Goodwood operatsiyasi - Operation Goodwood

Qirollik dengiz floti Tirpitz nemis harbiy kemasiga qilingan hujumlari uchun; Goodwood I, II, III va IV operatsiyasi, qarang Gudvud operatsiyasi (dengiz kuchlari). "Goodwood" operatsiyasi uchun (1968-1969) qarang Hat Dich jangi.

Goodwood operatsiyasi
Qismi Kan uchun jang
Tanksgoodwood.jpg
Ikki M4 Sherman tanklar, a Sherman Firefly piyoda askarlarni olib yurish va a Sherman Qisqichbaqa "Goodwood" operatsiyasi boshlanganda, 18-iyul kuni buyurtmaning oldinga siljishini kuting
Sana1944 yil 18-20 iyul
Manzil
Normandiya, Frantsiya
49 ° 10′54 ″ N 00 ° 16′03 ″ V / 49.18167 ° N 0.26750 ° Vt / 49.18167; -0.26750
NatijaQarang Natijada Bo'lim
Urushayotganlar
 Birlashgan Qirollik Germaniya
Qo'mondonlar va rahbarlar
Bernard Montgomeri
Mayl Dempsi
Jon Kroker
Richard O'Konnor		Gyunter fon Kluge
Geynrix Eberbax
Zepp Ditrix
Xans fon Obstfelder
Kuch
3 zirhli bo'linma (v. 1100 tank)
2 piyoda bo'linmasi		3 zirhli bo'linma
2 ta og'ir tank batalyoni (377 ta tank)
4 piyoda bo'linmasi
Yo'qotishlar va yo'qotishlar
4,000–5,000[1][2]
300-500 tank[3]		2000 mahbus[4]
75-100 tank[5][6]
Goodwood operatsiyasi
Operatsion doirasiHujum strategiyasining bir qismi sifatida operatsiya
RejalashtirilganIkkinchi armiya
MaqsadQarang Natijada Bo'lim
Tomonidan ijro etilganIkkinchi armiya, VIII korpus va tomonidan hujumlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash Men korpus

Goodwood operatsiyasi da inglizlarning hujumi bo'lgan Ikkinchi jahon urushi, 1944 yil 18 va 20 iyul kunlari orasida bo'lib o'tgan Kan uchun jang yilda Normandiya, Frantsiya. Amaliyotning maqsadi - Orning plyaj pog'onasidan janubga, Kanning qolgan qismini va undan tashqaridagi Burgeus tizmasini egallash uchun cheklangan hujum.[7] Hech bo'lmaganda bitta tarixchi bu operatsiyani eng katta tank jangi deb atadi Britaniya armiyasi hech qachon jang qilgan.

Gudvuddan oldin Greenline va Anor operatsiyalari bo'lib o'tdi Ikkinchi Odon jangi Kanning g'arbiy qismida, nemislarning e'tiborini Kanning sharqiy qismidan chalg'itish uchun. Gudvud inglizlar qachon boshlangan edi VIII korpus, uchta zirhli bo'linmasi bilan, Germaniya tomonidan tutilgan Burgeus tizmasini egallash uchun hujum qildi Bretvil-sur-Lais va Vimont va nemislarga maksimal darajada zarar etkazish. 18-iyul kuni inglizlar Men korpus VIII korpusdan sharqda joylashgan bir qator qishloqlarni ta'minlash uchun hujum uyushtirdi; g'arbda II Kanada korpusi ishga tushirildi Atlantika operatsiyasi, qo'lga olish uchun Gudvud bilan sinxronlashtirildi Kan Orne daryosining janubidagi shahar atrofi. Amaliyot 20 iyulda tugagach, zirhli bo'linmalar Germaniyaning tashqi mudofaasini yorib o'tib, 7 milya (11 km) ilgarilab ketishdi, ammo Burguus tizmasiga yaqin joyda to'xtab qolishdi, faqat zirhli mashinalar janubga va tog 'tizmasining narigi qismiga kirib borishdi.

Gudvud asosiy maqsadini bajara olmagan bo'lsa-da, nemislarni Normandiyaning sharqiy yon bag'rida inglizlar va kanadaliklar oldida kuchli tuzilmalarni saqlashga majbur qildi. plyaj boshi va "Kobra" operatsiyasi, 25 iyulda boshlangan birinchi AQSh armiyasining hujumi, zaif Germaniya mudofaasini qulashiga olib keldi.[7]

Fon

Kan

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Normandiyaning bosqini va Overlord operatsiyasi

Tarixiy Normandiya shahri Kan edi Kun inglizlar uchun ob'ektiv 3-piyoda diviziyasi, qaysi ustiga tushdi Qilich plyaji 1944 yil 6-iyunda.[8] Kenni qo'lga olish, "shijoatli" bo'lishiga qaramay, kunning eng muhim maqsadi deb nomlangan Men korpus (General-leytenant Jon Kroker ).[a] Overlord operatsiyasi Ikkinchi armiyani shaharni xavfsiz holatga keltirishga chaqirdi va keyin oldingi chiziqni tashkil qildi Caumont-l'Eventé - janubi-sharqiy Kan, aerodromlar uchun joy olish va uning chap qanotini himoya qilish Birinchi AQSh armiyasi (General-leytenant Omar N. Bredli ) davom etganda Cherbourg.[12] Caen va uning atrofini egallab olish, ikkinchi armiyaga janubni bosib olish uchun surish maydonini beradi Falaise, oldinga siljish uchun burilish moslamasi sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin Argentinalik va keyin Touques daryosi.[13] Caen va Vimont ayniqsa istiqbolli edi, ochiq, quruq va mobil operatsiyalar uchun qulay. Beri Ittifoq kuchlari tanklar va harakatlanuvchi birliklarda nemislardan ancha ustun edi, suyuq tezkor jang ularga foyda keltirdi.[14]

Sohil bo'yidagi tirbandlik to'sqinlik qildi va shaharga 9,3 milya (15,0 km) yo'nalish bo'ylab kuchli nemis pozitsiyalariga hujum qilish uchun harakatlarni boshqa tomonga yo'naltirishga majbur bo'ldi, 3-piyoda diviziyasi Keynga kuch bilan hujum qila olmadi va chekka yaqinida to'xtatildi.[15] Keyingi hujumlar muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi, chunki nemislarning qarshiliklari kuchayib ketdi; to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yondashuvdan voz kechish, Perch operatsiyasi - a qisqich hujumi I Corps va XXX korpus - sharq va g'arbdan Kanni o'rab olish uchun 7 iyunda boshlangan. Men korpus, janubdan tashqariga urilib Orne ko'prigi, tomonidan to'xtatildi 21-Panzer divizioni va XXX korpusning hujumi oldida to'xtab qoldi Tilli-sur-Seul, Kanning g'arbiy qismida Panzer Lehr Division.[16][17] The 7-zirhli diviziya Germaniya oldingi chizig'idagi bo'shliqni bosib o'tib, shaharni egallab olishga harakat qildi Villers-Bocage nemis orqasida.[18][19] The Villers-Bocage jangi 7-zirhli diviziyaning avangardi shaharni tark etganini ko'rdi, ammo 17 iyunga qadar Panzer Lehr orqaga qaytarildi va XXX korpusi Tilli-sur-Seulni egallab oldi.[20][21] Inglizlar keyingi hujum operatsiyalarini, shu jumladan, 7-zirhli diviziyaning ikkinchi hujumini keyinga qoldirdilar, shiddatli bo'ron Ingliz kanali 19 iyunda.[22] Bo'ron uch kun davom etdi va ittifoqchilar qurilishini sezilarli darajada kechiktirdi.[23] Dengizda bo'lgan qo'nish kemalari va kemalarining aksariyati Buyuk Britaniyadagi portlarga qaytarilgan; tortiladigan barjalar va boshqa yuklar (shu jumladan, suzuvchi yo'llar uchun 2,5 milya (4,0 km)) Tut portlari ) yo'qolgan va 800 ta hunarmandchilik iyul oyidagi keyingi yuqori to'lqinlarga qadar Normandiya plyajlarida qolib ketishdi.[24]

Epsom, Vindzor va Charnvud

Asosiy maqolalar: Epsom operatsiyasi, Windsor operatsiyasi va "Charnwood" operatsiyasi

Bo'ronni tiklash uchun bir necha kun o'tgach, inglizlar boshladilar Epsom operatsiyasi 26 iyun kuni. Yangi kelganlar VIII korpus (General-leytenant Richard O'Konnor ), Kanning g'arbiy qismida, janubga qarshi hujum qilishi kerak edi Odon va Orne daryolari yaqinidagi baland erlarni egallab oling Bretvil-sur-Lais, shaharni o'rab turgan.[25] Hujumdan oldin Martlet operatsiyasi, oldinga o'qning o'ng tomonidagi balandlikni egallab olish orqali VIII korpus qanotini himoya qilish.[26] Nemislar barcha kuchlarini ishga solib hujumni jilovlay olishdi, shu jumladan Normandiyaga etib kelgan ikkita panzer bo'linmasi, shu jumladan Bayo atrofidagi ingliz va amerika pozitsiyalariga qarshi hujum uyushtirish uchun.[27][28][29] Bir necha kundan so'ng, Ikkinchi armiya Kanga frontal hujum qildi "Charnwood" operatsiyasi.[30] Hujumdan oldin Windsor operatsiyasi, aerodromni egallash uchun Carpiquet Kanning tashqarisida.[31] 9-iyulga qadar Orne va Odon daryolarining shimolidagi Keyn qo'lga olindi, ammo nemis kuchlari janubiy qirg'oqqa va qator muhim joylarga, shu jumladan, Kolombelllar bu erda baland bo'yli bacalar qo'mondonlik qilgan po'lat buyumlar.[30][32][33]

Nemis patrul tomoniga qarab harakatlanadi Kolombelllar zavod maydoni. Nemis kuzatuvchilari foydalangan baland bo'yli bacalardan ba'zilari uzoqdan ko'rinadi.

