kazakhstan and Russia are "ready for close cooperation with the Qo'shma Shtatlar kurashda ekstremizm." The statement came after President Nazarbayev, Russian Security Council Secretary Vladimir Rushailo, and the heads of Kazakh law enforcement bodies finished negotiations in security cooperation. The meeting and Secretary Rushailo's overall tour through Central Asia were a response to the attacks in New York and the now acknowledged threat of international terrorism and extremism originating from the area.[106]

2001 yil oktyabrda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari senatorlari Sem Braunbek va Meri Landrieu said Kazakhstan is "ready for the United States to engage on the topic of terrorism."[107]

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining havo bazalari

2002 yilda a Xitoy diplomat accused the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumati of trying to secure a defunct havo bazasi, dastlab tomonidan ishlatilgan Sovet Ittifoqi specifically for theoretical military operations against China, near Semey sharqiy Qozog'istonda. A high-ranking Kazakh Defense Ministry official said the U.S. Government, as part of its anti-terrorism operations in Markaziy Osiyo, had requested the use of military bases in Taraz va Taldiqo'rg'on. Ibragim Alibekov, a journalist for Ozod Evropa radiosi xarakterlanadi Prezident Nursulton Nazarboyev 's support for the "anti-terrorism campaign" as cautious and "hesitant on the implementation of concrete cooperation measures."[108] Biroq, Sovet yahudiyligini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi milliy koalitsiya applauds Kazakhstan for playing "a vital role in U.S.-led efforts to combat international terrorism."[109] President Bush called Kazakhstan a "strategic partner of the United States in Central Asia" and said the United States wanted to expand anti-terrorism cooperation.[110]

Alleged U.S. attempts to acquire bases were criticized by then Rossiya mudofaa vaziri Sergey Ivanov, who said such actions were unjustifiable, and Russian Davlat Dumasi Spiker Gennadiy Seleznev.[108]

An anonymous expert within the Kazakh Defense Ministry said that "of all the assistance [Kazakhstan] can offer towards military counter-terrorism operations—allowing use of our airfields, opening air corridors and sharing intelligence information—the last would be the least risky for Kazakhstan. Allowing the use of airfields means going into direct confrontation with the Taliban, and that is not a good scenario in our situation." An anonymous, high-ranking Foreign Ministry official said "the influx of qochqinlar " created by U.S. airstrikes in Afghanistan "is one problem, but the greater problem is that terrorists and militants might flee northward disguised as civilians." Professor Murat Abdirov, director of the International Relations Institute of Eurasian University, said, "Kazakhstan cannot stay away from the international anti-terrorism coalition, but we should proceed with caution."[107]

The Kazakh government did offer the use of a major airport for military operations,[102] but three years later, with AQSh harbiylari ga qarshi operatsiyalar Toliblar qo'zg'oloni yilda Afg'oniston continuing, General Jon Abizaid, rahbari AQSh Markaziy qo'mondonligi, said on 3 May 2005 that the Qo'shma Shtatlar did not "expect to open a military base in Kazakhstan unless a tense situation emerges in the region, under which the Kazakh government requests the U.S. armed forces to do so."[111]

Secretary of State visits

Jon Kerri va Karim Massimov yilda Ostona 2015 yil 1-noyabrda

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari davlat kotibi Kondoliza Rays visited Kazakhstan on 12–13 October 2005. Secretary Rice met with Nazarbayev, opposition Chairman Jarmaxan Tuyakbay va muxolifat etakchisi Alixan Baimenov yilda Ostona. Nazarbayev told the press that he and Rice "noted with satisfaction our cooperation in the fight against terrorism. Peace became so fragile that such evils as terrorism, giyohvandlik va OITS can be fought only through joint efforts." Rice applauded Nazarbayev's foreign policy and called Kazakhstan an "island of stability" in Central Asian and a "key partner of the U.S. in strengthening stability and security." She also thanked the President for its contributions uchun Iroqqa bostirib kirish, which Rice referred to as proof of "high level cooperation in the field of security and [the] fight against terrorism."

AQShning sobiq davlat kotibi Genri Kissincer arrived in Astana on 15 October, just two days after Rice's visit, and he also met with Nazarbayev. Kissinger said he believed the U.S. had a "good understanding with Kazakhstan [on] security ... The fact that high ranked officials have regularly been visiting Kazakhstan lately shows that [the United States Government is] keen to broaden this cooperation."[112]

AQSh davlat kotibi Jon Kerri visited Astana on 1–2 November 2015, as part of his Central Asian tour to reassure the multilateral ties between the United States and the Central Asian nations.[113] In Astana, Secretary Kerry participated in the U.S.–Kazakhstan Strategic Partnership Dialogue, met with Foreign Minister Idrissov and President Nazarbayev, and delivered a speech at the Nazarboyev universiteti.[114]

Kazakh journalists visit to Los Angeles

Sabir Kairkhanov, editor-in-chief of Ak Zayik, Botagoz Akzholovna Seidakhmetova, international news editor of Novoye Pokoleniye, and Dossym Satpayev, director of Assessment Risks Group, an NGO which publishes Kazakhstan Risk Review tashrif buyurgan Kaliforniya universiteti, Los-Anjeles on 1 August as part of a three-week tour of the U.S. in an attempt to gain insight on the Terrorizmga qarshi urush. They met with political science and economics professor Michael Intriligator who told the delegation about the possibility of terrorist attacks targeting the AQSh dengiz kuchlari. The journalists noted that in Kazakhstan new courses about terrorism have been added to universities' curricula and Shahar terrorizmi, a book mostly about terrorists in Almaty, has been published. They also discussed the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.[115]

The visitors all ranked Al Qaeda as the 8th greatest terrorist-danger in Kazakhstan. Professor Intriligator said it is "absolutely premature to say that we have won the War against Terrorism. We are not any safer now than we were before September 11."[115]

Visit of Midshipmen from Naval Academy in Maryland to Kazakhstan's Embassy in Washington DC

Around 60 midshipmen from the U.S. Naval Academy in Maryland visited the embassy of Kazakhstan in Washington's Open Day at the beginning of October, 2014.[116] Embassy staff briefed the midshipmen on Kazakhstan's foreign, defense and economic policies as well as rich historic heritage.[116] The future officers were interested in learning more about the cooperation opportunities, Baikonur space launch center and tourism sites. Three Kazakh students study at the academy in 2014.[116]

Shuningdek qarang

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