Epsom operatsiyasi - Operation Epsom

Epsom operatsiyasi
Qismi Kan uchun jang
Operationepsom.jpg
Inglizlarning o'q-dorilar tashuvchisi 11-zirhli diviziya 1944 yil 26-iyun, Epsom operatsiyasi paytida minomyot bilan urilganidan keyin portlaydi.
Sana1944 yil 26-30 iyun
Manzil
G'arbdan Kan, Normandiya, Frantsiya
49 ° 17′00 ″ N. 00 ° 18′00 ″ V / 49.28333 ° N 0.30000 ° Vt / 49.28333; -0.30000Koordinatalar: 49 ° 17′00 ″ N. 00 ° 18′00 ″ V / 49.28333 ° N 0.30000 ° Vt / 49.28333; -0.30000
NatijaQarang Natijada Bo'lim
Urushayotganlar
 Birlashgan Qirollik Germaniya
Qo'mondonlar va rahbarlar
Birlashgan Qirollik Bernard Montgomeri
Birlashgan Qirollik Mayl Dempsi
Birlashgan Qirollik Richard O'Konnor		Germaniya Fridrix Dollmann
Germaniya Leo Geyr fon Shveppenburg
Germaniya Zepp Ditrix
Germaniya Pol Xusser
Germaniya Wilhelm Bittrich
Kuch
2 piyoda bo'linmasi
1 zirhli diviziya
1 zirhli brigada
1 tank brigadasi		3 SS panzer bo'linmalari
5 ta maxsus jangovar guruh
1 SS og'ir tank batalyoni
Yo'qotishlar va yo'qotishlar
4,020–4,900 talofatlar
150 ta tank shikastlangan yoki nokaut qilingan		3000 dan ortiq qurbonlar
125–126 ta tank shikastlangan yoki nokaut qilingan
Shotlandiya yo'lagi Frantsiyada joylashgan
Shotlandiya yo'lagi
Shotlandiya yo'lagi
Kan, a kommuna, prefektura ning Kalvados Bo'lim
Epsom operatsiyasi
Operatsion doirasiStrategik hujum
RejalashtirilganBritaniya ikkinchi armiyasi
MaqsadChiqib ketish perexrad Kanning g'arbiy qismida Orne daryosi va Kanning janubidagi Brettvil-sur-Laiza yaqinidagi baland erlarni egallab oling
Tomonidan ijro etilganVIII korpus, Ikkinchi armiya; elementlari tomonidan qilingan hujumlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash XXX korpus.
NatijaQarang Natijada Bo'lim

Epsom operatsiyasi, deb ham tanilgan Birinchi Odon jangi, inglizlarning hujumi edi Ikkinchi jahon urushi davomida 1944 yil 26-30 iyun kunlari Normandiya jangi. Hujum tashqi tomonni egallab olish va egallab olishga qaratilgan edi Nemis - ishg'ol qilingan shahar Kan, muhim Ittifoqdosh ob'ektiv, "Overlord" operatsiyasining dastlabki bosqichlarida ittifoqchilarning shimoliy-g'arbiy Evropaga bosqini.

Oldingi Martlet operatsiyasi avansning o'ng qanotini ta'minlash uchun "Epsom" operatsiyasi 26 iyun kuni boshlandi 15-Shotlandiya piyoda diviziyasi dumalab ortda yurish artilleriya hujumi. Amaliyotning ko'p qismida havo qopqog'i vaqti-vaqti bilan bo'lib turardi, chunki Angliyada yomon ob-havo so'nggi daqiqalarni bekor qilishga majbur bo'ldi bombardimonchi qo'llab-quvvatlash. Hamrohligida 31-tank brigadasi, 15-Shotlandiya bo'limi barqaror rivojlanib bordi va birinchi kunning oxiriga kelib, Germaniyaning forpost chizig'ining katta qismini bosib oldi, garchi qanotlarni himoya qilishda ba'zi qiyinchiliklar qolgan bo'lsa ham. Keyingi ikki kun davomida o'zaro qimmatga tushgan janglarda, bo'ylab tayanch ta'minlandi Odon daryosi taktik jihatdan qimmatli nuqtalarni qo'lga kiritish va yuqoriga ko'tarish orqali buni kengaytirishga harakat qilindi 43-chi (Wessex) piyoda diviziyasi. 30 iyunga qadar, keyin Nemis qarshi hujumlar, Buyuk Britaniyaning daryo bo'yidagi ba'zi kuchlari olib tashlandi va egallab olingan er birlashtirilib, operatsiya yakuniga etdi.

Ko'plab qurbonlar ikkala tomon tomonidan ham zarar ko'rdi, ammo farqli o'laroq Umumiy Bernard Montgomeri, Normandiyadagi ittifoqchilar qo'mondoni, Generalfeldmarschall Ervin Rommel jangdan so'ng bo'linmalarni zaxiraga olib chiqa olmadi, chunki ular oldingi chiziqni ushlab turish uchun kerak edi. Inglizlar tashabbusni saqlab qolishdi, keyingi ikki hafta ichida yana bir necha marta hujum qilishdi va Kanni qo'lga olishdi "Charnwood" operatsiyasi iyul oyining o'rtalarida. Epsom operatsiyasining maqsadi va o'tkazilishini talqin qilish har xil, ammo uning Normandiyadagi kuchlar muvozanatiga ta'siri to'g'risida umumiy kelishuv mavjud. Nemislar hujumni chekladilar, ammo faqat bor kuchlarini sarflab, shu qatorda Normandiyaga etib kelgan ikkita panzer bo'linmasi, shu jumladan Ittifoqchilarning pozitsiyalariga qarshi hujum qilish uchun mo'ljallangan edi. Bayeux.

Fon

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Normandiyaning bosqini va Overlord operatsiyasi

The Norman Kan shahri a Kun inglizlar uchun ob'ektiv 3-piyoda diviziyasi ustiga tushdi Qilich plyaji 1944 yil 6-iyunda.[1] Kenni qo'lga olish, "ambitsiyali" bo'lsa-da, rasmiy tarixchi tomonidan tasvirlangan, L. F. Ellis, kunning eng muhim maqsadi sifatida General-leytenant Jon Kroker va Men korpus.[a] Overlord operatsiyasi inglizlarni chaqirdi Ikkinchi armiya (General-leytenant Mayl Dempsi ), shaharni xavfsiz holatga keltirish va keyin oldingi chiziqni tashkil etish Caumont-l'Eventé Kanning janubi-sharqida. Niyat aerodromlar uchun joy egallash va AQShning chap qanotini himoya qilish edi Birinchi armiya (General-leytenant Omar N. Bredli ) bilan kurashganda Cherburgdagi jang.[4]

Caen va uning atrofini egallab olish Ikkinchi armiyaga janubni bosib olish uchun mos sahna maydonini beradi Falaise, oldinga siljish uchun burilish sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin Argentinalik va keyin Touques daryosi.[5] Uning zirhli qo'llab-quvvatlovini joylashtirishni kechiktirgan va shaharga 9,3 milya (15,0 km) yo'l bo'ylab kuchli ushlab turilgan nemis pozitsiyalariga hujum qilish uchun harakatlarni boshqa tomonga yo'naltirishga majbur bo'lgan plyaj boshidagi tirbandlik to'sqinlik qilib, 3-piyoda diviziyasi Keynga kuch bilan hujum qila olmadi. kunida va qisqa vaqt ichida to'xtatildi 21-Panzer divizioni.[6] Nemis qo'shinlari etib kelganida, keyingi hujumlar muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi. To'g'ridan-to'g'ri yondashuvdan voz kechish, Perch operatsiyasi - a qisqich hujumi men va XXX korpus - sharq va g'arbdan Kanni o'rab olish uchun 7 iyunda boshlangan.[7][8]

Men korpus, janubdan tashqariga urilib Orne perexrad, 21-Panzer bo'limi tomonidan to'xtatildi va Xenning g'arbidagi XXX Korpus hujumi oldida to'xtatildi Tilli-sur-Seul tomonidan Panzer-Lehr-Divizion.[8][9] Majburlash Panzer-Lehr chekinish yoki taslim bo'lish va operatsiyalarni suyuqligini ushlab turish 7-zirhli diviziya Kaumont yaqinidagi Germaniya oldingi chizig'idagi bo'shliqdan o'tib, qo'lga olindi Villers-Bocage.[10][11] The Villers-Bocage jangi 7-zirhli diviziyaning avangardini pistirmada va shahar tashqarisiga olib chiqishga olib keldi, ammo 17 iyunga qadar Panzer Lehr orqaga qaytarilgan va XXX korpus Tilli-sur-Seulni olib ketgan.[12][13]