Charnwood operatsiyasi paytida shimoliy Keni qo'lga kiritgandan ko'p o'tmay, inglizlar shaharning shimoliy-sharqida joylashgan Colombelles po'lat zavodlariga qarshi reyd uyushtirishdi, bu muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi. Zavod hududi nemislarning qo'lida qoldi, uning baland oyoqlari Orne plyonkasini ko'rib chiqmaydigan kuzatuv postlarini ta'minladi. 11-iyul soat 01:00 da elementlari 153-chi (tog'li) piyoda brigadasi tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi Sherman 148-polkning tanklari Qirollik zirhli korpusi (RAC), Germaniya pozitsiyasiga qarshi harakat qildi.[34] Niyat bu hududdan qo'shinlar uchun xavfsizlikni ta'minlash edi Qirol muhandislari nafaqaga chiqmasdan oldin bacalarni yo'q qilish.[35] Soat 05: 00da ingliz kuchlari pistirmaga tushishdi Yo'lbars to'qqizta tankni yo'qotib, orqaga qaytishga majbur bo'ldi.[34] Ikkinchi armiya ikkita dastlabki operatsiyani boshladi; Montgomerining so'zlariga ko'ra, ularning maqsadi "dushmanni tinimsiz jangga jalb qilish; biz uning qo'shinlarini" hisobdan chiqarishimiz "kerak; va umuman olganda biz nemislarni o'ldirishimiz kerak". Tarixchi Terri Kop buni Normandiya kampaniyasi bo'lib o'tgan payt deb atadi eskirish jangi.[36]

Montgomeri

10 iyul kuni general Bernard Montgomeri, Normandiyadagi barcha ittifoqdosh quruqlik qo'shinlarining qo'mondoni, shtab-kvartirasida Dempsi va Bredli bilan uchrashuv o'tkazdi. Ular muhokama qildilar 21-armiya guruhi "Charnwood" operatsiyasi tugaganidan va birinchi AQSh armiyasining hujum hujumi muvaffaqiyatsiz tugaganidan so'ng.[34][37] Montgomeri ma'qulladi "Kobra" operatsiyasi, 18-iyul kuni AQShning birinchi armiyasi tomonidan uyushtiriladigan hujum.[38] Montgomeri Dempsiga "urishni davom eting: Bredga yo'lni osonlashtirish uchun nemis kuchini, ayniqsa qurol-yarog'ini o'zingiz ustiga torting" deb buyurdi.[34]

Iyul oyi boshida Montgomeri tomonidan Kuchlarga general-adyutant, Ronald Adam Britaniyada ishchi kuchi etishmasligi sababli, piyoda kuchini saqlab qolish uchun o'rnini bosadiganlar havzasi deyarli tugagan edi.[39] Dempsi faqat zirhli bo'linmalardan iborat hujumni taklif qildi, bu Montgomerining hech qachon muvozanatsiz kuch ishlatmaslik siyosatiga zid edi.[40][b] Iyul oyining o'rtalariga kelib, Ikkinchi armiya edi 2,250 o'rta tanklar va 400 engil tanklar plyonkada 500 edi yo'qotishlarni almashtirish uchun zaxirada.[42][43][44] Ikkinchi armiyaning zirhli elementi Gvardiya zirhli diviziyasi, 7-zirhli diviziya va 11-zirhli diviziya va 4-zirhli brigada, 8-zirhli brigada, 27-zirhli brigada va 33-zirhli brigadalar, 31-va 34-tank brigadalari va 2-kanadalik zirhli brigada.[45][46][47][c]

13 iyul kuni soat 10:00 da Dempsi II Kanadalik korpus general-leytenanti Simonds Kroker va O'Konnor bilan Kroker bilan uchrashdi.[51] O'sha kuni Gudvud operatsiyasi uchun birinchi yozma buyurtma - nomi berilgan Shonli Gudvud poyga uchrashuvi - chiqarildi.[7][52] Hujjatda faqat dastlabki ko'rsatmalar va umumiy niyatlar mavjud edi; batafsil rejalashtirishni rag'batlantirish edi va o'zgarishlarni kutishdi.[53] Amaliyot Buyuk Britaniyaning yuqori darajadagi rejalashtiruvchilariga ham yuborildi, shunda operatsiyani havodan qo'llab-quvvatlash ta'minlanishi mumkin edi.[54] Iyun oyi o'rtalarida VIII korpus Normandiyada yig'ilgach, korpusni Orn plyajidan hujum qilish uchun, sharqdan Kanni oldinga surish uchun ishlatish taklif qilingan edi, ammo Dempsi va O'Konnor bu maqsadga muvofiqligiga shubha qilganda Dreadnought operatsiyasi bekor qilindi. operatsiya.[d]

Prelude

Goodwood rejasi

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Goodwood operatsiyasi jang tartibi
Atlantik va Gudvud operatsiyalari uchun rejalashtirilgan hujum. Ikkinchi armiya bir nechta nemis bo'linmalari joylashgan joylarni va boshqalarga ishongan joylarini qaerdan bilganligini ko'rsatadi.

Gudvud rejasida VIII korpus, uchta zirhli bo'linmasi bilan, Orne plyajidan janubga hujum qiladi,[53] daryoning sharqidagi yer cho'ntagi ittifoqchilar tomonidan olingan D kunida. 11-zirhli diviziya Brettvil-sur-Laizga qarab, Burguus tizmasi va Kan-Falez yo'li bo'ylab janubi-g'arbiy yo'nalishda harakatlanishi kerak edi. Gvardiya zirhli diviziyasi Vimont va Argentsiyani qo'lga kiritish uchun janubi-sharqqa surish kerak edi va 7-zirhli diviziya, so'ng boshlanib, janubga Falaise qarab turishi kerak edi. 51-chi (tog'li) piyoda diviziyasining bir qismi tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan 3-piyoda diviziyasi atrofni egallab olish orqali sharqiy qanotni himoya qilishi kerak edi. Emiéville, Tufril va Troarn.[56] II Kanada korpusi bir vaqtning o'zida Orne daryosining janubidagi Kanni egallab olish uchun Atlantika operatsiyasini VIII korpusning g'arbiy qanotiga qarshi hujumni boshladi.[57] Buyuk Britaniya va Kanadadagi operatsiyalar taxminiy ravishda 18-iyulga rejalashtirilgan edi va Kobra ikki kunga qoldirildi. Sent-Lu.[58][59]

Batafsil rejalashtirish 14 iyul juma kuni boshlandi, ammo ertasi kuni Montgomeri Dempsiga rejani "chuqur chiqish" dan "cheklangan hujum" ga o'zgartirishni buyurgan yozma ko'rsatma berdi.[60][61] Nemislar Buyuk Britaniyaning katta miqdordagi tank yutug'iga xavf tug'dirish o'rniga, o'zlarining zirhli zaxiralarini bajarishga majbur bo'lishlarini kutib, VIII korpusga "nemis zirhlarini jangga jalb qilish va uni" yozib qo'yish "kerak edi. nemislar uchun qadr ".[62] U Ikkinchi armiyaning mavqeini yaxshilash uchun har qanday imkoniyatdan foydalanishi kerak edi - buyruqlarda "sharqiy qanotdagi g'alaba g'arbiy qanotda istagan narsamizga erishishda yordam beradi" deb aytilgan edi, ammo bu uning "qat'iy boshliq" rolini xavf ostiga qo'ymaslikdir. bo'lajak Amerika hujumining muvaffaqiyati bunga bog'liq edi.[63] Uch zirhli bo'linmaning maqsadlariga "Burgebus-Vimont-Brettvil hududida hukmronlik qilish" xususida o'zgartirish kiritildi, garchi "zirhli mashinalar janubga Falez tomon uzoqlashishi, signal va umidsizlikni tarqatishi" kerak edi. II Kanada korpusi oldiga qo'yilgan maqsadlar o'zgarishsiz qoldi va ularning hayotiy ahamiyatga ega ekanligi ta'kidlandi, faqatgina VIII korpus ularga erishgandan keyingina vaziyat talab qilganidek "yorilib" ketadi.[64]

