Sion tog'i qabristoni, Quddus - Mount Zion Cemetery, Jerusalem

Protestant Sion tog'idagi qabriston (aka, Quddus Sion tog'idagi protestantlar qabristoni, Nemischa: Zionsfriedhof; Ibroniycha: בitérésérérésérés-de-rérnuטníבה tבהr tsצyut) Ustida Sion tog'i yilda Quddus, Isroil - qabriston Anglikan Church Missionary Trust Association Ltd., London, tomonidan namoyish etilgan Quddus va Yaqin Sharqdagi episkop cherkovi. 1848 yilda Samuel Gobat, Quddus episkopi, qabristonni ochdi va uni jamoat a'zolari uchun ekumenik qabriston sifatida bag'ishladi Anglikan, Lyuteran, Isloh qilindi (Kalvinist ) va eski katolik imon. Dastlabki foyda oluvchidan beri Quddus episkopligi Anglikan qo'shma korxonasi sifatida saqlanib qoldi Angliya cherkovi va Prussiyadagi Evangelist cherkovi, a birlashgan protestant Landeskirche Lyuteran va islohot qilingan jamoatlarning 1886 yilgacha Quddus Lyuteran jamoati Quddus yepiskopligi yagona anglikan yeparxiyasiga aylangandan keyin ham o'sha erda dafn etish huquqini saqlab qolgan.

Manzil

The Eski shahar protestant bilan Quddus Sion tog'idagi qabriston janubida shahar devorlari (gul rangidagi avvalgi devorlarning qoldiqlariga yaqin).

Qabriston Quddusdagi Sion tog'ining janubi-g'arbiy qismida, janubi ko'cha bilan o'ralgan Maalei haShalom (מעlי השlום). Sion tog'idagi qabristonga 1967 y.dan beri sobiq Bishop Gobat maktabi joylashgan joydan o'tgan Quddus universiteti kolleji sifatida tashkil etilgan Amerika muqaddas erlarni o'rganish instituti 1957 yilda. 194 1948-1967 yillarda qabristondan foydalanadigan jamoatlar, ularning ko'pchilik a'zolari o'sha erda yashagan. Sharqiy Quddus, keyinchalik G'arbiy Quddus joylashgan qabristonga kirish juda murakkab edi.^[1] Shunday qilib, o'sha yillarda ekumenik protestantlar qabristoni Bayt Safafa, Jarmaleh qabristoni, yo'lda ochilgan Gush Etzion qarama-qarshi Tantur Ekumenik Ilohiyot Instituti.

Tarix

Mamilla hovuzi

"Dastlabki urinishlar 1839 yilda allaqachon qilingan Jon Nikolayson a uchun ozgina er olish London jamiyati Quddusdagi qabriston joyi. O'sha yilning iyun oyida u vitse-konsul Young bilan hamkorlikda Sion tog'ida ushbu ehtiyojni qondiradigan munosib er uchastkasini topganligini, ammo sotib olingan erlar masalasi aniqlanguniga qadar bitimni yopishni keyinga qoldirganligini xabar qildi. oldinroq turar-joy qurilishi uchun. "^[2]

Biroq, Britaniya vitse-konsuli Uilyam Tanner Yang keyin qabriston uchun boshqa joyni sotib olishga muvaffaq bo'ldi: "Bu Parallelogramma (uzunligi 48 m) va uzunligi 60 m (18 m) - 335 ga teng. qadamlar G'arbdan Yaffa darvozasi va Sharqdan 182 qadam o'sha turk dafn etilgan joy atrofida joylashgan Gihonning yuqori hovuzi, Shimoliy G'arbiy [Eski] shahar."^[3]

"Keyinroq u London atrofidagi tashqi ishlar vazirligidan ushbu joy atrofida devorlar qurishni so'ragan va tasdiqlagan. Ushbu [birinchi] qabristonga dafn etilganlar orasida [missioner Ferdinand Xristian] Evaldning rafiqasi [Meri Ann (1819 yilda tug'ilgan),] ham yanvar oyida bo'lgan. 1844 va yepiskop Aleksandr 1845 yil dekabrda. Ammo, musulmonlar qabristoniga yaqin bo'lganligi va bu bilan bog'liq barcha muammolar sababli, shaharda joylashgan inglizlarning kichik hamjamiyati yangi sayt topishga majbur bo'ldi. 1844 yil yanvar oyida, bilan muzokaralar paytida Konstantinopol haqida firman qurish uchun [Masih] cherkovi, Nikolayson ham so'radi Yuksak Porte tashqarisidagi Sion tog'idagi qabriston uchun er uchastkasini sotib olishga ruxsat olish uchun shahar devorlari boshqa xristian dafn marosimlari joylashgan joyda. "^[4] Sion tog'idagi boshqa nasroniy qabristonlari - arman, yunon pravoslav va Rim katolik-fransiskan qabristoni, ikkinchisida qabriston ham mavjud. Oskar Shindler.

Sion tog'i

"Faqatgina 1848 yilning bahorida Britaniyaning Konstantinopoldagi bosh konsuli va Quddusdagi hamkasbi [ Jeyms Fin,] protestant jamoati uchun qabriston uchastkasini sotib olish uchun firmanni qabul qilish. "^[4] Nikolayson tomonidan tayyorlangan, keyinchalik u erda ko'milgan va ko'magi bilan Xyu Rouz, Buyuk Britaniyaning Suriya bo'yicha bosh konsuli va Mutasarrif Xuddi shu yili Quddusdan, Zarif Poshodan, Bishop Gobat Sion tog'idagi er uchastkalarini sotib olib, £ 350 (= 4200 frantsuz franki) er uchun, uning yopilishi va tekislanishi uchun.^[5] Gobat xarajatlarni ilgari britaniyaliklar, nemislar va shveytsariyaliklar tomonidan xayriya qilingan xususiy mablag'lar hisobidan moliyalashtirgan edi Britaniya hukumati 100 funt sterlingni va keyinchalik Britaniyalik xususiy donorlarni yana 46,2.0 funt sterlingni qaytarib oldi, o'sha paytda prussiyaliklar ushbu loyihaga alohida hissa qo'shmadilar. Sion tog'i qabristoni Yaffa darvozasining g'arbiy qismidagi eski qabriston o'rnini egalladi. Shunday qilib, Gobat qabrlarni u erdan Sion tog'idagi yangi qabristonga ko'chirdi.^[6] 1848 yil noyabr oyining oxiriga kelib u butunlay devor bilan o'ralgan.^[5]

1850 yil boshidan 1852 yil sentyabrgacha Gustav Tiel (1825-1907) va uning rafiqasi Mariya Katarina Grossshtaybek (1826-1862) 75 yillik daromad bilan Sion tog'i qabristonining bog'bonlari va qo'riqchilari sifatida ishladilar. balandroq.^[7] Ular to'g'ridan-to'g'ri qabristonda joylashgan uyda yashab, sigir va boshqa chorva mollari bilan yashashlarini yaxshilashgan. Barcha kelib chiqishi Quddusliklar o'zlarining ishlab chiqargan Evropa uslubidagi sariyog 'va boshqa sut mahsulotlarini xush ko'rdilar. Shunday qilib, ularning shahar devorlari tashqarisidagi uyi mehmonxonalarni o'ziga jalb qildi, ular o'zlarining mehmonxonalarini sotib oldilar va darhol iste'mol qildilar.^[8] Ular o'z lavozimidan bo'shatilgandan keyin ularning o'rnini Mariya Katarinaning ukasi Fridrix Vilgelm Grossshtaybek egalladi (1821–1858). Biroq, konsul Finn 1853 yilda yarim yildan so'ng uni ishdan bo'shatishga undadi.^[9]

Lichgeytning timpanoni qabristonga.

