Irlandiya Respublikasida LGBT huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonunlar va ma'ruzalar ro'yxati - List of laws and reports on LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland

Bu qonunlar, sud ishlari va hisobotlari ro'yxati LGBT huquqlar yilda Irlandiya.

1634. Savdo-sotiq ishlari bo'yicha vitse-prezidentning jazosi uchun akt

Bu Angliya parlamenti tomonidan qabul qilingan "1534-chi mahsulot to'g'risida" gi qonunni ko'chirgan Irlandiya parlamentining akti edi. Ushbu qilmish, o'lim jazosiga hukm qilinganidan keyin jazo tayinladi. Ushbu harakat buggery nimani anglatishini aniqlamadi, lekin u erkaklar va erkaklar orasida penetratsion jinsiy aloqalarni, shuningdek hayvonlar bilan jinsiy aloqani anglatishini keng tushungan.[1]

Shaxsga qarshi jinoyatlar (Irlandiya) 1829 yil

Ushbu harakat buggery o'lim jazosi bilan jazolanishi kerak edi.[2]

Shaxsga qarshi jinoyatlar to'g'risidagi qonun 1861

Asosiy maqola: Shaxs to'g'risidagi qonunga qarshi jinoyatlar 1861

Ushbu harakat Buyuk Britaniya va Irlandiyaning jinoyat qonunchiligini yangilab va soddalashtirdi. Bu "buggery" yoki "erkak-erkak" kabi ko'plab amaliyotlarni taqiqlagan penetratsion jinsiy aloqa. Jazo edi umrbod qamoq yoki kamida 10 yil qamoq jazosi. Bu bekor qilindi o'lim jazosi shu paytgacha qonun bo'lgan bunday harakatlar uchun.[1]

Jinoiy qonunga o'zgartirish kiritish to'g'risidagi qonun 1885 yil

Asosiy maqola: Jinoiy qonunga o'zgartirish kiritish to'g'risidagi qonun 1885 yil

Odatda Labouchere-ga o'zgartirish. Ushbu akt jamoat oldida ham, shaxsiy ravishda ham erkaklar o'rtasida "qo'pol behayo harakatlar" deb nomlangan narsani taqiqladi. Ta'rif noaniq bo'lib, ikkita erkak o'rtasidagi jinsiy aloqada bo'lmaydigan intim harakatlarni o'z ichiga olgan. Erkak va erkak jinsi avvalgi qonunga binoan noqonuniy bo'lgan, ammo sudlar uni juda tor talqin qilishgan. Odatda, sudlar "buggery" sodir bo'lishi uchun kirib borishni talab qilishdi. Ushbu yangi harakat erkaklarning samimiy harakatlarini birgalikda jazolashni ancha osonlashtirdi. Jazo maksimal ikki yilga ozodlikdan mahrum qilish edi. Ushbu harakat bo'yicha sudlangan eng taniqli shaxs edi Oskar Uayld.[1]

Vagrancy qonuni 1898

Bu taqiqlangan iltimos qilish yoki axloqsiz maqsadlar uchun import qilish. Dastlab u erkak va ayolga qarshi choralar sifatida mo'ljallangan edi fohishalik ammo, amalda, ushbu chora-tadbirlar deyarli faqat erkakdan erkakgacha bo'lgan jinsiy aloqada qo'llanilgan.[1]

Jinoyat qonuni (o'zgartirish) to'g'risidagi qonun 1912 yil

Bu ruxsat berdi qamchilash jinsiy jinoyatlar bo'yicha mavjud jinoyatlar uchun jazo sifatida foydalanish.[1]

Jinoyat qonuni to'g'risidagi qonun 1921 yil

Erkaklar o'rtasidagi qo'pol axloqsizlikni jinoyatchilik uchun javobgarlikka tortadigan qoidalarni ayollar o'rtasida qo'pol behayolikka qadar uzaytirish taklif qilindi. Ushbu qonun loyihasi, hatto ayoldan ayolga nisbatan jinsiy xatti-harakatlarni ham jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish, ushbu harakatlarga e'tiborni qaratadi va ularni e'lon qiladi deb o'ylaganlar tufayli bekor qilindi. Natijada, erkak va erkak jinsiy munosabatlaridan farqli o'laroq, ayoldan ayolga jinsiy aloqada bo'lish qonuniy edi.[3]

Norris Bosh prokurorga qarshi (1980) (Oliy sud)

Devid Norris, keyinchalik senator bo'lish Trinity kolleji, Dublin va prezidentlikka nomzod, oldi Bosh prokuror uchun Oliy sud erkakdan erkakgacha bo'lgan jinsiy aloqani jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish ustidan. Uning ta'kidlashicha, qonun uning shaxsiy hayoti huquqini buzgan va erkak bilan rozilik asosida jinsiy aloqada bo'lish huquqini buzgan va shu sababli, Irlandiya konstitutsiyasi Britaniya hukmronligi ostida qabul qilingan qonun konstitutsiyaga qarshi bo'lib qoldi. Oliy sud Norrisga qarshi qaror chiqardi. U o'z ishi yuzasidan Oliy sudga shikoyat qildi.[1]

Norris Bosh prokurorga qarshi (1983) (Oliy sud)

Oliy sud ishini yo'qotib qo'ygan Norris o'z ishini apellyatsiya shikoyatiga berdi Oliy sud. Oliy sud uchdan ikki hukmgacha qonunning konstitutsiyaga muvofiqligini tasdiqladi.[1]

Sog'liqni saqlash (oilani rejalashtirish) (o'zgartirish) to'g'risidagi qonun 1985 yil

Ushbu akt Irlandiyada prezervativ ishlab chiqarish, sotish va olib kirishni qonuniylashtirdi. Ushbu prezervativlardan oldin qonun bo'yicha taqiqlangan edi. Qonun OITS inqirozi paytida gomoseksual erkaklarning sog'lig'i va hayotini himoya qilishga yordam berish uchun prezervativlarga ruxsat berish uchun o'zgartirildi.[4]

Norris Irlandiyaga qarshi (1988) (Inson huquqlari bo'yicha Evropa sudi)

Asosiy maqola: Norris Irlandiyaga qarshi

Oliy sud ishida yutqazgan Norris o'z ishini sudga berdi Evropa inson huquqlari sudi. Evropa sudi maxfiylik asosida erkak va erkak jinsi o'rtasidagi jinoyat deb hisoblanadigan qonunni bekor qildi. Bu kattalarning o'zlari xohlagan xatti-harakatlar bilan shug'ullanish huquqini buzganligi aniqlandi. Irlandiya qonunchiligi juda tor va haddan tashqari qonun sifatida qabul qilindi.[5]

Irlandiya davlat xizmatida jinsiy orientatsiya to'g'risidagi qoidalar (1988)

Ushbu me'yoriy hujjatlar davlat xizmatchilarining ishlash shartlariga ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Ushbu me'yoriy hujjatlar jinsiy orientatsiya yoki shaxs bo'lsa, kamsitishni taqiqladi OIV yuqtirgan.[6]

Nafratga undash to'g'risidagi qonun 1989 yil

Nafratni qo'zg'atish har xil asoslarda taqiqlangan, shu jumladan odamning jinsiy orientatsiya. Bu ba'zi bir gey va lezbiyenlarni himoya qilishni ta'minlaydigan birinchi qonun hujjati edi.[7]

Video yozuvlar to'g'risidagi qonun 1989 yil

Ushbu akt video yozuvlarni sotish va etkazib berishni tartibga soladi. Bu tsenzuraga shaxsga yoki odamlarga nisbatan jinsiy orientatsiyasi yoki boshqa sabablarga ko'ra nafrat qo'zg'atishi mumkin bo'lgan videofilmlarni bostirishga imkon beradi.[8]

