Dachau kontslageri - Dachau concentration camp - Wikipedia

Koordinatalar: 48 ° 16′08 ″ N 11 ° 28′07 ″ E / 48.26889 ° N 11.46861 ° E / 48.26889; 11.46861

"Dachau" bu erga yo'naltiriladi. Shahar uchun, qarang Dachau, Bavariya. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Dachau (ajralish).

Dachau
Natsistlar kontslageri
KZDachau1945.jpg
1945 yil ozod qilinganidan keyin Dachauga kirishning asosiy eshigini qo'riqlayotgan AQSh askarlari
Boshqa ismlarNemis: Konzentrationslager (KZ) Dachau, IPA: [ˈDaxaʊ]
ManzilYuqori Bavariya, Janubiy Germaniya
Tomonidan qurilganGermaniya
Tomonidan boshqariladiShutsstaffel (SS)
KomendantKomendantlarning ro'yxati
Asl foydalanishSiyosiy qamoq
Operatsion1933 yil mart - 1945 yil aprel
MahbuslarSiyosiy mahbuslar, polyaklar, yahudiylar, gomoseksuallar, Yahova Shohidlari, katolik ruhoniylari, kommunistlar, rimliklar[1]
Mahbuslar soni188,000 dan ortiq (taxmin qilingan)[2]
O'ldirildi41 500 (Dachau veb-saytiga)
Tomonidan ozod qilinganAQSh armiyasi
Veb-saytkz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de

Dachau (/ˈdɑːxaʊ/)[3] edi a Natsistlar kontslageri dastlab saqlashga mo'ljallangan 1933 yil 22 martda ochilgan siyosiy mahbuslar. U O'rta asrlar shahridan shimoli-sharqda tashlab ketilgan qurol-yarog 'fabrikasi hududida joylashgan Dachau, shimoli-g'arbdan taxminan 16 km (10 milya) Myunxen holatida Bavariya, janubda Germaniya.[4] Ochilishidan keyin Geynrix Ximmler, uning maqsadi majburiy mehnatni va oxir-oqibat yahudiylarni, nemis va avstriyalik jinoyatchilarni va nihoyat Germaniya bosib olgan yoki bosib olgan mamlakatlarning chet el fuqarolarini qamoqqa olish bilan qamrab olindi. Dachau lagerlari tizimi asosan ish lagerlari yoki bo'lgan 100 ga yaqin sub-lagerlarni o'z ichiga oldi Arbeitskommandosva Germaniya va Avstriyaning janubiy qismida joylashgan.[5] Asosiy lager 1945 yil 29 aprelda AQSh kuchlari tomonidan ozod qilindi.

Mahbuslar shafqatsiz muomala qilishdan va terrorni hibsga olishdan doimo qo'rqib yashashgan tik turgan hujayralar, qamchilash, deb nomlangan osilgan daraxt yoki ustun va juda uzoq vaqt davomida diqqat markazida turish.[6] Lagerda 32000 o'lim qayd etilgan va minglab odamlar hujjatsiz.[7]

Ozodlik paytida 30 000 mahbusdan taxminan 10 000 kasal edi.[8][9]

Urushdan keyingi yillarda Dachau inshooti sudni kutayotgan SS askarlarini ushlab turishga xizmat qildi. 1948 yildan keyin u Sharqiy Evropadan chiqarib yuborilgan va ko'chib o'tishni kutayotgan etnik nemislarni ushlab turdi va shu vaqt ichida AQSh harbiy bazasi sifatida ishlatilgan. ishg'ol. Nihoyat 1960 yilda yopildi.

Xotira saytida bir nechta diniy yodgorliklar mavjud,[10] jamoatchilik uchun ochiq bo'lgan.[11]

Umumiy nuqtai

Dachau a prototip va boshqasi uchun namuna Nemis undan keyingi konsentratsion lagerlar. Germaniyadagi deyarli har bir jamoat a'zolari ushbu lagerlarga olib ketilgan. Gazetalar doimiy ravishda "Reyxning dushmanlari kontslagerlarga chiqarilishi" haqida xabar berishdi. 1935 yildayoq jingalak aylanib chiqdi: "Lieber Herr Gott, mach mich stumm, Das ich nicht nach Dachau komm '" ("Aziz Xudoyim, meni soqov qilgin [jim), Daxuga kelmasligim uchun").[12]

Chapdagi haqiqiy kontsentratsion lager bilan Dachau majmuasining aerofotosurati

Lager rejasi va qurilish rejalari tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Komendant Teodor Eick va keyingi barcha lagerlarga tatbiq etildi. Uning qo'mondonlik markazi yonida yashash joylari, ma'muriyat va armiya lagerlaridan tashkil topgan alohida xavfsiz lageri bor edi. Eicke barcha kontsentratsion lagerlarning bosh inspektori bo'lib, boshqalarni uning namunasiga ko'ra tartibga solish uchun javobgardir.[13]

Dachau majmuasi mahbuslar lagerini o'z ichiga olgan bo'lib, u taxminan 5 gektar maydonni va SS o'quv maktabining ancha katta maydonini, shu jumladan baraklarni, fabrikalarni va 20 gektar atrofdagi boshqa ob'ektlarni o'z ichiga olgan.[14]

Mahbuslar foydalanadigan kirish eshigida "Arbeit macht frei" iborasi bor (yoqilgan '"Ish ozod qiladi"' yoki "Ish [birini] bepul qiladi"; kontekstli inglizcha tarjimasi: "Ish sizni ozod qiladi"). Ushbu ibora ham ishlatilgan Theresienstadt,[15] yaqin Praga va Osvensim I.

Lager qo'mondoni 1933 yilgi Rojdestvo yaqinidagi avf etish harakati doirasida ozod qilinadigan mahbuslarga nutq so'zlamoqda.

Dachau fashistlar rejimining deyarli barcha o'n ikki yillik faoliyati davomida 1933 yil martdan 1945 yil aprelgacha eng uzoq vaqt ishlagan kontsentratsion lager edi. Dachauning Gitler hokimiyatga kelgan va u joylashgan Myunxenga yaqinligi Natsistlar partiyasi rasmiy shtab-kvartirasi bo'lgan, Dachauni qulay joyga aylantirgan. 1933 yildan 1938 yilgacha mahbuslar asosan siyosiy sabablarga ko'ra hibsga olingan Germaniya fuqarolari edi. Keyin Reyxspogromnacht yoki Kristallnaxt, 30,000 erkak yahudiy fuqarolari kontsentratsion lagerlarga deportatsiya qilindi. Ularning 10 mingdan ortig'i faqat Dachau shahrida internirlangan. Nemis harbiylari boshqa Evropa davlatlarini ishg'ol qilar ekan, Evropaning turli burchaklaridagi fuqarolar konslagerlarga jo'natildi. Keyinchalik, lager Uchinchi Reyx kuchlari tomonidan ishg'ol qilingan har bir millatdan har xil turdagi mahbuslar uchun ishlatilgan.[16]:137

Urushdan keyingi yillarda lager foydalanishda davom etdi. 1945 yildan 1948 yilgacha lager lager tomonidan ishlatilgan Ittifoqchilar sudni kutayotgan SS zobitlari uchun qamoqxona sifatida. 1948 yildan so'ng, yuz minglab etnik nemislar Sharqiy Evropadan quvib chiqarilganda, Chexoslovakiyadagi nemislarni ular joylashguncha ushlab turdilar. Shuningdek, u AQShda harbiy baza bo'lib xizmat qildi, bu mamlakatda kuchlarini saqlab qoldi. 1960 yilda yopilgan. Tirik qolganlarning talabiga binoan bu erda turli xil yodgorliklar qurilib o'rnatildi.[16]:138