1853 yilda Gobat qabristonning hali dafn etish uchun ishlatilmagan qismini ajratib oldi va Bishop Gobat maktabi (Bishof-Gobat-Shule; taxminan 1847, 1853 yildan 1856 yilgacha ushbu saytda barpo etilgan), ularni egallab olgan Cherkov missionerlik jamiyati (CMS) 1877 yilda.^[10] Keyinchalik haqiqiy qabriston a bilan yangi devor bilan belgilandi lychgeyt uni maktab maydonidan va bog'idan ajratish. Shuning uchun qabriston ko'chaga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri kirish huquqiga ega emas, ammo maktab joylashgan joydan o'tib ketadi. Biroq, qabristonni yana kattalashtirish uchun, qabristonlarning etishmasligi yuzaga kelganda, Gobat - maktab maydonini qabristondan ajratish munosabati bilan - Britaniya konsulligi tomonidan protokol qilingan tegishli bandni yozib qo'ydi.^[11]

Bosh konsul Jorj Fridrix Avgust fon Alten [de ] (1815-1882) anglikan-protestant ekumenik qabriston jamoasini tarqatishga qaratilgan, ammo nemislar Tashqi ishlar vazirligi Yepiskop Gobat unga qarshi chiqdi, ikkinchisi hatto bu qabristonni ajratish yakunda qo'shma episkopikaning bekor qilinishiga olib keladigan bo'lsa, iste'foga chiqishini qo'rqitdi.^[12] Gobat Anglikan marosimidan so'ng qabristonni muqaddas qilmaganligini va aytmoqchi emasligiga ishontirdi, shu asosda anglikalik bo'lmaganlar dafn etilishi mumkin emas. Bundan tashqari, Vestminster parlamentiga boshqa protestant mazhablari dindorlari uchun Angliyalik muqaddas qabristonlarni umuman ochish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi kiritildi.^[11]

Ilgari pastor bo'lgan Karl Kristian Olsen (1815-1892) qabri Nore Stave cherkovi, Norvegiya

Altenning vorisi Thankmar von Münxauzen [de ] (1835-1909) Gobatni 1874 yil 18 sentyabrda rasmiylashtirilgan Sion tog'i qabristonini anglikanlar va protestant cherkovlari jamoatlari dafn qilish uchun bag'ishlagan qabriston poydevorini rasmiylashtirishga undadi. Augsburg (lyuteran), Helvetik (isloh qilingan) va Utrext ittifoqi (eski katolik) Tan olish.^[13] Shunday qilib Myunxauzen Altenning qo'shma qabristonga nisbatan xavotirlari va e'tirozlarini eskirgan deb hisobladi va qabriston ekumenik hamjamiyatini tarqatib yuborish uchun qilingan har qanday urinishni tugatdi.

Bundan tashqari, dalolatnomada sayt episkopning pullari yordamida sotib olinganligi aytilgan, bunda Britaniya hukumati mablag'lari aslida saytni qabriston sifatida tayyorlashga (tekislash va to'siq) ishlatilgan. Ushbu formulatsiya qabriston faqat Anglikan yeparxiyasiga tegishli bo'lishi kerakligi haqidagi da'volarni to'xtatish uchun mo'ljallangan edi, chunki uni sotib olish Britaniya mablag'lari hisobidan amalga oshirildi.

1883 yilda, marhum Bishopning merosxo'rligi to'g'risida muzokara olib borayotganda Jozef Barklay, Prussiyaning kult va ta'lim vaziri Gustav fon Gossler (1838-1902), mas'ul Prussiyaning eski viloyatlari evangelistlar davlat cherkovi,^[14] qabriston jamoasini institutsionalizatsiya qilish maqsadida qabriston masalasini qayta boshladi. U ikkala tomon uchun Sion tog'idagi qabristonga nisbatan teng huquqlarga ega bo'lishni yoki qabristonni qonuniy ravishda taqsimlashni taklif qildi.^[15] Odatda Goßler an xizmat Bishop Gobat maktabi saytida qabristonga bepul kirish uchun. Uning takliflari amalga oshirilmay qoldi.

1886 yilda qo'shma episkoplik to'g'risidagi shartnomaning bekor qilinishi bilan qabristonning oldingi noaniqliklari bilan status-kvo holatini tasdiqlovchi diplomatik notalar almashtirildi. Shunday qilib, texnik jihatdan qabriston hozirgi inglizlar tomonidan ishlatilishi va boshqarilishi davom etdi Quddusning Anglikan yeparxiyasi va Evangelist Quddus jamg'armasi, Quddusning nemis tilidagi Evangelistlar jamoati ruhoniysi tomonidan taqdim etilgan (reytingda) Redeeemer cherkovidagi provost 1898 yildan).^[16]

1890 yilda Bishop Gobat maktabi qabristonning 1853 yilda uzaytirilishi uchun Gobat tomonidan saqlanib qolgan foydalanilmagan zaxira erlarini sotib olishni maqsad qilgan.^[17] Ushbu yo'qotish o'rnini qoplash uchun dafn qilish uchun ishlatilgan maydonga qo'shni er uchastkasi sotib olinishi kerak edi. Evangelistlar jamoatidan xarajatlarning uchdan bir qismini to'lashni so'rashdi.

Jorj Frensis Popham Blyt, 1887-1914 yillarda Quddusning Anglikan yepiskopi, Anglikan marosimidan so'ng kengaytirilgan qabristonni muqaddas qilishni e'lon qildi. Bu Evangelist protestantlarning yana bir bor xavotirlarini uyg'otdi, agar bu ularni o'sha erda dafn etishni istisno qilmasa va qo'shma qabristonni ajratish masalasini yana kun tartibiga qo'ysa. Karl Shlicht (1855-1930), keyinchalik Quddusdagi Evangelist ruhoniysi, ammo davom etgan qabriston hamjamiyati foydasiga chiqdi va Blyt amin edi, anglikaliklarning muqaddasligi anglikalik bo'lmaganlarni ko'milishini istisno etmaydi.^[18]

1892 yil 13-oktabrda Blyt bir tomonlama ravishda zaxira erlarining katta qismini Bishop Gobat maktabiga xayr-ehson qilish to'g'risidagi hujjatni rasmiylashtirdi va qolgan qismini qabristonga qo'shdi. U o'sha oyning 21-kuni bu qilmish haqida ruhoniy Shlichtga xabar bergan va uning roziligini so'ragan. Shlicht ushbu sovg'ani taqdim etdi Evangelist Quddus jamg'armasi Berlinda va rozi bo'lishni tavsiya qildi.

Rasmiy rozilik Quddusga kelguniga qadar, Gobatning kuyovi va Bishop Gobat maktabining etakchisi ruhoniy Yoxannes Zeller (1830-1902) bu erda qurilish ishlarini boshladi. Ushbu maqsad Shlichtni Blythga rasmiy ravishda norozilik bildirishga undadi va Evangelist protestantlar uchun kondomini mulkini talab qildi. Shunday qilib, Blyt asarlarni to'xtatdi, ammo shunday dedi: "Germaniya [protestantlar] jamoati ular shu paytgacha foydalangan interment imtiyozlariga har doim eng ma'qul kelishadi, lekin men" nemis protestantlari "ning er egalari" ekanligidan xabardor emasman. Anglikan yepiskopi yagona ishonchli shaxsdir. "^[19]

Natijada, Evangelist Quddus Jamg'armasi zaxira erlarini Bishop Gobat maktabiga berishga kelishib oldi, ammo buning o'rnini qoplashni so'rab. Shunday qilib, bosh konsul Pol fon Tischendorf - Yoxannes Zeller vositachiligida - Cherkov Missionerlar Jamiyati tovon to'lashi to'g'risida kelishuvga erishdi, ammo Zeller bilan yomon munosabatda bo'lgan episkop Blyt,^[20] bunga qarshi chiqdi, shuning uchun qo'riqxona erlari qabristonda qoldi.^[21]

Pastor Pol Hoppe 1895 yilda Shlichtdan keyin episkop Blyth qabristonni saqlashni moliyalashtirish va qabriston uchun nozir (inspektor) ga to'lash maqsadida bir qator tartibda qabriston qoidalarini, shu jumladan qabriston qoidalarini chiqardi va nusxalari Xoppga 16 yanvarda yuborildi. 1896 yil.^[22] Ushbu yaxshilanish Evangelistlar jamoatiga juda ma'qul keldi, chunki qabristonda hozirgacha tartibli daromad yo'q edi. Bishop Gobat maktabida ishlagan Anri Baldensperger (1823-1896) qabr qazuvchi sifatida ixtiyoriy ravishda xizmat qilgan. Blyt End G. Xensmanni Baldenspergerdan keyin va qabristonni qo'riqlash uchun inspektor sifatida ishlagan.^[22] Shunday qilib Xop Evangelistlar jamoatining kelishuvini bildirdi, ammo ikkala jamoat uchun tegishli bo'lgan qabriston qoidalari ikkalasi tomonidan hal qilinishi kerakligini ta'kidladi.

