Montelupich qamoqxonasi - Montelupich Prison

Montelupich qamoqxonasi
Bundesarchiv Bild 121-0316, Krakau, Gefängnis Montelupich, Häftling.jpg
1939 yilda Montelupich qamoqxonasining mahbuslari Polshaga bostirib kirish fashistlar Germaniyasi tomonidan
ManzilKrakov, Polsha
Koordinatalar50 ° 4′27 ″ N 19 ° 56′23 ″ E / 50.07417 ° N 19.93972 ° E / 50.07417; 19.93972Koordinatalar: 50 ° 4′27 ″ N 19 ° 56′23 ″ E / 50.07417 ° N 19.93972 ° E / 50.07417; 19.93972
HolatAxloq tuzatish muassasasi, muzey
Ochildi1905
Tomonidan boshqariladiSluba Więzienna (pl)

The Montelupich qamoqxonasi, u joylashgan ko'chadan shunday nomlangan, ulica Montelupich ("Montelupi oilasining ko'chasi"),[eslatma 1] tarixiy qamoqxona Krakov tomonidan ishlatilgan 20-asrning boshlaridan boshlab Gestapo Ikkinchi jahon urushida. U butun dunyo bo'ylab "fashistlarning dahshatli qamoqxonalaridan biri" deb tan olingan [egallab olingan] Polsha ".[1] Gestapo ushbu ob'ektni nemisdan tortib oldi Sicherheitspolizei 1941 yil mart oyining oxirida. Montelupich qamoqxonasini nazorat qilish uchun mas'ul bo'lgan fashistlarning amaldorlaridan biri edi Lyudvig Xen.[2]

Ikkinchi jahon urushi mahbuslar Montelupichda asosan etnik polshalik siyosiy mahbuslar va qurbonlar bo'lgan Gestapo ko'cha reydlari, lekin nemis a'zolari ham SS va xavfsizlik xizmati (SD ) qamoq jazosiga hukm qilingan, Inglizlar va Sovet ayg'oqchilar va parashyutchilar, tark etgan askarlar Vaffen-SS va muntazam sudlanganlar. 1940–1944 yillarda Montelupichda o'tgan yoki hayotini tugatgan siyosiy mahbuslar soni 50 ming kishini tashkil etadi.[3] Kurkieviczova (qarang Bibliografiya ) "O'rta asr qiynoqlari" nemislarning asosiy va asosiy so'roq qilish usulini tashkil etganligini ta'kidlaydi.

1939 yilgi fotosuratdagi qamoqxona eshigi yonidagi plakatdagi yozuv aslida o'ng tomonda tasvirlangan "Sicherheits-Polizei -Gefängnis Montelupich "," Montelupich qamoqxonasi "nomi qat'iy norasmiydir, umumiy tarixga asoslanib, hattoki u hozirgi kunda tarixga o'tgan bo'lsa ham. Montelupich muassasasi fashistlar qamoqqa olish uchun foydalangan birinchi instansiya hibsxonasi bo'lgan. dan polshalik professorlar Yagelloniya universiteti deb nomlangan 1939 yilda hibsga olingan Sonderaktion Krakau, Polsha ziyolilarini yo'q qilishga mo'ljallangan operatsiya. 1944 yil yanvar oyida Montelupich shahridan 232 mahbus fashistlarning otishma guruhi tomonidan qatl etildi Pelkinie.[4] 1944 yil yanvar oxiri yoki fevral oyi boshlarida, Vilgelm Koppe 100 ta Montelupich mahbusini qatl etish to'g'risida buyruq chiqarib, hayotiga muvaffaqiyatsiz urinish uchun qasos sifatida. Xans Frank.[5] Qo'ng'iroq qilingan joyda Vola Filipovska Krakov yaqinida fashistlar tomonidan garovga olingan 42 kishining, 1943 yil 23-noyabrda otishma joyida vafot etgan barcha Montelupich mahbuslarining qatl etilganligi munosabati bilan yodgorlik mavjud.