Ikki Dachau krematoriyasi

Demografik statistika turlicha, ammo ular bir xil umumiy diapazonda. Tarix, ehtimol, buzilishlar sababli qancha odam internatda bo'lganini yoki o'lganligini hech qachon bilmaydi. Bir manbada Uchinchi Reyx yillarida 30 dan ortiq mamlakatlardan 200,000 mahbuslarning umumiy taxminlari keltirilgan, ulardan uchdan ikki qismi siyosiy mahbuslar, shu qatorda ko'plab katolik ruhoniylari va qariyb uchdan bir qismi yahudiylardir. 25613 mahbus lagerda va yana 10 000 uning subkamplarida o'lgan deb ishoniladi,[17] birinchi navbatda kasallik, to'yib ovqatlanmaslik va o'z joniga qasd qilish. 1944 yil oxirida a tifus lagerda sanitariya holati va odamlarning haddan tashqari ko'pligi tufayli kelib chiqqan epidemiya, bu 15000 dan ortiq o'limga olib keldi.[18] Buning ortidan evakuatsiya bo'lib, unda ko'plab mahbuslar vafot etdi. Urushning oxiriga kelib, lagerga va u erdan o'lim yurishlari ko'plab ro'yxatdan o'tmagan mahbuslarning o'limiga sabab bo'ldi. Ozodlikdan so'ng, ochlik sharoitida sog'ayib ketishdan mahrum bo'lgan mahbuslar o'lishni davom ettirdilar.[19] "Qo'rqinchli qora tifus" ning ikki ming holati allaqachon 3-maygacha aniqlangan va AQShning ettinchi armiyasi "lagerdagi dahshatli sharoitlarni yumshatish uchun kechayu kunduz ishlagan".[20] Tifus bilan kasallangan mahbuslar, inkubatsiya davri 12 dan 18 kungacha bo'lgan davrda, yuqumli kasalliklar bilan kasallanganlar, 116-evakuatsiya kasalxonasida davolangan, 127-kasalxonada esa boshqa kasalliklar bo'yicha umumiy kasalxona bo'ladi. 127 tomonidan parvarish qilingan 2252 bemor orasida 227 hujjatlashtirilgan o'lim bor edi.[19]

KZ Dachau shahrining sobiq mahbuslari operatsiyani qayta tiklashmoqda krematorium murdani tandirlardan biriga qarab itarish orqali.[21]

12 yil davomida kontsentratsion lager sifatida foydalanish paytida Dachau ma'muriyati 206 206 mahbusni qabul qilganligini va 31 951 kishining o'limini qayd etdi. Krematoriya marhumni yo'q qilish uchun qurilgan. Endi mehmonlar binolar bo'ylab yurib, ko'plab o'lim dalillarini yashirgan jasadlarni yoqish uchun ishlatiladigan pechlarni ko'rishlari mumkin. Ta'kidlanishicha, 1942 yilda zaiflashgan ahvolda bo'lgan 3166 dan ortiq mahbuslar ko'chirilgan Xartxaym qal'asi yaqin Linz va zaharli gaz bilan qatl etildi, chunki ular yaroqsiz deb topildi.[16]:137[22]

Gaz kamerasi. Hech qachon ishlatilmagan.
Qamoqxona kamerasi ichida

1945 yil yanvar-aprel oylari orasida AQSh armiyasining 1945 yildagi hisobotiga ko'ra KZ Dachauda 11.560 mahbus vafot etdi,[23] Dachau ma'muriyati shu davrda lagerda tifusdan 12.596 ta o'limni qayd etgan bo'lsa ham.[18]

Dachau Britaniya yoki Amerika ittifoqchilari kuchlari tomonidan ozod qilingan uchinchi kontslager edi.[24]

Tarix

Tashkilot

1933 yil 9 martda Bavariyani egallab olganidan so'ng, Geynrix Ximmler, keyin Politsiya boshlig'i Myunxenda foydalanilmaydigan porox va o'q-dorilar fabrikasi ma'muriyati bilan gaplasha boshladi. U qamoqdagi qamoqdagi mahbuslarni kvartallashtirish uchun ishlatilishini bilish uchun saytni aylanib chiqdi. Dachaudagi kontsentratsion lager 1933 yil 22-martda 200 ga yaqin mahbuslar kelishi bilan ochilgan Stadelxaym qamoqxonasi Myunxen va Landsberg qal'asi (qayerda Gitler yozgan edi Mein Kampf qamoq paytida).[25] Himmler e'lon qildi Myunxner Noyesten Nachrichten lagerda 5000 kishigacha bo'lgan odam borligini aytgan gazeta va uni Germaniyada tinchlikni tiklash uchun ishlatilgan "siyosiy mahbuslar uchun birinchi kontslager" deb ta'riflagan.[26] Bu birinchi doimiy bo'ldi kontslager Milliy sotsialistik nemis ishchi partiyasi (fashistlar partiyasi) va Germaniya milliy xalq partiyasi (1933 yil 6-iyulda tarqatib yuborilgan).

Yahova Shohidlari, gomoseksuallar va muhojirlar ning 1935 yil o'tgandan keyin Dachauga jo'natildi Nürnberg qonunlari qaysi irqiy kamsitishni institutsionalizatsiya qilgan.[27] 1937 yil boshida SS mahbuslar mehnatidan foydalangan holda 6000 mahbusni ushlab turishga qodir bo'lgan katta majmua qurishni boshladi. Qurilish rasman 1938 yil avgust oyining o'rtalarida yakunlandi.[13] Qo'shib olinganidan keyin ko'proq siyosiy muxoliflar va 11000 dan ortiq nemis va avstriyalik yahudiylar lagerga jo'natildilar Avstriya va Sudetland 1938 yilda. Sinti va Roma 1939 yilda yuzlab lagerga, 1940 yilda Polshadan 13000 dan ortiq mahbuslar lagerga yuborilgan.[27][28] Vakillari Xalqaro Qizil Xoch qo'mitasi 1935 va 1938 yillarda lagerni tekshirgan va og'ir sharoitlarni hujjatlashtirgan.[29]

Geynrix Ximmler (mahbus yonida, o'ng tomonda) 1936 yil 8 mayda Dachau kontsentratsiyasini tekshirmoqda.

Birinchi o'lim 1933 yil: tergov

Dachau lagerini nazorat qiluvchi Bavariya politsiyasini to'ldirish uchun SSga topshirilgandan ko'p o'tmay, Dachau shahrida mahbuslarning o'limi to'g'risida birinchi xabarlar paydo bo'ldi. 1933 yil aprelda, Jozef Xartinger, Bavariya Adliya vazirligi rasmiysi va shifokor Moritz Flamm, yarim kunlik tibbiy ekspertiza, o'lim holatini Bavyera jinoyat kodeksiga muvofiq tekshirish uchun lagerga keldi.[30] Ular jasadlardagi jarohatlar va o'lim haqidagi lager soqchilarining hisob-kitoblari o'rtasida juda ko'p nomuvofiqlikni qayd etdilar. Bir necha oy davomida Xartinger va Flamm qotillikning aniq dalillarini topdilar va ayblovlar hujjatini tuzdilar. Xilmar Vekkerle, Dachau SS komendanti, Verner Nürnbergk lager shifokori va lagerning bosh ma'muri Yozef Mutzbauer (Kanzleiobersekretär1933 yil iyun oyida Xartinger ishni yuqori lavozimga, Bavariya davlat prokuroriga taqdim etdi. Karl Vintersberger. Dastlab tergovni qo'llab-quvvatlagan Vintersberger SSning ta'siri ostida tobora ko'payib borayotgan ayblov xulosasini Adliya vazirligiga topshirishni istamay qoldi. Xartinger hujjat ko'lamini to'rtta aniq holatga qisqartirdi va Vintersberger imzo chekdi, avval Himmlerga xushmuomalalik to'g'risida xabar berdi. Dauudagi qotilliklar to'satdan to'xtab qoldi (vaqtincha), Vekkerl Shtutgartga ko'chirildi va uning o'rnini egalladi Teodor Eick. Ayblov xulosasi va tegishli dalillar Bavariya Adliya vaziri Xans Frankning idorasiga etib bordi, ammo Gauleiter tomonidan ushlandi. Adolf Vagner va faqat AQSh armiyasi kashf etish uchun stolga yopilgan.[31]1934 yilda Xartinger ham, Uintersberger ham viloyat lavozimlariga o'tkazildi. Doktor Flamm endi tibbiy ko'rikdan o'tkazilmadi va xuddi shu yili uning shubhali o'limidan oldin hayotidagi ikki urinishdan omon qolishi kerak edi. Xartigerning ayblov xulosasida Flammning to'liq to'plangan va hujjatlashtirilgan dalillari 1947 yilda Nürnberg sudida katta fashistlarning sudlanganligiga erishishini ta'minladi. Vintersbergerning sherikligi xatti-harakati o'zining dalillarida tasdiqlangan Pohl sinovi.[32]

