Sahure - Sahure

Sahure
Sahura, Sahu-Re, Sephrés, RΣϵϕp
Nem va soxta soqol kiygan o'tirgan odamning kulrang dog'li tosh haykalining yopilishi
A boshlig'i gneys Nyu-Yorkdagi 103-galereyadagi Sahure haykali Metropolitan San'at muzeyi.[1][2][3]
Fir'avn
HukmronlikMuddati: miloddan avvalgi 25-asr boshlarida 13 yil, 5 oy va 12 kun[eslatma 1] (Beshinchi sulola )
O'tmishdoshUserkaf
VorisNeferirkare Kakai
Prenomen (Praenomen)
Sahure
sꜣḥ.w.rꜥ
Yaqin bo'lgan kishi Ra
Muqobil tarjimalar:
Ra kimga tegdi[22]
Ra menga nasib etdi[23]
M23
t		 L2
t		 <
N5D62G43
>
Nomen
Sahure
sꜣḥ.w.rꜥ
Ra ga yaqin bo'lgan kishi
G39N5
N5D62G43
Horus nomi
Horus Nebxau
nb-b-w
Horus, xayolparast Lord
G5
V30N28G43
Nebty nomi
Nebti Nebxau
nb.tj nb ḫˁ w
Ikki xonim, xayolparast Lord
G16
V30
N28		 G43
Oltin Horus
Bikvi Nebw
bḳ.wj nbw
Oltin qo'shaloq lochin[23]
G7 G7
S12
KonsortMeretnebty[24]
BolalarRanefer ♂ (deb taxtga o'tirdi Neferirkare Kakai ), Netjerirenre ♂ (ehtimol bir xil odam Shepseskare ), Horemsaf ♂, Raemsaf ♂, Xakare ♂ va Nebankhre ♂[25][26]
OtaUserkaf
OnaNeferhetepes II
DafnSahure piramidasi
YodgorliklarSahure piramidasi "The Rising Ba Sahur ruhi "[27]
Quyosh ibodatxonasi "Maydon Ra "
"Sahuraning ulug'vorligi osmonga ko'tariladi" va "Sahure toji paydo bo'ladi" saroylari

Sahure (shuningdek Sahura, ma'nosi "Kim yaqin bo'lsa Qayta ") edi a fir'avn ning qadimgi Misr va ikkinchi hukmdori Beshinchi sulola (taxminan 2465 - miloddan avvalgi 2325 yil). U miloddan avvalgi 25-asrning boshlarida taxminan 12 yil davomida hukmronlik qilgan Qadimgi qirollik davri. Sahure hukmronligi Beshinchi sulolaning siyosiy va madaniy eng yuqori nuqtasidir.[28] Ehtimol, u avvalgisining o'g'li edi Userkaf qirolicha bilan Neferheteplar II va o'z navbatida uning o'g'li muvaffaqiyat qozondi Neferirkare Kakai.

Sahure hukmronligi davrida Misr bilan muhim savdo aloqalari bo'lgan Levantin qirg'oq. Sahure zamonaviy dengizga bir necha dengiz ekspeditsiyasini boshladi Livan sadr daraxtlari, qullar va ekzotik narsalarni sotib olish. Uning hukmronligi Misr dengiz flotining gullab-yashnaganiga guvoh bo'lgan bo'lishi mumkin, bu dengiz dengiz flotini va maxsus poyga kemalarini o'z ichiga olgan. Bunga tayanib Sahure eng erta attestatsiya qilingan ekspeditsiyani buyurdi Punt mamlakati, bu katta miqdorni qaytarib berdi mirra, malakit va elektr. Sahure ushbu tashabbusning muvaffaqiyatini nishonlagan holda uning morg ibodatxonasidan qutulish marosimida namoyish etilgan bo'lib, uning saroyi bog'ida "Sahuraning ulug'vorligi osmonga ko'tariladi" deb nomlangan mirra daraxtini parvarish qilmoqda. Ushbu relyef Misr san'atida qirol bog'dorchiligini tasvirlaydigan yagona rasmdir. Sahure keyingi ekspeditsiyalarni yubordi firuza va mis minalar Sinay. Shuningdek, u qarshi harbiy yurishlarni buyurdi Liviya Misrga chorva mollarini qaytarib beradigan G'arbiy cho'lda boshliqlar.