Keyin Ikkinchi jahon urushi Montelupich a Sovet qamoqxona qaerda NKVD va Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Polsha askarlari qiynoqqa solingan va o'ldirilgan Uy armiyasi. Hozirgi vaqtda bino 158 kishi bo'lgan erkaklar va ayollar uchun vaqtincha hibsga olish va hibsga olish joyi bo'lib xizmat qilmoqda qamoq kameralari va qo'shimcha 22 kamerali qamoqxona shifoxonasi.[6]

Mulk tarixi

Qamoqxona joylashgan bino dastlab o'z maqsadi bilan qurilgan emas, aksincha, 1556 yilda italiyalik Uyg'onish uslubida qayta tiklangan tarixiy mulk edi. Montelupi oilasi sudi uchun Polshada birinchi pochta xizmatini taqdim etgan Sigismund III Vasa.[7] Polshada "Krakov" deb nomlangan manor uyi Kamienica Montelupich (Palazzo Montelupi yilda Italyancha ) nomi berilgan ko'chaning 7-raqamida bu erdan jo'nab ketgan Polshadagi birinchi xalqaro pochta murabbiyining boshlang'ich nuqtasi bo'lgan. Venetsiya 1558 yilda.[8] The Jalu Kurek Park (qarang Jalu Kurka bog'i ) Krakovda ilgari Montelupi palazzosining saroy bog'i bo'lgan.

Hozirgi holat

Ushbu qamoqxonada Polshada o'lim jazosining oxirgi ma'muriyati bo'lgan, 1988 yil 21 aprelda osib o'ldirilgan.[9]

Rasmiy ravishda ham tarixiy yodgorlik, ham shahid bo'lgan joy sifatida e'tirof etilganiga qaramay, ushbu inshoot bugungi kungacha kombinatsiyalashgan holda foydalanishda davom etmoqda tergov izolyatori va oddiy axloq tuzatish muassasasi Polsha qamoqxona ma'muriyati tomonidan ( Sluba Więzienna ) ning birligi Polsha Adliya vazirligi. Uning hozirgi rasmiy nomi Arest Alledczy va Krakowie. Ushbu inshootning mashxur tarixi bugungi kungacha davom etmoqda, chunki 2008 yilda vafot etganida Rumin hibsga olingan, Klaudiu Krulich (1975–2008; qarang Klavdiyu Krulik ), inson huquqlari guruhlari tomonidan qoralangan voqea (masalan, Human Rights House Foundation Oslo, Norvegiya ) bu ruminiyalikning iste'fosiga sabab bo'lgan Tashqi ishlar vaziri, Adrian Cioroianu.[10]

Vinsent A. Lapomarda o'zining fashist terroriga bag'ishlangan kitobida shunday deb yozadi

Montelupich haqida so'raganimda, Montelupi ko'chasida, 1986 yil 18 avgustda Krakovda bo'lganimda, uni tashqaridan ko'rib chiqishga muvaffaq bo'ldim va u bugungi kunda ham ishlayotgan paytida ham fashistlar davrida bo'lgan yomon obro'sini yo'qotmaganligini bildim. kasb.[11]

Taniqli mahbuslar

V. L. Fridrix, rassom
1944 yilda mahbus
Vilgelm Gachek, vazir,
1941 yilda mahbus
Z. Jachimecki, bastakor
1939 yilda mahbus
Noma'lum rohiba
1939 yilda mahbus
(Germaniya Federal arxivi )
Stanislav Klimecki
ning prezidenti Krakov
1939 va 1942 yillarda mahbus
(uch marta)
Stanislav Estreicher
(o'ng tomonda o'tirgan)
1939 yilda mahbus
Ignacy Fik, shoir va tanqidchi
1942 yilda qatl etilgan
Vitold Kiyun, iqtisodchi
1945 yilda mahbus
Edvard Kleszinskiy, senator
1942 yilda mahbus
Jozef Padevskiy, episkop
1942 yilda mahbus
Wladysław Gurgacz
ruhoniy
1949 yilda qatl etilgan