Bolalarni parvarish qilish to'g'risidagi qonun 1991 yil

Ushbu akt tarbiyalash xizmatini tartibga soladi. Ushbu hujjat bir jinsli juftliklarga homiylik qilish uchun birgalikda murojaat qilishlariga imkon beradi. Ehtimol, bu o'sha paytda bir jinsli juftliklarga tarbiyalanuvchilarga ruxsat berish uchun mo'ljallanmagan bo'lishi mumkin, ammo o'sha paytdan beri bir jinsli er-xotinlarni tarbiyalashga ruxsat berish amaliyotga aylangan.[9][10]

Qabul qilish to'g'risidagi qonun 1991 yil

Ushbu harakatga qadar, farzandlikka olish faqat birga yashaydigan er-xotinga, bolaning tabiiy ota-onasiga, bolaning qarindoshiga yoki beva yoki beva ayolga berilishi mumkin edi. Ushbu harakat bola bilan aloqasi bo'lmagan shaxsni asrab olish kengashi bolaning manfaatlari yo'lida ekanligiga ishonch hosil qilgan taqdirda farzandlikka olishga imkon berdi. Bu shuni anglatadiki, jinsiy orientatsiyasidan qat'i nazar, yolg'iz odam bolani asrab olishi mumkin. Ehtimol, bu istisno sharoitida yuz berishi kerak edi. Bir jinsli va qarama-qarshi jinsdagi turmush qurgan juftliklarga farzand asrab olish uchun ariza berishga ruxsat berilmagan. Bu beri o'zgartirildi Bolalar va oilaviy munosabatlar to'g'risidagi qonun 2015 yil.[11][12]

Jinoyat qonuni (jinsiy jinoyatlar) to'g'risidagi qonun 1993 yil

Erkakdan erkak jinsidagi dekriminallashtirilgan harakatlar. Ushbu dalolatnoma qismlarini bekor qildi Shaxsga qarshi jinoyatlar, 1861 yil 17 yoshdan katta baqajalarda, shu bilan bir jinsli yoki qarshi jinsdagi jinsiy aloqa uchun teng yoshdagi yoshni belgilash. Bundan tashqari, umuman olganda bekor qilindi Jinoiy qonunga o'zgartirish kiritish to'g'risidagi qonun 1885 yil, shu bilan qonunda "erkaklar o'rtasidagi qo'pol axloqsizlik harakatlarini" bekor qilish.[13]

Adolatsiz ishdan bo'shatish (o'zgartirish) to'g'risidagi qonun 1993 yil

Xodimni bir necha sabablarga ko'ra, shu jumladan, jinsiy orientatsiya bo'yicha ishdan bo'shatish taqiqlanadi.[14]

Ijtimoiy ta'minot (konsolidatsiya) to'g'risidagi qonun 1993 yil

Ushbu akt ijtimoiy nafaqalar uchun qonuniy asosni yaratdi va ijtimoiy ta'minotga oid avvalgi barcha hujjatlarni bitta aktga birlashtirdi. Ushbu xatti-harakatlar qarama-qarshi jinsdagi juftliklarga ba'zi ijtimoiy yordam to'lovlarini berishga imkon berdi. Bir jinsli juftliklar tan olinmadi va shu tariqa er-xotin sifatida har qanday ijtimoiy nafaqa uchun murojaat qila olmadilar.[15]

Sog'liqni saqlash sug'urtasi to'g'risidagi qonun 1994 yil

Ushbu hujjat tibbiy sug'urta kompaniyalariga mukofotlarini shaxsning jinsiy orientatsiyasiga qarab o'zgarishini taqiqladi.[16]

Uydagi zo'ravonlik to'g'risidagi qonun 1996 yil

Bir jinsdagi birgalikdagi munosabatlardagi sherikga xavfsizlik tartibini yoki vaqtincha himoya tartibini olish uchun ariza berishga ruxsat beradi, ammo o'sha paytda turmush qurgan juftliklar va qarama-qarshi jinsdagi juftliklar uchun mavjud bo'lgan doimiy taqiq tartibiga yo'l qo'ymaydi. Bu keyinchalik o'zgartirildi. Qarang Fuqarolik qonuni (turli xil qoidalar) to'g'risidagi qonun 2011 y quyida. Shuningdek qarang Uydagi zo'ravonlik to'g'risidagi qonun 2017 yil [17][18]

Advokatlar to'g'risidagi qonun 1996 yil

Shaxsning berish huquqi kengaytirilgan vakolatnoma ularning oilasidan yoki qarindoshlaridan tashqari. Biror kishi boshqa shaxsga, ya'ni uning sherigiga ishonchnoma berishi mumkin, bu erda u aqliy qobiliyatsizligi sababli o'zi uchun qaror qabul qila olmaydi. Ushbu qonundan beri Qarorlarni qabul qilish (imkoniyatlar) to'g'risidagi qonun 2015 y.[17][19]

Qochqinlar to'g'risidagi qonun 1996 yil

Jinsiy yo'nalishidan kelib chiqadigan quvg'in qo'rquvi asosida shaxsga qochoq maqomini berishga imkon beradi.[20]

Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun 1997 yil

Ushbu akt keng jamoatchilikka davlat xizmati, davlat idoralari va xususiy kompaniyalar tomonidan ular haqida yuritilgan ma'lumot va yozuvlardan foydalanish imkoniyatini beradi. Ushbu harakat odamning jinsiy orientatsiyasi to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni yozuvlarda saqlashga va ularni bo'lishishga imkon beradi.[21]

Amsterdam shartnomasi 1997 yil

Jinsiy orientatsiya ishda kamsitishni taqiqlash asoslari qatoriga kiritilgan. Qarang Amsterdam shartnomasi. Amsterdam shartnomasini ratifikatsiya qilish uchun Irlandiya konstitutsiyasiga o'zgartirish kiritish uchun referendum o'tkazilishi kerak edi. 1998 yil Konstitutsiya to'g'risidagi Qonunning 18-tuzatmasi, davlatga Amsterdam shartnomasini ratifikatsiya qilishiga imkon berish maqsadida konstitutsiyaga o'zgartishlar kiritdi.

Britaniya-Irlandiya kelishuvi 1998 yil

Britaniya-Irlandiya kelishuvi xayrli juma kuni kelishuvining huquqiy asosini yaratdi. Yaxshi juma shartnomasida Buyuk Britaniya hukumati Shimoliy Irlandiya uchun Inson huquqlari bo'yicha komissiya tuzish majburiyatini oldi. Shuningdek, u barcha davlat organlarini o'zlarining vazifalarini jinsiy asosga, shu jumladan to'qqizta asosda imkoniyatlar tengligini ta'minlash zarurligini hisobga olgan holda bajarishga majbur qildi. Irlandiya hukumati xuddi shunday majburiyat oldi. 1998 yil 19-sonli Konstitutsiya to'g'risidagi qonun, Irlandiya davlatiga Britaniya-Irlandiya kelishuvini ratifikatsiya qilishga imkon berdi.[22]

Ish bilan ta'minlash to'g'risidagi qonun 1998 yil

Jinsiy orientatsiya, shu jumladan bir qator asoslarda ishda taqiqlangan taqiqlash. Ushbu hujjat mehnat shartnomalaridagi shartlar kabi jihatlarni qamrab olgan; lavozimni ko'tarish va lavozimdan tushirish; ish joyidagi bezorilik; bilvosita kamsitish; ish haqi va mehnat sharoitlari; kasaba uyushmalari va professional organlarga a'zolik; va o'quv kurslarida qatnashish. Ushbu Qonun ijrosini ta'minlash uchun mexanizmlar yaratildi. Shaxs Tenglik vakolatxonasi bilan vositachilik qilish yoki sud qaroriga murojaat qilishi yoki majburiy qaror qabul qilish uchun Tenglik tribunaliga murojaat qilishi mumkin, faqat sudga qonun nuqtai nazaridan shikoyat qilinishi mumkin. 1998 yilgi asl dalolatnomaning 37-moddasi 1-qismiga binoan diniy, ma'rifiy yoki tibbiy xizmatlarni ko'rsatuvchi diniy muassasa ushbu harakatdan keng ozod qilingan. O'zgartirilmagan 37-bo'lim (1) diniy qarashli maktablar va shifoxonalarga o'z axloq qoidalarini himoya qilish uchun xodim yoki bo'lajak xodimga qarshi choralar ko'rishga ruxsat berdi. Boshlang'ich maktablarning 98% va o'rta maktablarning 52% diniy qarashlarga ega bo'lganligi sababli, bu 2015 yilgacha maktab gey yoki lesbiyan xodimini qonuniy ravishda kamsitishi mumkin degan ma'noni anglatadi. 37.1-bo'lim qonuniy kamsitish uchun asoslarni qisqartirish uchun o'zgartirildi. Qarang Tenglik (turli xil qoidalar) to'g'risidagi qonun 2015 yil.[23][24]