11-zirhli diviziya avansni boshqarishi kerak edi Cagny va qo'lga olish Bras, Xubert-Foli, Verrières va Fontenay-le-Marmion.[65][66] Uning zirhli brigadasi o'z hududidagi nemislar nazorati ostidagi qishloqlarning ko'pini chetlab o'tib, ularga keyingi to'lqinlar bilan munosabatda bo'lishlari kerak edi.[67] The 159-piyoda brigadasi, dastlab bo'linish va qo'lga olishning qolgan qismidan mustaqil ravishda harakat qilish kerak edi Cuverville va Demuvil.[68] Gvardiya zirhli diviziyasi 11-zirhli diviziya orqasida ilgarilab ketib, Kagni va Vimontni egallashi kerak edi.[65][66] Oxiridan boshlab, 7-zirhli diviziya janub tomonga o'tishi kerak edi Garcelles-sekvil tizma. Zirhli diviziyalarning keyingi yutuqlari faqat Dempsining buyrug'i bilan amalga oshirilishi kerak edi.[61] Ikkinchi Kanada korpusi uchun batafsil buyruqlar bir kun o'tgach, Kanning qolgan qismi bo'lgan Kolombellani qo'lga olish va keyin kuchli ushlab turishga tayyor bo'lish uchun chiqarildi. Verrières (Bourgeus) tizmasi.[69] Agar Germaniya jabhasi qulab tushgan bo'lsa, chuqurroq oldinga siljish ko'rib chiqiladi.[61]

Ikkinchi armiya razvedkasi Gudvudning qarama-qarshilikka qarshi yaxshi taxminlarini tuzgan edi, ammo qishloqlarning birinchi qatoridan tashqaridagi nemislarning pozitsiyalari, asosan, samimiy razvedka natijasida aniqlanishi kerak edi.[33] Nemis mudofaa chizig'i chuqurligi 6 milya (6,4 km) gacha bo'lgan ikkita belbog'dan iborat ekanligiga ishonishdi.[70] Nemislar Orne plyajidan katta hujumni kutishayotganidan xabardor bo'lib, inglizlar 16-dan uchrashuvga qarshilik ko'rsatishni kutishdi. Luftwaffe SS-Panzergrenadier polki tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan dala diviziyasining 25-qismi 12-SS Panzer bo'limi Gitlerjugend. Signallarning razvedkasi 12-SS Panzer diviziyasi zaxiraga olinganligini aniqladi va SS-Panzergrenadier 25-polkining 16-safda emasligini aniqlash juda sekin edi. Luftwaffe Field Division, shuningdek, zaxiraga olingan, ushbu nazorat 18 iyulgacha tuzatilgan. 21-panzer diviziyasining jangovar guruhlari atrofida 50 Panzer IV va 34 qurol, yaqinda kutilgan edi Milliy marshrut 13. The Leysstandart SS SS Adolf Gitler taxminiy zaxirada aniqlangan 40 Panter tanklari va 60 Panzer IV va Tiger tanklari bilan jihozlangan ikkita og'ir tank batalyonlari mavjudligi aniqlandi.[e] Germaniyaning zirhli kuchi baholandi 230 ta tank va artilleriya kuchi 300 maydon va tankga qarshi qurollar.[72][f] Ikkinchi armiya bunga ishongan 90 qurol jang maydonining markazida edi, 40 kuni qanotlari va 20 himoya Kan-Vimont temir yo'l liniyasi. Inglizlar Burguus tizmasida ham nemis qurol chizig'ini joylashtirgan, ammo uning kuchi va qurol pozitsiyalari noma'lum edi.[71]

Kamuflyaj qilingan Cherchill tanklari Gudvudda qatnashmagan 31-tank brigadasi, Normandiyada dushman kuzatuvchilaridan transport vositalarini yashirish uchun qilingan harakatlarni ta'kidlab o'tdi.

Amaliy maqsadlarni yashirish uchun Ikkinchi Armiya firibgarlik rejasini boshlab yubordi XII va XXX korpus. Uch zirhli diviziya Ornening g'arbiy qismidagi joylashish pozitsiyalariga faqat tunda va radio sukunatida ko'chib o'tishdi; artilleriya otishmasi tank dvigatellarining shovqinini yashirish uchun ishlatilgan.[73][74] Kunduzgi soatlarda yangi pozitsiyalarni kamuflyaj qilish uchun barcha harakatlar qilindi.[75]

Artilleriyani qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun Gudvud ajratildi 760 qurol,bilan 297,600 tur o'q-dorilar. 456 maydon dan qismlar 19 maydon polklar, 208 o'rta qurol 13 o'rta polklar, 48 og'ir dan qismlar 3 og'ir polklar va 48 og'ir ikkita og'ir zenit polkidan zenit qurollari.[76] Artilleriya I, VIII, XII va II Kanada korpuslari hamda 2-kanadalik tomonidan ta'minlandi. Armiya guruhi qirollik artilleriyasi (AGRA) va 4-AGRA.[77] Har bir dala qurol ajratilgan 500 tur, har bir o'rta bo'lak 300 tur va har bir og'ir qurol yoki gubitsa 150 tur.[76] Hujumdan oldin ular Germaniyaning tanklarga qarshi va dala artilleriyasining pozitsiyalarini bostirishga urinishgan. Hujum paytida ular 11-zirhli diviziyani a dumaloq baraj va zenit mudofaasi.[78] Qurollar, shuningdek, 3-piyoda va 2-kanadalik piyoda bo'linmalari tomonidan uyushtirilgan hujumlarga yordam beradi va so'ralganda maqsadlarga o'q uzadi.[79] Qo'shimcha yordam uchta kemasi tomonidan ta'minlanadi Qirollik floti, ularning maqsadi mintaqadagi qirg'oq yaqinida joylashgan nemis qurol batareyalari edi Kaburgiya va Fransvil.[79][g]

Kromvel tanklari York ko'prigi bo'ylab harakatlanish, a Beyli ko'prigi ustiga qurilgan Kan kanali va Orne daryosi.

Ikkinchi armiya, I va VIII korpuslarning muhandislik resurslari va bo'lim muhandislari ishlagan 13-16 iyul Orne daryosining g'arbiy qismidan daryo va Kan kanalidan sharqiy boshlang'ich chiziqlarigacha oltita yo'l qurish.[80] I Corps muhandislari ko'priklarni mustahkamladilar va Orne va kanal bo'ylab ikkita yangi ko'priklar majmuasini qurishdi.[81] Shuningdek, muhandislar birinchi kunning oxiriga qadar yana ikkita ko'prik qurishlari kerak edi.[82][h] II Kanada korpusi I va VIII korpuslarga Kanning shimolidagi daryo va kanal ko'priklariga eksklyuziv kirish huquqini berish uchun imkon qadar tezroq Orne bo'ylab uchta ko'prik qurishni rejalashtirgan.[81] 3-piyoda diviziyasining kichik bir otryadiga ega bo'lgan 51-tog'li (tog'li) piyoda diviziyasining muhandislariga tog'lik diviziyasi oldida nemislar minasini buzish buyurilgan. Bu asosan tunda amalga oshirildi 16/17 iyul, ular o'n to'rt bo'shliqni tozalab, belgilab qo'yganlarida.[84] 18-iyul kuni ertalab, 19 40 fut (12 m) bo'ylab bo'shliqlar tugatilgan edi, ularning har biri bir vaqtning o'zida bitta zirhli polk o'tishi kerak edi.[85][men]

11-zirhli diviziya piyoda brigadasi, diviziya va 29-zirhli brigadaning shtab-kvartirasi bilan Orne plyaj peshtaxtasiga o'tib ketdi. 16/17 iyul qolgan bo'lim esa keyingi kecha kuzatib bordi.[86] Gvardiya va 7-zirhli diviziya operatsiya boshlangunga qadar daryoning g'arbida ushlab turilgan.[74] 11-zirhli diviziyaning yakuniy elementlari pozitsiyaga o'tganda va VIII korpusning shtab-kvartirasi joylashdi Beny-sur-Mer, minalar maydonlaridagi ko'proq bo'shliqlar puflandi, oldinga yo'naltirilgan joylar belgilab qo'yildi va olib boriladigan yo'llar oq lenta bilan belgilandi.[87]