7-zirhli diviziyaning yana bir hujumi va boshqa hujum operatsiyalari kuchli bo'ron tushganda tark etildi Ingliz kanali 19 iyunda.[14] Bo'ron uch kun davom etdi va ittifoqchilar qurilishini kechiktirdi.[15] Dengizda bo'lgan qo'nish kemalari va kemalarining aksariyat qismi qaytib portlarga haydab chiqarildi Britaniya; tortiladigan barjalar va boshqa yuklar (shu jumladan, 2,5 mil (4,0 km) suzuvchi yo'llar uchun Tut portlari ) yo'qolgan va 800 ta hunarmand iyul oyidagi bahor fasllariga qadar Normandiya plyajlarida qolib ketgan.[16]

Britaniyaliklar Orne plyajidan tashqariga chiqadigan "Dreadnought Operation" nomli ikkinchi hujumni rejalashtirishni boshladilar. VIII korpus (General-leytenant Richard O'Konnor ), sharqdan Caen-dan tashqarida.[17] O'Konnorning erni o'rganish va qarshi hujumidan so'ng e'tirozlaridan so'ng Dreadnought bekor qilindi Évrecy Montgomery yoki Dempsey tomonidan ko'rib chiqilgan va rad etilgan. Urushdan keyingi Chester Vilmotga bergan intervyusida Dempsi Montgomeriga 18 iyun kuni rejalashtirilgan operatsiyani bekor qilishini aytganini aytdi.[18] 19-22 iyundagi ob-havo Ittifoq samolyotlarini to'xtatib qo'ydi va nemislar mudofaasini yaxshilash uchun havo hujumlaridan bo'shashgan vaqtdan foydalandilar. Piyoda pozitsiyalari minalar maydonlari bilan himoyalangan va v. 70 88 mm qurol Caenga yaqinlashadigan yo'llarni to'sadigan to'siqlar va o'rmonlarga qazilgan.[15][19]

Reja

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Epsom operatsiyasi jang tartibi

20-iyun kuni feldmarshal Ervin Rommel Xeresgruppe B (Armiya guruhi B), buyruq bergan Gitler Caumont-l'Éventé (Caumont) shaharlari o'rtasida ittifoqchilarga qarshi qarshi hujumni boshlash uchun Sent-Lu. Maqsad Bayo (7-iyun kuni inglizlar tomonidan qabul qilingan) shahri va uning narigi sohilini qaytarib olish orqali Amerika va Britaniya qo'shinlari o'rtasidagi yo'lakni kesib tashlash edi.[20] To'rt SS panzer bo'limi va bittasi Her Panzer bo'limi vazifaga tayinlandi. Ularning hujumiga rahbarlik qilish kerak edi II SS Panzer korpusi, tarkibiga kiradi 9-SS Panzer bo'limi Hohenstaufen va 10-SS Panzer bo'limi Frundsberg, yaqinda kelgan Sharqiy front.[21] The 1-SS Panzer bo'limi Leybstandart SS SS Adolf Gitler, 2-SS Panzer bo'limi Das Reyx va 2-Panzer bo'limi hujumni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[22] Ushbu tuzilmalar tomonidan ishlatiladigan tanklarning aksariyati Panzer IV va Panterlar, tomonidan to'ldirilgan sturmgeschütz (hujum qurollari) va Yo'lbarslar Panterlar va yo'lbarslar urushning eng xavfli va yaxshi himoyalangan nemis zirhli mashinalaridan biri.[23]

18 iyun kuni Montgomeri Demnieyga Kenni qo'lga kiritish maqsadida yangi pinser hujumini o'tkazish to'g'risida ko'rsatma berdi.[24][25] Dastlabki reja bo'yicha I va ХХX korpuslar to'rt kun davomida Kandan g'arbga hujum qilishlari kerak edi, VIII korpus 22 iyun kuni Kann sharqidagi Orne plyajidan asosiy hujumni boshlashdan oldin. Tez orada VIII korpus Orne plyajining kichik perimetri bo'ylab yig'ila olmasligini angladilar va ertasi kuni reja qayta ko'rib chiqildi.[25] Dastlabki operatsiya asosiy hujumdan uch kun oldin o'tkazilishi kerak edi. The 51-chi (tog'li) piyoda diviziyasi (I Corps) 21-Panzer Diviziyasining bo'linmalarining o'tkazilishini oldini olish uchun Orne plyajidan janubga zarba berishga buyruq berildi.[25] Martlet operatsiyasi Epsomdan bir kun oldin 49-chi (G'arbiy Riding) piyoda diviziyasi va 8-zirhli brigada (XXX korpuslar) janubiy-g'arbiy balandliklarni egallab olish orqali VIII korpusning o'ng qanotini himoya qilish.[26]

Epsom operatsiyasida asosiy rol 60244 kishidan iborat yangi kelgan VIII korpusga yuklandi.[27] VIII korpuslar hujumni plyaj boshidan boshlashadi 3-chi Kanada piyoda diviziyasi. Ularning ishi to'rt bosqichda amalga oshirilishi kerak edi, uning yakuniy maqsadi yaqin balandlik Brettvil-sur-Lais, Kanning janubida.[28] VIII korpus 736 quroldan o'q bilan quvvatlanadi,[b] uchta kreyser va monitor HMSRoberts. The Qirollik havo kuchlari 250 bombardimonchi samolyot tomonidan dastlabki bombardimonni amalga oshirishi va keyinchalik havodan qo'llab-quvvatlanishi kerak edi.[30]

15-chi (Shotlandiya) piyoda diviziyasi hujumga rahbarlik qiladi. I bosqich davomida kod nomi berilgan Gut, ular qishloqlarni olishlari kerak edi Sankt-Manvye va Cheux.[28] II bosqichda (Hangover), bo'linma bir nechta o'tish joylarini egallash uchun oldinga siljiydi Odon daryosi va qishloqlari Mouen va Grainvil-sur-Odon.[28] Ochilish bosqichidagi qarshilik yorug'likni isbotlashi kerak bo'lsa, 11-zirhli diviziya tomonidan Odon daryosi ustidagi ko'priklarni egallab olar edi coup de main.[31] Dastlabki ikki bosqichda 43-chi (Wessex) piyoda diviziyasi - 28 iyun kuni piyodalar brigadasi bilan kuchaytirildi. Gvardiya zirhli diviziyasi - "mustahkam tayanch" ni ta'minlash uchun start chizig'ida qolish kerak edi.[29]

Panzergrenaderlar Panteradan tushishmoqda.

Uchinchi bosqichda Impetigo, 43-chi divizion Odon shimolidagi barcha Shotlandiya piyoda askarlarini ozod qilish uchun oldinga siljiydi.[28] Keyin 15-diviziya daryo bo'ylab yig'ilib, bir nechta muhim qishloqlarni egallab olish orqali plyajni kengaytirar edi. Oxirgi bosqichda kod nomi berilgan Gyote, 43-divizion elementlari olingan maydonni ushlab turish uchun daryodan o'tib ketar, 15-diviziya esa o'z plyajlarini kengaytirishni davom ettiradi.[28] 11-zirhli diviziya Orne daryosidan o'tishga majbur bo'lishga va Brettvil-sur-Laizning so'nggi maqsadiga o'tishga harakat qiladi.[29] 4-zirhli brigada, garchi 11-zirhli diviziyaga biriktirilgan bo'lsa-da, Odon va Orne o'rtasida Korpus qanotini himoya qilish va kerak bo'lganda g'arbga yoki Kena tomon hujum qilish holatida bo'lish bilan cheklangan.[29]

VIII korpus hujumining muvaffaqiyatli bo'lishiga qarab, I Corps kod nomi bilan ikkita qo'llab-quvvatlovchi operatsiyani boshlar edi Aberlour va Ottava. Sobiq 3-piyoda diviziyasi, Kanadaning piyoda brigadasi tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanib, Kanning shimoliga hujum qiladi; ikkinchisi 3-chi Kanada piyoda diviziyasi va 2-kanadalik zirhli brigada ning qishloq va aerodromini olish Carpiquet.[32] Dastlab 22 iyunda rejalashtirilgan Epsom ishchi kuchi va moddiy nuqsonlarni bartaraf etish uchun 26 iyunga qoldirildi.[33] Dastlabki qarama-qarshiliklar tugaganidan kelib chiqishi kutilgan edi 12-SS Panzer bo'limi Gitlerjugend ("Gitler yoshligi"), 21-Panzer diviziyasining elementlari va Panzer Lehr.[19][34]

Martlet operatsiyasi

Asosiy maqola: Martlet operatsiyasi

23-iyun kuni 51-chi (tog'li) piyoda diviziyasi 152-chi (tog'li) piyoda brigadasi.[c] Tog'li piyoda askarlar, tong otguncha nemis garnizonini hayratda qoldirib, artilleriya bombardimonisiz Sainte-Honorine-la-Chardronette qishlog'iga qarab yurishdi. Highlanders qarshi hujumga uchradi Kampfgruppe fon omad 21-Panzer Diviziyasining ertalab, ammo tushga qadar qishloq inglizlar qo'lida edi.[36] VIII korpus Orne plyujetidan keyingi hujumlarga tayyorlanar ekan, tog'liklarning muvaffaqiyati nemislarning e'tiborini va resurslarini boshqa tomonga yo'naltirdi.[37]