Teng holat to'g'risidagi qonun 2000 yil

Tijorat kompaniyalari, shuningdek davlat xizmatlari va davlat idoralari kabi davlat muassasalari tomonidan xizmatlar va tovarlarni taqdim etishda ko'plab asoslarga ko'ra, shu jumladan jinsiy orientatsiya bo'yicha kamsitish taqiqlanadi. Bu moliyaviy xizmatlar - ipoteka, jamg'arma, kreditlar kabi ko'plab xizmatlarni qamrab oldi; binolar va klublar va jamoalarga kirish - tungi klubdan jinsiy orientatsiya asosida chiqib ketishni aytishga yo'l qo'yilmaydi; davlat u orqali davlat xizmati va uning turli idoralari, masalan, universitetga kreditlar yoki grantlar berish, boshqa ijtimoiy yordamchiga individual dole berish kabi masalalarda kamsitishga qodir emas; mulkni ijaraga berish nuqtai nazaridan, uy egasi gomoseksual erkak yoki er-xotinga turar joy taklif qilishni rad etishi yoki shu asosda ularni chiqarib yuborishi mumkin emas. Qonun, shuningdek, tenglik idorasiga ham tovarlarni etkazib berish, ham xizmatlar ko'rsatish, ham ish bilan ta'minlashda tenglik to'g'risidagi qonunni nazorat qilish va ijro etish huquqini berdi. Biror kishi kamsitilish yuz bergan taqdirda, Tenglik sudiga murojaat qilishi mumkin.[25]

Moliya to'g'risidagi qonun 2000 yil

Bir jinsli yoki qarama-qarshi jinsdagi turmush qurgan juftliklarga cheklangan sharoitlarda o'z mol-mulkiga kapital sotib olish solig'i bo'yicha imtiyozlar berish uchun ariza berishga ruxsat berilgan.[17][26]

Tibbiy sug'urta (o'zgartirish) to'g'risidagi qonun 2001 yil

Bu 1994 yilgi tibbiy sug'urta qonuni bo'yicha tibbiy yo'naltirilganligi sababli tibbiy sug'urtani ta'minlashda diskriminatsiya taqiqini qayta tikladi. Bu bir jinsli juftlarga emas, balki jismoniy shaxslarga nisbatan qo'llaniladi.[27]

Lesbiyanlar, geylar va biseksuallar uchun tenglikni amalga oshirish 2002 yil

Irlandiyadagi geylar va lezbiyenlarning ahvoliga bag'ishlangan keng qamrovli hisobotda Tenglik boshqarmasi ko'plab sohalarda o'zgarishlarga oid ko'plab tavsiyalar berdi. Uning tavsiyalarining aksariyati qonuniy bo'lmagan edi. Unda hukumat idoralarining barcha siyosatlari jinsiy orientatsiya asosida tenglikni isbotlashga chaqirilgan. Unda gey va lezbiyenlarga foyda keltirishga yordam beradigan ko'plab o'zgarishlarni, masalan, bir jinsli juftliklar sheriklarining kasalxonaga tashrifi, provayder geylar va lezbiyanlarning ehtiyojlarini bilmaydigan yoki bilmagan xizmatlarni ko'rsatishni talab qildi. Shuningdek, fuqarolik nikohini bir jinsli juftliklar uchun ham kengaytirishga chaqirdi. Shuningdek, agar bir jinsli nikohga yo'l qo'yilmasa, fuqarolik sherikligi to'g'risidagi qonunlarni joriy etishga chaqirildi.[28]

Evropa hibsga olish to'g'risida qonun 2003 yil

Ushbu hujjat Evropa qamoqqa olish orderlarini berish to'g'risidagi Evropa Ittifoqining Asosiy qaroriga qonuniy kuch berdi. Evropani hibsga olish to'g'risidagi order butun Evropa Ittifoqiga taalluqlidir. Shu bilan birga, Adliya vaziri hibsga olingan Evropaning orderi ushbu shaxsni jinsiy orientatsiyasi va boshqa kamsituvchi asoslari bo'yicha jazolash uchun chiqarilgan deb hisoblansa, uni topshirishdan bosh tortishi mumkin.[29]

Fuqarolik holatlarini ro'yxatdan o'tkazish to'g'risidagi qonun 2004 y

Ikkita erkak yoki ikki ayolning nikohga kirish qobiliyatiga to'siq qo'yilgan. Bu o'sha paytda umumiy qonun tushunchasini kuchaytirdi, nikoh bitta erkak va bitta ayol o'rtasida bo'ladi. Ushbu harakat nikohlarni (erkak va ayol o'rtasida) cherkov va ro'yxatga olish idorasidan tashqari boshqa joylarda ham amalga oshirishga imkon berdi. Ushbu satr shu vaqtdan beri o'chirildi Nikoh to'g'risidagi qonun 2015 yil.[30]

Ijtimoiy ta'minot to'g'risidagi qonun (2004 y.)

Ushbu harakat kasbga oid pensiyalarni tayinlashda jinsiy orientatsiya bo'yicha adolatsiz kamsitishni taqiqladi. Bu faqat shaxslarga tegishli. Bu bir xil jinsdagi munosabatlarning omon qolgan sherigiga o'lim uchun nafaqa to'lash uchun pensiya sxemalariga talab qo'ymaydi. Bunga fuqarolik sherikligini kuchaytirish va bir jinsli juftliklar uchun nikohni rasmiylashtirish bilan qisman o'zgartirishlar kiritildi. Turmush qurgan bir jinsli juftliklar va fuqarolik sheriklari, umuman olganda, qonun bo'yicha kasbiy pensiya ta'minoti bo'yicha o'lim huquqini olish huquqiga ega, bu erda bu sxema turmush qurgan qarama-qarshi jinsdagi juftliklar uchun ham xuddi shunday bo'ladi. Bir jinsli turmush qurgan er-xotin bu himoyadan foydalanmaydi.[31]

Tenglik to'g'risidagi qonun 2004 yil

Jinsiy orientatsiya, shu jumladan dalolatnomada ko'rsatilgan barcha to'qqizta asoslar bo'yicha katta tenglikni ta'minlash uchun ishchi kuchida ijobiy harakatlarni amalga oshirishga imkon beradi. Shuningdek, u bezovtalanish holatida odam o'ziga xos xususiyatlarga ega bo'lishi shart bo'lmagan ta'qiblarga oid bo'shliqni yopadi. Masalan, agar kishi gomofobik hazilga duchor bo'lsa, lekin u gey yoki lezbiyen bo'lmasa, ular ta'qiblarni bartaraf etish uchun qonuniy choralar ko'rishlari mumkin. Yana bir yangi qoida uyushma tomonidan kamsitilishdan aziyat chekadigan odamlarni qamrab oladi. Bunday shaxslar, agar ular qonun hujjatlarida nazarda tutilgan to'qqizta aniq guruhlardan biriga kirmasa ham, ish yuritishi mumkin. Masalan, gomoseksual bo'lgan hamkasbini ta'qibdan himoya qiladigan kishi, o'z navbatida, ta'qiblardan azob chekishi mumkin, u kishi ishni Tenglik sudiga yuborishi mumkin. Boshqa bir rivojlanish bilvosita diskriminatsiya bilan bog'liq bo'lib, unda ma'lum bir o'lchov yuzida neytral ko'rinishda bo'lsa, ish joyidagi ma'lum bir guruh yoki shaxsga nomutanosib ta'sir ko'rsatsa. Kompaniyalar o'z siyosatining ish beruvchilarga ta'sirini kuzatishi va ishchilarning turli ehtiyojlarini qondirish uchun o'z siyosatini o'zgartirishi shart.[32]