Urushdan keyin Montelupichda qatl etilgan fashistlar harbiy jinoyatchilari

1948 yil 24-yanvarda Montelupich qamoqxonasida chiqarilgan o'lim hukmlari natijasida yigirma bir natsist nemis harbiy jinoyatchisi, shu jumladan ikkita ayol osilgan. Osventsim bo'yicha birinchi sud jarayoni. Ularning ismlari quyida keltirilgan, boshqa kunlarda Montelupichda qatl qilingan fashistlarning harbiy jinoyatchilari.

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ Ulica Montelupich yoki "Montelupis ko'chasi" ning o'zi Montelupi manor uyi nomidan (kamienica ) Montelupich ko'chasi, 7-sonli manzilda joylashgan Kamienica Montelupich 16-asrda qurilgan va 19-asrning bir qismi sifatida moslashtirilgan Avstriya harbiy tribunali.
  1. ^ Adam Baykar, Polsha: Sayyohlar uchun qo'llanma, tr. S. Tarnovskiy, Varshava, Interpress Publishers, 1972. Shuningdek: Studiya tarixi, vol. 30, 1987, p. 106: "Więzienie Montelupich va Krakowie należało do najcięższych w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie" (Krakovdagi Montelupich qamoqxonasi eng og'ir qamoqxonalardan biri bo'lgan Bosh hukumat ).
  2. ^ Pitskowska 1977 (qarang Bibliografiya ), p. 29.
  3. ^ Yozef Batko, Gestapovsi, Krajova Agencja Wydawnicza, 1985 yil. ISBN  8303007203. Sezariy Leżinskiyning kitobni sharhida keltirilgan Nowe Książki, 1986, p. 127.
  4. ^ Przewodnik po upamiętnionych miejscach yurish va męczeństwa: lata wojny 1939–1945, tahrir. Rada Ochrony Pomników Walki i Mczństwa, 2-nashr, Varshava, Sport i Turystyka, 1966, p. 299.
  5. ^ Przewodnik po upamiętnionych miejscach yurish va męczeństwa: lata wojny 1939–1945, tahrir. Rada Ochrony Pomników Walki i Mczństwa, 2-nashr, Varshava, Sport i Turystyka, 1966, p. 186.
  6. ^ Kierownictwo (2010). "Aresz Śledczy Kraków". Sluba Więzienna. Okręgowy Inspektorat Słżżby Więziennej Kraków. Montelupich 7, 31-155 Krakov. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 4 sentyabrda. Olingan 13 avgust 2015.
  7. ^ Letitsiya Gianni, Poloniya: Varsaviya, Lyublino, Krakoviya, Breslaviya, Torun, Danzitsa va men Monti Tatra e la Masuriya, Milan, Touring Club Italiano, 2005, p. 101. ISBN  8836529232.
  8. ^ Yan Adamchevski, Krakov od A do Z, Krakov, Krajova Agencja Wydawnicza, 1980, p. 85.
  9. ^ "Gwałciciel i zabójca zawisł: ostatnia egzekucja w Polsce", Wyborcza gazetasi, 2011 yil 20 aprel. (Internetga qarang).
  10. ^ Inson huquqlari uyi jamg'armasi, "Qamoqxonada ruminiyalikning ochlikdan o'lishi". Oslo, Norvegiya.
  11. ^ Vinsent A. Lapomarda, Iezuitlar va uchinchi reyx, Lewiston (Nyu-York), Edvin Mellen Press, 1989, p. 136, n. 15. ISBN  0889468281.
  12. ^ Aleksandra Klich, "Papież i zakonnica", Wyborcza gazetasi, 2011 yil 26 aprel (Internetga qarang).
  13. ^ "Lista harcerek i harcerzy straconych w węęzieniach w Urzędu Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego oraz przy próbie aresztowania w latach 1944–1956", II Konspiracja Harcerska, 1944–1956.
  14. ^ Malopolska w II Wojnie Światowej (Internetga qarang).
  15. ^ Stanislav Lubomirskining tarjimai holi onlayn.
  16. ^ Encyklopedia Solidarności ("Birdamlik Entsiklopediyasi"), s.v. "Zbignev Szkarłat" (Internetga qarang).