Majburiy mehnat

Germaniya kontslagerlari: Osvensim, Oranienburg, Mauthauzen va Dachau "Polsha Oq kitobi ", Nyu-York (1941).

Dachau kontsentratsion lagerining mahbuslari dastlab o'q-dorilar fabrikasida majburiy mehnat sifatida xizmat qilishlari va lagerni kengaytirishlari kerak edi. Bu o'quv markazi sifatida ishlatilgan SS-Totenkopfverbände soqchilar va boshqa kontsentratsion lagerlar uchun namuna bo'lgan.[33] Lager to'rtburchaklar shaklida taxminan 300 m × 600 m (1000 fut × 2000 fut) edi. Mahbuslarning kirish joyi "degan shior bilan temir eshik bilan himoyalangan.Arbeit macht frei "(" Mehnat sizni ozod qiladi "). Bu kontsentratsion lagerlarni mehnat va qayta tarbiyalash lagerlari bo'lgan natsistlar tashviqotini aks ettirdi. Bu ularning asl maqsadi edi, ammo tez orada asosiy e'tibor majburiy mehnatni qiynoqqa solish usuli sifatida ishlatishga qaratildi. qotillik.[34] Dastlabki shior darvozalarda qoldirildi.

1938 yildan boshlab, yangi kelganlarni qabul qilish tartibi Shubraum, bu erda mahbuslar kiyimlarini va mollarini topshirishlari kerak edi.[35]:61 Lyuksemburgiyalik sobiq mahbuslardan biri Albert Tsis xona haqida fikr yuritib: "U erda biz barcha kiyimlarimizni echib tashladik. Hamma narsani topshirish kerak edi: pul, uzuk, soat. Biri endi yalang'och edi".[36]

Lager tarkibiga ma'muriy bino kirgan, u erda idoralar joylashgan Gestapo sud komissari, SS ma'muriyati, lager rahbari va uning o'rinbosarlari. Ushbu ma'muriy idoralar mahbuslarning shaxsiy narsalarini saqlash uchun katta omborxonalardan, bunkerdan, qo'riqchilar mahbuslarga (ayniqsa qochishga uringanlarga) jazo tayinlaydigan chaqiriq maydonidan, mahbuslar SS odamlarga sigaret va oziq-ovqat bilan xizmat qilgan oshxonadan iborat edi. , muzeyda tanadagi nuqsonlardan aziyat chekkan mahbuslarning gipsli tasvirlari, lager idorasi, kutubxona, kazarmalar va kasalxonalar mavjud bo'lib, ularda ilgari shifokorlar yoki armiya jarrohlari kabi kasblarni egallab olgan mahbuslar ishlagan.[37]

Barbarossa operatsiyasi

4000 dan ortiq Sovet harbiy asirlar joylashgan SS otish poligonida Dachau komendantining qo'riqchisi tomonidan o'ldirilgan Xebertshauzen 1941/1943 yillarda asosiy lagerdan ikki kilometr uzoqlikda.[38][39][40] Ushbu qotilliklar harbiy asirlar uchun Jeneva konvensiyasida belgilangan qoidalarning aniq buzilishi edi. SS kinetik atamani ishlatgan Sonderbehandlung Ushbu jinoiy ijrolar uchun ("maxsus davolash"). Sovet harbiy asirlarini Xebertshauzen otish poligonida birinchi qatl etish 1941 yil 25 noyabrda sodir bo'lgan.[41]

1942 yildan so'ng, lagerda muntazam ravishda ushlab turilgan mahbuslar soni 12000 kishidan oshdi.[42] Dachau dastlab 1933 yilda kommunistlar, etakchi sotsialistlar va boshqa "davlat dushmanlari" ni tutgan, ammo vaqt o'tishi bilan fashistlar nemis yahudiylarini lagerga jo'natishni boshladilar. Qamoqning dastlabki yillarida yahudiylarga, agar ular o'zlarining mol-mulklarini "ixtiyoriy ravishda" Gitlerning davlat xazinasini ko'paytirish uchun berishgan bo'lsa, chet elga ko'chib o'tishga ruxsat berish taklif qilingan.[42] Avstriya anneksiya qilingan va Chexoslovakiya mag'lubiyatga uchraganidan so'ng, ikkala mamlakat fuqarolari Daxovning navbatdagi mahbuslari bo'lishdi. 1940 yilda Dachau polshalik mahbuslar bilan to'ldirildi, ular Dauu rasmiy ravishda ozod bo'lgunga qadar mahbuslar aholisining ko'p qismini tashkil qildi.[43]

Jourhaus binosidagi mahbuslar lageri kirgan darvoza shiorlarni o'z ichiga oladi: Arbeit macht frei yoki "Ish sizni ozod qiladi".

Lagerdagi mahbuslar muhofazasi mahbuslarning qochib ketmasligi uchun qattiq qo'riqlangan. 3 metr kenglikdagi (10 fut) hech kim bo'lmagan er, mahbuslar uchun qamoqxonada birinchi belgi bo'lgan; kirish joyi qo'riqchi minoralaridan o'ldiradigan o'q otishiga olib keladigan maydon. Himoyachilar mahbuslarning kepkalarini bu erga uloqtirishgani ma'lum, natijada mahbuslar kepkalarni olishga urinishganda o'lgan. Umidsiz mahbuslar o'z joniga qasd qildi zonaga kirish orqali. Daryo bilan bog'langan to'rt metr chuqurlikdagi va kengligi sakkiz futli (1,2 × 2,4 m) soy Amper, g'arbiy tomonda "neytral zona" bilan elektr zaryadlangan va butun mahbuslar atrofini o'rab turgan tikanli simli to'siq.[44]

1944 yil avgustda Dachau ichida ayollar lageri ochildi. Urushning so'nggi oylarida Dachaudagi sharoit yomonlashdi. Ittifoqchi kuchlar Germaniya tomon siljiganida, nemislar mahbuslarni frontga yaqin joylashgan kontsentratsion lagerlardan markazlashgan lagerlarga ko'chirishni boshladilar. Ular ko'plab mahbuslarning ozod qilinishini oldini olishga umid qilishdi. Evakuatsiya qilingan lagerlardan transportlar doimiy ravishda Dachauga etib bordi. Oziq-ovqat yoki suvsiz yoki bir necha kunlik sayohatlardan so'ng, mahbuslar zaif va charchagan holda, ko'pincha o'limga yaqinlashdilar. Tifus epidemiyasi odamlarning haddan tashqari ko'pligi, yomon sanitariya sharoitlari, etarli darajada ta'minlanmaganligi va mahbuslarning ahvoli zaiflashishi natijasida jiddiy muammoga aylandi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Old tomondan bir necha marotaba olib o'tilgan transportlar tufayli lager doimiy ravishda haddan tashqari ko'p bo'lgan va gigiena sharoitlari inson qadr-qimmati ostida bo'lgan. 1944 yil oxiridan ozodlik kunigacha 15000 kishi vafot etdi, ya'ni KZ Dachau qamoqxonasida bo'lganlarning deyarli yarmi. Besh yuz sovet tutqunlari o'q otish bilan o'ldirildi. Ayollarning birinchi jo'natmasi Osvensim-Birkenau tomonidan yuborilgan.[45]