Kan shahridan g'arbiy hududning topografiyasi

25-iyun kuni soat 0415 da 8-zirhli brigada va 250 ta qurol tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan 49-chi (G'arbiy Chavandozlik) piyoda diviziyasi Panzer Lehr va 12-SS Panzer diviziyalarining tutashgan qismiga qarshi Martlet operatsiyasini boshladi.[15] Birinchi maqsad, Fontenay-le-Pesnel kun bo'yi jang qilindi, ammo qaysar nemis qarshilik uni qo'lga kiritishga to'sqinlik qildi. Tanklar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan piyoda batalyoni qishloqni g'arb tomon aylanib o'tdi va Tessel Vudni egallab oldi, u erda ular nemislarning bir nechta qarshi hujumlarini oldilar, ular ingliz artilleriyasining o'qi va yaqin havo yordami bilan qaytarildi. Kechga yaqin 49-diviziya Raurayga etib bormadi, VIII korpusning o'ng qanotida hukmronlik qilayotgan erni nemislar qo'liga topshirdi.[38][39] Martlet I SS Panzer korpusini ertasi kuni qarshi hujum uchun, XX korpus frontiga qarshi 12-SS Panzer Diviziyasining qolgan tanklarini bajarishga majbur qildi.[40] Kechasi Fontenay-le-Pesneldagi nemislar oldingi chiziqni to'g'rilash uchun chekinishdi va 49-diviziondan piyoda qo'shinlar tong otguncha qishloqni himoya qilishdi.[41]

Jang

26 iyun

Piyoda qo'shinlari 7 Seaforth Highlanders, 15 (Shotlandiya) piyoda diviziyasi, 1944 yil 26-iyunda boshlang'ich qatorida signal oldinga siljishini kutmoqda.

Ob-havoning yomonligi Epsom operatsiyasining boshlanishiga 26 iyun kuni to'sqinlik qildi, bu erda jang maydonidagi yomg'ir yerni botqoqqa aylantirdi; erta soatlarda Buyuk Britaniya ustidan kuchli tuman paydo bo'ldi, natijada samolyotlar to'xtatildi va bombardimon to'xtatildi.[42] 83-sonli RAF guruhi, Normandiyada joylashgan bo'lib, operatsiya davomida havodan yordam berishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.[43][d]

49-chi (G'arbiy minish) piyoda diviziyasi "Martlet" operatsiyasini 0650 da davom ettirdi, garchi uning VIII korpusdan bo'lgan artilleriya yordamining katta qismi asosiy operatsiyaga yo'naltirildi.[44] Nemislar inglizlarning oldinga siljishini sekinlashtira oldilar va keyin zirhli ripostni ishga tushirdilar.[45] Dastlab bu erga erishdi, ammo ingliz zirhlari ko'tarilganda va ikki tomon cheklangan hududda duel qilganda to'xtab qoldi.[40] Kunning ikkinchi yarmida Buyuk Britaniyaning katta hujumi sharqqa qarab davom etayotgani to'g'risida xabardor bo'lgan SS-Standartenführer Kurt Meyer 12-SS Panzer qarshi hujumni to'xtatdi va tank kompaniyalariga Rauray janubidagi joylariga qaytishni buyurdi.[46] Kunning qolgan qismida 49-chi diviziya muvaffaqiyatga erishdi va natijada Raurayning shimolida to'xtadi.[42]

7-batalyon odamlari, ularning naychalari boshchiligida, Seaforth Highlanders, qismi 46-chi (tog'li) brigada, avans, 26 iyun.

0730 da 44-chi (pasttekislik) piyoda brigadasi va 46-chi (tog'li) piyoda brigadasi 31-tank brigadasi tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan 15-Shotlandiya piyodalar diviziyasi 344 quroldan o'q otilgan to'pponcha orqasidan boshlang'ich chiziqlaridan chiqib ketdi.[47] Dastlab 46-brigada zirhsiz qo'llab-quvvatlanmasdan ilgarilab ketdi, chunki minani va zerikarli tuzoqqa botgan qishloqni chetlab o'tishda Le Mesnil-Patri, uning tanklari qishloq yonida joylashgan minalar bilan muzokaralar olib borishga majbur bo'ldi. 2-batalyon, Glazgo Highlanders faqat engil qarshilikka duch keldi, 9-batalyon esa Kameronliklar, o'q otishdan oldin baraj o'z pozitsiyalari ustidan o'tib ketishiga yo'l qo'ygan 12-SS Panzer Divizionining grenaderlariga duch keldi.[48] Tanklar bilan 1000 atrofida birlashish, tushga qadar ikkita batalon dastlabki maqsadlarini boshqarish uchun kurash olib borishdi; Cheux va Le Haut du Bosq.[49]

44-brigada kichik oqimda avtomat o'qqa tutilmaguncha ozgina qarshiliklarga duch keldi, shundan keyin nemislarning qarshiligi ancha og'irlashdi. 0830 dan 0930 gacha, 6-batalyon, Shotlandiyalik fusilyerlar va 8-batalyon, Shotlandiyalik Shotlandiya Seynt Manvye va La Gaulening dastlabki maqsadlariga erishdilar. Uzoq qo'l jangi natijasida ular qishloqlarni tushdan keyin egallab olishiga ishonishdi, garchi keyinchalik ba'zi nemis qoldiqlari ushlab turishganini aniqladilar.[50] 12-SS va 21-Panzer diviziyalarining tanklari va piyoda askarlari Sent-Manvieni qaytarib olish uchun ikkita qarshi hujumni boshladilar, ammo intensiv artilleriya otishmasi yordamida qaytarildi.[51] O'zlarining forpost liniyasining ushbu qismida asosiy nemis muxolifati I batalyonning 26-qismidan bo'lgan Panzergrenadier Ko'pincha polk va divizion kashshoflar bataloni bosib olingan polk. Avvalgi kuni qo'lga olinmagan Rauraydagi nemislar, ingliz brigadalarini artilleriya va bilvosita tanklarni o'qqa tutishga majbur qilishdi, bu juda ko'p qurbonlar va vayronagarchiliklarni keltirib chiqardi, ayniqsa Cheux qishlog'i ichida.[51][52]

Nemis 75 mm tankga qarshi qurol yo'lda yotgan o'lik ekipaj a'zosi va Fontenay-le-Pesnelda nogiron Panter tanki bilan, Martlet operatsiyasi.

1250 yilda Cheuxning shimolida joylashgan 11-zirhli diviziya razvedka polkining otryadiga Odon tomon yurish buyurilgan, bu divizion zirhli brigadasining ko'priklarni shoshiltirishga urinishiga tayyor edi.[19][53] Qishloq yaqinidagi minalar maydonlari, uning ko'chalarini to'sib qo'ygan axlatlar va tanklarga hujum qilgan nemislar tufayli, 1400 yilga qadar polk oldinga siljishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. 1430 yilga kelib, eskadra Chexning janubidagi tog 'tizmasiga etib keldi, u erda Rauray hududidan 12-SS Panzer Diviziyasi tomonidan yuborilgan yigirma Panzer IVlar qatnashgan, 3-kompaniyaning 101-og'ir SS Panzer batalyonidan Tiger tanklari va 21-Panzer diviziyasidan zirhlar. .[54] 11-zirhli diviziyadan ko'proq tanklar keldi, ammo Germaniyaning qat'iy qarshiligi har qanday oldinga siljishni to'xtatdi va kun oxiriga kelib diviziya yigirma bitta tankni yo'qotdi.[53][55] 1800 da 227-chi (tog'li) brigada 15-sonli (Shotlandiya) piyoda diviziyasi, jangga sodiq edi.[51] Highlanders bo'linmaning qolgan qismini va 2-batalyondan faqat ikkita kompaniyani qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun jang qilish bilan kechiktirildi Gordon Xaylanders juda katta yutuqlarga erishdi. Ular 2100 yilgacha Kollevilning shimoliy chekkalariga kirib kelishdi, ammo ko'p o'tmay ular nemislarning qarshi hujumlari bilan uzilib qolishdi. Og'ir va chalkash janglardan so'ng bitta rota ajralib chiqib, batalonga qaytadan qo'shila oldi.[53] Britaniyaning hujumini to'xtatish uchun o'sha kuni kechqurun feldmarshal Rommel II SS Panzer korpusining barcha bo'linmalariga yordam berishni buyurdi.[56]

27 iyun

A Universal tashuvchisi Epsom operatsiyasi paytida 49-chi (G'arbiy Riding) piyoda diviziyasining yaradorlarni evakuatsiya qilish uchun foydalanilgan.