Sahure a piramida o'zi uchun qurilgan Abusir, shu bilan qirollik nekropollaridan voz kechish Saqqara va Giza, uning o'tmishdoshlari o'zlarining yodgorliklarini qurgan joyda. Ushbu qarorga, ehtimol, Beshinchi sulolaning birinchi ibodatxonasi bo'lgan Abusirda Userkaf quyosh ibodatxonasi borligi sabab bo'lgan. The Sahure piramidasi oldingi piramidalardan ancha kichikroq To'rtinchi sulola ammo uning morg ibodatxonasi bezaklari va me'morchiligi yanada aniqroq. Uning piramida majmuasining vodiy ibodatxonasi, yo'lagi va morg ibodatxonasi bir vaqtlar 10 000 m balandlikda bezatilgan2 (110,000 kvadrat fut) qadimgi podsholik davrida ushbu san'atning erishgan eng yuqori shaklini ifodalovchi nafis polixrom relyeflari. Qadimgi Misrliklar ushbu badiiy yutuqni tan olishdi va keyingi shohlar va malikalar qabrlaridagi kabartmalarga taqlid qilishga harakat qilishdi. Sahure piramida majmuasi me'morlari palma shaklidagi ustunlardan foydalanishni joriy qildilar (bu ustunlar kimning poytaxt shakliga ega palma barglari ), bu tez orada qadimgi Misr me'morchiligining o'ziga xos belgisiga aylanadi. Uning morg ibodatxonasi tartibi ham innovatsion edi va Qadimgi Qirollik davrining qolgan qismida me'moriy me'yorga aylandi. Sahure, shuningdek "" deb nomlangan quyosh ma'badini qurgani ma'lum.Ra maydoni"va u hali topilmagan bo'lsa-da, ehtimol u Abusirda ham mavjud.

Sahure dafn marosimining ob'ekti bo'lgan, oziq-ovqat qurbonliklari dastlab uning hukmronligi davrida tashkil etilgan qishloq xo'jaligi erlari tomonidan ta'minlangan. Ushbu rasmiy, davlat tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan din, Eski Shohlikning oxirigacha davom etdi. Keyinchalik, davomida O'rta qirollik davri, Sahure shohning ajdodlari obro'si sifatida hurmatga sazovor edi, ammo endi uning dinida bag'ishlangan ruhoniylar yo'q edi. Davomida Yangi Shohlik, Sahure ma'buda shakli bilan tenglashtirildi Sekmet noma'lum sabablarga ko'ra. "Sahure Sekmeti" kulti ruhoniylarga ega bo'lib, butun Misrdan kelgan mehmonlarni Sahure ibodatxonasiga jalb qilgan. Abusirdan tashqarida ham nishonlanadigan ushbu g'ayrioddiy kult, oxirigacha saqlanib qoldi Ptolema davri Sahure vafotidan deyarli 2500 yil o'tgach.

Oila

Ota-ona

Qora siyoh va sochilgan teshiklar bilan yozuvlar bilan qoplangan qorong'u papirus tasviri
The Westcar Papirus, bilan tanishish XVII sulola lekin, ehtimol, avval yozilgan O'n ikkinchi sulola, Beshinchi sulolaning kelib chiqishi haqidagi afsonani aytib beradi.

Qazish ishlari Sahure piramidasi yilda Abusir rahbarligida Miroslav Verner va 2000-yillarning boshlarida Tarek El-Avadiy Beshinchi sulolaning boshlarida joylashgan qirol oilasi haqida ma'lumot beradi. Xususan, piramida majmuasi vodiysi va morg ibodatxonalarini bir-biriga bog'lab turuvchi magistral yo'lning relyeflari Sahuraning onasi malika ekanligini ko'rsatmoqda. Neferheteplar II.[29] U fir'avnning rafiqasi edi Userkaf, joylashgan joyi bilan ko'rsatilgan uning piramidasi darhol qo'shni Userkaf,[30] va "qirolning onasi" unvoniga ega edi.[2-eslatma][31] Bu Userkafni har ehtimolga qarshi Sahure otasi qiladi. Bu Sahure kashfiyoti bilan yanada mustahkamlanadi kartoshka Userkaf murdasi ibodatxonasida Saqqara Sahure bu qurilishni tugatganligini, ehtimol uning otasi boshlaganligini ko'rsatmoqda.[30]

Bu Sahure malikaning o'g'li bo'lgan eski, muqobil nazariyalarga ziddir Xentkaus I,[32] oldingi fir'avnning xotini ekanligiga ishonishdi To'rtinchi sulola, Shepseskaf va Userkaf yoki Neferirkare uchun birodar.[3-eslatma][35]

Asosini ushlab turgan va ushlab turgan qirolning katta figurasi. Chap tomonda ikki qator kichik raqamlar, ularning nomlari batafsil yozilgan ierogliflar joylashgan.
Uning o'liklarining Netjerirenre, Xakare va Neferirkare Kakay kabi o'liklarining yonida sahro figurasi, uning murdasi ibodatxonasidan qutulish paytida.[36]