Ijtimoiy ta'minotni birlashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun 2005 y

Ushbu harakat tarkibidagi chegarani qayta tikladi Ijtimoiy ta'minotni birlashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun 1993 yil bir jinsli juftliklarga ijtimoiy yordam to'lovlarini berishni taqiqlash. Ayrim ijtimoiy nafaqalar qarama-qarshi jinsdagi er-xotinlarga, ko'pi esa turmush qurganlarga, shuningdek, beva va beva ayollarga berildi. Bu beri o'zgartirildi Ijtimoiy ta'minot va pensiya to'g'risidagi qonun 2010 yil. (pastga qarang)[33]

Jinoyat qonuni (jinsiy jinoyatlar) to'g'risidagi qonun 2006 yil

Bu 17 yoshga to'lmagan qadoqlashning huquqiy tushunchasini bekor qildi va uning o'rniga yangi "bolani bulg'ash" jinoyati bilan almashtirdi. 17 yoshdan katta baqajonlar tomonidan bekor qilingan Jinoyat qonuni (jinsiy jinoyatlar) to'g'risidagi qonun 1993 yil. "Bolani harom qilish" atamasi jinsga nisbatan neytral bo'lib, 17 yoshga to'lmagan har qanday shaxs bilan jinsiy aloqani qamrab olgan, 15 yoshga to'lmagan shaxs bilan jinsiy aloqada bo'lish umrbod ozodlikdan mahrum qilish jazosini nazarda tutadi. 15 yoshdan 17 yoshgacha bo'lganlar 5 yil yoki 10 yilgacha jarimaga tortiladi, agar u hokimiyat vakolatiga ega bo'lsa.[34]

Daromad bo'yicha komissarlar va boshqalar Zappone (2006) (Oliy sud)

Odatda KAL ishi. Ketrin Zappone va Kanadada turmush qurgan va Irlandiyada yashovchi Ann Louise Gilligan Daromadlar bo'yicha komissarlar ular Kanadada nikohni tan olishdan bosh tortganliklari va ularga qo'shma soliq hisobotini berishdan bosh tortganliklari sababli sudga murojaat qilishdi. Irlandiyadagi turmush qurgan juftliklar o'zlarining daromadlarini birgalikda baholash huquqiga ega, chunki bu to'langan soliqning umumiy miqdorini kamaytiradi. Er-xotin nikoh konstitutsiyasida bir xil yoki boshqa jinsni belgilash uchun belgilanmagan deb ta'kidlashdi. Ular, shuningdek, ularning nikohlari tan olinmaganligi sababli ularning huquqlari buzilayotganligini ta'kidladilar. Oliy sud er-xotinning dalillarini rad etdi. Adliya Dann xonim Irlandiya Konstitutsiyasida qarama-qarshi jinsdagi juftliklar o'rtasidagi nikoh belgilanmaganligini qabul qildi, ammo u odatdagidek nikoh erkak va ayol o'rtasida tushunilganligini va nikoh haqidagi bu tushuncha barcha sud ishlarida yurishini ta'kidladi. er-xotinlarning huquqlari va majburiyatlari to'g'risidagi qonun hujjatlari. Ketrin Zappone va Ann Louise Gilligan dastlab o'z ishlarini Oliy sudga shikoyat qilishga qaror qilishdi. Biroq, ular o'zlarining da'vo asoslarini o'zgartirishga qaror qilishdi va bu Oliy sudda yangi sud da'vosini talab qilishdi. O'zlarining asl holatlarida, ular bir xil jinsdagi ikki juftlikning turmush qurishiga to'sqinlik qiladigan qonunni 2004 yilda qabul qilgan Fuqarolik holatlarini ro'yxatga olish to'g'risidagi Qonunning 2004 yilgi konstitutsiyasiga zid bo'lmagan. Ostida bir jinsli juftliklar uchun nikoh ochilgandan beri Konstitutsiyaning 34-o'zgartirish (Nikoh tengligi) to'g'risidagi qonun 2015 yil bu shubhasiz ularning qonuniy muammosini o'chiradi.[35][36]

Options Paper (2006) (Adolat, tenglik va qonunni isloh qilish bo'limi)

Bu sobiq siyosatchilar, davlat xizmatchilari va tegishli nodavlat tashkilotlar a'zolaridan iborat ishchi guruh tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan. Ushbu ishchi guruh o'sha paytdagi Adliya, tenglik va qonunni isloh qilish vaziri tomonidan tashkil etilgan. Unga Anne Kolli raislik qildi. Ushbu maqolada hukumatga bir xil va boshqa jinsdagi juftliklarni qonuniy tan olish bo'yicha turli xil variantlar ko'rib chiqildi. Faqat bir jinsli nikohni joriy qilish bir jinsli juftliklar uchun to'liq tenglikni beradi, deb tan oldi. Biroq, bir jinsli nikohni joriy etish konstitutsiyaviy jihatdan zaif bo'ladi. Bir jinsli juftliklar uchun fuqarolik sherikligini joriy etishni tavsiya qildi.[37]

Qonunni isloh qilish bo'yicha komissiya tomonidan 2006 yilda birgalikda yashash to'g'risidagi juftlik to'g'risidagi hisobot

Ushbu hisobotda Qonunni isloh qilish bo'yicha komissiya 3 yil birga yashagan bir jinsli va qarshi jinsdagi juftliklar (agar ular farzandli bo'lsa, 2 yil) kelishuvlarni amalga oshirishi yoki soliqqa tortish, pensiya masalalarida qonuniy majburiy shartnoma imzolashi mumkin bo'lgan sxemani taklif qildi. , o'zaro meros, homiylik va boshqa masalalar. Turmush qurgan juftliklar avtomatik ravishda qonun bo'yicha keng huquqlarga, himoya va vazifalarga ega. O'sha paytda turmush qurolmagan bir jinsli juftliklar va birgalikda yashaydigan, lekin turmush qurmaslikni tanlagan qarama-qarshi jinsdagi juftliklar ushbu huquqlarning ko'pchiligidan qonunda alohida ko'rsatilmagan bo'lsa, foyda ko'rishmaydi. O'sha paytda bunday juftlarga qonun tomonidan berilgan huquqlar juda kam edi. Hisobotda fuqarolik sherikligi kabi sxema taklif qilinmadi, chunki bu belgilangan huquq va burchlar to'plamini belgilaydi va birgalikda yashashni istagan juftliklardan voz kechishni talab qiladi. Buning o'rniga, har bir er-xotin qonun kuchiga ega bo'lgan birgalikda yashash shartnomasini imzolashda erkin bo'lar edi. Tomonlarning birortasi yoki ikkalasi vafot etganida yoki aloqani uzganida, agar ular iqtisodiy jihatdan qaram bo'lsa, to'lov yoki mol-mulk uchun turli xil sud qarorlarini olish uchun sudga murojaat qilishlari mumkin. Hisobotda birgalikda yashaydigan juftliklar ushbu kelishuvdan voz kechish huquqiga ega bo'lishi tavsiya etilgan, ammo sudlar ushbu rad etish sobiq birga yashovchiga nisbatan adolatsizlikni keltirib chiqaradi deb hisoblansa, rad etishni chetga surib qo'yishi mumkin. Ushbu hisobotda Qonunni isloh qilish bo'yicha komissiya 2004 yilda chop etilgan avvalgi maslahat qog'ozida bergan tavsiyalarini takrorlaydi, ammo Komissiya tavsiyalarni yanada kuchaytirdi, ayniqsa pensiya va ish haqi qonunchiligiga ta'sir ko'rsatadigan himoya choralarini kuchaytirishga imkon berdi. Unda birgalikda yashovchi er-xotinlarni qonuniy tan olishga imkon beradigan qonun loyihasi mavjud edi. Ushbu qonun loyihasining deyarli barchasi 2010 yilgi "Fuqarolik sherikligi va birgalikda yashaydiganlarning ayrim huquqlari va majburiyatlari to'g'risida" gi Qonunning 15-qismi sifatida kiritilgan.[38]