Kecha davomida hech qanday hujum bo'lmasdan, nemis qo'mondonligi Britaniyaning hujumi cheklangan deb hisoblar edi. 27-iyun kuni erta tongda II SS Panzer Corps-ga Bayoga qarshi qarshi hujumga tayyorgarlikni qayta boshlash buyurildi.[57] Angliyalik avansning o'ng tomonida I SS Panzer Corps (tanklar) piyodalarga qarshi qurollarini asos solishdan oldin 49 (G'arbiy minish) piyoda diviziyasiga asos solishdan oldin, artilleriya otishmasi bilan tartibga solinmagan 80 ta tank bilan qarshi hujumni boshladi. ularning VIII korpus qanotini himoya qilishga urinishlari.[57] Rauray 49-divizion tomonidan 27 iyun kuni 1600 da, 12-SS Panzer Diviziyasiga qarshi og'ir janglardan so'ng olib ketildi. Nemis kuchlari VIII korpus oldiga qarshi chiqishdan chetlashtirildi va Raurayning qulashi nemislarni muhim kuzatuv punkti deb hisoblamadi, garchi ular janubdagi baland joylar ustidan nazoratni saqlab qolishgan.[58]

Epsom 0445 da 10-batalyon tomonidan tiklandi, Highland Light piyoda askarlari 227 (tog'li) piyoda brigadasidan. Qo'llab-quvvatlashi bilan Cherchill tanklari; batalyon Odon o'tish joyi uchun buyurtma berishni maqsad qilgan Gavrus. 12-SS Panzer diviziyasi elementlarining zudlik bilan tog'liqlari qattiq qarshilikka duch kelishdi va og'ir artilleriya yordamiga qaramay kun bo'yi oldinga siljish imkoni bo'lmadi. Yo'qotishlar har ikki tomonda ham og'ir edi.[59] 0730 da 2-batalyon, Argil va Sutherland tog'lari, shuningdek 227-tog'lik brigadasi, qishloqning shimoli-g'arbiy qismida, Turmauvilda Odon o'tish joyini egallashga qaratilgan hujumni boshladi. Baron-sur-Odon.[60] Highland Light piyoda qo'shinlari tomonidan jalb qilingan nemis kuchlari bilan Argil va Sutherland Highlanders tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi. 23-gussarlar, Kollevilga nisbatan osonlik bilan borishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. U erda kichik nemis garnizoni 88 millimetrli qurol bilan qo'llab-quvvatlanib, inglizlarga katta talafot etkazdi va ularni tushdan keyin qishloqqa rad etdi.[59] Batalyon 1700 atrofida Tourmauville'dagi ko'prikni egallab oldi va plyaj tashkil etildi.[61] 1900 yilga kelib, 23-gussarlarning ikkita eskirgan otryadlari va 8-batalyonning bir guruhi, O'qchilar brigadasi (shahzoda Konsortning o'zi) Odondan o'tib, plyaj tepasiga o'tgan edi.[62]

Chex va Saint Manvieu atrofidagi 15-Shotlandiya piyodalar diviziyasining qolgan qismi 43-chi (Wessex) piyoda diviziyasi tomonidan bo'shatilgan edi. Qachon 5-batalyon, Kornuol gersogi engil piyoda askarlari, ning 214-piyoda brigadasi, Cheuxning chekkasiga ko'chib o'tdilar, ular Shotlandiyaning piyoda askarlari harakat qilganini va bo'sh lavozimni 12-SS Panzer Divizionining granatyerlari egallab olganligini aniqladilar.[61] Pozitsiyani qaytarib olish uchun kurash olib borilgandan so'ng, 0930 da batalonga 2-Panzer Diviziyasining oltita Panterasi qarshi hujumga uchradi.[59] Hujum Cheuxga kirib bordi va bir nechta inglizlarning tanklarga qarshi qurollari urib yuborilishidan oldin yo'q qilindi.[61][e] 2-Panzerlar bo'linmasining keyingi hujumlari to'xtatildi, ammo butun jabhada "kichik kelishuvlar massasi" bo'lgan.[61][63] Ertalab va tushdan keyin Shotlandiya piyoda qo'shinlari va 4-chi va 29-zirhli brigadalar Odonning taniqli shimolini kengaytirdilar va Argil va Sazerlend tog'larining orqa qismini ta'minladilar.[64] Kechga yaqin 159-piyoda brigadasi (11-zirhli diviziya) odamlari yuk mashinalarida tor "Shotlandiya koridori" orqali Turvilga olib borildi, ular otdan tushishdi va Odondan piyoda o'tib, plyajni mustahkamlashdi.[65][66] Kechasi Kampfgruppe Vaydinger frontga 2-SS SS Panzer diviziyasidan 2500 kishilik jangovar guruh etib keldi va Panzer Lehr diviziyasi qo'mondonligiga topshirildi.[67]

28 iyun

28-iyun kuni erta tongda 1-SS Panzer diviziyasining jangovar guruhi, Kampfgruppe Frey, frontga etib keldi va 12-SS Panzer Diviziyasi qo'mondonligiga topshirildi. 0810 da, general Fridrix Dollmann, 7-armiya qo'mondoni SS-ga buyruq berdiObergruppenfürer Pol Xusser II SS Panzer korpusini yo'naltirish, Chexning janubida qarshi hujumga o'tish.[68][69] Xusserning javob berishicha, keyingi kungacha qarshi hujumni boshlash mumkin emas, chunki uning ko'plab bo'linmalari hali frontga etib kelmagan.[70] Nemis buyrug'i, Dollmannning to'satdan vafot etganligi, Rommel va Gerd fon Rundstedt (OB West ) Gitler bilan konferentsiyaga yo'l olgan va vaziyatdan tashqarida bo'lgan.[71][f] Faqat 1500 yilgacha Xusser 7-armiyaning qo'mondoni etib tayinlandi Villi Bittrich uni II SS Panzer korpusining qo'mondoni etib almashtirdi. (Xusserga korpus boshqaruvini ertasi tonggacha saqlab qolish tavsiya qilingan).[70] Rommel Normandiyaga qaytib kelguniga qadar Xusser bosqinchilik hududida ham oliy qo'mondon bo'lishi kerak edi.[72] 1700 da buyruq tarkibi yana o'zgartirildi; Hausser boshchiligidagi 7-armiya Amerika armiyasiga qarshi bosqinchilik fronti uchun javobgardir Panzer Group West (Umumiy Geyr fon Shveppenburg ) Angliya-Kanada kuchlariga qarshi bosqinchilik fronti uchun javobgar bo'lishi kerak edi.[72][g]

Cherchill tanki 7-qirollik tank polki, 31-tank brigadasi, 8-piyodalarni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi Shotlandiyalik Shotlandiya Epsom operatsiyasi paytida, 1944 yil 28-iyun.

0530-daqiqada tank yordami bilan 15-Shotlandiya piyoda diviziyasining elementlari Grainvil-sur-Odon qishlog'ini egallab olish uchun yangi hujumni boshladi. Shotlandiyaliklar otishma va yopiq kvartaldagi janglardan so'ng, qishloqni 1300 soat davomida himoya qildilar; Nemislarning qarshi hujumlari sodir bo'ldi, ammo qaytarib berildi.[76] 0600 da nemislar ingliz taniqli shaxsini siqib chiqarish niyatida ikkita kuchli yonma hujumni boshladilar. Kampfgruppe Frey sharqiy qanotda, Odonning shimolida, 21-Panzer Diviziyasining Panzer IVlari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan hujumni boshladi. Bu Mouen va qishloqlariga etib bordi Tourville ammo inglizlar Chex tomonidan qarshi hujumga o'tdilar, natijada kun bo'yi chalkash og'ir janglar bo'ldi.[72] Freyning jangovar guruhi Mouen ustidan nazoratni qo'lga kiritishga muvaffaq bo'ldi va Britaniyaning tanklar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan qarshi hujumlari oldinga siljishni to'xtatdi, ammo qishloqni qaytarib ololmadi.[77][78] Britaniyalik patrullar Marseletni qisman bo'sh deb topdilar, Germaniya old chizig'i Karpikuet tomon orqaga tortildi.[79]

G'arbiy qanotda, Kampfgruppe Weidinger Panterlar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanib, Brettvillet, Grenvill-sur-Odon va oxir-oqibat Mondrenvillni qaytarib olishga harakat qildilar.[80] Britaniyalik himoyachilar (Brettevillet va 110-bandda: 1-batalyon Tyneside Shotlandiya, 11-batalyon Durham yengil piyoda askarlari (49-chi (G'arbiy Riding) piyoda diviziyasi) va 4/7-chi Dragoon Guardlari (8-zirhli brigada). Grainvil-sur-Odon va le Valtruda: 7-batalyon Seaforth Highlanders, 9-batalyon Kameronliklar (Shotlandiya miltiqlari) va 9-qirollik tank polki.[80]) o'z pozitsiyalarini ushlab turdilar, yo'qotilgan joylarni qaytarib olish uchun mahalliy qarshi hujumlarni uyushtirishdi va oxir-oqibat nemislarning hujumi to'xtatildi, 0,97 km masofada etakchi elementlar bilan bog'langandan keyin Kampfgruppe Frey.[80]