Ittifoqdosh havo kuchlari

Dastlabki artilleriya bombardimonini kuchaytirish, 2.077 og'ir va o'rta bombardimonchilar Qirollik havo kuchlari (RAF) va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining havo kuchlari (USAAF) hozirgacha kampaniyada quruqlikdagi kuchlarni bevosita qo'llab-quvvatlash maqsadida boshlangan eng yirik havo hujumiga uch to'lqinda hujum qilar edi.[88][j] Tezlik Gudvud rejasining muhim qismidir va havo bombardimonoti Burguus tizmasining xavfsizligini ta'minlash uchun 11-zirhli diviziyaga yo'l ochadi deb umid qilgan edilar.[67] Dempsi, agar operatsiya muvaffaqiyatli o'tadigan bo'lsa, uning tanklari birinchi tushdan keyin tog 'tizmasida bo'lishi kerak va birinchi tushga rejalashtirilgan og'ir bombardimonchilarning ikkinchi hujumini bekor qildi; garchi bu tog 'tizmasi tomon harakatlanishni bevosita qo'llab-quvvatlashi kerak bo'lsa-da, u 11-zirhli diviziyani ish tashlashni kutishni kechiktirmaslik kerakligidan xavotirda edi.[90] Havoni qo'llab-quvvatlashni yoping chunki Goodwood tomonidan ta'minlanadi 83-sonli RAF guruhi, Germaniyaning VIII korpus qanotlarini, Kagni qishlog'i kabi kuchli nuqtalarni zararsizlantirish, nemis qurollari va zaxira pozitsiyalariga hujum qilish taqiq nemis qo'shinlari harakatlari.[89] VIII korpus brigadasining shtab-kvartirasining har biriga a Oldinga yo'naltirilgan havo nazorati posti.[91]

Germaniyaning mudofaa tayyorgarligi

Nemislar Caen hududini Normandiyadagi mavqeining asosi deb hisoblashdi va La-Manshdan Ornening g'arbiy qirg'og'igacha mudofaa kamonini ushlab turishga qat'iy qaror qilishdi.[92] 15 iyulda nemis harbiy razvedka Panzer Group West kompaniyasini 17 iyuldan Orne plyajidan inglizlarning hujumi ehtimoli borligi haqida ogohlantirdi. Inglizlar janubi-sharqni Parij tomon surishadi deb o'ylaganlar.[93] Umumiy Geynrix Eberbax, Panzer Group West komandiri zobiti mudofaa rejasini ishlab chiqdi, uning tafsilotlari uning ikki korpusi va oltita bo'linma qo'mondoni tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan.[94] To'rt mudofaa chizig'ida tashkil etilgan kamida 16 mil chuqurlikdagi kamar qurildi. Kamar ichidagi qishloqlar mustahkamlanib, uning janubiy va sharqiy chekkalariga tankga qarshi qurollar joylashtirildi.[72][95] Tanklar kamar ichida erkin harakatlanishiga imkon berish uchun nemislar har bir mudofaa chizig'i o'rtasida tankga qarshi minalar o'rnatmaslikka qaror qildilar.[90] 16 iyulda Britaniya fronti ustida bir necha razvedka parvozlari amalga oshirildi, ammo ularning aksariyati zenit otishidan haydaldi.[96] Qorong'i tushganida, kameralar bilan jihozlangan samolyotlar yorug'likda olingan fotosuratlarni qaytarib olishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi alevlar, bu Orne orqali Britaniyaning plyaj maydoniga bir tomonlama harakatlanish oqimini aniqladi.[75] O'sha kuni, bir ingliz Spitfire mudofaani suratga olish paytida nemis chiziqlari bo'ylab urib tushirilgan; Britaniyalik artilleriya va jangchilar halokatga uchragan samolyotni yo'q qilishga urinishdi.[96]

King Tigers 503-chi og'ir tank bataloniga tegishli bo'lib, ittifoqchilarning havo razvedkasidan yashiringan.

LXXXVI korpus, ko'p artilleriya bilan mustahkamlanib, oldingi qatorni ushlab turdi.[97] 346-piyoda diviziyasi Tufrevildan qirg'oqdan shimolga qadar qazilgan va 16-sonli tugagan. Luftwaffe Field Division Touffreville-dan Kolombellesgacha bo'lgan keyingi qismni o'tkazdi. Kampfgruppe fon omad, 21-Panzer diviziyasi 125-chi atrofida tashkil etilgan jangovar guruh Panzergrenadier Bu kuchlar atrofida polk atrofga joylashtirilgan edi 30 ta qurol. Bilan mustahkamlangan 21-Panzer Divizioni zirhli elementlari 503-chi og'ir panzer batalyoni o'ntasini o'z ichiga olgan King Tigers, Kagnidan shimoli-sharqda, Luck odamlarini qo'llab-quvvatlash va umumiy rezerv va boshqa divizion panzergrenadierlari vazifasini bajaradigan holatda, tortib olinadigan tankga qarshi qurol va qurol, Caen tekisligining qishloqlari orasida qazilgan.[98][99][100] 21-Panzer bo'limi razvedkasi va kashshof korpus artilleriyasini himoya qilish uchun Burgeus tizmasiga joylashtirilgan batalyonlar, ularning soni taxminan teng bo'lgan 48 ta dala va o'rta qurollardan iborat edi. Nebelwerfer raketalar. LXXXVI korpusi edi 194 ta artilleriya qismlar, 272 Nebelwerferlar va 78 zenit va tankga qarshi 88 mm qurol. To'rt batareyadan iborat 88 mm 2-dan zenit qurollari Flak-Sturm polki, Kagnida joylashgan, Burguus tizmasi bo'yidagi qishloqlarda esa ekran bor edi 44 x 88 mm tankni yo'q qiladigan 200-batalyonning tankga qarshi qurollari.[90][98][k] LXXXVI korpusining artilleriyasining aksariyati Kan-Falez yo'lini qoplagan tizmadan tashqarida edi.[90][101]

Caen - Faleise yo'lining g'arbiy qismida Kanga qarama-qarshi tomon edi Men SS Panzer Corps. 14-iyul kuni 272-piyoda diviziyasi himoyasini o'z zimmasiga oldi Vaucelles Leybstandart SS SS divizionidan Adolf Gitler Agar shunday bo'lsa va Ornening sharqiy qirg'og'i. Ertasi kuni 12-SS Panzer bo'limi joylashtirildi Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) dam olish va qayta tiklash uchun zaxira va Gitlerning buyrug'i bilan - Orne va Ittifoq o'rtasida qo'rqinchli ikkinchi qo'nishni kutib olish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lish. Sena daryolar.[102][103] 272-piyoda diviziyasini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun divizion artilleriya polki va zenit batalyoni qolib ketdi va ikkita jangovar guruh diviziyadan ajralib chiqdi. Kampfgruppe Valdmuller Falezaga yaqinlashdi va Kampfgruppe Vyunche Lisieux, Kan shahridan 40 kilometr sharqda (25 milya). Garchi Kampfgruppe Keyinchalik Waldmuller Lisieux-da bo'linishning qolgan qismiga qo'shilishni buyurdi, 17-iyulda Eberbax bu harakatni to'xtatdi.[104]

Dastlabki operatsiyalar

Greenline operatsiyasi

Asosiy maqola: Ikkinchi Odon jangi

Greenline operatsiyasi XII korpus tomonidan 15 iyul kuni kechqurun boshlangan 15-Shotlandiya piyoda diviziyasi ning brigadasi tomonidan mustahkamlangan 53-chi (Uels) piyoda diviziyasi, 34-tank brigadasi, 43-chi (Wessex) piyoda diviziyasi va 53-(Welsh) piyoda diviziyasi, bitta brigadani olib tashladi.[105] Greenline nemis qo'mondonligini Angliyaning asosiy hujumi Ornening g'arbiy qismida, XII korpus egallagan pozitsiyalar orqali boshlanishiga ishontirishga va 9-chi va 10-chi SS Panzer bo'limlari, ular Gudvud yoki Kobraga qarshi tura olmasliklari uchun.[106][105] Tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi 450 qurol, Britaniya hujumidan foydalangan sun'iy oy nuri nemis artilleriyasining o'q otishi natijasida yuzaga kelgan buzilishlarga qaramay yaxshi boshlandi.[l] Tong otguncha XII korpus o'zining bir qancha maqsadlarini, shu jumladan muhim balandlikni egalladi Tepalik 113, garchi ko'p bahsli bo'lsa ham 112-tepalik nemis qo'lida qoldi. 9-SS Panzer Diviziyasini amalga oshirish orqali nemislar kun oxiriga qadar o'zlarining saflarini katta darajada tikladilar, garchi tepalik 113 ga qarshi qarshi hujum muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi.[108] Ertasi kuni XII korpus tomonidan uyushtirilgan hujumlarda hech qanday asos topilmadi va 17-iyul kuni kechqurun operatsiya yopildi va 113-tepalikdagi ingliz kuchlari olib chiqildi.[109]

Anor operatsiyasi

Buyuk Britaniyaning piyoda askarlari 1944 yil 16-iyulda 112-tepalik va 113-tepaliklar orasidagi yoriqlardagi xandaqlarni egallab olishdi.