Ota-ona ta'tili (o'zgartirish) to'g'risidagi qonun 2006 yil

Biror kishiga olish huquqini beradi fors-major holatlari qoldiring ish haqi to'langan bir jinsli sherigiga g'amxo'rlik qilish va to'satdan kasallik yoki favqulodda vaziyatda ularni parvarish qilish uchun choralar ko'rish uchun ishlash. Bu 2016 yilgacha faqat turmush qurgan juftliklar va qarama-qarshi jinsdagi turmush qurgan juftliklar uchun mavjud bo'lgan ota-ona ta'tilini o'z ichiga olmaydi. Qarang Otalik ta'tillari va nafaqalari to'g'risidagi qonun 2016 yil.[39]

Evropa jamoalari (odamlarning erkin harakati) to'g'risidagi nizom 2006 y

Ushbu qonuniy hujjat Evropa Ittifoqining 2004/38 / EC-sonli yo'riqnomasini qonuniylashtirdi. Bu bir kishi EEA fuqarosi bo'lgan, ikkinchisi esa EEA fuqarosi bo'lmagan bir jinsli juftliklarga ishlash uchun ruxsat olish talabisiz Irlandiyada yashashga imkon beradi. Bir jinsli er-xotin 2 yil munosabatda bo'lishi kerak edi va munosabatlar yaxshi bo'lishi kerak edi, demak, bu munosabatlar chinakam bo'lgan. Bu Evropa Ittifoqi bo'lmagan fuqaro bilan munosabatda bo'lgan Irlandiya fuqarolarini qamrab olmadi. 2008 yilda ushbu bo'shliq yopildi va EEA bo'lmagan, Irlandiya fuqarosi bilan birga yashaydigan, ishlash uchun ruxsat olish talab qilinmaydi.[40]

Lissabon shartnomasi 2007 yil

The Lissabon shartnomasi 2007 yilda imzolangan va 2009 yil 1 dekabrda qonuniy kuchga kirgan. Irlandiya davlati shartnomani ratifikatsiya qilishi uchun konstitutsiyaga o'zgartirish kiritilishi va buning uchun referendum o'tkazilishi kerak edi. Konstitutsiyaning 28-tuzatmasi (Lissabon shartnomasi), 2009 yil, konstitutsiyani ratifikatsiya qilishga ruxsat berish uchun o'zgartirdi. Lissabon shartnomasi qonuniy kuchga ega Evropa Ittifoqining asosiy huquqlari to'g'risidagi nizom. Ushbu Nizom ish joyida jinsiy orientatsiya bo'yicha har qanday kamsitishlarni taqiqlaydi. Xartiya Evropa Ittifoqi vakolatiga kiradigan huquq sohalari bilan cheklangan. 1998 yil "Ish bilan tenglik to'g'risida" gi Qonunning 37-moddasi 1-qismiga nisbatan qanday oqibatlarga olib kelishi aniq emas, bu diniy idoraga o'z muassasalari axloq qoidalarini himoya qilish uchun qonuniy ravishda kamsitishga imkon beradi.[41]

Foy va An-Ard Chlaraitheoir va boshqalar (2007) (Oliy sud)

Lidiya Foy erkak bo'lib tug'ilgan va 1992 yilda jinsini almashtirish operatsiyasini o'tkazgan. U Bosh kotibdan uning jinsi o'zgarishini tan olishiga va to'g'ri jinsida yangi tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomani berishga intilgan. Bosh registratsiya buni rad etdi. Lidiya Foy shtatni Yangi tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomani berishga majburlagan Bosh kotibni majburlash to'g'risida buyruq izlash uchun Oliy sudga murojaat qildi. Dastlabki ish 2000 yilda ko'rib chiqilgan va 2002 yilda sud hukmi chiqarilgan. Oliy sud Bosh kotibga yangi tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomani berishni buyurishdan bosh tortdi. Lidiya Foy ushbu ish yuzasidan Oliy sudga shikoyat qildi. Ayni paytda, boshqa bir qator huquqiy o'zgarishlar yuz berdi. 2002 yilda Evropa Adliya sudi xuddi shunday transgender ayol to'g'risida "Kristin Gudvinga qarshi Buyuk Britaniyaga qarshi" va Evropa Adliya sudi Buyuk Britaniya hukumatiga Kristin Gudvinning yangi jinsini tan olishga va tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomani berishga buyruq bergan. Shuningdek, Irlandiya 2003 yilda Inson huquqlari bo'yicha Evropa konventsiyasini (ECHR) ratifikatsiya qildi va uning qoidalarini ichki qonunchilikka kiritdi. Lidiya Foy konventsiyadagi huquqlari buzilayotgani to'g'risida Oliy sudga yangi ish qo'zg'adi. 2007 yilda Oliy sud Lidiya Foy foydasiga qaror chiqardi va Irlandiya qonuni EKIHga mos kelmasligini e'lon qildi va Lidiya Foyga yangi tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomani berishni buyurdi. Shtat bu ish yuzasidan apellyatsiya shikoyati berishni istadi, ammo 2010 yilda u apellyatsiya shikoyatini bekor qildi va natijani qabul qildi.[42]

Pasport to'g'risidagi qonun 2008 yil

Bu pasport idorasiga shaxsni jinsini almashtirish operatsiyasi o'tkazilgan bo'lsa, pasportdagi jinsini o'zgartirishga imkon berdi. Qonunda birinchi marta transgender shaxslar tan olindi.[43]

Jinoiy adliya (o'zaro yordam) to'g'risidagi qonun 2008 yil

Ushbu hujjat bilan Irlandiya Adliya tizimlarining Evropa Ittifoqi doirasida, AQSh bilan va BMT konventsiyalariga binoan jinoyatchilarni hibsga olish va ekstraditsiya qilish bo'yicha bir qator xalqaro konventsiyalarini ratifikatsiya qildi. Irlandiya davlati, agar Adliya vaziri buni amalga oshirish odamning jinsiy orientatsiyasi asosida jazolanishiga olib keladi deb hisoblasa, hamkorlik qilishdan bosh tortishi mumkin.[44]

McD v. L (Oliy sud) (2008)

Bunday holda, lezbiyen juftlik P.L. va B.M. J.McD tomonidan sovg'a qilingan sperma yordamida bola tug'di. ularning gey do'sti. Ular J.McD bilan shartnoma tuzgan edilar. J.McD-ning roli. bolaga "tog'a" vazifasini bajarishi kerak edi, lekin bolaning kundalik hayotiga aralashmasligi kerak edi. J.McD. tabiiy otasi sifatida bolaga nisbatan vasiylik o'rnatish uchun sudga murojaat qildi. Oliy sud J.McD.ning arizasini rad etdi. Oliy sud P.L. bilan kelishilgan shartnomani qo'llab-quvvatladi. va B.M. ularga ishning markazida bolani yagona homiylik va homiylik sifatida tayinladi. E'tiborli jihati shundaki, Oliy sud lezbiyen juftlikni va ularning bolasini a deb tan oldi amalda Inson huquqlari to'g'risidagi Evropa konvensiyasining 8-moddasiga binoan oilalarga berilgan huquqlardan foydalangan oila. Sudya, shuningdek, Oirextalarni bolalarni tarbiyalaydigan va ularni oila deb tan oladigan bir jinsli juftliklar uchun qonun chiqarishga chaqirdi.[45]

Evropa jamoalari (odamlarning erkin harakati) (O'zgartirish) to'g'risidagi Nizom 2008 yil