Sion tog'ining markazida: Bishop Gobat maktabi (chapda) va Sion tog'idagi qabriston (markazning o'ng tomonida), 1903 yilda ko'rish.

1902 yil 24 oktyabrda Blyt faqat 30 ta bo'sh qabriston uchastkalari qolganida, har ikkala jamoat uchun yangi qabristonlarni qidirish vaqti kelganini, har bir jamoat uchun alohida bo'lganligini ma'lum qildi. Evangelistlar jamoati hali ham mavjud bo'lgan zaxira erlarini nazarda tutib, javob berishga harakat qilishning hojati yo'q deb javob berdi.^[23] Shunday qilib, 1903 yilda Cherkov Missionerlar Jamiyati yana Bishop Gobat maktabiga qo'shni bo'lgan qo'riqxonaga bo'lgan qiziqishini e'lon qildi va zaxira uchun evaziga mavjud bo'lgan qabristonga janub tomon tutashgan katta hajmdagi erlarni sotib olishni taklif qildi.^[23] Hoppe, 1898 yildan beri provost darajasiga ko'tarilib, rozi bo'ldi va shuning uchun 1904 yil 25-yanvarda Blyt ikki konsulni chaqirdi, Jon Dikson (1847-1906) va Edmund Shmidt (1855-1916), keyinchalik ikkalasi qabristonga dafn etilganlar, CMSning ikki vakili, ruhoniy ruhoniysi Yahudiylar orasida nasroniylikni targ'ib qiluvchi London jamiyati (LJS) va Hoppe.^[24]

1904 yilda Xoppening o'rnini egallagan Provost Vilgelm Bussmann davom etayotgan muzokaralarda ikkinchisining o'rnini egallaganida, qabristonning kengayishini qonuniy ravishda ikki jamoat o'rtasida taqsimlashni taklif qildi. Blyt bunga qarshi chiqdi, u evaziga ikkala jamoat uchun institutsional qo'shma ma'muriyat va usufrukt taklif qildi. Bu evangelistlar jamoatining qabristonga bo'lgan uzoq munozarali aloqalarini tozalaydi va shu sababli ular uchun eng maqbul edi.^[25] CMS sotib olishi kerak bo'lgan kengaytma berilishi kerak bo'lgan zaxira eridan to'rt baravar katta maydonni o'lchaganligi sababli, tomonlar sotib olish narxiga o'z hissalarini qo'shishga kelishib oldilar.^[25]

1904 yil 4-iyunda Blyt, ruhoniy Braun (Masih cherkovi, Quddus ), Bussmann, Dikson, Shmidt va X.Sayks (CMS) sotib olishni belgilaydigan protokolni imzoladilar va Buyuk Britaniya va Germaniya hukumatlariga har birining narxining to'rtdan biriga 1440 miqdorida berilishini majbur qildilar. Napoléons d'or (= 28,800 frank Lotin valyuta ittifoqi, yoki = 1,152 funt). CMS narxning ikkinchi yarmini buzadi. Evangelist Quddus jamg'armasi va Uilyam II, Germaniya imperatori, har biriga 180 Napoléons d'or uchun obuna bo'ldi va shu bilan Germaniya ulushini qopladi.^[25] Zaxira erini ajratish to'g'risida ikki tomonlama aralashgan tashkilot muzokara olib borgan.

Shunday qilib, 1905 yil noyabrda Bussmann qabristonni boshqarish va moliyalashtirishni Sion tog'i qabristoni to'g'risidagi nizom asosida institutsionalizatsiya qilishni taklif qildi, bu esa kelishilgan kelishuvga binoan, aralash organ ushbu nizomni 1905 yil 25-noyabrda ijro etdi. nizom (Nemischa: Statut für die Quddusdagi Verwaltung des Protestantischen Zionsfriedhofs) tashkil etdi dafn taxtasi (Nemischa: Fridxofskomit; uning tarkibi uchun qarang qabriston taxtasi ), ikkala tomonni teng ravishda ifodalaydi.^[26]

Ikkala tomon ham marhumni bemalol ko'mishlari mumkin edi. 1906 yilda Suriyadagi bolalar uyi Quddusda 75 Napoléons d'or bilan sotib olishga hissa qo'shgan, 1904 yil 31-mayda to'satdan vafot etganidan keyin qabristonga dafn etilgan Fridrix fon Braunning (1850-1904) bevasi Berta fon Braun yana 100 ta Napoleonni xayriya qilgan Angliya tomoni hali ham to'lovlari bilan orqada edi.^[27] 1907 yilda Berta fon Braun boshqasini ehson qildi ℳ 5000 (= 6250 frank; = 250 funt) qabriston maqsadlari uchun.

Oxir-oqibat kamomadlar tomonlar o'rtasida ikki baravar kamaytirilishi kerak edi va ko'milganlik uchun belgilangan to'lovlar inspektor va texnik xizmat ko'rsatish xarajatlarini qoplamaganligi aniqlandi.^[28] Kamchiliklar dafn taxtasini yiliga bir marta yig'ishga qaror qilganini takrorladi sadaqa 1912 yil 24-noyabr, yakshanbadan boshlab, keyin har yili 25-yakshanba kuni har ikkala jamoatdagi qabriston foydasiga. Uchlik yakshanba.

Jahon urushlari paytida va Britaniya mandati

Germaniya yoki Avstriya-Vengriya qo'shinlarida Jahon urushi paytida halok bo'lgan barcha dinlarga mansub Quddusiylarning ismlari keltirilgan yodgorlik.

1914-1917 yillarda, Birinchi Jahon urushi paytida, Yuksak Porte sifatida Britaniyani chiqarib yubordi dushman musofirlar dan Usmonli imperiyasi Shunday qilib, Sion tog'i qabristonining qo'shma ma'muriyatini nemis millatiga mansub evangelist protestantlarga topshirdi. 1917 yil yanvargacha Germaniya imperatorlik armiyasi qabristonning bir qismini 1916 yildan buyon Quddusga yaqin janglarda harakatlarda o'ldirilgan Avstriya-Vengriya (5), ingliz (2) va nemis askarlari (11) uchun diniy bo'lmagan urush qabristoni sifatida ajratib berdi. nemis tibbiyot korpusi.^[29] 1917 yil 9-dekabrda Britaniya Quddusni qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng, ingliz qo'shinlari ham o'z askarlarini Sion tog'idagi qabristonga dafn qildilar. Quddus urushi qabristoni ochilish marosimi bo'lib o'tdi Scopus tog'i 1918 yil fevralda.^[30] Bu erda jami 104 ingliz askari dafn qilindi, ulardan 100 nafari keyinchalik urush qabristoniga qayta dafn qilindi,^[31] 1918 yil Noyabr sulhida va oxirigacha o'lgan to'rt kishi Hamdo'stlik urushlari qabrlari komissiyasi 1921 yil avgustda ro'yxatdan o'tish o'sha erda saqlanib qoldi.^[30]

1921 yil 26-iyulda Bishop Renni MakInnes dafn hay'atini chaqirgan edi va faqat ikkita evangelist vakili qatnashishi mumkin edi, chunki ularning qochishi yoki ko'plab nemis fuqarolari Muqaddas erdan inglizlar tomonidan chiqarib yuborilganligi sababli Ishg'ol qilingan hududni boshqarish (OETA). Gustaf Dalman, direktori Germaniya protestant arxeologiya instituti va haydab chiqarilgan Provost Fridrix Jeremiys (1868-1945) vakili bo'lib, inglizlar qo'shma kengashda ishtirok eta olmagan 1914 yildan 1917 yilgacha yillik moliyaviy hisobotni taqdim etdi.^[32] CMS sotib olish narxining yarmi bilan qisman hali ham qarzdor edi va dafn kengashining qarzlari bor edi Deutsche Palästina-BankGermaniya mol-mulkini chet elda olib qo'yilganidan keyin tugatish jarayonida bo'lgan, urushni qoplash uchun Birinchi Jahon Urushining ittifoqchilariga (bundan mustasno Rossiya imperiyasi vorisi Sovet Ittifoqi ).