"Anor" operatsiyasi 16-iyulda boshlandi, unda XXX korpusi bir nechta muhim qishloqlarni egallashi kerak edi.[106] Birinchi kuni ingliz piyoda qo'shinlari asosiy maqsadni egallab oldilar 300 mahbus ammo ertasi kuni Noyers-Bokage chekkasida juda noaniq janglar bo'lib o'tdi va 9-SS Panzer Diviziyasining Elementlari qishloq mudofaasiga sodiq qoldi. Garchi inglizlar temir yo'l stantsiyasini va qishloq tashqarisidagi baland erlarni o'z qo'liga olgan bo'lsalar ham, Noyers-Bokajning o'zi nemislar qo'lida qoldi.[110][111]

Dastlabki operatsiyalar Ikkinchi armiyaga qimmatga tushdi 3500 qurbonlar Hech qanday muhim hududiy yutuqlar uchun emas, balki Greenline va Anor strategik jihatdan muvaffaqiyatli edi.[112] Odon vodiysidagi tahdidlarga munosabat bildirgan nemislar oldingi qatorda 2-Panzer va 10-SS Panzer diviziyalarini saqlab qolishdi va 9-SS Panzer Diviziyasini Korpus zaxirasidan chaqirib olishdi.[106][110][113] Nemislar atrofida azob chekishdi 2000 qurbon. Terri Koppning ta'kidlashicha, janglar "kampaniyaning eng qonli uchrashuvlaridan biri".[36] 17-iyul, kech tushdan keyin patrul xizmati Spitfire nemisni ko'rdi xodimlar mashinasi qishlog'i yaqinidagi yo'lda Sent-Foy-de-Montgommeri. Jangchi a qildi tikish mashinani yo'ldan haydashga hujum qilish. Uning aholisi orasida feldmarshal ham bor edi Ervin Rommel, komandiri Armiya guruhi B, og'ir yaralangan, B guruhi vaqtincha etakchisiz qolgan.[66][114]

Jang

18 iyul

"Qirq besh daqiqa davomida bombardimonchilar korteji buzilmasdan yurishdi va ular ketgach, qurollarning momaqaldirog'i shishib, atrofni to'ldirdi, chunki artilleriya bombardimonda davom etmoqda"

Chester Vilmot, Goodwood operatsiyasining ochilishini tavsiflaydi[115]

18-iyul kuni tong otishidan sal oldin Orne plyajining janubidagi Tog'li piyoda qo'shinlari oldingi chiziqdan 0,5 milya (0,80 km) jimgina iste'foga chiqdilar.[116] 05:45 da, 1,056 Handley Page Halifax va Avro Lankaster 3000 fut (910 m) tezlikda uchayotgan og'ir bombardimonchilar 21-Panzer diviziyasi pozitsiyalari va Kagni qishlog'iga Kolombelles, po'lat zavodlari atrofida 4800 uzun tonna (4900 tonna) yuqori portlovchi bomba tashladilar va uning yarmini xarobalarga aylantirdilar.[96][117] 06:40 da ingliz artilleriyasi o'q uzdi va yigirma daqiqadan so'ng bombardimonchilarning ikkinchi to'lqini etib keldi. 10,000–13,000 futdan (3000–4000 m), amerikalik B-26 talonchilar 16-kuni 563 uzun tonna (572 tonna) bo'linadigan bomba chiqardi Luftwaffe Field Division, qiruvchi-bombardimonchilar nemislarning kuchli nuqtalari va qurol pozitsiyalariga hujum qilganlar.[118][119] Davomida 45 daqiqa bombardimon qilish, 11-zirhli diviziya qo'shinlari va tanklari o'zlarining to'planish joylaridan boshlang'ich chiziqqa qarab harakat qilishdi. H soat soat 07:45 ga o'rnatildi va jadvalga muvofiq artilleriya 11-zirhli diviziya oldida harakatlanadigan sudraluvchi barajga o'tdi.[120]

A Yo'lbars I ning 3./s.Pz.Abt. 503 (3-kompaniya 503-chi og'ir tank batalyoni) ag'darilib ketdi Mannevil bombardimon bilan. Uch kishi tirik qoldi.[121]

Diviziya harakatga kelgach, ko'proq artilleriya Küvervill, Demuvil, Gibervil, Libervil, Kagni va Emivillga qarata o't ochdi va Garsel-sekvill va sekvil-la Kampanyagacha bo'lgan janubdagi nishonlarga zo'rlik bilan o'q uzdi. O'n besh daqiqadan so'ng, Amerikaning og'ir bombardimonchilari Troarn hududiga va Burguus tizmasidagi asosiy nemis qurol-yarog'iga 1340 tonna (1360 tonna) bo'lak bomba tashladilar.[122] Faqat 25 bombardimonchi uchta to'lqinda yo'qolgan, barchasi Germaniyaning samolyotlarga qarshi otishmalarida.[123] Keyin operatsiyani havodan qo'llab-quvvatlash RAFning 800 ta qiruvchi-bombardimonchilariga topshirildi 83 va 84 guruhlar.[118]

Bombalash natijasida 22-Panzer polki va III-rota, 503-chi og'ir Panzer batalyoni vaqtincha ishdan bo'shatilib, ularning tanklariga turli darajadagi zarar etkazildi. Ba'zilar ag'darildi, ba'zilari vayron qilindi va keyin yigirma bomba kraterlarida tashlab ketilgan holda topildi.[118][124] Nemislarning oldingi qatoridagi pozitsiyalarining aksariyati zararsizlantirildi, tirik qolganlar esa "hayratda va bir-biriga mos kelmay" qolishdi.[119] Chang va tutun bombardimonchilar ekipajining barcha maqsadlarini aniqlash qobiliyatiga putur etkazdi va bombardimon zonalari atrofidagi boshqa shaxslar ta'sir ko'rsatmadi.[118][125] Kagni va Emievl juda ko'p bombardimon qilingan, ammo himoyachilarning aksariyati shikastlanmagan va o'z vaqtida tiklanib, inglizlarning oldinga o'tishini kutib olishgan - har ikkala joyda ham inglizlar o'tishi kerak bo'lgan yo'lda aniq o't o'chirish chiziqlari bo'lgan.[126] 503-chi og'ir tank batalyoni tezda yig'ilib, o'z tanklarini qazish bilan ish boshladi.[127] Burgeus tizmasida bir qancha qurollar bombardimon natijasida yo'q qilindi, ammo artilleriya va tankga qarshi qurollarning aksariyati buzilmay qoldi.[118][128]

"Bu jahannam edi va men undan qutulganimdan hali ham hayratda qoldim. Bomba mening tankimning oldida portlab, meni tiriklayin ko'mib tashlaganidan keyin bir muncha vaqt behush edim."

Freyherr von Rozen o'z tankining ostiga yashirinib, omon qolgan bombardimonni tasvirlab berdi.[129]

08:05 ga qadar, 2-chi Fife and Forfar Yeomanry va 3-qirollik tank polki 29-zirhli brigadaning Kan-Troarn temir yo'l liniyasiga etib borish uchun minalashtirilgan maydonlarni boshqargan.[130][131] Barajaning birinchi bosqichi soat 08: 30da tugadi, shu vaqtgacha 16-dan ko'plab mahbuslar Luftwaffe Bo'lim yakunlandi.[123][130] Artilleriya soat 08:50 da o'q uzishni davom ettirgan vaqtga qadar faqat birinchi zirhli polk va ikkinchisining bir qismi chiziqni kesib o'tgan. Qarama-qarshiliklar hali ham minimal bo'lgan va ko'proq mahbuslar olingan bo'lsa-da, ikkala polk barajni ushlab qolish uchun kurash olib borishdi va o'zlarining zaxiralarini qo'llab-quvvatlash joyidan chiqib ketishdi.[123] Jadval bo'yicha soat 09:00 da baraj ko'tarildi va 35 daqiqa keyinchalik etakchi otryadlar Kan-Vimont temir yo'liga etib bordi.[132] Zaxirada 23-gussarlar bilan bog'lanish uchun birinchi temir yo'lni tozalashga muvaffaq bo'ldi1 1⁄2- Tiger tanklari bilan adashib ketgan 200-chi qurolli batalyonning o'ziyurar qurollari batareyasi bilan soat.[133]

Cagny 18 iyul kuni ittifoqchilarning bombardimon reydlaridan keyin.