Bu 2006 yilgi qoidalarga o'zgartirishlar kiritdi. U sheriklaridan biri bilan EEA fuqarosi bo'lmagan bir jinsli er-xotin Irlandiyaga ko'chib o'tish uchun boshqa a'zo davlatda istiqomat qilishi shart degan talabni bekor qildi. Bu shuni anglatadiki, Irlandiya fuqarosi va uning bir jinsdagi hamkori Irlandiyaga ko'chib o'tishi mumkin. Ushbu qonun o'zgarishi Evropa Adliya sudida qaror qilingan Metok ishi natijasida yuzaga keldi.[46]

Tibbiy sug'urta (boshqa qoidalar) to'g'risidagi qonun 2009 yil

Bu jinsiy orientatsiya va boshqa sabablarga ko'ra har xil tibbiy sug'urta mukofotlarini taqiqlashni qayta tikladi. Bu 1994 yilgi Tibbiy sug'urta qonuni va 2001 yilgi Tibbiy sug'urta (o'zgartirish) to'g'risidagi qonunga o'xshash qoidadir.[47]

McD v. L (Oliy sud) (2009)

Asosiy maqola: McD va L

Oliy sud Oliy sud qarorini bekor qildi. McD bolaga uning asl otasi sifatida vasiylik berilmagan. Oliy sud nikohga asoslangan oila konstitutsiyaviy e'tirofga sazovor bo'lgan yagona oila turi deb hisoblagan va shu tariqa lezbiyan juftlikni oila sifatida tan olishdan bosh tortgan.[48]

Fuqarolik sherikligi va birgalikda yashovchilarning ayrim huquqlari va majburiyatlari to'g'risidagi qonun 2010 y

Asosiy maqola: Fuqarolik sherikligi va birgalikda yashovchilarning ayrim huquqlari va majburiyatlari to'g'risidagi qonun 2010 y

Fuqarolik sherikligi va birgalikda yashaydiganlarning ayrim huquqlari va majburiyatlari to'g'risidagi qonuni 2010 bir jinsli juftliklarga turmush o'rtoqlar bilan bir xil shartlarda fuqarolik sherikligiga kirishga imkon beradi. Ushbu hujjat mulkni meros qilib olish, pensiya olish huquqlari, oiladagi zo'ravonlik va munosabatlar buzilgan taqdirda saqlab qolish kabi bir qator sohalarga tegishli. Fuqarolik sheriklarining ijtimoiy nafaqalari va soliq huquqlari boshqa qonun hujjatlarida ko'rib chiqilgan (qarang: Ijtimoiy ta'minot va pensiya to'g'risidagi qonun, 2010 yil va Moliya (№ 3), 2011 y.). Ushbu hujjat Irlandiyada chet elda amalga oshirilgan bir jinsli nikohlar va fuqarolik sherikliklarini tan olishni nazarda tutadi, ammo bunday uyushmalar faqat fuqarolik sheriklari sifatida tan olinadi. Ushbu hujjat Irlandiyada fuqarolik sherigi bo'lishni istagan bir jinsli juftliklarning yashash joylari bilan bog'liq emas. Fuqarolik sheriklari o'zlarining hamkorligini bekor qilish uchun 2 yil kutishlari kerak. Sudni ajratishga yo'l qo'yilmaydi. O'sha paytda fuqarolik sheriklariga bitta fuqarolik sherigi orqali birgalikda farzand asrab olishga bolani yolg'iz odam sifatida qabul qilishga ruxsat berilmagan. Bundan tashqari, o'sha paytda fuqarolik sheriklari birgalikda tarbiyalangan har qanday bolaga birgalikda vasiylik bera olmaydilar. Bu beri o'zgartirildi Bolalar va oilaviy munosabatlar to'g'risidagi qonun 2015 yil. Birinchi jamoat fuqarolik sherikligi 2011 yil aprel oyida bo'lib o'tdi. Nikoh tengligi bo'yicha referendum o'tkazilishi bilan qonun o'zgardi va endi bir jinsli juftliklar fuqarolik sherikligiga kira olmaydilar. Qarang Nikoh to'g'risidagi qonun 2015 yil.

Shuningdek, ushbu hujjat qarama-qarshi jinsdagi va bir jinsli er-xotinlar bilan birgalikda yashashni qonuniy ravishda tan olishni nazarda tutadi, agar ular 5 yildan beri yoki umumiy bolasi bo'lsa, 2 yil birga bo'lishgan. Birgalikda yashaydigan er-xotinlar moliya va mulk bilan bog'liq masalalarni hal qilishlari mumkin bo'lgan qonuniy ravishda bajariladigan yozma shartnomani tuzishlari mumkin. Ushbu harakatdan oldin sudlar birgalikda yashovchi juftliklar o'rtasidagi har qanday shartnomani qonuniy ravishda bajarilishi mumkin deb hisoblashdan bosh tortgan. Birgalikda yashash munosabatlari buzilgan yoki o'lim bilan tugagan bo'lsa, birga yashovchilarning biri yoki ikkalasi sudga murojaat qilishlari mumkin: aliment, mol-mulkni tartibga solish, nafaqani belgilash to'g'risidagi buyruq va turmush qurgan juftliklar ajrashish yoki ajrashish paytida olishlari mumkin bo'lgan boshqa buyruqlar. ishni ko'rib chiqayotgan shaxs boshqa birgalikda yashovchiga bog'liq yoki iqtisodiy jihatdan qaram bo'lganligi.[49]

Ijtimoiy ta'minot va pensiya to'g'risidagi qonun 2010 yil

Under this act Civil partners are treated the same as married couples and are entitled to all benefits that married couples can get. Same-sex cohabiting couples are entitled to claim benefits as a 'Qualified Adult' on the same basis as cohabiting opposite-sex couples. Since the coming into effect of this Act same-sex cohabiting couples will have their income jointly assessed when claiming social welfare. Since 2010 civil partners and married couples have been treated the same under subsequent acts on social welfare.[50]

Finance (No. 3) Act 2011

This act grants civil partners the same tax entitlements as married coupled in income tax, stamp duty (which covers the buying and selling of homes), capital acquisitions tax (which covers the inheritance of property), capital gains tax, value-added tax (VAT) and other taxes and fees. This act covers civil partners only. Same-sex cohabiting couples are not entitled to the same range of tax entitlements and must enter a civil marriage or have entered into a civil partnership to avail of this. Some of the tax entitlements of civil partners have been made retrospective to 1 January 2011 such as capital acquisitions tax and stamp duty. Relief on income tax starts from the date of entry into a civil partnership. Married couples are treated in the same way as they gain relief on income tax from the date of marriage.[51][52]

Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2011

This is an omnibus act covering many areas. It amends the Domestic Violence Act, 1996. A person who is living or has lived in an intimate and committed same-sex or opposite-sex relationship will be able to apply for a barring order or a safety order. This expands the grounds of relief that a person can get. Previously same-sex couples could only get temporary relief such as stopping orders and interim protection orders. Also, this act will also allow a person to apply for a safety order against a person with whom he or she had a child in common but who have never lived together.[53]

Moliya to'g'risidagi qonun 2012 yil

This act amended the tax code to correct some anomalies between civil partnership and marriage. For example, civil partners might have had to pay tax on any maintenance payments where there is a child or other dependent involved due to separation or divorce. Married couples do not have to pay tax in this circumstance.[54]

Protection of Employees (Temporary Agency) Act 2012

This act gives the same protections to persons employed by an agency as to those who are directly employed on a temporary basis. The protections on unfair discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation and other grounds is the same for agency workers as it is for other employees.[55]

Health Insurance (Amendment) Act 2012

This act prohibits the varying of the terms of health insurance policies or the premiums on the grounds of sexual orientation. This is similar to the Health Insurance Act 1994, the Health Insurance (Amendment) Act 2001, and the Health Insurance (Amendment) Act 2009.[56]

Social Welfare and Pensions (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2013

This act corrected very minor anomalies between the treatment of married couples and civil partners.[57]