Dalmanning vorisi Provost Albrecht Alt kengashning qabriston qarzlarini davom ettirishda ishtirok etdi. Ularni tartibga solish uchun Quddusning nemis tilidagi Evangelistlar jamoati kirdi, ular qabristonning qarzlari bilan yuqorida aytib o'tilgan bank bilan o'zlarining shunga o'xshash miqdorlarini to'pladi va shu bilan uning qarz amortizatsiyasidagi ulushini kamaytirdi. Oldingi harbiy mojaro va Germaniyaning mag'lubiyati qabristonning birgalikdagi boshqaruviga putur etkazmadi.^[33] Aksincha, Altning vorisi Xans Vilgelm Xertzberg ta'riflaganidek, anglikalik ruhoniylar va missionerlar o'zlarining evangelist hamkasblari bilan haddan tashqari do'stona munosabatda bo'lishdi.^[34] 1924 yilda dafn taxtasidagi barcha nemis o'rindiqlari yana to'ldirildi.^[34] 1925/26 yillik hisobot mavsumida Provost Xertzberg tashabbusi bilan dafn taxtasi sotib oldi eshitish vositasi.

Falastindagi o'zgargan siyosiy vaziyat tufayli Millatlar Ligasi mandati Buyuk Britaniya uchun 1929 yilda qabriston to'g'risidagi nizomni qayta ko'rib chiqdilar, Britaniya konsulining o'rnini Quddus okrug komissari o'rinbosari egallab, dafn to'lovlarini yanada oshirdilar va qabrlar joylarida cheklangan muddatlarni joriy qildilar. kelajak.^[35] 1932 yilda Provost Ernst Rhein (1885-1969) taxmin qiladiki, yillik ko'milishlar soni bilan qabriston 1939 yilda eng yuqori quvvatga etadi.^[36] Shunday qilib, dafn kengashi yangi qabristonni rejalashtira boshladi.

Uilyam Evning qabri (1857-1932), Shotlandiya harbiy ruhoniysi va muallifi

The mandat hukumati Angliyaliklar yoki evangelist protestantlar bo'lmagan hukumat organlari va qurolli kuchlar a'zolarini ko'mishlariga ruxsat berish uchun iltimos bilan dafn kengashiga murojaat qildi. Britaniyaga qarshi terrorchilar tomonidan mandat hukumati xizmatida halok bo'lgan Britaniyaliklar sonining ko'payishi, hukumat uchun dolzarb muammoga aylandi.^[37] Jamoati Presviterian Shotlandiya cherkovi qabriston hamjamiyatiga qo'shilish qiziqishini ko'rsatdi.

1933 yilda Ueston Genri Styuart 1926-1943 yillarda Falastin, Suriya va Trans-Iordaniya uchun Archdeakon, Britaniya Quddus urushi qabristoni yonidagi Scopus tog'idagi yangi shahar qabristoni uchun mandat hukumati bilan birgalikda er sotib olishni taklif qildi, bu har bir jamoat uchun ma'lum bir bo'limdan foydalanishga imkon berdi. dafn marosimlari. Agar ushbu loyiha uchun mandat hukumati olinmasa edi, dafn hay'ati u erda yangi protestant qabristonini tashkil qilishi kerak, shu bilan birga Shotlandiya presviterianlarini dafn kengashiga qo'shilishni taklif qiladi.^[36] Joy etishmasligi sababli Evangelistlar kengashi a'zolari mandat hukumatining Sion tog'idagi qabristonga ikki jamoatga a'zo bo'lmaganlarni ham dafn etish haqidagi iltimosini rad etishni iltimos qildilar va yangi protestantlar qabristonini, shu jumladan Presviterianlarni kutib oldilar.

Evangelistlar kengashi a'zolari har bir jamoat sotib olish narxiga o'z hissasini qo'shishi kerakligini taklif qilishdi Falastin - £ 4500 (ingliz funtiga teng) dafnlarning umumiy kutilgan ulushiga ko'ra. Ushbu e'tiroz, ehtimol, mahalliy pul mablag'lari etishmasligi sababli, ilgari surilgan edi Germaniyadagi fashistlar diktaturasi Germaniya vakolatxonalariga chet el valyutasini asosan o'zgaruvchan narxlarda sotib olishga imkon berish juda istaksiz reichsmarks (ℛℳ).

Montefiore yel tegirmoni, Sion tog'ining fonida Bishop Gobat maktabi va qabristoni bilan 1904 yilgacha kengaytirilgan (yorqin o'ng devor bilan ko'rsatilgan, yuqori o'ng o'ng tomonda; 1948 yil 1-maydagi rasm)

Evangelist protestantlar, agar presviterianlar qo'shilmasa, shuningdek, arab anglikan va lyuteran jamoatlariga qo'shilmasa, dafn taxtasida o'zlarining teng vakolatlarini saqlab qolishni istashdi, shuning uchun kvinepartit kengash zarur bo'lib qoladi.^[37] Dafn hay'ati qabristonni ushbu shaxsning mulki qilib olish uchun yuridik shaxs sifatida ro'yxatdan o'tishni rejalashtirgan. Buyuk Britaniyaning vakolati asosida tuzilgan yangi qonun yuridik shaxslarga ko'chmas mulk egalari sifatida taqdim etdi. Biroq, 1936 yilgacha yangi qabristonni sotib olish jarayoni rivojlanmadi.

Nemis tilidagi Evangelistlar jamoati o'z teng huquqlarini yo'qotishdan qo'rqdilar va shuning uchun ikkita dafn taxtasini tuzishni taklif qildilar, biri Sion tog'i qabristoni uchun o'sha paytdagi bipartit va biri yangi protestant qabristoni uchun kvinvipartit. Anglikan vakillari esa har ikkala qabriston uchun hozirda qabriston taxtasi deb nomlangan bitta kvinvipartit taxtani afzal ko'rishdi.^[38]

1938 yil 20-yanvarda Archdeakon Styuart Provost Reynni Sion tog'idagi qabristondagi anglikan va evangel huquqlari daxlsiz qoladi, deb ishontirdi, shuningdek, Shotlandiya presviterianlari va arab protestantlari vakillari tomonidan kengaytirilgan qabriston taxtasi ostida. 1938 yil mart oyida qabriston bilan muzokaralar olib borildi Yunon pravoslav patriarxati yaqinidagi er uchastkasini sotib olish to'g'risida Mar Elias monastiri.

Beri Germaniya 1939 yilda Ikkinchi Jahon urushi boshlandi. Anglikaliklar qabristonni yakka o'zi saqlashlari kerak edi, chunki kengashdagi evangelistlar o'rindiqlari bo'sh qoldi, chunki nasroniy nemislarning aksariyati Galileydagi Baytlahm, Valdxaym va Vilgelma 1940 yil o'rtalariga kelib Britaniya mandat hukumati tomonidan dushman musofirlari sifatida. Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan so'ng Falastindagi inglizlarga qarshi terrorizm yana qurbon bo'lganlarning dafn qilinishiga olib keladigan Sion tog'idagi qabristonni kuchaytirdi. Lar bor Hamdo'stlik urushlari qabrlari 73 ofitserlaridan Falastin politsiya kuchlari.^[30]

Isroil asos solinganidan olti kunlik urushgacha

The 1947–1949 yillarda Falastin urushi hududida joylashgan Sion tog'i qabristoni bilan Quddusni bo'linishga olib keldi Isroil. Evangelist nemislarning soni ko'chib ketish va ko'chib ketish tufayli juda qisqargan Mandat Falastin 1939 yildan 1948 yilgacha. Shuningdek, 1948 yilgacha Britaniyaliklarning chiqib ketishi bilan anglikanlarning soni keskin kamaydi. Qolgan anglikalik britaniyaliklar yashashni davom ettirdilar. Iordaniya Sharqiy Quddus va Isroilning G'arbiy Quddusi, Evangelist nemislari so'nggi 50 yildan keyin faqat Sharqiy Quddusda yashadilar G'ayriyahudiy Nemislar 1950 yilgacha Isroildan chiqarib yuborilgan edi, ularning orasida oxirgi ikkitasi bor edi dikonessalar Quddusnikini boshqarish Birodarlarning birligi moxovlar kasalxonasi "Jesushilfe" (bugungi Xansen Lepers kasalxonasi, Talbiya ).