2-chi Fife va Forfar Yeomanri Kagni oldidan o'tayotganda, ular sharq tomonda joylashgan Kagnida tanklarga qarshi qurollar bilan shug'ullanishgan.[134][135] Bir necha daqiqa ichida kamida o'n ikkita tank o'chirib qo'yildi.[133] Yeomanyalar o'zlarining janubga qarab oldinga siljishdi va tog 'tizmasidagi asosiy nemis qurol liniyasi bilan shug'ullanishdi, 3-qirollik tank polki g'arbiy tomon siljib, Grentevildagi nemis garnizoni bilan o't ochib, qishloq atrofida harakatlanib, janubiy chekka bo'ylab yurishdan oldin. Keyn, Bras va Hubert-Foli tomon. Burgeus tizmasiga uchta zirhli bo'linma tomonidan qilingan hujum sifatida o'ylab topilgan narsa, ikki tank polkining bir-birining nazaridan chetda bo'lib, Germaniyaning og'ir otishmalariga qarshi qo'llab-quvvatlanmaydigan oldinga aylanishi bo'ldi. 11:15 ga qadar inglizlar tog 'tizmasiga va Bras va Burgeus qishloqlariga etib kelishdi. Nemis tanklariga ba'zi zararlar berildi, ammo oldinga siljish uchun qarshilik qarama-qarshiliklari, jumladan chetlab o'tilgan qarshilik cho'ntaklaridagi otishma kutib olindi.[136][137]

General Eberbax qarshi hujumni buyurdi, "mudofaa harakati emas, balki to'liq zirhli zaryad". 1-SS Panzer Diviziyasi tog 'tizmasi bo'ylab hujum qilishi kerak edi, Kagni hududida 21-Panzer Diviziyasi yo'qolgan barcha joylarni tiklashi kerak edi. Tushga nemis tanklari tushga kela boshladi va ingliz tank ekipajlari tez orada hamma joyda nemis tanklari va qurollari haqida xabar berishdi. Hawker tayfuni qiruvchi-bombardimonchilar RP-3 raketalar peshindan keyin tizmaga yo'naltirildi, kechiktirildi va oxir-oqibat 1-SS Panzer Diviziyasining qarshi hujumini buzdi.[138] Tog'larga bostirib kirishga so'nggi urinish yo'qotishlarni keltirib chiqardi 16 ingliz tushdan keyin tanklar va kichik qarshi hujumlar haydaldi, olti nemis panterasi yo'q qilindi.[139]

Soat 10:00 dan oldin Gvardiya zirhli diviziyasi 11-zirhli diviziyani quvib yetib, Kagni tomon bostirib kirdi. 12:00 ga qadar etakchi elementlar to'xtatildi, jang qilishdi.[140] Germaniyaning 2-zirhli Grenadiyer gvardiyasiga qarshi qarshi hujumi, tomonidan 19 ta tank 21-Panzer diviziyasidan va 503-chi og'ir Panzer batalyonining yo'lbarslari muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi, nemis tanklari o'z qurollaridan o'qqa tutildi va ikkita yo'lbars nokaut qilindi.[141] Xavfdan manevr qilishga urinayotgan yakkama-yakka Tiger II (King Tiger) irlandiyalik gvardiya Sherman tanki tomonidan ushlab turilib, u ham o'z qismidan ajralib qolgan. Sherman ekipaji Tigerga o'q uzdi va keyin uni rammed; Britaniyaning boshqa bo'linmalaridan tankga qarshi otishma keyin Tigerning zirhiga kirib bordi. Ikkala ekipaj ham transport vositalarini tashlab ketishdi va nemis ekipajining aksariyati qo'lga olindi.[142] Keyinchalik 503-chi og'ir Panzer batalyoni Coldstream gvardiyasiga hujum qildi, ammo tankga qarshi ko'p miqdordagi otishma tufayli chekinishga majbur bo'ldi.[143] Kunning qolgan qismida soqchilarga piyoda qo'shinlar qishloqqa kirganida tashlab ketilgan holda topilgan Kagni qo'lga olish kerak bo'ldi. Avansni yangilashga urinishlar Germaniyaning qattiq qarshiliklari bilan kutib olindi.[144] Oxiridan boshlab 7-zirhli diviziyaning jangga kirgan yagona elementi bu edi 5-qirollik tank polki (5-RTR). Kyuvervil yaqinida soat 17:00 da u to'rtta tankni yo'qotgani uchun ikkita Panzer IV avtomashinasini nokaut qildi va keyin 3-RTR tomonidan oldinroq chetlab o'tilgan Grentevilni tozalab, bir necha mahbusni olib ketdi.[145] Oltita tankning nemislarning qarshi hujumi ikkitadan tank yo'q qilinganidan keyin chiqib ketdi.[146]

Kagni yaqinidagi jang paytida qirol yo'lbarsini (chapda) qo'pollik qilganidan keyin 2-zirhli Irlandiya gvardiyasining Shermani (o'ngda).

Kechqurun 11-zirhli diviziya Kan-Vimont temir yo'l liniyasiga qaytdi va barcha bo'linmalar uchun zaxira tanklar oldinga olib chiqildi, 11-zirhli ustunlik berildi.[147] Nemis qutqaruv guruhlari iloji boricha ko'proq tanklarini tiklash va ta'mirlash uchun oldinga borishdi, chunki ularning o'rnini bosadiganlar kam edi. Inglizlar sezmagan holda, Emievil va Troan o'rtasida bo'shliq paydo bo'ldi. Bu tunda havo hujumi yo'lida o'nta tankini yo'qotib qo'ygan 12-SS Panzer diviziyasi tomonidan yopildi.[148] Tog'dan bir qator kichik nemis qarshi hujumlari uyushtirildi; shom tushgan bir paytda ingliz artilleriyasi va tankga qarshi otishmalar natijasida Pantera va yo'lbars yo'q qilindi, ikkinchisi qorong'udan keyin hibsga olingan Sherman boshchiligida Sherman va ikkita Pantera inglizlarga qarshi nokautga uchraganidan keyin qaytarildi. - tank akkumulyatori.[149] Kecha davomida nemis bombardimonchilari Orne ko'prigi ustiga alangalarni tashladilar, keyinchalik havo hujumiga uchradi. One bridge was slightly damaged and the headquarters of the 11th Armoured Division was hit, as were some tank crews who had survived the fighting.[150]

In their fighting around Cagny, the Guards Armoured Division lost fifteen tanks destroyed and 45 tanks shikastlangan.[151] The 11th Armoured Division lost 126 tanks, although only forty were write-offs; the rest were damaged or had broken down. (The loss of 126 tanks of the 219–244 tanks that crossed the start line has been a common feature of accounts of Goodwood but the divisional commander, the VIII Corps historian and Chester Wilmot gave 126 tank yo'qotishlar.[152][153][154] Michael Reynolds gave "...at least 125" and Christopher Dunphie 128 losses.)[147][149] The armoured divisions suffered 521 casualties during the day, Guards Armoured Division suffered 127 casualties, the 7th Armoured Division had 48 casualties and the 11th Armoured Division had 336 casualties.[155] On the eastern flank, the 3rd Infantry Division had a successful day, capturing all of its objectives except for Troarn.[156]

Atlantika operatsiyasi

Asosiy maqola: Atlantika operatsiyasi

On the Canadian front, Operation Atlantic began at 08:15, with a rolling barrage and infantry and tanks crossed their start line twenty minutes later.[157] At 08:40, British infantry from the 159th Infantry Brigade entered Cuverville; the village and its surrounding area were secured by 10:30 but patrols found Demouville firmly held and attempts to capture this second objective were delayed while the infantry reorganised.[158] The rest of the day saw a slow southward advance, as numerous German positions were cleared. Linking up with their armoured support by nightfall, the infantry dug in around le Mesnil-Frèmentel.[147]

19-20 iyul

The German armour counter-attacked late in the afternoon and fighting continued along the high ground and around Hubert-Folie on 19 July and 20 July, bringing the attack to a halt. On 21 July, Dempsey started to secure his gains by substituting infantry for armour.[159][sahifa kerak ]

Natijada

Tahlil

Territory gained in Operations Atlantic and Goodwood

Tactically, the Germans contained the offensive, holding many of their main positions and preventing an Allied breakthrough but they had been startled by the weight of the attack and preliminary aerial bombardment.[68] It was clear that any defensive system less than 5 mi (8.0 km) deep could be overwhelmed at a stroke and the Germans could afford to man their defences in such depth only in the sector south of Caen.[160] Goodwood resulted in the British extending their control over an extra 7 mi (11 km) depth of territory to the east of Caen, with the penetration being as much as 12,000 yards (11,000 m) in some places; the southern suburbs of Caen had been captured by the Canadians during Operation Atlantic.[30][161]

The attack reinforced the German view that the greatest danger was on the eastern flank. As German armoured reinforcements arrived in Normandy, they were drawn into defensive battles in the east and worn down. By the end of July only one and a half panzer divisions were facing American forces at the western end of the front, compared with six and a half facing the British and Canadians at the eastern end of the bridgehead. The German defence of Normandy was close to collapse when Operation Cobra breached the thin German defensive 'crust' in the west and few German mechanised units were available to counter-attack.[162] Martin Blumenson, the American official historian, wrote after the war that had Goodwood created a breakthrough, "... Cobra would probably have been unnecessary".[163] Goodwood inflicted substantial losses on the German defenders but not a shattering blow. The effect on the morale of the German commanders was greater and added to the loss of Rommel, who was wounded in an RAF air attack. Kluge lost his early optimism on being appointed to replace Rundstedt and wrote to Hitler on 21 July predicting an imminent collapse.[164]