Courts and Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2013

This act allowed the press to attend family law cases provided the anonymity of the persons involved is respected. Up until then, all family law cases were held in private. If sensitive personal information is to be shared, the court can refuse the press entry or restrict the publication of any information shared in the court. Information relating to a person's sexual orientation is regarded as sensitive personal information.[58]

Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission Act 2014

This act merged the Irish Human Rights Commission and the Equality Authority together into one body known as the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission. This act required that as far as possible members of the commission are drawn from the various minority groups including members from the gay and lesbian community.[59]

Freedom of Information Act 2014

This act allows the general public to have access to information and records kept about them by the civil service, state agencies and by private companies. The act allows information on a person's sexual orientation or their civil status (i.e. that they are married or in a civil partnership) to be kept on record and to be shared. The original Freedom of Information Act, 1997 was amended in 2003 to restrict the information shared and to increase the charges on members of the press and public in accessing information on record. The 2014 act reversed many of the restrictions introduced in 2003.[60]

Civil Registration (Amendment) Act 2014

This inserted new provisions to prevent civil partnerships of convenience and it allows for civil partnership ceremonies to take place in the embassies of Ireland.[61]

Qarorlarni qabul qilish (imkoniyatlar) to'g'risidagi qonun 2015 y

This act covers married couples, civil partners, cohabiting couples and people in other types of relationships (both intimate and non-intimate) and single people.[62]

Bolalar va oilaviy munosabatlar to'g'risidagi qonun 2015 yil

This act is wide-ranging in its reform of the law regarding children. It provided for the legal regulation and recognition of donor-assisted human reproduction. It changed the law on guardianship of children. Before the act married parent automatically had guardianship rights over their children and the natural mother had automatic guardianship rights. The natural father did not have automatic guardianship rights although he could go to court to establish those rights or the natural mother could extend those rights to him by statutory declaration. This act automatically gives guardianship rights to natural fathers provided that they have been cohabiting with the natural mother for at least 3 months after the birth of a child in common. It also allows same-sex couples, either in a civil partnership or cohabiting, to apply for guardianship rights over any child they are raising together. It also allows for other relatives of a child such as, grandparents, aunts, uncles to also apply for guardianship rights over a child they are raising. The act changed the law on adoption and civil partners and cohabiting couples (either opposite-sex or same-sex) can apply for adoption after they have been living together for 3 years. The act extends adoption leave to civil partners and to cohabiting couples. This act has been modified by the Adoption (Amendment) Act 2017.[63][64]

Gender Recognition Act 2015

This act provides for the legal recognition of a person's new gender where they have gone through a gender reassignment operation or are about to go through a gender reassignment operation. A person who has changed their gender can get a gender recognition certificate. This certificate entitles a person to have important documentation changed to reflect their new gender such as birth certificates. In general, a person must be over the age of 18 to get a certificate however an exemption to this can be granted by the courts to a person under the age of 18. A person who wishes to change their gender does not have to go through an exhaustive medical or physiological assessment, rather they need their GP to state that they have gone through a gender reassignment operation or they are about to undergo the operation.[65]

34th Amendment of the Constitution (Marriage Equality) Act 2015

This act amends the Constitution of Ireland to enable the Oireachtas (Irish Parliament) to pass legislation in order to allow two persons, irrespective of their sex, to get married. The constitution was amended by the insertion of Section 4 of Article 41, which states 'Marriage may be contracted in accordance with law by two persons without distinction as to their sex.' The proposal was put to the people in a referendum and it was carried with 60% of the electorate voting, 62% voting Yes and 38% voting No.[66]

Nikoh to'g'risidagi qonun 2015 yil

The 34th Amendment of the Constitution requires that the Oireachtas pass a law allowing same-sex couples the right to get married. The Marriage Act 2015 fulfills this requirement and commenced on 16 November 2015. Same-sex couples who wish to marry will have to give 3 months notice, the same as opposite-sex couples. Same-sex couples who entered a civil partnership will remain in that civil partnership. Same-sex couples who are already in a civil partnership can get married by giving 5 days notice. Should any couple in a civil partnership get married then their civil partnership is dissolved. Same-sex couples who got married abroad have had their marriages recognised from 16 November 2015. Since the coming into legal effect of the Marriage Act 2015 same-sex couples are not allowed to enter into a civil partnership in Ireland. The first same-sex couple to get married took place on 17 November 2015. The situation regarding same-sex couples who enter into a civil partnership abroad since 16 November 2015 is unclear as to whether their relationship will be recognised as marriage or as a civil partnership.[67][68][69][70][71]

Equality (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2015

This act is an omnibus piece of legislation and amends various unrelated laws. This act amends Section 37.1. Section 37.1 as previously worded allowed a religious institution that provides religious, educational or medical services the right to legally discriminate against their employees in order to uphold their ethos. Given that some hospitals and many nursing homes, as well as 98% of primary schools and 52% of secondary schools, are religious run, then a gay or a lesbian teacher, doctor or nurse could have been discriminated against as their sexual orientation could have been seen to undermine the ethos of the school or hospital. This act narrows the scope of Section 37.1. It requires that any employer who wishes to use Section 37.1 must satisfy three tests. These tests are that (1) religion is a genuine occupational requirement of the position, (2) the action is objectively justified and (3) the means of achieving the aim are appropriate and necessary. Any action to take place under Section 37.1 must be about the conduct of the employee and not about their sexual orientation. Also, employees who work in religious-run institutions enjoy a right to privacy.[72]

European Communities (Free Movement of Persons) Regulations 2015

This regulation transposes into Irish law the EU Directive 2004/38/EC. This provides an updated regulation on the right of residency. The Regulations provide for the facilitation of entry and residence for EU citizens and their family members. The Regulations also provide for a wider definition of "family member", to include a partner with whom the EU citizen has a durable relationship, duly attested, and the dependent parents, children under 21 and other dependent children of that partner. This does not involve the recognition of such partnerships for other purposes.[73]

International Protection Act 2015

A person can claim asylum based on fear of prosecution arising from their sexual orientation.[74]

LGBT Youth Strategy

As part of its programme for government, the newly elected minority government has promised to devise an LGBT Youth Strategy. The strategy is to focus on equality of opportunities, education, preventative health care, and support services. The Programme for Government states ‘We will develop an LGBT Youth Strategy that will encompass education, youth services, mental health and other issues. As part of this strategy, we will review the implementation of the National Action Plan on Bullying in our schools.’ The Minister for Children Katherine Zappone in May 2016 stated that she hoped the LGBT Youth Strategy would be published in one years time.[75]

Paternity Leave and Benefit Act 2016

This extends paternity leave from 3 days to 2 weeks. It allows paternity leave to be combined with maternity leave and adoptive leave in certain tragic circumstances. Same-sex couples are treated the same as opposite-sex couples.[76][77]

Criminal Justice (Aggravation by Prejudice) Bill 2016

The Republic of Ireland is somewhat unusual in that it does not have a hate crimes law. Ireland does have the Prohibition of Incitement To Hatred Act 1989, which prohibits incitement to hatred but that law is difficult to enforce. It is unclear if there have been any successful convictions under the 1989 Act. Ostida Criminal Justice (Aggravation by Prejudice) Bill 2016 if a person is convicted of an offence the courts may determine that that offence was caused by a hatred towards a person and may impose a higher sentence if the courts deem that appropriate. Sufficient evidence will have to be given in the court for an offence to be considered an aggravated offence. The bill does not set out any minimum penalties. The bill names disability, sexual orientation and transgender identity as grounds for an aggravated offence. As this is a private member bill it remains to be seen if it will pass through the Oireachtas.[78][79]