1948-1967 yillarda Evangelistlar jamoati marhumlarning ko'pini Lyuteran qabristoniga dafn etdi. Baytlahm Arab lyuteran jamoati. 1953 yil 4-avgustda Iordaniya qiroli hokimiyat Mar Elias monastirida sotib olingan erni mulk sifatida ro'yxatdan o'tkazdi Jarmaleh qabristoni jamiyati.^[1] Keyinchalik Sharqiy Quddusning anglikanlari, lyuteranlari va presviterianlari Jarmale qabristonidan foydalanganlar. 1954 yil mart oyida Provost Yoaxim Vaygelt o'z lavozimiga kirishdi Qutqaruvchilar cherkovi, Quddus 1940 yil may oyi oxiri va 1945 yil yozigacha Britaniyaning Falastinda stajirovkasini o'z ichiga olgan Yoxannes Doeringdan keyin.^[39] Qabriston kengashi yana yig'ilib, Vaygeltni Evangelistlar jamoatining vakili sifatida qabul qildi.

Kengash 1930-yillarda boshlangan qabriston nizomlarini qayta ko'rib chiqish bo'yicha muzokaralarni davom ettirdi. 1962 yil 13 fevralda qabriston kengashi, boshqalar qatori, arxiyepiskop bilan Angus Kempbell MacInnes va Provost Karl Malsch (1916-2001), yangi qaror qildi Jarmale qabristoni kengashining nizomi. "Kengash Jarmale qabristoni va Sion tog'idagi ingliz-nemis qabristonini to'g'ri parvarish qilish va saqlash uchun javobgardir."^[40] Qabriston kengashi yangi tarkibida 1994 yilgacha muntazam yig'ilishlar o'tkazgan, keyin yana 1998 yil iyun oyida yana 2007 yil sentyabr oyida davom etgan.^[41]

The Iordaniyadagi evangelist-lyuteran cherkovi (va Muqaddas zamin) (2005 yildagi nom kengaytmasi), o'rnatilgan va shohona 1959 yilda tan olingan, kengashda vakili bo'lmagan, chunki 1959 yilgacha tayyorlangan loyihaga asosan yangi nizomlar. Shuning uchun Jarmaleh qabristoni kengashi yangi cherkov tanasini qabristonning qo'shma boshqaruvida qabul qilish to'g'risidagi taklifini muhokama qilish uchun qo'mita tuzdi. . Canon Smit anglikan tomoni uchun Iordaniya lyuteran cherkovining qabul qilinishiga qarshi ekanligini e'lon qildi.

Malsch Evangelist Quddus fondiga qabriston kondominiumini tugatishni va Sion tog'idagi qabristonni sotishni taklif qildi, ikkalasi ham ekumenik hamkorlikni va ushbu qabristonning uzoq an'analarini saqlab qolish uchun poydevor aniq rad etdi.^[42] Yangi Provost Hansgeorg Koxler bu fikrni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Shunday qilib, muzokaralar qabristonlarning har biri uchun ikkita alohida kichik qo'mita tuzish taklifiga asoslanib, arab lyuteranlarini Jarmaleh qabristoniga kiritish imkoniyatini taqdim etdi.

Olti kunlik urushdan 2007 yilgacha

Arab lyuteranlari ishtirokidagi bahs Isroil Sharqiy Quddusni bosib olganida tugamagan edi Olti kunlik urush Quddusning bo'linishini tugatdi. Shunday qilib, Quddusdagi barcha jamoatlarning bepul foydalanish huquqi Hamdo'stlik urushlari qabrlari komissiyasi 1968 yilda Sion tog'i qabristonini yangilash va ta'mirlash uchun kuch sarfladi.^[43] O'shandan beri qabriston kengashi Sion tog'idagi qabristonga ko'mishni qayta boshladi.

1977 yilda qabriston kengashi ruxsat berdi Bargil Pixner ning Ayiya Mariya Sion Abbey Sion tog'idagi protestant qabristonida arxeologik qazish ishlarini olib borish Essen Gateway tomonidan qayd etilgan Flavius ​​Jozef.^[44] 1981 yil 28 aprelda kengash Sion tog'idagi qabristonning ahvoli yaxshi bo'lganligini, davom etayotgan qazish ishlari natijasida devorlarni buzganligini, qabristonda izlarini qoldirganligini va vandalizmga duchor qilganligini baholadi. 1983 yil mart oyida Germaniya elchixonasi yakuniy ta'mirga o'z hissasini qo'shishni taklif qildi. 1986 yilda bir qancha gazetalar qabriston buzilib ketganligi sababli tahririyatga maqolalar va xatlarni nashr etishdi. 1986 yil boshida Teddi Kollek tashvishlarini aytib, qabristonni saqlab qolish uchun Quddus shahri yordamini taklif qildi. 1986 yilda kengash qabriston holati bo'yicha ekspertizasi va umumiy ta'mirni loyihalashtirish uchun Isroil me'moriy firmasini buyurtma qildi.

Abbey nihoyat atrofdagi devorni ta'mirlagan bo'lsa-da, 1989 yil mart oyida qabriston kengashi Pixnerga uning qabristonida boshqa qazish ishlarini olib borishni taqiqladi. Kengash qabristonni obodonlashtirish, qabrlarga qo'shimcha joylar olish uchun teras yonbag'irlarini qurish va yo'llarni ta'mirlash maqsadida qabristonni umumiy ta'mirlash uchun mablag 'yig'ishni boshladi. Bundan tashqari, barcha qabrlar ta'mirlanib, sayyohlar uchun qabristonni rivojlantirish uchun tomosha maydonchasi o'rnatilishi kerak edi.^[45]

Sion tog'idagi qabristonlar, tosh Uilyam Metyu Flinders Petri (oldingi)

1989 yil 14 fevralda Germaniyaning Tel-Avivdagi elchixonasi Sion tog'i qabristonining Angliya Anglikan va Germaniya Evangelist cherkov muassasalarining ekumenik tarixi uchun muhimligini tan oldi va qabristonni saqlashni moliyalashtirish zarurligini qabul qildi.

Hamdo'stlik urushlari qabrlari komissiyasi tomonidan ajratilgan 10.000 funt sterling bilan mablag 'yig'ish muvaffaqiyatli bo'ldi, 5.758 funt (DM 19,000) tomonidan Germaniya urush qabrlari komissiyasi, Nemis tomonidan 4242 funt (14000 DM) Tashqi ishlar vazirligi, Evangelist Quddus jamg'armasi tomonidan 3,939 funt (13,000 DM), 3030 funt (10000 DM) tomonidan Germaniyadagi Evangelist cherkovi (EKD), 5 393,90 funt (₪ Tomonidan 18000) Quddusning Anglikan yeparxiyasi, va Quddusning evangelistlar nemis tilidagi jamoati tomonidan 4,255.19 funt (,2 14200).^[45][46]

Isroilning buyurtma qilingan me'morlari 1989 yilda qurilish ishlarini boshladilar. Keyingi yili kengash ma'muri qabristonning kelajagi bo'yicha rejalari hali ham aniq emasligi sababli, barcha qurilishlarni to'xtatishni iltimos qildi. 1993 yil may oyida shartnomasi rasmiy ravishda bekor qilinmagan me'morlar Anglikan tomoni tomonidan bir tomonlama buyurtma qilingan boshqa firma qurilishlarni davom ettirayotganini payqashdi.^[45] Shunday qilib, dastlab buyurtma qilingan me'morlar shartnomani buzganligi uchun kengashga murojaat qilishdi. Provost Karl-Xaynts Ronekker, boshqaruv raisi o'rinbosari, keyinchalik me'morlar uchun 1 943,67 funt sterling (3000 dollar) miqdorida tovon puli to'g'risida muzokaralar olib bordi va bu kengash 1994 yil 26 avgustda tasdiqladi.