Bibliografiya

Guvohlarning xabarlari

  • Stefan Krukovski, Nad pięknym modrym Dunajem: Mauthausen, 1940-1945, Varshava, Książka i Wiedza, 1966. (Montelupich qamoqxonasining tabiati haqidagi eng ma'lumotli kitoblardan biri.)
  • Vanda Kurkieviczova, Za murami Monte: wspomnienia z więzienia kobiecego Montelupich-Helclow, 1941–1942, Krakov, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1968. (Montelupichdagi ayol mahbuslarning qamoq sharoitlari va ularning fashistlar qo'lida davolanishi to'g'risida guvohlar.)
  • Dudit Strik Dribben, Judit Strik deb nomlangan qiz, so'z boshi Golda Meyr, Nyu York, Cowles Book Company, 1970. (First published as And Some Shall Live, Quddus, Keter Books, 1969. "Montelupich Prison was a big red brick corner building, surrounded by a high wall with barbed wire and broken glass on top.": p. 67 of the U.S. ed. Qarang Taniqli mahbuslar.)
  • Antonina Piątkowska, Wspomnienia oświęcimskie, Krakow, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1977, pages 29ff. (Another books of recollections by an inmate.)
  • Frank Stiffel, The Tale of the Ring: A Kaddish: A Personal Memoir of the Holocaust, Wainscott (New York), Pushcart, 1984. ISBN  0916366219. (Qarang Taniqli mahbuslar.)
  • Kazimierz Tymiński, To Calm My Dreams: Surviving Auschwitz, tr. Maria Tyminska-Marx, Chatswood (New South Wales), New Holland Publishers, 2011. ISBN  1742571085, ISBN  9781742571089. (Chapter "From Montelupich to Auschwitz". Originally published as Uspokoić sen, Katovitsa, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1985. ISBN  8303012142. Filmed in 1988 as Kornblumenblau by Leszek Wosiewicz. Qarang Taniqli mahbuslar.)
  • Gusta Devidson Draenger, Justyna’s Narrative, tahrir. E. Pfefferkorn & D. H. Hirsch, tr. R. Hirsch & D. H. Hirsch, Amherst (Massachusetts), Massachusets universiteti matbuoti, 1996. ISBN  155849037X, ISBN  1558490388. (First published as: Gusta Dawidsohn-Draengerowa, Pamiętnik Justyny, tahrir. Joseph Wulf (1912–1974), Krakov, Centralna Żydowska Komisja Historyczna przy CK Żydów Polskich, 1946. Arguably the most extraordinary book about Montelupich ever written. Qarang Taniqli mahbuslar.)
  • Barbara Pikuła-Peszkowska, Gdzie jest twój grób, Ojcze?, Bytom, Oficyna Wydawnicza 4K, 1997. ISBN  8385214313, ISBN  9788385214311.
  • Stanisław Dąbrowa-Kostka, Rysunki więzienne 1946–1949 Stanisława Dąbrowy-Kostki: katalog wystawy: grudzień 2003, tahrir. P. M. Boroń, va boshq., Muzeum Armii Krajowej im. Gen. Emila Fieldorfa Nila w Krakowie, 2003. ISBN  8391514013. (Catalogue of an exhibition of "Drawings from Prison" by a former inmate. See Taniqli mahbuslar.)

Historical studies