Oxirgi kunlar

1945 yil 19-aprelning o'zida mahbuslar KZ Dachauga yuborilgan; o'sha kuni yuk poezdi Byuxenvald 4500 ga yaqin Nammeringga yo'naltirildi. SS askarlari va politsiyasi mahalliy shahar aholisi mahbuslarga berishga harakat qilgan oziq-ovqat va suvni musodara qildi. Uch yuzga yaqin jasadni poezddan olib chiqib ketish va 400 metr (.25 milya) uzoqlikdagi jarlikka olib borish buyurilgan. Ushbu saytga o'liklarni olib borishga majbur bo'lgan 524 mahbus soqchilar tomonidan o'qqa tutildi va poezdda vafot etganlar bilan birga ko'mildi. Bunga 800 ga yaqin jasad kirdi ommaviy qabr.

"Ko'p ming kishilik qabr noma'lum."

Poyezd KZ Dachau tomon davom etdi.[46]

1945 yil aprel oyida AQSh qo'shinlari Bavyeraga chuqurroq kirib borganlarida, KZ Dachau qo'mondoni Himmlerga lagerni ittifoqchilarga topshirishni taklif qildi. Himmler imzolangan yozishmalarda bunday harakatni taqiqlab qo'ydi va "Hech bir mahbusga dushman qo'liga tiriklayin yo'l qo'ymaslik kerak" deb qo'shib qo'ydi.[47]

1945 yil 24 aprelda, AQSh qo'shinlari lagerga kelishidan bir necha kun oldin, komendant va kuchli qo'riqchi tirik qolgan 6000 dan 7000 gacha bo'lgan mahbuslarni o'lim yurishi Dachau dan janubgacha Evrosburg, keyin sharq tomon Tegernsi tomon; tomonidan Gitler o'limidan ikki kun o'tgach ozod qilingan a Nisey- millat AQSh armiyasining artilleriya batalyoni.[48] Olti kunlik yurishni ushlab tura olmagan har qanday mahbuslar otib tashlandi. Boshqa ko'plab odamlar charchoq, ochlik va ta'sirdan vafot etdi.[49] Bir necha oydan keyin a ommaviy qabr marshrutdan 1071 mahbus topilgan.[50][51]

Garchi ozodlik davrida o'lim darajasi kuniga 200 darajaga etgan bo'lsa-da, AQSh kuchlari tomonidan ozod qilinganidan keyin bu ko'rsatkich kuniga 50 dan 80 gacha bo'lgan o'limga tushib qoldi. SSni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri suiiste'mol qilish va og'ir sharoitlardan tashqari, odamlar tifus epidemiyasi va ochlikdan vafot etdilar. Mahbuslar soni 1944 yilda eng yuqori darajaga ko'tarilib, sharqdagi evakuatsiya qilingan lagerlardan (masalan, Osvensim) transport vositalari bilan ta'minlandi va natijada odamlarning ko'pligi o'lim darajasining oshishiga olib keldi.[52]

Asosiy lager

Maqsad

Yahudiy mahbuslarini chaqirish (kiyib yurish) Dovudning yulduzi nishonlar), 1938 yil 20-iyul

Dachau 1933 yil mart oyida ochilgan.[4] Ochilish marosimida berilgan matbuot bayonotida:

Chorshanba kuni Dachau shahrida 5000 kishiga mo'ljallangan birinchi kontsentratsion lager ochilishi kerak. 'Barcha kommunistlar va kerak bo'lganda -Reyxsbanner va Sotsial-demokratik davlat xavfsizligiga xavf tug'diradigan funktsiyalarni bu erda to'plash kerak, chunki uzoq muddatda ushbu qamoqxonalarni og'irlashtirmasdan alohida qamoqxonalarni davlat qamoqxonalarida ushlab turish mumkin emas va boshqa tomondan bu odamlarni ozod qilish mumkin emas, chunki urinishlar ularning davom etayotganligini ko'rsatdi ozodlikka chiqishi bilanoq ularni tashviqot qilish va uyushtirish harakatlarida.[53]

Lagerning ommaviy maqsadi nima bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar, 1933 yil 11 mayda u erga kelgan SS askarlari o'sha kuni Yoxan-Erasmus Freyherr fon Malsen-Ponikau nutqi bilan asl maqsadi haqida hech qanday tasavvurga ega emas edilar.[54]

SS o'rtoqlari!
Fyerer bizni nima qilishga da'vat etganini hammangiz bilasiz. Biz bu erga o'sha cho'chqalar bilan insoniy uchrashuvlar uchun kelganimiz yo'q. Biz ularni o'zimiz kabi odam emas, balki ikkinchi darajali odamlar deb bilamiz. Ko'p yillar davomida ular jinoiy mavjudligini davom ettirishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Ammo hozir biz hokimiyatdamiz. Agar o'sha cho'chqalar hokimiyatga kelganida, ular bizning barcha boshlarimizni kesib tashlashgan bo'lar edi. Shuning uchun bizda sentimentalizmga o'rin yo'q. Agar bu erda kimdir o'rtoqlarning qonini ko'rishga toqat qilmasa, u tegishli emas va ketishi kerak. Ushbu cho'chqa itlarini qancha ko'p ursak, shunchalik oz boqishimiz kerak.

1933-1945 yillarda 3,5 milliondan ortiq nemislar siyosiy sabablarga ko'ra bunday kontsentratsion lagerlarda yoki qamoqxonada qamoqqa olingan.[55][56][57] U yoki bu turdagi qarshilik uchun taxminan 77000 nemis o'ldirilgan Maxsus sudlar, harbiy sudlar va fuqarolik adliya tizimi. Ushbu nemislarning aksariyati hukumat, harbiy yoki fuqarolik lavozimlarida xizmat qilishgan, ular bu bilan shug'ullanishlari mumkin deb hisoblangan buzg'unchilik va fashistlarga qarshi fitna.[58]

Tashkilot

Lager ikki qismga bo'lingan: lager maydoni va krematorium. Lager hududi 32 barakdan iborat bo'lib, ulardan biri fashistlar rejimiga qarshi bo'lganligi uchun qamalgan ruhoniylar uchun va bittasi tibbiy tajribalar uchun ajratilgan. Qamoqxona va markaziy oshxona o'rtasidagi hovli ishlatilgan qisqacha ijro mahbuslar. Lager atrofini elektrlashtirilgan simli panjara, ariq va ettita qo'riqlash minorasi bo'lgan devor o'rab olgan.[13]

1945 yilda mahbuslar barakasi

1937 yil boshida SS mahbuslar mehnatidan foydalangan holda dastlabki lager bazasida katta binolar majmuasini qurishni boshladi. Qurilish rasman 1938 yil avgust oyining o'rtalarida tugatilgan va lager deyarli o'zgarmagan va 1945 yilgacha ishlagan. 1942 yilda lager yonida joylashgan, ammo to'g'ridan-to'g'ri kirish imkoniyati bo'lmagan krematoriya barpo etilgan. Shuning uchun KZ Dachau eng uzoq davom etgan Uchinchi Reyxning kontslageri. Dachau majmuasi kontsentratsion lagerdan tashqari boshqa SS inshootlarini ham o'z ichiga olgan - iqtisodiy va davlat xizmatining etakchi maktabi, SSning tibbiyot maktabi va boshqalar. O'sha paytdagi lager "qo'riqlash lageri" deb nomlangan va ularning yarmidan kamini egallagan. butun majmuaning maydoni.[13]