Qurilishlar yangi pudratchilar tomonidan bir muncha vaqt davom etdi, ammo tugamadi. O'sha paytda EKD ulushining 17000 DM dan biroz ko'proq sarflangan. 1992 va 1995 yillarda Germaniya elchixonasining rasmiy tantanalari Volkstrauertag (odamlarning motam kuni) Sion tog'idagi qabristonda bo'lib o'tdi. Keyingi yillarda Germaniya protestantlik jamoatlaridan yoshlar guruhlari va Johanniter-Unfall-Hilfe Isroildagi dam olish lagerida qolish paytida qabrlar va qabristonlarni saqlashga yordam berdi.

To'xtatilgan inshootlar bilan atrof devorlari hech qachon to'g'ri ta'mirlanmagan. 1994-1998 yillarda tog'li Sion qabristoni ma'muri Bishopda bir necha bor murojaat qilgan Samir Kafity devorlarni rekonstruksiya qilishni topshirish uchun kengashni chaqirish. Anglikan tomoni qabriston devorlarini parvarish qilish qonunga binoan Quddus shahri zimmasiga tushishini rad etdi.

Keyin EKD o'z hissasining qolgan qismini 5.700 DM ga qaytarishini talab qilishini e'lon qildi. Shunday qilib, 1998 yilda Provost Ronecker bir tomonlama ravishda devorlarni 12000 dollarga ta'mirladi (7 289,43 funt). Bu Anglikan yepiskopini 1998 yil iyun oyida kengashni chaqirishga majbur qildi, uning a'zolari xarajatlarni qanday taqsimlash borasida bahslashdilar. Ronekker Anglikanlar, Evangelist protestantlar, Buyuk Britaniya hukumati va Germaniya federal hukumati tomonidan haqoratlanadigan to'rtta teng ulushga bo'linishni taklif qildi. Ikkinchisi har qanday turtki berishni rad etdi, shuning uchun Quddusning evangelistlar jamoati 6000 AQSh dollari ko'tarishdi.

1989 yilda qabristonni saqlashni juda istagan Germaniya elchixonasi mas'ul bo'lmaganligi sababli o'z fikrini butunlay o'zgartirdi. Ko'p o'tmay, qabriston kengashining anglikan ma'muri Germaniya elchixonasiga murojaat qilib, qabristonni saqlash uchun doimiy ravishda 3000 AQSh dollari miqdorida yordam so'radi va yana rad etdi. Anglikan ma'murining ta'kidlashicha, Germaniya hukumati doimiy ravishda badallar to'lash majburiyatini olgan, bu majburiyat na elchixona va na evangelistlar jamoati bilan hujjatlashtirilgan.^[45]

1998 yildan keyin har qanday hamkorlik to'xtadi. Ikki jamoat qabriston kengashini chaqirmasdan, boshqa tomonga xabar bermasdan o'z marhumlarini dafn qilishni boshladilar (1999, 2000 va 2001 yillarda uchta evangel dafn marosimi). 2005 yilda yepiskop Riya Hanna Abu El-Assal Germaniyadagi protestant cherkovi vakillariga Quddusga tashrifi chog'ida Sion tog'i qabristonini parkga aylantirishni rejalashtirayotganini aytdi.^[45] Nemis tilidagi Quddusdagi Evangelistlar jamoati ushbu bir tomonlama yondashuvdan juda hayratda qoldilar.

2006-2007 yillarda yangi boshlanish

Yangi Provost Uve Gräbe (2006 yil holatiga ko'ra) va yangi episkop bilan Suheil Salmon Ibrohim Dovani munosabatlar yana yaxshilandi. EKD vakillari Quddusga tashrif buyurganlarida Dawani qabriston kengashini yana chaqirish zarurligini qat'iyan bildirdilar. Sion tog'i qabristoni, Quddusning evangelistlar nemis tilidagi jamoati foydalanadigan yagona qabriston bo'lib, u jamoat o'sib borishi bilan, qonunlarda nazarda tutilgan tartibli boshqaruvga qaytishi kerak. Shunday qilib Davani 2007 yil 12 oktyabrda yana kengashni chaqirdi.

Ichki mojarolar Anglikan qabristoniga bo'lgan munosabatini biroz siqib qo'ygan bo'lsa, yangi loyihalar qabriston kengashidan qaror qabul qilishni talab qilmoqda.^[47] The Tabiat va istirohat bog'lari boshqarmasi sobiq yepiskop Gobat maktabida joylashgan Quddus universiteti kollejining maktab bog'ini qo'shni jamoat bog'iga qo'shish istagini bildirdi. Quddus devorlari.

2007 yil boshida Yeshiva diasporasibinosida o'tirgan Devid maqbarasi, usurped a site in the designated area for the city walls park outside of Mount Zion Cemetery. The Nature and Parks Authority announced to proceed against them but so far without any visible success. The members of Diaspora Yeshiva, illegally holding the new site, have no chance to get regular access to electricity and water supply. Therefore, in autumn 2007 they installed, without authorisation, a water pipe and electricity cable crossing graves on Mount Zion Cemetery connecting to their premise at David's tomb, as members of the board of cemetery had to realise at a cemetery inspection on 12 October of the same year.^[47] The board then commissioned the legal advisor of the Anglican Church in Jerusalem to officially protest that intrusion. However, Diaspora Yeshiva did not remove its illegal installations.

For several weeks water poured out of the improperly installed leaking pipe flooding part of the cemetery and thoroughly soaking the earth at the section of the graves of soldiers killed in World War I. On the weekend of 5 and 6 April 2008, the drenched ground imploded into a cavern below the cemetery forming a crater of 5 meter width and 5 meter depth.^[47] The cavern most likely forms a part of an excavation tunnel dug by the archaeologists Frederik Jons Blis va Archibald Dickey 1890-yillarda.

In the following days and weeks three graves precipitated completely or partially into the crater, a fourth grave is moderately endangered. Although Provost Gräbe and the Evangelical board administrator immediately alarmed all competent authorities the water was only turned off on 9 April.^[48] Members of Diaspora Yeshiva did not remove their installations, but climbed again over the enclosing wall trying to repair the wrecked pipe. At the instigation of the representative for the non-Jewish religions in Jerusalem Mayor Uri Lupolianski personally promised the provost on 13 April, to take care of the issue. Several officials of the city administration tried to find a solution until August 2008. They finally reached the removal of the water pipe.

The electricity cable, however, continues to cross the cemetery. Members of Diaspora Yeshiva continued repeatedly to enter the cemetery without any authorisation and thus managed to elevate the cable to three meters of height fixing it at trees on the cemetery. Throughout 2008 members of Diaspora Yeshiva continued to supply their illegal outpost on the site designated for the city walls park – crossing the cemetery – and the Nature and Parks Authority does not get them evicted from the plot.

Quddus universiteti kolleji against the background of the trees on Mount Zion Cemetery (2009).

On 6 August 2008 a representative of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, the provost, the Evangelical administrator and the director of Jerusalem University College, who meanwhile has advanced to a guard of the cemetery, inspected the damages in the burial ground. The War Graves Commission consented to rescue the precipitated graves and to close the crater. However, the financing of this difficult operation was completely unclear. Diaspora Yeshiva, which is responsible for the damage, so far did not make up for it.

The crater, the safety barriers, and the signs warning about the danger of collapse at the crater were symptoms of the desolate situation of Mount Zion Cemetery. The cemetery had fallen in decay again, with overgrown graves, dead dry and partially collapsed trees presenting a danger of fire. Criminals and drug addicts again and again climb over the walls and leave their traces, while dogs are straying around too.