Odonning janubida, soat 09.00 da Argill va Sutherland tog'liqlari Gavrus qishlog'idan shimol tomonda joylashgan ko'prikni egallab olish uchun ko'prikdan chiqib ketishdi. Tushdan keyin ham qishloq, ham ko'prik Shotlandiyaning qo'lida bo'lganida og'ir janglar bo'lib o'tdi.[79] 11-zirhli diviziyadan piyoda qo'shinlar Baron-sur-Odon qishlog'ini va 23-gussarlarni piyoda qo'shinlari bilan 112-tepalikka (49 ° 7′7 ″ N 0 ° 27′34 ″ V / 49.11861 ° N 0.45944 ° Vt / 49.11861; -0.45944).[55] Shimoliy yonbag'rini ta'minlab, himoyachilarni tepalikdan chiqarib yuborib, orqaga qarab yonbag'rda qazilgan nemislar tufayli ular oldinga bora olmadilar.[81] 12-chi SS Panzer tomonidan bir nechta qarshi hujumlar uyushtirildi va kaltaklangan hussarlar 1500 tomonidan tinchlantirildi 3-qirollik tank polki ammo ikkala tomon ham tepalikni to'liq nazorat qila olmadi.[81][82] 11-zirhli diviziya kun oxiriga qadar yon bag'irlarida 40 ga yaqin tankini yo'qotib qo'ydi va uch tomondan qurshovga olingan edi, ammo qo'shinlar bu pozitsiyani egallashga va mustahkamlashga muvaffaq bo'lishdi.[83]

29 iyun

Ob-havoning Buyuk Britaniya va Normandiya bo'ylab yaxshilanishi bilan Xusserning qarshi zarbasiga tayyorgarlik Ittifoq samolyotlari va artilleriya otishmalarining doimiy ta'qibiga uchradi va hujum boshlanishini tushdan keyin kechiktirdi.[84] VIII korpus sohasiga kelgan va havodan razvedka qilgan nemis qo'shinlari sonidan O'Konnor nemislar qarshi zarbani uyushtirayotganlikda gumon qildi.[72][85] XXX korpus hali ham shimolga qarab borar edi, VIII korpusning o'ng qanotini himoyasiz qoldirgan, O'Konnor I korpusning hujumlarini keyinga qoldirgan va mudofaaga VIII korpusga buyruq bergan.[85] Dempsi ULTRA parollari ushlangan Nemis signallari trafigi, qarshi hujum bo'layotganini bilib, O'Konnorning ehtiyot choralarini tasdiqladi.[72] VIII korpus hujumni kutib olish uchun qayta tashkil etila boshladi.[86] Hausserning bo'linmalari uchun ta'minot eshelonlari Evrecy-da joylashgan ediNoyers-Bocage - Villar-Bocage hududi va ertalab va tushdan keyin RAF qiruvchi-bombardimonchilar diqqat markazida bo'lgan; RAF 200 dan ortiq transport vositalarining yo'q qilinishini da'vo qildi.[86]

VIII korpus ham soat 0800 da birinchi batalyonda buzg'unchilik hujumlarini boshladi Worcestershire polki, 43-diviziyadan, artilleriya o'qi ortida tanklarsiz Mouenga hujum qildi.[87] 1100 yilgacha batalyon 1-SS Panzer Divizioni panzergrenadierlarini va 7-batalyonni majburan qaytarib oldi Somerset yengil piyoda askarlari yuqoriga ko'tarilib, Kan-Vilyers-Bokaj yo'lida qazishdi.[88] 43-diviziyaning 129-brigadasi, Baron-sur-Odon shimolidan daryodan o'tib, janubiy sohilni tozalashdan oldin, Turvill-sur-Odon atrofidagi o'rmon va bog'larni supurdi.[89] 15-diviziyaning 44-brigadasi tomonidan Odon tomon yurish va Gavrus ko'priklarini ushlab turgan kuch bilan bog'lanish uchun qilingan urinish muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi va bu pozitsiyani alohida qoldirdi va taniqli 44-batalyon qirollik tank polki 113-tepalikni qo'lga kirita olmadi (49 ° 6′14 ″ N 0 ° 30′45 ″ V / 49.10389 ° N 0,51250 ° Vt / 49.10389; -0.51250Évrecy shimolida, 10-SS Panzer Diviziyasi bilan to'qnashib, oltita tankni yo'qotganidan keyin.[90] 11-zirhli diviziyaning elementlari hujum qildi Esquay-Notre-Dame 112-tepalikning g'arbiy qismida, ammo qaytarib olindi va tepalikning janubiy yonbag'rida 8-o'qchilar brigadasi va 3-qirollik tank polkining hujumi nemislarni pozitsiyadan haydab chiqardi.[90][91]

Nemis SS-Panzergrenadierlari 112-tepalik yaqinida qazishdi.

Xusser 9-chi SS Panzer divizionini, bilan Kampfgruppe Weidinger 10-SS Panzer bo'limi daryoning janubidagi Gavrus va 112-tepalikni qaytarib olgan paytda, chap qanotini himoya qilib, Odonning shimolidagi inglizlarning taniqli shimolini kesib o'tdi.[92] 9-SS Panzer hujumi artilleriya tomonidan qattiq qo'llab-quvvatlangan 1400 da boshlandi. Panterlar, Panzer IV va hujum qurollari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan 19 va 20 SS Panzergrenadier polklari Chexni maqsad qilib Grainville, le Haut du Bosq va le Valtruga hujum qilishdi.[93][h] Britaniyalik bir kompaniya bosib olindi va tanklar va piyoda askarlar le Valtruga bostirib kirdilar, u erda tankga qarshi qurollar qishloqda to'rtta nemis tankini qirib tashladi va artilleriya o'qi ularni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi piyoda askarlarini chekinishga majbur qildi. Grainvil tashqarisida ba'zan qo'l bilan qo'lga olingan chalkash janglar bo'lib o'tdi va Panzergrenadierlar inglizlarning qarshi hujumidan qaytarilguncha taktik jihatdan muhim o'tinni egallab olishdi. Panzergrenaderlar Grainvillni ham qo'lga kiritganliklarini da'vo qilishdi, ammo britaniyalik manbalar buni qo'llab-quvvatlamadilar va tunda Angliyaning piyoda qo'shinlari qishloqni nazorat qilishdi.[93]

1600 atrofida inglizlar razvedka olib borgan 9-SS Panzer diviziyasining zobitini qo'lga oldilar.[84][94] U yangi hujumlar tafsilotlarini o'z ichiga olgan xarita va daftarni olib yurgani aniqlandi.[men] Taxminan 1830 yilda nemislar o'ng qanotda 15-Shotlandiya piyoda diviziyasiga hujum qildilar.[96] Bitta birlik tinchlanayotgan edi va chalkashlikda nemis tanklari va piyoda askarlari ingliz mudofaasidan o'tib ketishdi, ba'zi qismlar og'ir qarshilik ko'rsatishdan oldin 3,2 km oldinga siljishdi.[93][97] 2300 yilga kelib, 9-SS Panzer tomonidan hujum to'xtatildi.[98] Britaniyaning sharqiy qanotiga qarshi hujumlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash rejalashtirilgan edi, ammo Karpiket hududida to'plangan nemis tanklari kontsentratsiyasi, tushdan keyin RAF qiruvchi-bombardimonchilari tomonidan shu qadar qattiq buzilgan ediki, hujumlar hech qachon amalga oshmadi.[99]

10-chi SS Panzer bo'limi o'z hujumini 1430 yilda belgilangan muddat orqasida boshladi. Kunduzgi to'qnashuvlardan so'ng inglizlar kutishdi, ammo besh soatlik jangdan so'ng Gavrusni himoya qilgan Shotlandiya piyoda qo'shinlari qishloqning shimolidagi ko'prik atrofidagi cho'ntagiga qaytarib yuborildi. .[92] Artilleriya bombardimonidan nemislar chekinishga majbur bo'ldilar, ammo inglizlar qishloqni qayta egallamadilar.[98] 113-tepalikka qarab harakatlanib, 2-Grenadiyer batalyoni, Panzergrenadier 21-polk va 2-batalyon, 10-SS Panzer 10-Panzer polki 44-batalyon Qirollik tank polki va 2-batalyon (Qirolning qirollik miltiq korpusi ) tepalikni egallashga bo'lgan urinishlariga barham bergan Évrecy-da.[100] Ushbu to'siq bilan kurashish kunning qolgan qismini oldi va 112-tepalikka hujum qoldirildi.[101] Nemislar 28 ta tank yo'q qilingan deb da'vo qilar ekan, inglizlar 12 ta yo'qotish haqida qayd etishdi.[102]