Tibbiy eksperiment

Yuzlab mahbuslar KZ Dachau shahrida o'tkazilgan tibbiy tajribalarda azob chekishgan va o'lishgan yoki o'ldirilganlar Zigmund Rascher mas'ul edi. Gipotermiya tajribalari muzli suvga solingan idishlar ta'sirida yoki muzlash haroratida ochiq havoda bog'lab qo'yilgan. Mavzularni qayta tiklashga urinishlar orasida cho'milish vannalari va yalang'och ayollarni hushidan ketgan qurbon bilan muomala qilishga majbur qilish bor edi. Ushbu tajribalar davomida 100 ga yaqin mahbus vafot etdi.[59] Tajribalarning asl yozuvlari "vahshiylikni yashirish maqsadida" yo'q qilindi.[a][60]

Tergovchilar o'rtasida keng aloqa va Geynrix Ximmler, SS boshlig'i, tajribalarni hujjatlashtiradi.[61]

1942 yil davomida baland balandlikdagi tajribalar o'tkazildi. Jabrlanganlar 4,300 metr (14,100 fut) balandlikdagi bosim va tezkor spazmodik konvulsiyalar tufayli tezkor dekompressiyaga duch kelishdi, agonal nafas olish va oxir oqibat o'lim.[62]

Demografiya

Dastlab lager nemis va avstriyalik siyosiy mahbuslar va yahudiylarni saqlash uchun mo'ljallangan edi, ammo 1935 yilda u oddiy jinoyatchilar uchun ham ishlatila boshlandi. Lager ichida ikki guruh mahbuslar o'rtasida keskin bo'linish bo'lgan; u erda siyosiy sabablarga ko'ra bo'lganlar va shuning uchun qizil yorliq kiyganlar va yashil yorliq kiygan jinoyatchilar.[52] Natsistlar partiyasi siyosati yoki Gitler bilan kelishmovchiliklari sababli u erda bo'lgan siyosiy mahbuslar, tabiiyki, o'zlarini jinoyatchi deb hisoblamaydilar. Dachau nasroniylar uchun asosiy lager sifatida ishlatilgan (asosan katolik)[63] fashistlar partiyasi yo'nalishiga mos kelmasligi uchun qamalgan ruhoniylar.[iqtibos kerak ]

Dachaudagi polshalik mahbuslar lagerdan ozod bo'lganlariga tost aytdilar. Urush paytida qutblar lagerdagi eng katta etnik guruhni tashkil etgan, keyin ruslar, frantsuzlar, yugoslavlar, yahudiylar va chexlar.

Urush paytida unga boshqa fuqarolar, shu jumladan frantsuzlar ko'chirilgan; 1940 yilda polyaklar; 1941 yilda Bolqon, Chexiya, Yugoslavlardan kelgan odamlar; va 1942 yilda ruslar.[52]

Mahkumlar toifalarga bo'lingan. Dastlab ular o'zlari ayblanayotgan jinoyatning alomatlari bo'yicha tasniflangan, ammo oxir-oqibat lagerga odam yuborilgan ma'muriyatning o'ziga xos turi bo'yicha tasniflangan.[64]:53 Tomonidan hibsga olingan siyosiy mahbuslar Gestapo qizil nishonni, Jinoyat ishlari bo'yicha sud tomonidan yuborilgan "professional" jinoyatchilar yashil nishonni kiyishgan, Cri-Po mahbuslari tomonidan hibsga olingan jinoiy politsiya jigarrang nishoni, ijtimoiy ish organlari yoki Gestapo tomonidan yuborilgan "ishdan uyaladigan va asotsial" odamlar qora nishonni kiyishgan, Yahova Shohidlari Gestapo tomonidan hibsga olingan binafsha rangli nishonda, jinoiy sudlar tomonidan yuborilgan gomoseksuallar pushti nishonda, Gestapo tomonidan hibsga olingan emigrantlar ko'k nishonda, jinoyat ishlari bo'yicha sud tomonidan hibsga olingan "irqni ifloslantiruvchilar" yoki Gestapo qora konturli nishonlarda, ikkinchisi - Gestapo tomonidan hibsga olingan termerlar o'zlarining nishonlari rangiga mos barda, "ahmoqlar" yorlig'i bilan oq bilaguzukda edilar Blod (Ahmoq) va Dachau kontsentratsion lagerida qamoqqa olinishi ortgan yahudiylar Kristallnaxt, boshqa rang bilan birlashtirilib, sariq nishon kiyib olgan.[64]:54–69

Urush paytida lagerdagi o'rtacha nemislar soni 3000 edi. Ozodlikdan oldin ko'plab nemis mahbuslari evakuatsiya qilingan, ammo evakuatsiya paytida ushbu nemislarning 2000 nafari vafot etgan. Evakuatsiya qilingan mahbuslar orasida taniqli siyosiy va diniy arboblar ham bor edi Martin Nemöller, Kurt fon Shuschnigg, Eduard Daladiyer, Leon Blum, Frants Xolder va Xyalmar Shaxt.[52]

Ruhoniylar

Asosiy maqola: Dachau kontsentratsion lageridagi ruhoniy kazarmalari
Ruhoniy Fridrix Xofman lagerning sobiq xodimlari va Dauudan kelgan mahbuslar sudida guvohlik beradi. Uning qo'lida u yuzlab ruhoniylarning fashistlarning tibbiy tajribalari paytida bezgakka duchor bo'lganidan keyin lagerda vafot etganligini ko'rsatadigan yozuvlarni saqlaydi.

Ma'naviy qarshilik kuchi va ta'siriga qarshi kurashish maqsadida natsistlar xavfsizlik xizmatlari ruhoniylarni diqqat bilan kuzatib borishdi.[65]:141–2 Ruhoniylarni tez-tez qoralash, hibsga olish va kontsentratsion lagerlarga jo'natish, ko'pincha "davlatga dushmanlik qilganlikda gumon qilinish" yoki "uning muomalalari jamiyatga zarar etkazishi mumkin" deb taxmin qilish uchun asos bo'lgan.[65]:142 SS diniy marosimlarga qarshi bo'lgan dushmanligiga qaramay, Vatikan va Germaniya yepiskoplari ruhoniylarni bitta lagerga to'plash uchun rejimni muvaffaqiyatli lobbilar va ruhoniylarning jamoat yashashlari va ularga diniy va intellektual faoliyat uchun vaqt ajratilishi uchun ibodatxonani qurish uchun ruxsat olishdi. . Ruhoniylar kazarmalari Dachau da vaqtincha bo'lsa ham, 26, 28 va 30-bloklarda tashkil etilgan. 26 tasi xalqaro blokga aylandi va 28 tasi eng ko'p sonli guruh bo'lgan polshaliklarga tegishli bo'ldi.[65]:145–6

Dachau qamoqxonasida saqlanayotgan 2720 ruhoniydan[63] aksariyat 2579 kishi (yoki 94,88%) katolik edi. Boshqa konfessiyalar orasida 109 protestant, 22 yunon pravoslav, 8 qadimgi katolik va Mariavit va 2 musulmon bor edi. Uning ichida Dachau: Rasmiy tarix 1933-1945 yillarPol Berben R. Shnabelning 1966 yildagi tergovi, Die Frommen in der Hölle ("Do'zaxdagi taqvodorlar") muqobil ravishda jami 2771 ta topdi va barcha ruhoniylarning taqdirini o'z ichiga oldi, ularning 692 nafari marhum deb qayd etilgan va 336 nafari "yaroqsiz poyezdlar" ga jo'natilgan va shu sababli o'lik deb taxmin qilingan.[65]:276–277 Dachauga 400 dan ortiq nemis ruhoniylari yuborilgan.[66] Qamoqqa olinganlarning umumiy sonini tasdiqlash qiyin, chunki ba'zi ruhoniylar lager ma'murlari tomonidan bunday deb tan olinmagan, ba'zilari, xususan polshaliklar, ularga nisbatan yomon munosabatda bo'lishlaridan qo'rqib, o'zlarini bu kabi aniqlashni xohlamaganlar.[65]:157