The Commonwealth War Graves Commission offered to fill the crater at its own expenses, however, without recovering the precipitated graves and their headstones, which would be a dangerous effort. The Evangelical congregation accepted and decided to commission new headstones. The War Graves Commission intended to fill the crater during November 2008. However, before that the archaeologist Yo'av Arbel (יואב ארבל), Isroil qadimiy yodgorliklari, asked and was allowed to enter with a colleague through the insecure crater into the cavern underneath in order to explore the excavation tunnel presumably to be assigned to Bliss and Dickey.^[49]

In the recent years the board of cemetery paid again some attention to its neglected Jarmaleh Cemetery. The enclosing fence of the Jarmaleh Cemetery has mostly collapsed. Almost all headstones there have been destroyed in wanton vandalism. The graves are overgrown and partially covered with rubbish. The last burial there dates back to 2003.^[50]

Mulkchilik va foydalanish

Ostida Usmonli law corporations could not own land, but only natural persons. As stated by the original deed in Arabic and French, issued on the occasion of the land acquisition in 1848, Mount Zion Cemetery was converted into an ajralmas diniy vaqf endowment in favour of the Injiliyyun (Arabcha: إنجيليون; i.e. Protestants) as its beneficiaries, represented by their respective spiritual head (French: chef spirituel) as mutevelli (Turkcha: mütevelli, i.e. administrator, trustee).^[51] A waqf may have beneficiaries, who take usufruct of it, but nobody may dispose of it as property.

However, in 1853 Gobat separated a part of the cemetery, which had not yet been used for burials, in order to domicile the Bishop Gobat School (Bischof-Gobat-Schule; est. 1847) there, a clear contravention of the waqf deed, which demanded a use as cemetery.^[10]

With the dissolution of the contract on the joint bishopric in 1886 diplomatic notes were exchanged confirming the status quo of the cemetery with its ambiguities. Pol fon Xatsfeldt, German ambassador in London, stated "that the [Prussian] Royal Government takes it for granted that the use of the churchyard for its proper purpose by both Communities on equal footing as well as the equal right of the clergymen of each to perform the proper service shall continue until a possible agreement shall have been arrived at by the two Communities."^[52]

Va Tashqi ishlar vaziri Stafford Nortkot, Iddeslining birinchi grafligi replied: "The Archbishop [of Canterbury, Archibald Tait,] most readily concurs in the desire expressed in Count Hatzfeldt's letter as to the future harmonious cooperation of the Churches and the continued common use of the churchyard as hitherto."^[53] So technically the cemetery continued to be used and administered by the Anglican Bishopric of Jerusalem and the old-Prussian Evangelical Church, represented by the Evangelical pastor of Jerusalem (ranked provost since 1898).

When Bishop Blyth unilaterally issued cemetery rules by end of 1895 Pastor Hoppe expressed the agreement of the Evangelical congregation but asked for future concerted decisions referring to the condominium of both congregations in Mount Zion Cemetery.

Blyth then replied that the cemetery, "is not given either to the English or to the Germans by the Deed of Wakoof. What has always been given has not in any way been interfered with – the right of burying."^[54] Furthermore, Gobat's "deed [of foundation of 1874] was illegal – it is not possible to alter a Deed of Wakoof after its completion.^[55] … As sole trustee [mütevelli in Usmonli turkchasi ] of the Ground I cannot, in justice to my Ishonch, acknowledge the validity of this Deed, which is against the law of land …"^[56]

On 2 June 1896 Hoppe pointed out, that Blyth was not to be accepted as the mütevelli, because the waqf deed determined the chef spirituel of the Protestants as mütevelli, but after 1886 the Bishop of Jerusalem was not the spiritual head of all the Protestant waqf beneficiaries any more.^[57] In his deed of foundation Gobat, again, had determined his Anglican episcopal successors to be the cemeterial responsible, however, Blyth rejecting that deed, still claimed the task as trustee being connoted with his office.^[58]

On 12 May, the same year, Blyth had rejected Hoppe's demand for a bilateral accord, claiming the cemetery would be an Anglican cemetery, where an interference by Lutherans cannot be accepted.^[59] The dispute gained sharpness so that the two consuls intervened which made Blyth and Hoppe more conciliant again. Blyth and Hoppe adopted the point of view, that the waqf was no property in the sense of western law, with both congregations only being its beneficiaries.^[60]

Today's Israel land registry shows the Church Missionary Trust Association Ltd., London, as the proprietor of Mount Zion Cemetery. Jarmaleh Cemetery, in turn, is registered under the name of the Jarmaleh Cemetery Board, which, however, is not registered as a legal entity so that a government dispossession would legally be easily possible at any time.^[50]

In May 1984 the Evangelical members of the board of cemetery formally objected by their lawyer for Bishop Kafity had twice overlooked them when inviting for board meetings. The bishop then reconfirmed: "Mount Zion Cemetery […] is a shared responsibility among the Anglican Church, the Lutheran Church, the Commonwealth War Graves Commission and the West German War Graves Commission."^[61] The board of cemetery followed that statement: "It was affirmed that the Cemetery is an international Protestant cemetery concerning Britain, Germany and local Anglican churches."^[62]

This was, however, not always aware to the Jerusalem University College, seated since 1967 in the Gobat School building, through the site of which is the only access to the lychgate. Several times newly appointed college directors exchanged the locks, barring entrance for the uninformed representatives of the congregations or only reluctantly allowing passage to Mount Zion Cemetery through the site of the college. So in 1995 the Anglican Church in Jerusalem readvised the college, that representatives of Jerusalem's Evangelical congregation have right of free access to the cemetery at any time.^[63]

The joint board of cemetery

When established in 1906 the dafn taxtasi (renamed to board of cemetery in 1929) comprised the following persons:

1. Anglican bishop of Jerusalem as chairman
2. Evangelical provost at Redeemer Church, Jerusalem, as vice-chairman
3. British consul in Jerusalem
4. German consul in Jerusalem
5. pastor of the Anglican Masih cherkovi, Quddus
6. missionary director of the Cherkov missionerlik jamiyati Quddusda
7. direktori Suriyadagi bolalar uyi, Quddus
8. direktori German Protestant Institute of Archaeology of the Holy Land Quddusda

Since 1962 the Jarmaleh Cemetery Board, responsible for the cemeteries on Mount Zion and in Beit Safafa (Jarmaleh cemetery), comprised the following members:

1. Anglican bishop of Jerusalem as chairman
2. Evangelical provost at Redeemer Church, Jerusalem, as vice-chairman
3. Anglican bishop in Jordan, Lebanon and Syria
4. one representative of the congregation of St. George's Collegiate Church (cathedral), Quddus
5. two representatives of the Arab Anglican congregation, Jerusalem
6. pastor of the Anglican Christ Church, Jerusalem
7. two representatives of the Evangelical congregation of German language, Jerusalem
8. two representatives of the Presbyterian congregation of Jerusalem, one being the pastor of Avliyo Endryu cherkovi, Quddus

Later the composition of the renamed Mount Zion and Jarmaleh Cemetery Board changed, since 1988 it consists of:

1. Anglican bishop of Jerusalem as chairman
2. Evangelical provost at Redeemer Church, Jerusalem, as vice-chairman
3. British consul-general in Jerusalem
4. Madaniy attashe of the German embassy in Tel Aviv-Yafo
5. dekan of the Anglican St. George's Cathedral, Jerusalem
6. pastor of the Anglican Christ Church, Jerusalem
7. Jerusalem representative of the Hamdo'stlik urushlari qabrlari komissiyasi
8. treasurer of the Episcopal Church in Jerusalem
9. administrator of the Evangelical Jerusalem's Foundation
10. ma'muri Episcopal Church in Jerusalem (since January 1989, unclear if without or with a vote)

The accession of the pastor of Osmonga ko'tarilish cherkovi da Auguste Victoria Foundation and of a pastor of the Presviterian Shotlandiya cherkovi was under discussion but never decided. Between 1981 and 1985 the Iordaniyadagi evangelist-lyuteran cherkovi had a seat without a vote in the board, and its successor the Iordaniyadagi Evangelist-lyuteran cherkovi va Muqaddas er is currently trying to regain a seat.

Graves and burials

Headstone on the graves of Conrad Schick and Friederike Dobler, with headstone on Bishop Maykl Sulaymon Aleksandr 's grave (background right).

On Mount Zion Cemetery a number of Bishops of Jerusalem have been buried, such as Michael Solomon Alexander, Joseph Barclay, Samuel Gobat, and George Francis Graham Brown.