Nemislarning 29 iyundagi hujumlariga ishonib, keyingi kunga qarshi qarshi hujumlarni ko'rsatdi, Dempsey Odon plyajini 43-diviziya brigadasi bilan kuchaytirdi va uning atrofini tortdi. 11-zirhli diviziyaning 159-piyoda brigadasi 15-Shotlandiyalik piyoda diviziyasi qo'mondonligi ostiga o'tdi va O'Konnorning qo'shimcha piyoda qo'shinlar istagiga binoan Dempsi yangi kelganlarni biriktirdi. 53-chi (Uels) piyoda diviziyasi VIII korpusga; tunda Epsom start liniyasi yaqinida etakchi brigada yetib keldi.[103][104] 112-tepalikni ushlab turish uchun Évrecy va 113-tepaliklarni ushlab turish kerak edi, ular uchun etarli kuch yo'q edi va Dempsi 29-zirhli brigadaga tepalikni tark etishni buyurdi.[103][105] Rauray va Odon orasidagi hududni ushlab turish uchun Dempsi kutilgan nemislarning hujumiga tayyor bo'lib, qorong'i tushgandan keyin 29-zirhli brigadani daryo bo'ylab shimolga olib chiqdi.[106]

30 iyun

Shahar Villers-Bocage, 1944 yil 30-iyunda 2500 RAF og'ir bombardimonchilari tomonidan 1100 tonna bomba tashlangan hujumga uchragan hujum paytida suratga olingan.[107]

Bittrich ittifoqchilarning havo yordamidan qochishga umid qilib, 29-30 iyunda tunda hujumni qayta boshlashni buyurdi. 9-SS Panzer Diviziyasining 19 va 20-polklari Grainvill-sur-Odon va le Valtruga qarshi hujumlarini zulmatda qayta boshladilar, ammo Odon shimolidagi 11-zirhli diviziyaga va inglizlarning og'ir artilleriya bombardimonlariga qarshi ozgina yutuqlarga erishildi.[108] 0120 yilda 10-SS Panzer bo'limi 112-tepalikka qarab yurishni boshladi va tong otganda ular og'ir artilleriya o'qi bilan yopilib, inglizlarning bo'shatilgan pozitsiyalariga hujum qildilar. Inglizlar orqaga chekinganini bilmagan Panzergrenadierlar va 10-SS Panzer tanklari janubdan va janubi-g'arbdan tepalikka, 12-SS Panzerdan piyoda qo'shinlari sharqdan va janubi-sharqdan hujumga o'tdilar. Hech qanday qarama-qarshilikka duch kelmasdan, tushga qadar nemislar tepalikni egallab olishdi.[109] Angliyaning qarshi hujumi va artilleriya otishmasi Baron-sur-Odonga qarshi navbatdagi hujumni buzdi.[108]

Bittrich VIII korpusga qarshi hujumni to'xtatdi.[63] Kechqurun Xausser 7-armiyaga qo'mondonlik qilib, Rommelning shtab-kvartirasiga uning qarshi hujumlari "dushmanning qat'iyatli qarshiligi" va ittifoqchilarning intensiv artilleriyasi va dengiz qurollari otilishi sababli vaqtincha to'xtatilganligi to'g'risida xabar berdi.[110] Buni bilmagan va Germaniyaning ko'proq hujumlari bo'lishiga ishongan Dempsi Epsom operatsiyasini yopdi.[63] Old tomon asta-sekin to'qnashuvdan tashqari o'rnashib oldi, garchi har ikki tomon kunning qolgan qismini bir-birlarini qattiq o'qqa tutish bilan o'tkazishdi.[111] Dengiz kemasi HMS Rodni Germaniya shtab-kvartirasida gumon qilingan qishloqlarni bombardimon qilish orqali o'z hissasini qo'shdi; keyinchalik I SS Panzer Corps shtab-kvartirasi joylashganligi aniqlandi.[112] Angliyaning boshqa hujum harakatlariga sabab bo'lmasdan, tushdan keyin Gavrus ko'priklaridan voz kechishdi, Shotlandiyalik himoyachilar Odon bo'ylab tortib olindi.[113] 2030 yilda Germaniya qo'shinlari uchun muhim transport markazi bo'lgan Villers-Bocage shahri 250 og'ir bombardimonchi RAF tomonidan yo'q qilindi. Bu nemis qo'shinlarini bombardimon bilan ushlash uchun mo'ljallangan edi, ammo faqatgina frantsuz tinch aholisi bor edi.[114]

1 iyul

A Vaffen-SS Soldier nemisni qayta yuklaydi 81 mm ohak. Nemis kuchlari minomyotlardan keng foydalangan va ular Britaniyaning Normandiyadagi talofatlarining 70 foizini tashkil qilgan.

II SS Panzer Corps oldingi 24 soatlik vaqtni qayta yig'ishga sarflaganidan so'ng, 1 iyulda qarshi hujumni davom ettirdi. Inglizlar operatsiyani tugatganini va bulutli ob-havo bilan ittifoqchilarning havo yordamiga xalaqit berayotganini bilmagan Bittrich, 11-zirhli diviziyaning Orne bo'ylab yurishini davom ettirishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik imkoniga ega deb hisobladi.[115][116] Tong otguncha 10-sonli SS Panzer diviziyasi og'ir minomyot va artilleriya otishmalarida qo'llab-quvvatlandi.[117] Nemislar Baron-sur-Odon qishlog'ini tezda egallab oldilar, ammo 31-tank brigadasining qarshi hujumi uni tushga qadar qaytarib oldi.[116] Kuchli o'q otish 10-chi SS Panzer tomonidan 112-tepalikdan qilingan boshqa hujumlarni tarqatib yubordi va keyinchalik Britaniya patrullari topildi v. 300-400 o'lik Panzergrenadiers tepalikning shimoliy yonbag'rida.[117][118]

The 9th SS Panzer Division spent the day attempting to force the British lines between Rauray and the Odon. Supplemented by Panzergrenadiers of the 2nd SS Panzer Division and following a preliminary bombardment, tanks and infantry of 9th SS Panzer advanced behind a smoke screen and broke through the outer British defences. The Germans were stopped by secondary positions in front of Rauray and on high ground to the south-east, although some troops penetrated as far as Haut du Bosq.[117][118] Further German attacks throughout the day, were met with intense artillery fire and made no progress, in the early evening a British counter-attack with Sherman and flame-throwing Cherchill timsoh tanks restored the original front line. The attacks were costly for both sides, thirty German tanks were claimed destroyed, mostly by the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division, troops of the 12th SS Panzer Division had been repulsed during the morning and artillery fire halted attacks from other formations.[118]

Natijada

Tahlil

Having had to commit his last reserves to contain the British offensive, on 29 June Rommel requested permission from Hitler to allow the 7th Army to begin a fighting withdrawal towards the River Sena; a move which would be mirrored by German forces in southern France to form a new front line along the Seine towards the Swiss border. This was partially endorsed by Hausser, who on 30 June proposed a retirement from Caen. Encouraged by the fighting in the valley of the Odon, Hitler stated that "we must not allow mobile warfare to develop", committing his troops in Normandy to "a policy of aggressive and unyielding defence".[119] On 2 July, British patrols obtained the first evidence of this, reporting that south of the Odon, the Germans were digging in. Aerial photographs taken two days later showed large numbers of new weapon positions and by 8 July, the German forces facing VIII Corps had entrenched themselves.[120] Some local adjustments occurred as both sides sought to improve their tactical position and the 12th SS Panzer Division captured Fonteyn-Etoupefour 2 iyulda.[121]

Inglizlar Sherman tanklari pass a knocked out Tiger tank

VIII Corps, in battle for the first time, had broken through elaborate German defensive positions and advanced nearly 6 miles (9.7 km).[115] By throwing in their last reserves, the Germans had been able to achieve a defensive success at the operational level, by containing the British offensive.[122] More than 4,000 casualties were inflicted upon the British but the effort cost the Germans more than 3,000 men.[123][124] The German commanders had been forced to commit their armoured reserves piecemeal to meet threats as they developed, counter-attacking at a disadvantage.[125] Ustida 120 nemis tanks were destroyed, the organisation of the remaining forces was disrupted and their offensive power much reduced.[120][125] With few infantry divisions to relieve them, the panzer divisions were forced to remain in the front line rather than disengaging to recover.[126]

Stephen Hart wrote in 2007 that post-war memoirs by Allied generals led to disputes along national lines during the 1950s and 1960s, with American historians generally critical of Montgomery and the actions of the Anglo-Canadian forces, while "pro-Montgomery" historians set out to refute them. Also published during this period were the national official campaign histories, which were thoroughly-researched but avoided detailed critical analysis of the controversies. 1980-yillarda, revizionist writers concentrated on the perceived deficiencies of the Allies and since the late 1990s, two schools of thought have been revising the revisionists, some expanding on revisionist work by providing a more detailed campaign analysis and those who have tried to show that the techniques employed by the Anglo-Canadian forces were realistic for the circumstances encountered Normandy.[127]