Modification of the Blood Ban 2016

Ireland introduced a ban on all men who have sex with men from donating blood. It was a ban for life. This ban was introduced in 1985 at the height of the AIDS crisis. The Minister for Health announced that the ban will be eased in light of evidence that has emerged in recent decades. Men who have sex with men will be able to donate blood provided they have abstained from sexual intercourse for at least one year. Men who have a history of sexually transmitted diseases will have to wait for five years to donate. This measure has been welcomed as a progressive step by GLEN (Gay and Lesbian Equality Network) however they note that the new measure still discriminates against men who are in a committed and sexually active relationship. Others have criticised the ban as not based on science and that the deferral period is too long and still re-inforces stigma on gay men and MSM people.[80][81]

Convictions for Certain Sexual Offences (Apology and Exoneration) Bill 2016

This bill proposes that all men convicted of buggery or gross indecency under previous criminal law be exonerated from their conviction and that they are given an apology. The basis for the exoneration and apology is that it was wrong for the State to have prosecuted men who had consensual sexual acts with other men. The bill goes onto state that the apology and exoneration do not give cause to sue the State nor does it impose a liability on the State. This law does not apply to convictions for sexual acts with minors. If this bill passes into law the criminal records of men who were convicted will not be expunged as there is no facility for this to happen. Such men will continue to have a criminal record despite the exoneration and apology. Some concern has been raised over non-consensual sexual acts between adult men in the past. A motion before the Oireachtas is due on the 25th anniversary of decriminalisation. The Taoiseach Leo Varadkar has stated that there are complications regarding the passing of this bill mainly on how to distinguish cases involving consenting adults and cases involving minors.[82][83]

Adoption (Amendment) Act 2017

This act legislates for the 31st Amendment of the Constitution (Children) Act, 2012. The act allows civil partners and same-sex married couples the right to apply for adoption. Children in long-term foster care can be adopted and step-parents may apply to adopt their spouses' child. Civil partners were given the right to apply for adoption under the Child and Family Relationships Act 2015.[84][85]

Gender Recognition (Amendment) Bill 2017

This bill proposes to amend the Gender Recognition Act 2015. At present, a person aged 16 to 18 years must receive a court order, parental consent and the intervention of medical professionals before they can be issued a gender recognition certificate after a gender reassignment surgery. Under this bill, a person aged 16 to 18 will be treated the same as a person 18 years or older. It also proposes to amend the procedure for persons under the age of 16 who will normally have to get parental permission to undergo gender reassignment surgery. A court can dispense with parental consent if the court decides that the refusal of parental consent would not be in the best interests of the child. This bill will also empower the Minister for Justice to review the Gender Recognition Act in order to grant gender recognition certificates to persons who do not identify as exclusively male or female after a gender reassignment surgery.[86]

Provision of Objective Sex Education Bill 2018

The purpose of this bill is to require all primary and secondary schools to provide objective and fact-based sex education irrespective of the religious ethos of the school. At present sex education in primary and secondary schools is taught by the Relationship and Sexuality Education (RSE) Programme. RSE was introduced in 1999. Schools can modify the RSE programme in line with their ethos. The existing RSE programme has been criticised as being too heterosexist in nature as LGBT sexuality is ignored. Also, implementation of the RSE programme has been shown to be very inconsistent. This bill will require schools to teach an objective and fact-based sexuality programme that is inclusive of LGBT sexuality and gender issues and schools will not be able to use their ethos to prevent such sex education from happening.[87]

Domestic Violence Act 2018

The purpose of this Act is to amend and consolidate the law in relation to domestic violence. This Act consolidates the provisions contained in the Domestic Violence Act 1996, the Domestic Violence (Amendment) Act 2002 and relevant provisions of the Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010, the Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2011, the Courts and Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2013 and the Children and Family Relationships Act 2015. This Act also includes new provisions which must be enacted in order for Ireland to be able to ratify the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, more commonly known as the Istanbul Convention. Ireland signed the Istanbul Convention in November 2015. These new provisions include allowing a person to apply for an emergency barring order where that person has lived in an intimate and committed relationship with the respondent without being their spouse or civil partner or where that person is the parent of an adult respondent, and the inclusion of a provision to criminalise forced marriage. This Act also removes the underage marriage exemption in order to help to protect minors against forced marriage, as requiring both intended spouses to be at least 18 should assist in ensuring that potential spouses have the maturity to withstand parental or other pressure to marry a particular person.[88]

Prohibition of Conversion Therapies Bill 2018

This bill will prohibit any counsellor, care worker, teacher, doctor, psychologist and other medical and mental health professionals from seeking to change a person's sexual orientation especially to 'cure homosexuality'. The penalty is a fine of €1,000 to €5,000 or a six-month jail sentence.[89]

Apology for Persons Convicted of Consensual Same-sex Acts: Motion

This motion was passed by the Oireachtas on 19 June 2018. The motion was moved by the Taoiseach Leo Varakadar. The motion apologised to all men convicted under the law that criminalised same-sex acts. The State acknowledges that it was wrong to criminalise and prosecute men. The motion also acknowledged the chilling effected these laws had on the wider LGBT community in creating and fostering social stigma.[90][91]

Education (Admission to Schools) Act 2018

This act deals with the admission policy to primary schools, post-primary schools, and third level educational institutions. It prohibits educational institutions from refusing a pupil entry on a number of grounds including sexual orientation. It prohibits Catholic-run schools from giving preference to baptised Catholics over non-baptised children. However religious-run schools that are of a minority religion can continue to refuse admission to a pupil if they are not of the same religion of the school. Such minority religions are Church of Ireland (Anglican), Muslim, Jewish and so on. At the moment 89% of state-funded primary school are Catholic-run and 52% of state-funded post-primary schools are religious run. This means that on the religion ground many students could be discriminated against. This has proved to be controversial for students and parents who have no religion and for the Catholic Church. The Act has been commenced and from 1 September 2019 Catholic school may not refuse admission on the grounds of baptism.[92][93]

Children and Family Relationship (Amendment) Act 2018

This act modifies Parts 2 and 3 of the Children and Family Relationship Act 2015, which have yet to be commenced. Parts 2 and 3 of the principal act deal with surrogacy. This amending bill makes minor technical changes which would allow some families who have conceived their children by surrogacy to gain legal recognition over their children in limited circumstances.[94][95]

Social Welfare, Pensions and Civil Registration Act, 2018

This Act brings into effect many of the social welfare changes announced in Budget 2018. In addition, in a move anticipated by the Minister before the budget, a provision has been inserted in the Act which clarifies the survivor pension rights of same-sex couples.

Some pension schemes only grant a survivor pension to the spouse of an employee where the employee has married his/her spouse either before s/he retired or s/he reached a particular age (e.g. 60). LGBT employees who had retired before the introduction of Marriage Equality in 2015 and who were unable to marry their partners at that time lost the benefit.

A change in the law to benefit older LGBT people was supported by all parties.

The ameliorating provision in the Act provides that if the retired employee was in a committed relationship with a same-sex partner at the time they retired or reached a particular age and then married that partner within 3 years of the enactment of the Marriage Act 2015 they are deemed to be eligible for a survivor pension on the payment of the appropriate contributions. The provision is not retrospective as the committed relationship referred to in the Act is not, itself, recognised as a marriage by the State. (The Act resolves, inter alia, the issue in the David Parris case. The Act has similar provisions for civil partners.[96]

Civil Registration Act 2019

This act has a number of unrelated provisions. One of the provisions is to make technical changes to the law to allow some female couples to have their details registered in the register of births, where they have a child in common. This bill applies only to female couples where they conceive in an Irish fertility clinic using an identifiable donor. Male couples are excluded from this bill as are couples where a person in the relationship is undergoing a gender transition. Same-sex couples who use a donor from abroad or use surrogacy are not recognised.[97][98]

Parental Leave and Benefit Act 2019

Due to an anomaly in the law male same-sex couples were not able to receive adoption leave and benefits although they were allowed to apply to adopt children. This law corrects that anomaly. This law gave parental leave to all couples (opposite sex, same sex, married, civil partnered, cohabiting) who have a child by natural means or who are having a child under donor conceived child. Adoption leave is 24 weeks leave from work paid through social welfare in order to allow a prospective parent bond with their newly adopted child.[99]

Shuningdek qarang

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