There are a number of graves of educators, who built up educational institutions in the Holy Land, like Johann Ludwig Schneller (Suriyadagi bolalar uyi, Jerusalem), the deaconesses Charlotte Pilz, Bertha Harz, and Najla Moussa Sayegh (Talitha Kumi Girls School, Jerusalem until 1948, now Beyt Jala ), scientists and artists, Uilyam Metyu Flinders Petri (Egyptologist), Konrad Shik (architect), Gustav-Ernst Schultz (Prussian consul, Egyptologist), Anglican and Lutheran clergy, e.g. the first Arab Protestant pastor Bechara Canaan (father of Tavfiq kan'oni ), deaconesses running the Protestant German Hospital, Adalbert Einsler, doctor at Lepers Hospital Jesushilfe, and many other parishioners of the Anglican and Lutheran congregations of Arabic, English, and German language.

Furthermore, there are graves of British and German diplomats and officials, of officials and policepersons of the British Mandate government – among them victims of anti-British terrorism – and of their family members. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission is taking care of 144 graves of Palestine Policemen, who died in service during the British Mandate.^[30]

During the mandatory period the Anglican population in the Muqaddas er and the Jerusalem Anglican congregation had strongly grown. So between 1925 and 1932 the number of Anglican burials amounted to 75 (parishioners and other Anglicans), 42 of British and 28 of Arabic background, while 27 Evangelical Protestants had been buried, nine of whom were Germans and 12 Arabs.^[36]

And last not least Austro-Hungarian, British, and German soldiers killed in action or else deceased in service in the Holy Land were laid to rest. The afore-mentioned two British and sixteen Markaziy kuchlar ' soldiers killed in action are buried in a special section in the centre of the cemetery. As another exception Templers bought grave plots for two deceased of their fellow faithful, before they opened a Templer cemetery of their own in Emeq Rephaim.^[11]

Gravesites in the cemetery

The burial fees – e.g., as fixed in July 1983 – are considerably lower for parishioners of the congregations holding the joint cemetery than for other faithful of the two respective nominallar.^[63] Between 1982 and 1993 only four interments took place on Mount Zion Cemetery.^[63]

The unauthorised burial carried out by members of the adjacent Jerusalem University College in 1989, unconsented with the board of cemetery or any of the enfranchised congregations, aroused their unrest.^[63] In a letter of 13 February 1989 to the college the Anglican diocese declared that the responsibility for all burials is with the Anglican bishop as well as with the Evangelical provost.^[63]

In 1993 Mount Zion Cemetery comprised 80 empty grave plots, while an additional 50 were planned to be gained at terracing the slopes, which was never finished. After 1994 the Evangelical congregation of German language allowed several burials of Protestant non-parishioners. However, under Israeli law limited tenures on grave sites, as introduced in 1929, are not allowed any more, so that Mount Zion Cemetery will definitely reach its maximal capacity one day.

The plan of empty grave plots is not always followed. In 2002 the grave of an Arab parishioner was erected crossing two graves of German soldiers. Burials continue until this very day and for Jerusalem's Evangelical congregation of German language Mount Zion Cemetery is the sole burial place.

Headstone on the grave of William Matthew Flinders Petrie.

Taniqli dafn marosimlari

Headstone on the graves of Conrad Schick and Friederike Dobler.

• Maykl Sulaymon Aleksandr (1799–1845), Bishop of Jerusalem between 1841 and 1845
• Lyuis Yelland Endryus (1896–1937), Galiley district commissioner, murdered by Arab terrorists
• Jozef Barklay (1831–1881), Bishop of Jerusalem between 1879 and 1881
• Samuel Gobat (1799–1879), Bishop of Jerusalem between 1846 and 1879, and his wife Marie Zeller (1813–1879)
• Jorj Frensis Grem Braun (1891–1942), Bishop of Jerusalem between 1932 and 1942
• Uilyam Irvin (1863–1947), Scottish evangelist
• John Meshullam (1799–1878), businessman in Jerusalem, and his wife Mary Fua Meshullam (1809–1882)
• Jon Nikolayson (Danish born Hans Nicolajsen; 1803–1856), reverend, missionary, founder of the English Hospital
• Uilyam Metyu Flinders Petri (1853–1942), British Egyptologist^[64]
• Yoxannes Rot (1815–1858), German zoologist and traveller^[65]
• Maks Sandrecki (1839–1899), German pediatric surgeon who opened and ran the first pediatric hospital in the Holy Land between 1872 and 1899
• Konrad Shik (1822–1901), architect in Jerusalem, and his wife Friederike Dobler (1826–1902)
• Horatio Geyts Spafford (1828–1888), US lawyer and hymnologist and author of "It is Well with My Soul"
• Jeyms Lesli Starki (1895–1938), British archaeologist
• Lady Genevieve (Cook) Watson (1854-1936), Widow of Sir Charlz Mur Uotson KCMG, CB, MA, RE (Pasha Watson)

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

• Ejal Jakob Eisler (ilil yyus Ilker), Der deutsche Beitrag zum Aufstieg Jaffas 1850–1914: Zur Geschichte Palästinas im 19. Jahrhundert, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997, (Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins; vol. 22). ISBN  3-447-03928-0
• Ruth Felgentreff, "Bertha Harz und Najla Moussa Sayegh: Zwei Diakonissen – eine Aufgabe, ein Dienst", in: Seht, wir gehen hinauf nach Jerusalem!: Festschrift zum 150jährigen Jubiläum von Talitha Kumi und des Jerusalemsvereins, Almut Nothnagle (ed.) on behalf of Jerusalemsverein, Leipzig: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 2001, pp. 96–121. ISBN  3-374-01863-7
• Uwe Gräbe (a), "Die Entwicklung des protestantischen Zionsfriedhofs in Jerusalem 1848 bis 2008", in: Quddus. Gemeindebrief – Stiftungsjournal (03/2008), pp. 17–27. (nemis tilida)
• Uwe Gräbe (b), "Begraben auf dem Zion – und der Jarmaleh-Friedhof" (supplement to Die Entwicklung des protestantischen Zionsfriedhofs ...), in: Quddus. Gemeindebrief – Stiftungsjournal (04/2008), pp. 46–47. (nemis tilida)
• Uwe Gräbe (c), "Die Entwicklung des protestantischen Zionsfriedhofs in Jerusalem 1848 bis 2008" (a revised online version – now offline – of Gräbe's articles in Quddus. Gemeindebrief – Stiftungsjournal)
• Gotfrid Mehnert, Der Englisch-Deutsche Zionsfriedhof, Jerusalem in Deutsche Evangelische Gemeinde Jerusalem. Ein Beitrag zur Ökumenischen Kirchengeschichte Jerusalems, (= Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte, Beihefte; vol. XV), Leiden: Brill, 1971. (nemis tilida)
• Yaron Perry (ירון פרי), XIX asr Falastinda yahudiylarga ingliz missiyasi [נשיאים ורוח וגשם אין: המיסיון הלונדוני בארץ ישראל במאה התשע-עשרה (Neśîʾîm we-rûaḥ we-gešem ʾeîn: Ha-mîsyôn ha-lôndônî be-ʾErets Yiśraʾel ba-meʾah ha-tša‘-‘eśreh), 2001; Engl.], Rebecca Toueg (trl.), Elizabeth Yodim (ed.), London: Frank Cass, 2003. ISBN  0-7146-5416-7.
• Brian Schultz, "The Archaeological Heritage of the Jerusalem Protestant Cemetery on Mount Zion", in: Falastinni har chorakda qidirish 136.1 (2004), pp. 57–75.
• Brian Schultz, The Jerusalem Protestant Cemetery on Mount Zion, Jerusalem: Jerusalem University College, 1998.
• Kaja Wieczorek, Der protestantische Zionsfriedhof … in der Tradition des preußisch-anglikanischen Bistums 1841–1886, Jerusalem: leaflet of Jerusalem's Evangelical congregation of German language, March/April 2009 (nemis tilida)

Tashqi havolalar

• Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari Mount Zion Protestant Cemetery (Jerusalem) Vikimedia Commons-da
• Qabriston tafsilotlari. Hamdo'stlik urushlari qabrlari komissiyasi. ma'lumotlar
• Qabrlar ro'yxati, compiled by Brian Schultz, contributed by Deborah Millier.^{[doimiy o'lik havola ]}