In 1983, Carlo D’Este wrote that the most logical place for a British attack would have been out of the Orne bridgehead, on the extreme eastern flank of the Allied lodgement.[128] An attack from the eastern flank had been rejected by Montgomery, Dempsey and O’Connor as unrealistic.[18] Some writers described the intent of Epsom as an attack to gain ground but in 2004, Andrew Williams wrote that through Ultra decodes, Montgomery knew of Rommel's plan to attack towards Bayeux and that Epsom was intended to forestall it.[17] Chester Wilmot wrote in 1952 that the operation was intended to draw the I SS Panzer Corps and the newly arrived II SS Panzer Corps into battle around Caen. Hart wrote that Montgomery wanted to keep the initiative and prevent German armoured forces from moving from to the west against the US First Army or being relieved and forming a reserve.[129] The arrival of the II SS Panzer Corps was a catalyst for Operation Epsom, which retaining the initiative by forcing the German command to use the Corps against VIII Corps.[122] Max Hastings wrote in 1985 that "no sane commander" would mount an attack as big as Epsom without "every hope of breaking through the German defences, or at least of causing the enemy to make substantial withdrawals".[130] Carlo D’Este wrote that "No amount of pretence can conceal that the real object had been a short pincer movement to outflank Caen".[131]

Lloyd Clark wrote, "On the battlefield, Epsom ended, rather ignominiously, in a sort of draw" and that judging the effects of Operation Epsom is hampered by disagreement about Montgomery's intent. In written orders Montgomery required an advance across the Orne River and the capture of high ground south of Caen, which was prevented by the defenders. Clark wrote that there were implicit objectives with strategic implications, more important than the capture of ground.[132] In 1971, Stephen Ambrose wrote of Epsom veering off-course from the plan and D'Este that Epsom was "an operation of immense intentions which were not attained", calling it a "dismal failure".[131][133] In 2004, Simon Trew and Stephen Badsey wrote of the British muvaffaqiyatsizlik that it "... took most of six Panzer Divisions to stop Epsom short of its final objectives...." and Michael Reynolds in 2002 wrote that without the commitment of the six divisions, it was highly likely that the British offensive would have achieved its goals.[134][135] Ian Daglish in 2007 wrote that while the original concept of Epsom had failed, the offensive was a strategic success.[136] By withdrawing the 11th Armoured Division across the Odon and then into reserve, the Second Army had re-created the threat of an offensive near Caen. By the end of June, all German armoured forces in Normandy were concentrated on the Second Army front.[137][138][139]

Milton Shulman had written in 1947 that with the defeat of its second armoured counter-attack in June, the German command had thrown away its most effective troops and Reynolds wrote that while the operation was costly for the British, it caused grievous losses to the Germans.[140][141] In the VIII Corps history published in 1945, G. S. Jackson wrote that Epsom failed in its overt goal but that "when seen as part of Montgomery's series of rapid and consecutive blows against the German Army in Normandy, the importance of Epsom becomes more apparent and there is little doubt that it did play a significant part in the Allies' eventual success in the region".[142] D'Este wrote that the losses inflicted on the German army were "purely in terms of men and material".[131] Terry Copp, in 2003, wrote that too much emphasis had been given to a win-lose criterion, whereas a cost-benefit approach provided more insight.[143] Describing the standard German practice of counter-attacking when driven from a position, Copp wrote that the Germans courted losses that could not be readily replaced, "One such counter-attack on 22 July resulted in 10SS regaining control of the Bon Repas [sic ]–Évrecy road, a clear victory in a win-lose narrative but a typical German defeat in any cost-benefit analysis".[143]

In 2013, Buckley wrote that by 1 July, there was a stalemate in which the British were established south of the Odon but had retired from Hill 112, which may have been premature. The Germans had maintained a continuous front but only by using reserves which made it impossible to begin the counter-offensive planned by Panzergruppe G'arbiy, which made the offensive a considerable Allied success, as part of a strategy of attrition based on organised fire power. Looked on as an attempt to break through and force the Germans out of Caen the operation failed but in terms of Montgomery's strategy it was a costly victory. The German defence of Normandy never recovered from the damage inflicted during Epsom, the initiative was lost and German counter-attack tactics failed in the face of Allied fire power, with even greater cost than that inflicted on the British; the German command structure and assumptions on which the defence was based were undermined.[144]

Zarar ko'rgan narsalar

Lloyd Clark wrote that the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division suffered casualties of 2,331 men, 288 killed, 1,638 wounded va 794 missing from 27 June to 2 July. John Buckley gave casualties for the division as 2,700, including 300 kishi o'ldirilgan, 25 percent of the casualties incurred from June 1944 to May 1945 and that the other units in the operation had 2500 qurbonlar.[145] The casualties among the 11th Armoured Division and 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division, were 1,256 men, 257 being killed in the 11th Armoured Division. No figures are provided for the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division, 51st (Highland) Infantry Division or the 8th Armoured Brigade that conducted Operation Martlet and attacks in support of Epsom.[146] From 26 to 30 June, VIII Corps suffered 470 fatal casualties, 2,187 wounded va 706 missing. On 1 July, a further 488 men were killed and wounded and 227 men bedarak yo'qolganligi haqida xabar berilgan. These figures exclude formations in Operation Martlet and attacks in support of Epsom.[123] The Germans suffered more than 3000 qurbon during Epsom; the 9th SS Panzer Division suffered 1,145, the 10th SS Panzer Division 571 and the 12th SS Panzer Division 1,244 casualties.[124] Nemislar mag'lub bo'lishdi 126 tanks from 26 June to midnight on 1 July, 41 Panthers va 25 Tigers ular orasida.[120] In 2015, Stephen Napier published new figures for 125 German va 150 ingliz tank losses.[147][j]

Keyingi operatsiyalar

Operations in the vicinity of Caen.

The increasingly costly static defence led to disputes in the German high command. On the evening of 1 July in a conversation with Vilgelm Keytel, Rundstedt said "Make peace, you fools."[119] Ko'p o'tmay, Gyunter fon Kluge replaced him as Commander in Chief West. Due to his disagreements with Hitler over how the campaign should be conducted, Schweppenburg was replaced by Geynrix Eberbax as commander of Panzer Group West.[75]

During the lull both sides made changes to their dispositions. The 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division relieved the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division in the west of the British salient, while the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division relieved the infantry of the 11th Armoured Division who were still holding the Odon bridgehead.[148][149] The Germans moved up the 277th Infantry Division which began to relieve the 9th SS Panzer Division and the battle group of the 2nd SS Panzer Division.[150][151]

A few days later the British Second Army launched "Charnwood" operatsiyasi, to take Caen.[152] This incorporated the postponed attack on Carpiquet, originally planned for Epsom as Operation Ottawa but now codenamed Windsor operatsiyasi.[32][149] In a frontal assault the northern half of the city was captured, with the remaining portions being taken during Operations Atlantika va Gudvud in the third week of July.[152][153] Fighting in the Odon Valley continued and on 10 July Yupiter operatsiyasi was launched by VIII Corps to push back the German forces near the village of Baron-sur-Odon, retake Hill 112 and advance to the River Orne.[154][155] The Ikkinchi Odon jangi began on 15 July to divert German attention from the ground where Operation Goodwood was to take place. The second battle has been called one of the bloodiest encounters of the campaign.[156]

Jang sharaflari

Britaniya va Hamdo'stlik tizimi jang sharaflari recognised participation in Operation Epsom in 1956, 1957 and 1958, by the award to 34 units of the battle honour Odon, for service on and around the river from 25 June to 2 July 1944. The award was accompanied by honours for four actions during the operation: Fontenay le Pesnil kuni 26-27 iyun, Cheux dan 26-27 iyun, Tourmauville ko'prigi on 27 June and Raurayni himoya qilish dan 29 June – 2 July.[157]