Natsistlar irqiy iyerarxiyani joriy qilishdi - polyaklarni og'ir sharoitlarda saqlash, shu bilan birga nemis ruhoniylarini qo'llab-quvvatlash.[65]:148 1941 yilning dekabrida 697 polshaliklar kelgan, kelasi yilning oktyabr oyida yana 500 nafar keksa ruhoniylar olib kelingan. Qattiq sovuq uchun etarli darajada kiyinmagan ushbu guruhdan atigi 82 kishi omon qoldi. Natsistlarning tibbiy tajribalari uchun ko'plab Polsha ruhoniylari tanlangan. 1942 yil noyabr oyida 20 ga berildi flegmonalar. 1942 yil iyuldan 1944 yil maygacha bo'lgan davrda doktor Shilling bezgak tajribasi uchun foydalangan. Bir necha polyaklar o'limini lagerdan yuborilgan "yaroqsiz poezdlar" bilan kutib olishgan, boshqalari lagerda tugatilgan va ularga soxta o'lim guvohnomalari berilgan. Ba'zilar yomon xatti-harakatlar uchun shafqatsiz jazodan o'lishgan - o'ldirish uchun kaltaklanganlar yoki charchashgan.[65]:148–9

Xodimlar

Dachau "Himoyachilik qamoqxonasi" lageriga kelgan SS soqchilari 1933 yil 27-may (Surat: Fridrix Franz Bauer)

Lager xodimlari asosan 19 yoshdan iborat erkak SSdan iborat edi ayol soqchilar Dachauda ham xizmat qilgan, ularning aksariyati ozodlikka qadar.[67] O'n olti kishi, shu jumladan Fanni Baur, Leopoldin Bittermann, Ernestin Brenner, Anna Bak, Roza Dolasko, Mariya Eder, Roza Grassmann, Betti Xannesaleger, Rut Elfrid Xildner, Xosefa Keller, Berta Kimplinger, Lizelotte Klaudat, Tereziya Kopp, Rozali Leymbek va Teya Miesl.[68] Ayollar qo'riqchilari, shuningdek, Augsburg Mishelwerke, Burgau, Kaufering, Mühldorf va Myunxen Agfa kameralari Werke subkampalari. 1945 yil aprel oyining o'rtalarida Kaufering, Augsburg va Myunxendagi ayol subkamplar yopildi va SS ayollarni Dachauga joylashtirdi. Bir necha Norvegiyaliklar Dachau lagerida qo'riqchi bo'lib ishladilar.[69]

Dachau harbiy jinoyatlar bo'yicha katta ishda (Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Martin Gottfrid Vayss va boshqalarga qarshi.), 1945 yil noyabrdan dekabrga qadar Dachau qirq ikki mansabdor shaxslari sud qilindi. Ularning barchasi aybdor deb topildi - sudlanuvchilarning o'ttiz oltitasi 1945 yil 13 dekabrda o'limga hukm qilindi, ulardan 23 nafari 1946 yil 28-29 may kunlari osib o'ldirildi, shu jumladan komendant, SS-Obersturmbannführer Martin Gottfrid Vayss, SS-Obersturmführer Freidrix Vilgelm Ruppert va lager shifokorlari Karl Shilling va Fritz Xintermeyer.[70] Lager komendanti Vayss o'z ma'muriyati davrida Dachaudagi o'limlarning aksariyati "tus, sil, dizenteriya, pnevmoniya, plevrit va tanadagi zaiflik tufayli oziq-ovqat etishmovchiligi" tufayli sodir bo'lganligini tasdiqlash guvohligida tan oldi. Uning guvohligi, shuningdek, otishma, osish va tibbiy eksperimentlar natijasida o'lganligini tan oldi.[71][72][73] Ruppert Dachau asosiy va subkamplaridagi son-sanoqsiz mahbuslarning o'limiga buyruq berdi va nazorat qildi, deyiladi harbiy jinoyatlar bo'yicha komissiyaning rasmiy sud protokolida. U osilganlar, otilganlar va o'ldiradigan ukollar to'g'risida guvohlik bergan, ammo har qanday o'lim uchun to'g'ridan-to'g'ri javobgarlikni tan olmagan.[74] Gollandiyalik noma'lum mahbus bu inglizlarga qarshi chiqdi Maxsus operatsiyalar ijro etuvchi (SOE) agenti Nur Inayat Xon SS xodimi tomonidan shafqatsiz kaltaklangan Vilgelm Ruppert orqadan otishdan oldin; kaltaklash uning o'limining haqiqiy sababi bo'lishi mumkin.[75]

Sun'iy yo'ldosh lagerlari va sub-lagerlari

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Dachau subkamplarining ro'yxati

Dachau boshchiligidagi sun'iy yo'ldosh lagerlari 1944 yil yozida va kuzida Germaniyaning janubiy qismidagi qurol-aslaha fabrikalari yonida urush ishlab chiqarishni ko'paytirish uchun tashkil etilgan. Birgina Dachau shahrida 30 dan ortiq katta va yuzlab kichik subkamplar bo'lgan,[76] unda 30 mingdan ortiq mahbuslar deyarli faqat qurol-yarog 'ustida ishladilar.[77]

Umuman, Dachau kontsentratsion lager tizimiga 1943 yilda Dachau mahbuslarining majburiy mehnatidan foydalanish uchun asosiy lager yonida fabrikalar qurilgan paytda tashkil etilgan 123 ta kichik lagerlar va Kommandolar kiradi. 123 ta sub-lagerlardan ularning o'n biri Kaufering deb nomlangan bo'lib, ularning har birining oxirida raqamlar bilan ajralib turardi. Barcha Kaufering sub-lagerlari uchta er osti fabrikasini qurish uchun tashkil etilgan (ittifoqchilar tomonidan uyushtirilgan bombardimon hujumlari ularning er osti bo'lishini talab qildi) deb nomlangan loyiha uchun. Ringeltaube (yog'och kaptar), bu erda Germaniyaning Messerschmitt Me 262 reaktiv qiruvchi samolyoti qurilishi rejalashtirilgan. Urushning so'nggi kunlarida, 1945 yil aprelda, Kaufering lagerlari evakuatsiya qilindi va 15 mingga yaqin mahbuslar asosiy Dachau lageriga jo'natildi. Faqatgina Tifus 1944 yil dekabridan 1945 yil apreligacha 15000 kishining o'limiga sabab bo'lgan deb taxmin qilingan.[78][79] "Amerika qo'shinlari kelganidan keyingi birinchi oy ichida 10 000 mahbus to'yib ovqatlanmaslik va qarindoshlar kasalliklari bilan davolangan. Shunga qaramay, birinchi oy davomida har kuni yuz mahbus tifus, dizenteriya yoki umumiy zaiflikdan vafot etdi".[72]

AQSh armiyasi qo'shinlari Dachau sub-lageriga yaqinlashganda Landsberg 1945 yil 27 aprelda mas'ul SS xodimi 4000 mahbusni o'ldirishni buyurdi. Kulbalarining derazalari va eshiklari mixlangan. Keyin binolar benzin bilan to'kilgan va olovga qo'yilgan. Yalang'och yoki deyarli shunday mahbuslar yoqib yuborilgan, ba'zilari esa o'lishdan oldin binolardan chiqib ketishga muvaffaq bo'lishgan. O'sha kunning boshida, Wehrmacht qo'shinlari Landsberg am Lechdan chiqib ketayotganda, shahar aholisi derazalariga oq choyshablarni osib qo'yishdi. G'azablangan SS qo'shinlari nemis fuqarolarini uylaridan sudrab olib, daraxtlarga osib qo'yishdi.[80][81]