Operation Goodwood was launched at a time of great frustration in the higher command of the Allies, which contributed to the controversy surrounding the operation. The Allied bridgehead was about 20 percent of the planned size, which led to congestion and some fear of a stalemate.[165] Allied commanders had not been able to exploit their potentially decisive advantages in mobility during June and early July 1944. Much of the controversy surrounding the objectives of the battle originates from the conflicting messages given by Montgomery. He talked up the objectives of Goodwood to the press on the first day, later saying that this was propaganda to encourage the Germans to keep powerful units at the east end of the battlefield.[166]

In the planning of Goodwood, Montgomery appeared to promise that the attack would be a breakthrough and that when the VIII Corps failed to break-out, by some accounts the Supreme Commander, US General Duayt D. Eyzenxauer felt he had been misled. While his intermittent communications to Oliy shtab Ittifoq ekspeditsiya kuchlari (SHAEF) appeared to promise a breakthrough, Montgomery was writing orders to his subordinates for a limited attack. Copies of orders forwarded to SHAEF, called for an armoured division to take Falaise, a town far in the German rear. Three days prior to the attack, Montgomery revised the orders, eliminating Falaise as an objective but neglected to forward copies of the revision; Eisenhower was later furious at the result, which dogged Montgomery, as it allowed his detractors, especially Air Marshal Artur Tedder, to imply that the operation was a failure.[167]

Stiven Biddl wrote that Goodwood was a significant tactical setback for Montgomery. Despite having preponderant force and air superiority, British progress was slow and ultimately failed to break through. Montgomery chose an unusually narrow spearhead of just 2 km (1.2 mi), which created a congested line of advance. British infantry was lacking in suitable junior officers and non-commissioned officers, which inhibited small-unit tactics. In Biddle's analysis,

The British systematically failed to coordinate movement and suppressive fires after about mid-morning of the opening day.... The attack had by then moved beyond the reach of the British batteries on the northern side of the Orne River and the congestion in the march columns had kept the artillery from moving forward into supporting range.... The net result was thus an exposed, massed, nearly pure-tank assault pressing forward rapidly without supporting infantry or supporting suppressive fires.

— Biddl[168]

The Germans, by contrast, made great efforts to conceal their forces—moving under cover of dark, off the main roads, in small units and under radio silence.[168]

Zarar ko'rgan narsalar

Simon Trew wrote that "the first estimates of Allied losses for Operation Goodwood appeared horrific, that Second Army had lost 4,011 men... ."[1] G. S. Jackson gave losses in the armoured divisions from 18–19 July, kabi 1,020 men.[169] Michael Reynolds quoted the 21st Army Group war diary of casualties in I and VIII Corps of 3,474 men.[170] Operation Atlantic cost the Canadians from 1,349–1,965 casualties.[171][172] Colonel Charles Perry Stacey gave casualties of all Canadian units in Europe, for the four days' fighting as 1,965 in all categories; 441 erkak were killed or died of wounds.[173] Trew wrote that "no conclusive assessment can ever be made" in regards to the losses of both sides. In 2014, John Buckley gave a figure of 5,500 casualties during Goodwood and Atlantic.[2]

During Operation Goodwood, over 2,000 German prisoners were taken and v. 100 tanklar yo'q qilindi.[4] Jackson also wrote of v. 100 German tank losses.[6] In the official history Major Lionel Ellis wrote that the 1st SS and 21st Panzer divisions lost 109 tanks on the first day of the battle.[174] Reynolds recorded 77 German tanks or assault guns knocked out or damaged during the operation and that the claim of 75 tanks or assault guns destroyed—as stated in a post-war interview, by the commanding officer of the 11th Armoured Division, for a British staff college training film on the operation—"can be accepted as accurate".[175] Michael Tamelander wrote that Panzergruppe West recorded the loss of 75 tanks during the period from 16–21 July.[5]

British tank losses during Goodwood have been debated, with tank losses being reported from 300–500.[3] In addition to VIII Corps losses, about twenty tanks were lost in the flanking operations.[176] Reynolds wrote that study of the records suggests that the maximum number of tanks lost during Operation Goodwood was 253, most of which were damaged rather than write-offs.[170] Tamelander and Niklas Zetterling wrote that during Goodwood 469 tanks were lost by the armoured divisions (including 131 tanks on the 19 July and 68 on the 20 July), but that the majority could be repaired.[3] Trew rejected those figures and wrote that after much investigation, VIII Corps losses amounted to 197 tanks on 18 July, 99 tanks on 19 July and 18 ta tank on 20 July, "for a total of 314, of qaysi 130 were completely destroyed". Trew wrote that "the tank strength returns for VIII Corps 18-21 iyul show a loss of 218 tanks (that could not be repaired or immediately replaced), including 145 tanks from 11th Armoured Division".[176] In 2014 Buckley wrote that 400 British tanks were knocked out and that many were recovered and put back into service, although the morale of some of the crews deteriorated.[2]

Izohlar

  1. ^ "The quick capture of that key city Caen and the neighbourhood of Carpiquet was the most ambitious, the most difficult and the most important task of Lieutenant-General J. T. Crocker's I Corps".[9] Wilmot wrote that "The objectives given to Crocker's seaborne divisions were decidedly ambitious, since his troops were to land last, on the most exposed beaches, with the farthest to go, against what was potentially the greatest opposition".[10] The Ikkinchi armiya (General-leytenant Mayl Dempsi ), always considered the possibility that the attack on Caen might fail.[11]
  2. ^ Yilda Olov maydonlari, Terry Copp suggested that it was Brigadier Charles Richardson, chief planning officer of 21st Army Group, who provided the starting point and inspiration for Operation Goodwood.[41]
  3. ^ Excluding the 79th Armoured Division, which never operated as a formation and the 6th Guards Tank Brigade still in England.[48] The tank brigades were equipped with Churchill infantry tanks and a small number of light tanks.[49][50]
  4. ^ There is some disagreement whether Montgomery or Dempsey cancelled the operation. Montgomery wrote that he cancelled the operation over O'Connor's doubts about the plan and decided to attack west of Caen, in what became Operation Epsom; while Dempsey, after the war, told Chester Vilmot that he informed Montgomery that he was going to cancel the proposed operation on 18 June.[55]
  5. ^ 1st SS Panzer Division actually had 46 Panthers va 61 Panzer IV. Both battalions were erroneously placed with I SS Panzer Corps but one had been attached to the 21st Panzer Division.[71]
  6. ^ Rommel stated that German defences east of the Orne included 194 field qurol va 90 anti-tank qurol.[71]
  7. ^ Monitor HMSRoberts armed with two 15-inch guns and the light cruisers HMSMavrikiy va HMSKorxona armed with twelve and seven 6-inch guns respectively. [79]
  8. ^ These were the first of 1,500 Beyli ko'priklari to be built by the British army during the campaign in north-west Europe.[83]
  9. ^ Following Operation Goodwood it took Royal Engineers five days, during daylight hours, to lift all the mines placed in front of the positions previously held by 51st (Highland) Infantry Division. [84]
  10. ^ 1,056 heavy bombardimonchilar RAF bombardimonchilar qo'mondonligi, 539 heavy bombers of the USAAF Sakkizinchi havo kuchlari va 482 medium bombers of the USAAF To'qqizinchi havo kuchlari.[89]
  11. ^ Trew wrote that there were only around 36 anti-tank guns in the rear positions, including no more than 8–16 pieces on the ridge itself.[7]
  12. ^ "Artificial moonlight" or "Monty's moonlight" was the term given to the technique of providing illumination at night by reflecting qidiruv nuri beams off the cloud layer.[107]