Izohlar

  1. ^ "The quick capture of that key city Caen and the neighbourhood of Carpiquet was the most ambitious, the most difficult and the most important task of Lieutenant-General J. T. Crocker's I Corps".[2] Chester Vilmot wrote that "The objectives given to Crocker's seaborne divisions were decidedly ambitious, since his troops were to land last, on the most exposed beaches, with the farthest to go, against what was potentially the greatest opposition."[3]
  2. ^ 552 field guns, 112 medium guns, 48 heavy guns, and 24 heavy AA guns. I Corps: 216 field guns, 32 medium guns, and 16 heavy guns. VIII Corps: 240 field guns, 16 medium guns, 16 heavy guns, and 24 heavy AA guns. XXX Corps: 96 field guns, 64 medium guns, and 16 heavy guns.[29]
  3. ^ 5-batalyon, Qirolichaning o'ziga tegishli Kemeron tog 'tog'lari; 5-batalyon, Seaforth Highlanders; 13/18-gussarlar, with artillery and engineer support.[35]
  4. ^ No. 83 Group RAF flew over 500 sorties in support of Operation Epsom, despite the weather.[43]
  5. ^ One tank was able to flee, another turned over and four were knocked by PIATlar.[59]
  6. ^ Wilmot wrote that there was no record or suggestion that Dollmann committed suicide and that Dollmann's chief of staff claimed he "died of heart failure in his bathroom".[71] Other authors wrote that Dollmann killed himself.[68][70]
  7. ^ An organisational chart of the German command structure in the West, presented within 'The Struggle for Europe', shows that Schweppenburg was still in command and not succeeded by Geynrix Eberbax until 2 July.[73] The historians Lloyd Clark and Michael Reynolds both claim that Schweppenburg was still in command of Panzer Group West during Operation Epsom.[68][72] Chapter IV, footnote 14, in 'Sons of the Reich' states that the RAF attack on Schweppenburg's headquarters on 10 June only slightly wounded him, although his chief of staff and 16 other staff were killed.[74] The British official history of the fighting in Normandy records that Schweppenburg was not succeeded by Eberbach until 4 July, after disagreeing with Hitler's wishes on how the campaign should be conducted; he was removed in the dismissals that saw Kluge replace Rundstedt.[75]
  8. ^ A German regiment is the equivalent of a British brigade.
  9. ^ Wilmot claims that this officer was carrying a copy of the II SS Panzer Corps plan of attack.[84] Ellis states this officer was carrying the plans of the counter-attack for which he was reconnoitring.[95] Jackson states these captured documents were the plans of the captured officer's brigade (regiment).[94]
  10. ^ Sixty Panzer IV, thirty Panthers, eight Tigers and 17 StuG III. British losses were 64 Shermans, ten Sherman Vc, 14 Cromwells, 27 Stuarts and 35 Churchills needing at least 24 hours to repair to being write-offs.[147]

Izohlar

  1. ^ Uilyams, p. 24
  2. ^ Ellis, p. 171
  3. ^ Wilmot, p. 273
  4. ^ Ellis, p. 78
  5. ^ Ellis, p. 81
  6. ^ Vilmot, 284-286-betlar
  7. ^ Ellis, p. 247
  8. ^ a b Qirq, p. 36
  9. ^ Ellis, p. 250
  10. ^ Ellis, p. 254
  11. ^ Teylor, p. 10
  12. ^ Teylor, p. 76
  13. ^ Qirq, p. 97
  14. ^ Ellis, p. 255
  15. ^ a b v Uilyams, p. 114
  16. ^ Wilmot, p. 322
  17. ^ a b Uilyams, p. 113
  18. ^ a b Hart, pp. 131–132
  19. ^ a b v Uilyams, p. 118
  20. ^ Wilmot, p. 334
  21. ^ Reynolds, p. 13
  22. ^ Wilmot, map pp. 334, 321
  23. ^ Uilyams, p. 112
  24. ^ Ellis, p. 271
  25. ^ a b v Clark, pp. 20–21
  26. ^ Klark, p. 21
  27. ^ Jackson, pp. 12, 22, 27
  28. ^ a b v d e Klark, 31-32 bet
  29. ^ a b v d Jackson, pp. 40, 30–31
  30. ^ Klark, p. 29
  31. ^ Jekson, p. 29
  32. ^ a b Steysi, p. 150
  33. ^ Jackson, pp. 20, 22
  34. ^ Klark, p. 24
  35. ^ Ellis, pp. 274–275
  36. ^ Ellis, p. 275
  37. ^ Klark, p. 37
  38. ^ Klark, p. 39
  39. ^ Williams, pp. 115–116
  40. ^ a b Meyer, p. 244
  41. ^ Klark, p. 40
  42. ^ a b Klark, p. 45
  43. ^ a b Ellis, p. 277
  44. ^ Klark, p. 42
  45. ^ Clark, pp. 42–43
  46. ^ Klark, p. 43
  47. ^ Jekson, p. 32
  48. ^ Reynolds, p. 20
  49. ^ Jackson, pp. 32–33
  50. ^ Jekson, p. 33
  51. ^ a b v Ellis, p. 278
  52. ^ Clark, pp. 46–47
  53. ^ a b v Jackson, pp. 34–35
  54. ^ Klark, p. 51
  55. ^ a b Fortin, p. 15
  56. ^ Wilmot, p. 343
  57. ^ a b Wilmot, pp. 343–344
  58. ^ Clark, pp. 65–67
  59. ^ a b v d Klark, p. 68
  60. ^ Klark, p. 67
  61. ^ a b v d Jekson, p. 39
  62. ^ Saunders, p. 20
  63. ^ a b v Klark, p. 96
  64. ^ Jackson, pp. 39–40
  65. ^ Klark, p. 72
  66. ^ Jekson, p. 40
  67. ^ Reynolds, p. 21
  68. ^ a b v Klark, p. 73
  69. ^ Williams, pp. 111–112
  70. ^ a b v Reynolds, p. 22
  71. ^ a b Wilmot, p. 344
  72. ^ a b v d e f Reynolds, p. 23
  73. ^ Wilmot, p. 735
  74. ^ Reynolds, p. 32
  75. ^ a b Ellis, pp. 320–322
  76. ^ Klark, p. 74
  77. ^ Klark, p. 79
  78. ^ Klark
  79. ^ a b Jekson, p. 42
  80. ^ a b v Klark, p. 80
  81. ^ a b Jekson, p. 41
  82. ^ Saunders, pp. 27–30
  83. ^ Saunders, p. 32
  84. ^ a b v Wilmot, p. 345
  85. ^ a b Jekson, p. 44
  86. ^ a b Jekson, p. 45
  87. ^ Klark, p. 87
  88. ^ Clark, pp. 87–88
  89. ^ Klark, p. 88
  90. ^ a b Jekson, p. 49
  91. ^ p. 90
  92. ^ a b Klark, p. 92
  93. ^ a b v Reynolds, p. 25
  94. ^ a b Jekson, p. 50
  95. ^ Ellis, p. 283
  96. ^ Uilyams, p. 121 2
  97. ^ Uilyams, p. 122
  98. ^ a b Reynolds, p. 27
  99. ^ Jekson p. 51
  100. ^ Reynolds, pp. 27, 28, 32
  101. ^ Klark, p. 93
  102. ^ Reynolds, pp. 27–28
  103. ^ a b Ellis, pp. 284–285
  104. ^ Jekson, p. 52
  105. ^ Hart, pp. 140–141
  106. ^ Ellis, p. 285
  107. ^ Reynolds, p. 26
  108. ^ a b Klark, p. 95
  109. ^ Reynolds, p. 28
  110. ^ Wilmot, pp. 345–346
  111. ^ Clark, pp. 95–98
  112. ^ Jekson, p. 55
  113. ^ Klark, p. 98
  114. ^ Jekson, p. 56
  115. ^ a b Jekson, p. 57
  116. ^ a b Klark, p. 101
  117. ^ a b v Reynolds, p. 30
  118. ^ a b v Jekson, p. 58
  119. ^ a b Wilmot, pp. 346–347
  120. ^ a b v Jekson, p. 59
  121. ^ Clark, pp. 101–102
  122. ^ a b Xart, p. 108
  123. ^ a b Jackson, pp. 37, 40, 44, 53, 55 & 59
  124. ^ a b Clark, pp. 107–109
  125. ^ a b Uilyams, p. 123
  126. ^ Uilyams, p. 124
  127. ^ Hart, pp. 16–17
  128. ^ D’Este, 1983, p. 233
  129. ^ Wilmot, p. 342
  130. ^ Xastings, p. 171
  131. ^ a b v D'Este, p. 245
  132. ^ Clark, pp. 100, 104
  133. ^ Ambrose, p. 428
  134. ^ Trew, p. 28
  135. ^ Reynolds, p. 31
  136. ^ Daglish, pp. 218–219
  137. ^ Wilmot, p. 348
  138. ^ Gill, p. 30
  139. ^ Jekson, p. 53
  140. ^ Shulman, pp. 132–133
  141. ^ Reynolds, p. 33
  142. ^ Jekson, p. 114
  143. ^ a b Buckley (Editor), p. 18. Copp
  144. ^ Buckley, 2013, pp. 86–87
  145. ^ Bakli, p. 87
  146. ^ Klark, p. 109
  147. ^ a b Napier, 2015, loc. 4315
  148. ^ Klark, p. 102
  149. ^ a b Jekson, p. 60
  150. ^ Jackson, pp. 60–61
  151. ^ Reynolds, p. 35
  152. ^ a b Uilyams, p. 131
  153. ^ Trew, p. 48
  154. ^ Klark, p. 103
  155. ^ Jekson, p. 61
  156. ^ Copp, p. 135
  157. ^ Rodger, pp. 242–243

Adabiyotlar

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Qo'shimcha o'qish

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