Ozodlik

Dachau o'lim poezdidagi jasadlar
SS erkaklar General bilan maslahatlashadi Xenning Linden (dubulg'ali odam, o'ng tomoniga qarab) lagerni ozod qilish paytida (1945 yil 29 aprel)
Dauudagi ayol mahbuslar ozodlik beruvchilarga qo'l siltadilar

Asosiy lager

Ittifoqchilar fashistlar Germaniyasiga o'tishni boshlaganlarida, SS 1944 yil yozida birinchi kontslagerlarni evakuatsiya qilishni boshladi.[35] Minglab mahbuslar evakuatsiya qilinishidan oldin kasal yoki yura olmasliklari sababli o'ldirilgan. 1944 yil oxirida lagerlarning haddan tashqari ko'pligi mahbuslarga zarar etkaza boshladi. Gigienik sharoit va oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini etkazib berish halokatli bo'lib qoldi. Noyabr oyida minglab odamlarning hayotiga zomin bo'lgan toshma epidemiyasi tarqaldi.[35]

Evakuatsiyaning ikkinchi bosqichida, 1945 yil aprel oyida, Gimmler qolgan lagerlar uchun to'g'ridan-to'g'ri evakuatsiya yo'llarini berdi. Germaniyaning shimoliy qismidan bo'lgan mahbuslar cho'ktirish uchun Boltiq va Shimoliy dengiz sohillariga yo'naltirilishi kerak edi. Janubiy qismdagi mahbuslar SSning Ittifoqchilarga qarshi turishni istagan joyi bo'lgan Alp tog'larida to'planishi kerak edi.[35] 1945 yil 28 aprelda Dachau shahrida qurolli qo'zg'olon bo'lib o'tdi. Ham sobiq, ham qochib ketgan konslager mahbuslari, hamda raddiya Volkssturm (fuqarolik militsiyasi) kompaniyasi ishtirok etdi. Ertalab soat 8:30 atrofida isyonchilar shahar zali ishg'ol qilindi. SS bir necha soat ichida qo'zg'olonni dahshatli tarzda bostirdi.[35]

Germaniya Ikkinchi Jahon Urushida mag'lub bo'lish arafasida ekanligini yaxshi bilgan SS, o'z vaqtini kontsentratsion lagerlarda sodir etgan jinoyatlarining dalillarini olib tashlashga sarfladi. Ular 1945 yil aprelida ayblov dalillarini yo'q qilishni boshladilar va "Wolke A-I" (Cloud A-1) va "Wolkenbrand" (Bulutli olov) kodlari nomlari yordamida mahbuslarni o'ldirishni rejalashtirdilar.[82] Biroq, bu rejalar amalga oshirilmadi. Aprel oyi o'rtalarida lagerni evakuatsiya qilish rejasi mahbuslarni Tirolga yuborish bilan boshlandi. 26 aprelda 10000 dan ortiq mahbuslar Dachau kontslageridan piyoda, poyezdlarda yoki yuk mashinalarida ketishga majbur bo'ldilar. Taxminan 7000 mahbusdan iborat eng katta guruh janub tomon bir necha kun davom etgan piyoda marsh bilan haydab chiqarilgan. Ushbu yurishdan 1000 dan ortiq mahbus omon qolmadi. The evacuation transports cost many thousands of prisoners their lives.[35]

On 26 April 1945 prisoner Karl Riemer fled the Dachau concentration camp to get help from American troops and on 28 April Victor Maurer, a representative of the International Red Cross, negotiated an agreement to surrender the camp to U.S. troops. That night a secretly formed International Prisoners Committee took over the control of the camp. Units of 3rd Battalion, 157th Infantry Regiment, 45th Infantry Division, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Feliks L. Sparks, were ordered to secure the camp. On 29 April Sparks led part of his battalion as they entered the camp over a side wall.[83] Taxminan bir vaqtning o'zida, Brigada generali Xenning Linden olib keldi 222-piyoda polki ning 42-chi (kamalak) piyoda diviziyasi soldiers including his aide, Lieutenant William Cowling,[84] to accept the formal surrender of the camp from German Lieutenant Heinrich Wicker at an entrance between the camp and the compound for the SS garrison. Linden was traveling with Margerit Xiggins and other reporters; as a result, Linden's detachment generated international headlines by accepting the surrender of the camp. More than 30,000 Jews and political prisoners were freed, and since 1945 adherents of the 42nd and 45th Division versions of events have argued over which unit was the first to liberate Dachau.[35]:201[85]:283[86][87][88]

Satellite camps liberation

The first Dachau subcamp discovered by advancing Allied forces was Kaufering IV tomonidan 12-zirhli diviziya 1945 yil 27 aprelda.[89][90] Subcamps liberated by the 12th Armored Division included: Erpting, Schrobenhausen, Shvabing, Langerringen, Turkxaym, Laellingen, Shvaxax, Germering.[91]

German civilians forced to bury Kaufering IV victims

During the liberation of the sub-camps surrounding Dachau, advance scouts of the U.S. Army's 522-dala artilleriya batalyoni, a segregated battalion consisting of Nisey, 2-avlod Yapon-amerikaliklar, liberated the 3,000 prisoners of the "Kaufering IV Hurlach "[92] slave labor camp.[93] Perisco describes an Strategik xizmatlar idorasi (OSS) team (code name LUXE) leading Army Intelligence to a "Camp IV" on 29 April. "They found the camp afire and a stack of some four hundred bodies burning ... American soldiers then went into Landsberg and rounded up all the male civilians they could find and marched them out to the camp. The former commandant was forced to lie amidst a pile of corpses. The male population of Landsberg was then ordered to walk by, and ordered to spit on the commandant as they passed. The commandant was then turned over to a group of liberated camp survivors".[94] The 522nd's personnel later discovered the survivors of o'lim yurishi[95] headed generally southwards from the Dachau main camp to Evrosburg, then eastwards towards the Austrian border on 2 May, just west of the town of Vaakirxen.[96][97]

Weather at the time of liberation was unseasonably cool and temperatures trended down through the first two days of May; on 2 May, the area received a snowstorm with 10 centimetres (4 in) of snow at nearby Munich.[98] Proper clothing was still scarce and film footage from the time (as seen in Urushdagi dunyo ) shows naked, gaunt people either wandering on snow or dead under it.

Due to the number of sub-camps over a large area that comprised the Dachau concentration camp complex, many Allied units have been officially recognized by the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining harbiy tarix markazi va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Holokost yodgorlik muzeyi as liberating units of Dachau, including:the 4-piyoda diviziyasi, 36-piyoda diviziyasi, 42-piyoda diviziyasi, 45-piyoda diviziyasi, 63-piyoda diviziyasi, 99-piyoda diviziyasi, 103-piyoda diviziyasi, 10-zirhli diviziya, 12-zirhli diviziya, 14th Armored Division, 20-zirhli diviziya, va 101-havo-desant diviziyasi.[99]

Killing of camp guards

Asosiy maqola: Dachau ozodlik repressiyalari
Photograph allegedly showing an unauthorized execution of SS troops in a coal yard in the area of the Dachau concentration camp during its liberation—part of the Dachau ozodlik repressiyalari. 29 April 1945 (AQSh armiyasi fotosurat)[b]

American troops killed some of the camp guards after they had surrendered. The number is disputed as some were killed in combat, some while attempting to surrender, and others after their surrender was accepted. In 1989, Brigadier General Felix L. Sparks, the Colonel in command of a battalion that was present, stated:

The total number of German guards killed at Dachau during that day most certainly does not exceed fifty, with thirty probably being a more accurate figure. The regimental records of the 157-dala artilleriya polki for that date indicate that over a thousand German prisoners were brought to the regimental collecting point. Mening maxsus guruhim polk hujumiga rahbarlik qilganligi sababli, deyarli barcha mahbuslar maxsus guruh tomonidan olib ketilgan, shu jumladan Dachau shahridan bir necha yuz kishi.[100]

An Inspector General report resulting from a US Army investigation conducted between 3 and 8 May 1945 and titled, "American Army Investigation of Alleged Mistreatment of German Guards at Dachau," found that 21 plus "a number" of presumed SS men were killed with others being wounded after their surrender had been accepted.[101][102] In addition, 25 to 50 SS guards were estimated to have been killed by the liberated prisoners.[103] Li Miller visited the camp just after liberation, and photographed several guards who were killed by soldiers or prisoners.[104]

According to Sparks, court-martial charges were drawn up against him and several other men under his command but General Jorj S. Patton, who had recently been appointed military governor of Bavaria, chose to dismiss the charges.[100]

Colonel Charles L. Decker, an acting deputy judge advocate, concluded in late 1945 that, while war crimes had been committed at Dachau by Germany, "Certainly, there was no such systematic criminality among United States forces as pervaded the Nazi groups in Germany."[105]

American troops also forced local citizens to the camp to see for themselves the conditions there and to help bury the dead.[90] Many local residents were shocked about the experience and claimed no knowledge of the activities at the camp.[85]:292

Post-liberation Easter

6 May 1945 (23 April on the Orthodox calendar) was the day of Pascha, Orthodox Easter. In a cell block used by Catholic priests to say daily Mass, several Greek, Serbian and Russian priests and one Serbian deacon, wearing makeshift vestments made from towels of the SS guard, gathered with several hundred Greek, Serbian and Russian prisoners to celebrate the Paschal Vigil. A prisoner named Rahr described the scene:[106]

Liberated Dachau camp prisoners cheer U.S. troops

In the entire history of the Orthodox Church there has probably never been an Easter service like the one at Dachau in 1945. Greek and Serbian priests together with a Serbian deacon adorned the makeshift 'vestments' over their blue and gray-striped prisoners' uniforms. Then they began to chant, changing from Greek to Slavic, and then back again to Greek. The Easter Canon, the Easter Sticheras—everything was recited from memory. The Gospel—Boshida Kalom bor edi—also from memory. And finally, the Homily of Saint John—also from memory. A young Greek monk from the Holy Mountain stood up in front of us and recited it with such infectious enthusiasm that we shall never forget him as long as we live. Saint John Chrysostomos himself seemed to speak through him to us and to the rest of the world as well!

There is a Russian Orthodox chapel at the camp today, and it is well known for its icon of Christ leading the prisoners out of the camp gates.[c]

Ozodlikdan keyin

Footage from after liberation

Authorities worked night and day to alleviate conditions at the camp immediately following the liberation as an epidemic of black typhus swept through the prisoner population. Two thousand cases had already been reported by 3 May.[107]

By October of the same year the camp was being used by the U.S. Army as a place of confinement for war criminals, the SS and important witnesses.[108] Shuningdek, bu sayt edi Dachau sinovlari for German war criminals, a site chosen for its symbolism. In 1948, the Bavarian government established housing for refugees on the site, and this remained for many years.[109] Among those held in the Dachau internment camp set up under the U.S. Army were Elza Erix, Mariya Mandl, and Elisabeth Ruppert.

The Kaserne quarters and other buildings used by the guards and trainee guards were converted and served as the Eastman Barracks, an American military post.[iqtibos kerak ] After the closure of the Eastman Barracks in 1974, these areas are now occupied by the Bavarian Bereitschaftspolizei (rapid response police unit).[110]

Deportation of Soviet nationals

By January 1946, 18,000 members of the SS were being confined at the camp along with an additional 12,000 persons, including deserters from the Russian army. The occupants of one barracks rioted as 271 of the Russian deserters were to be loaded onto trains that would return them to Russian-controlled lands, as agreed at the Yaltadagi konferentsiya. Ten of the soldiers, who had been captured in German Army uniforms, committed suicide during the riot. Twenty-one others attempted suicide, apparently with razor blades. Many had "cracked heads" inflicted by 500 American guards, in the attempt to bring the situation under control. Inmates barricaded themselves inside and set fire to the building, tore off their clothing, and linked arms to resist being removed from the building. Some begged American soldiers to shoot them. Tear gas was used by the soldiers before rushing the building.[111]

List of personnel

Adolf Eyxmann on trial in 1961

Komendantlar

Boshqa xodimlar

SS and civilian doctors

Doktor Xans Eisel in American internment

Yodgorlik

Memorial haykal Nandor Glid erected in 1968
Orthodox chapel in the memorial.
Aerial photo of the memorial in 2012

Between 1945 and 1948 when the camp was handed over to the Bavarian authorities, many accused war criminals and members of the SS were imprisoned at the camp. Owing to the severe refugee crisis mainly caused by the expulsions of ethnic Germans, the camp was used from late 1948 to house 2000 Germans from Czechoslovakia (mainly from the Sudetenland). This settlement was called Dachau-East and remained until the mid-1960s.[118] During this time, former prisoners banded together to erect a memorial on the site of the camp. The display, which was reworked in 2003, follows the path of new arrivals to the camp. Two of the barracks have been rebuilt and one shows a cross-section of the entire history of the camp since the original barracks had to be torn down due to their poor condition when the memorial was built. The other 30 barracks are indicated by low cement curbs filled with pebbles.[119]

Ommaviy axborot vositalarida

  • 2013 yilgi tarjimai holida, Mus: Mening hayotim boblari, in the chapter entitled, "Dachau", author Robert B. Sherman chronicles his experiences as an American Army serviceman during the initial hours of Dachau's liberation.[120]
  • Yilda Lyuis Blek birinchi kitob, Hech narsa muqaddas emas, he mentions visiting the camp as part of his tour of Europe and how it looked all cleaned up and spiffy, "like some delightful holiday camp", and only the crematorium building showed any sign of the horror that went on there.
  • Yilda Maus, Vladek describes his time interned at Dachau, among his time at other concentration camps. He describes the journey to Dachau in over-crowded trains, trading rations for other goods and favors to stay alive, and contracting tifus.
  • Frontline: "Memory of the Camps" (7 May 1985, Season 3, Episode 18), is a 56-minute television documentary that addresses Dachau and other Nazi concentration camps[121][122]

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ "In an attempt to conceal the atrocities, the original, incriminating records of most of the concentration camp studies of humans were destroyed before the camps were captured by the Allied forces." (Qarang Medicine, Ethics, and the Third Reich: Historical and Contemporary Issues Page 88)
  2. ^ Surat uchun sarlavha AQSh Milliy Arxivlari "SC208765, AQSh ettinchi armiyasi, 42-piyoda diviziyasi askarlari, ularning sonidan biri Germaniyaning Dachau (AQSh) kuchlari tomonidan qo'lga olingandan keyin kontsentratsion lagerdan qochishga uringanida SS odamlarini oldinga chiqishni buyurdi. Orqa fonda qo'riqchilar qochib ketgan SS odamlariga qarshi o'q otishganda qulab tushish bilan o'limni sezdilar. (157-rekt. 4/29/45). "
  3. ^ The U.S. 7th Army's version of the events of the Dachau Liberation is available in Report of Operations of the Seventh United States Army, Jild 3, page 382.

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Bibliografiya

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  • Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining harbiy jinoyatlar bo'yicha komissiyasi (1949). Harbiy jinoyatchilar ustidan sud jarayoni to'g'risidagi qonuniy hisobotlar, jild. XI (PDF). Ulug'vorning ish yuritish idorasi. Olingan 16 sentyabr 2015. ("BMTning harbiy jinoyatlar bo'yicha komissiyasi")

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