Izohlar

  1. ^ a b Trew 2004, p. 97.
  2. ^ a b v Bakli 2014 yil, p. 109.
  3. ^ a b v Tamelander & Zetterling 2004, p. 288.
  4. ^ a b Trew 2004, 96-97 betlar.
  5. ^ a b Tamelander & Zetterling 2004, p. 289.
  6. ^ a b Jekson 2006 yil, p. 113.
  7. ^ a b v d Trew 2004, p. 64.
  8. ^ Uilyams 2004 yil, p. 24.
  9. ^ Ellis 2004 yil, p. 171.
  10. ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 273.
  11. ^ Bakli 2014 yil, p. 23.
  12. ^ Ellis 2004 yil, p. 78.
  13. ^ Ellis 2004 yil, p. 81.
  14. ^ Vat 2003, p. 146.
  15. ^ Wilmot 1997, 284-286-betlar.
  16. ^ Qirq 2004 yil, p. 36.
  17. ^ Ellis 2004 yil, pp. 247, 250.
  18. ^ Ellis 2004 yil, p. 254.
  19. ^ Teylor 1999 yil, p. 10.
  20. ^ Teylor 1999 yil, p. 76.
  21. ^ Qirq 2004 yil, p. 97.
  22. ^ Ellis 2004 yil, p. 255.
  23. ^ Uilyams 2004 yil, p. 114.
  24. ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 322.
  25. ^ Klark 2004 yil, 31-32 betlar.
  26. ^ Klark 2004 yil, p. 21.
  27. ^ Xart 2007 yil, p. 108.
  28. ^ Reynolds 2002 yil, p. 13.
  29. ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 334.
  30. ^ a b v Uilyams 2004 yil, p. 131.
  31. ^ Jekson 2006 yil, p. 60.
  32. ^ Bercuson 2004, p. 222.
  33. ^ a b Trew 2004, p. 53.
  34. ^ a b v d Trew 2004, p. 49.
  35. ^ Daglish 2005, p. 35.
  36. ^ a b Copp 2004, p. 135.
  37. ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 351.
  38. ^ Uilyams 2004 yil, p. 175.
  39. ^ Xart 2007 yil, p. 64.
  40. ^ Xart 2007 yil, 64-65-betlar.
  41. ^ Copp 2004, p. 134.
  42. ^ Xart 2007 yil, p. 65.
  43. ^ Vat 2003, p. 158.
  44. ^ Dunphie 2005, p. 30.
  45. ^ Fortin 2004 yil, pp. 44, 52, 58, 64, 69, 74.
  46. ^ Trew 2004, p. 55.
  47. ^ Bakli 2014 yil, p. 19.
  48. ^ Fortin 2004 yil, p. 47.
  49. ^ Klark 2004 yil, p. 36.
  50. ^ Fortin 2004 yil, pp. 47, 64, 74, 100.
  51. ^ Jekson 2006 yil, p. 70.
  52. ^ Ellis 2004 yil, p. 330.
  53. ^ a b Jekson 2006 yil, p. 72.
  54. ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 353.
  55. ^ Xart 2007 yil, 131-132-betlar.
  56. ^ Trew 2004, 64-65-betlar.
  57. ^ Steysi 1960 yil, p. 169.
  58. ^ Xastings 1999 yil, p. 293.
  59. ^ Uilyams 2004 yil, p. 161.
  60. ^ Jekson 2006 yil, p. 79.
  61. ^ a b v Trew 2004, p. 66.
  62. ^ Reynolds 2002 yil, p. 44.
  63. ^ Ellis 2004 yil, 330-331-betlar.
  64. ^ Ellis 2004 yil, p. 331.
  65. ^ a b Bakli 2014 yil, p. 35.
  66. ^ a b v Trew 2004, p. 70.
  67. ^ a b Dunphie 2005, p. 42.
  68. ^ a b Ellis 2004 yil, p. 352.
  69. ^ Steysi 1960 yil, 170-171 betlar.
  70. ^ Dunphie 2005, p. 43.
  71. ^ a b v Trew 2004, pp. 58, 53–56.
  72. ^ a b Ellis 2004 yil, p. 336.
  73. ^ Daglish 2005, 37, 38-betlar.
  74. ^ a b D'Este 2004, p. 360.
  75. ^ a b Daglish 2005, p. 37.
  76. ^ a b Jekson 2006 yil, p. 86.
  77. ^ Trew 2004, 68-69 betlar.
  78. ^ Ellis 2004 yil, p. 339.
  79. ^ a b v Jekson 2006 yil, 85-86 betlar.
  80. ^ Daglish 2005, 26-29 betlar.
  81. ^ a b Jekson 2006 yil, p. 87.
  82. ^ Daglish 2005, p. 29.
  83. ^ Daglish 2005, p. 26.
  84. ^ a b Jekson 2006 yil, p. 88.
  85. ^ Trew 2004, p. 68.
  86. ^ Jekson 2006 yil, p. 91.
  87. ^ Jekson 2006 yil, 91-92 betlar.
  88. ^ Dunphie 2005, p. 35.
  89. ^ a b Jekson 2006 yil, p. 89.
  90. ^ a b v d Reynolds 2001 yil, p. 171.
  91. ^ Trew 2004, p. 65.
  92. ^ Daglish 2005, p. 36.
  93. ^ Trew 2004, p. 58.
  94. ^ Reynolds 2001 yil, p. 172.
  95. ^ Jekson 2006 yil, 76-77 betlar.
  96. ^ a b v Jekson 2006 yil, p. 92.
  97. ^ Trew 2004, p. 59.
  98. ^ a b Dunphie 2005, p. 45.
  99. ^ Reynolds 2001 yil, 170-171 betlar.
  100. ^ Trew 2004, p. 62.
  101. ^ Trew 2004, 63-64 bet.
  102. ^ Trew 2004, p. 57.
  103. ^ Reynolds 2001 yil, 166, 171-betlar.
  104. ^ Trew 2004, 57-58 betlar.
  105. ^ a b Reynolds 2002 yil, p. 46.
  106. ^ a b v Daglish 2005, p. 38.
  107. ^ Reynolds 2002 yil, p. 47.
  108. ^ Reynolds 2002 yil, 46-48 betlar.
  109. ^ Reynolds 2002 yil, 49-50 betlar.
  110. ^ a b Ellis 2004 yil, p. 334.
  111. ^ Randel 2006, p. 17.
  112. ^ Trew 2004, p. 52.
  113. ^ Reynolds 2002 yil, p. 50.
  114. ^ Wilmot 1997, 357-358 betlar.
  115. ^ Jekson 2006 yil, p. 93.
  116. ^ Dunphie 2005, p. 56.
  117. ^ Trew 2004, 71-72-betlar.
  118. ^ a b v d e Trew 2004, p. 72.
  119. ^ a b Reynolds 2001 yil, p. 174.
  120. ^ Jekson 2006 yil, pp. 93, 92.
  121. ^ Trew 2004, p. 71.
  122. ^ Trew 2004, pp. 73, 72.
  123. ^ a b v Jekson 2006 yil, p. 94.
  124. ^ Saunders 2001, 61, 64-betlar.
  125. ^ Saunders 2001, p. 65.
  126. ^ Uilyams 2004 yil, p. 167.
  127. ^ Reynolds 2001 yil, p. 175.
  128. ^ Uilyams 2004 yil, p. 165.
  129. ^ Saunders 2001, p. 63.
  130. ^ a b Dunphie 2005, p. 62.
  131. ^ Trew 2004, p. 77.
  132. ^ Jekson 2006 yil, p. 95.
  133. ^ a b Dunphie 2005, p. 74.
  134. ^ Trew 2004, p. 80.
  135. ^ Napier 2015, p. 249.
  136. ^ Trew 2004, 80, 82-betlar.
  137. ^ Fortin 2004 yil, p. 17.
  138. ^ Trew 2004, 80-82 betlar.
  139. ^ Fortin 2004 yil, 17-18 betlar.
  140. ^ Dunphie 2005, 120-121 betlar.
  141. ^ Reynolds 2001 yil, p. 177.
  142. ^ Daglish 2005, 177–178 betlar.
  143. ^ Trew 2004, p. 83.
  144. ^ Dunphie 2005, 123-126 betlar.
  145. ^ Fortin 2004 yil, p. 8.
  146. ^ Lindsay 2005, p. 48.
  147. ^ a b v Reynolds 2001 yil, p. 179.
  148. ^ Beevor 2014, 319-320-betlar.
  149. ^ a b Dunphie 2005, p. 144.
  150. ^ Trew 2004, p. 89.
  151. ^ Reynolds 2001 yil, p. 178.
  152. ^ Trew 2004, p. 86.
  153. ^ Jekson 2006 yil, p. 102.
  154. ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 360.
  155. ^ Jekson 2006 yil, p. 103.
  156. ^ Dunphie 2005, p. 142.
  157. ^ Trew 2004, p. 76.
  158. ^ Jekson 2006 yil, 94-95 betlar.
  159. ^ Daglish 2005.
  160. ^ Wilmot 1997, p. 264.
  161. ^ Trew 2004, p. 94.
  162. ^ Uilyams 2004 yil, p. 185.
  163. ^ Blumenson 1961, p. 188.
  164. ^ Bakli 2014 yil, p. 110.
  165. ^ Blumenson 1961, pp. 4–6, 119, 186.
  166. ^ Ellis 2004 yil, 355-356 betlar.
  167. ^ Uilyams 2004 yil, p. 174.
  168. ^ a b Biddle 2006, 121-125-betlar.
  169. ^ Jekson 2006 yil, pp. 103, 108.
  170. ^ a b Reynolds 2001 yil, p. 186.
  171. ^ Copp 2007, p. 5.
  172. ^ Zuehlke 2001, p. 166.
  173. ^ Steysi 1960 yil, p. 176.
  174. ^ Ellis 2004 yil, p. 346.
  175. ^ Reynolds 2001 yil, p. 187.
  176. ^ a b Trew 2004, p. 98.

Adabiyotlar

Kitoblar

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