Bolalar

Sahure muvaffaqiyat qozonganligi ma'lum Neferirkare Kakai,[4-eslatma] 2005 yilgacha uning ukasi deb ishongan.[37] O'sha yili dastlab Sahure piramidasi yo'lini bezatib, uning ikkita o'g'li Ranefer va Netjerirenrening oldida o'tirgan Sahurani ko'rsatadigan yengillik,[38] Verner va boshqa misrshunos Tarek El-Avady tomonidan kashf etilgan.[39] Ranefer ismining yoniga "Neferirkare Kakai Yuqori va Quyi Misr qiroli" matni qo'shilgan, bu Ranefer Sahurening o'g'li ekanligini va otasi vafotida "Neferirkare Kakai" nomi bilan taxtga o'tirganligini ko'rsatgan.[29] Raneferga ham, Netjerirenrega ham "qirolning to'ng'ich o'g'li" unvonlari berilganligi sababli, Verner va El-Avadining ta'kidlashicha, ular birinchi bo'lib Ranefer bilan tug'ilgan egizak bo'lishi mumkin. Ular Netjirirenre keyinchalik qisqa muddat davomida taxtni egallab olgan bo'lishi mumkin "Shepseskare ", ammo bu taxminiy bo'lib qolmoqda.[40] Xuddi shu yengillikda malika yana tasvirlangan Meretnebty,[41] u, ehtimol, Sahurening hamkori bo'lgan[42] va Ranefer va Netjerirenrening onasi.[39] Yana uchta o'g'il, Xakare,[43] Horemsaf,[44] va Nebankhre[45] Sahure murdasi ibodatxonasi rel'eflarida ko'rsatilgan, ammo ularning onalari (lar) i kimligi noma'lum.[24]

Netjerirenre sudda yuqori lavozimlarga mos keladigan va u sudyalik vazifasini bajargan bo'lishi mumkin degan bir nechta diniy unvonlarga ega edi. vazir otasi uchun.[46] Mishel Bodning ta'kidlashicha, Sahure davrida qirol knyazlarini vazirdan haydab chiqarish hali tugamagan bo'lsa ham davom etmoqda.[47]

Hukmronlik

Xronologiya

Krem rangidagi toshga uchta iyeroglif yozilgan: doira, uning ostida uchta barmoq va jo'ja
Abydos qirollari ro'yxatidagi Sahure kartuşi

Nisbiy xronologiya

Sahure hukmronligining nisbiy xronologiyasi tarixiy yozuvlar, zamonaviy eksponatlar va arxeologik dalillar bilan yaxshi tasdiqlangan bo'lib, u Userkafning o'rnini egallaganligi va o'z navbatida Neferirkare Kakayning o'rnini egallaganiga rozi.[48] Ushbu merosxo'rlikni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi tarixiy manba bu Egeyptiaka (Tsiaκά), Misr tarixi miloddan avvalgi III asrda yozilgan Ptolomey II (Miloddan avvalgi 283-246) tomonidan Maneto. Egeyptiakaning biron bir nusxasi saqlanib qolmagan va u keyinchalik keyingi yozuvlari orqali ma'lum bo'lgan Sextus Julius Africanus va Evseviy. Vizantiya olimining fikriga ko'ra Jorj Syncellus, Africanus deb yozgan Egeyptiaka Beshinchi sulola boshida "Usercherês → Sephrês → Nefercherês" merosxo'rligini eslatib o'tdi. Usercherês, Sephrês (ichida.) Yunoncha, Σϵϕrής) va Nefercherês deb ishoniladi Ellinizatsiyalangan navbati bilan Userkaf, Sahure va Neferirkare uchun shakllar.[49] Manetoning Beshinchi sulolaning tiklanishi yana ikkita tarixiy manbada keltirilgan manbalar bilan kelishilgan Abidos shohi ro'yxati bu erda Sahure kartusi 27-chi yozuvda va Saqqara tabletkasi bu erda Sahure nomi 33-yozuvda berilgan. Ushbu shohlar ro'yxati hukmronlik davrida yozilgan Seti I va Ramses Navbati bilan II.[50]

Hukmronlik muddati

The Turin kanoni, davomida yozilgan shoh ro'yxati O'n to'qqizinchi sulola erta Ramessid davri (Miloddan avvalgi 1292–1189), unga o'n ikki yil besh oy va o'n ikki kun hukmronlik qildi. Aksincha, Beshinchi sulolaning zamonaviy qirol yilnomasi Palermo toshi o'zining taxtda ikkinchi, uchinchi, beshinchi va oltinchi yillarini, shuningdek, hukmronlikning so'nggi 13 yoki 14-yillarini qayd etadi[5-eslatma] va hatto vafot etgan kunni 28-kun deb yozadi Shemu Men, bu to'qqizinchi oyning oxiriga to'g'ri keladi.[55][56] Ushbu ma'lumotlar birlashganda, Beshinchi sulolaning qirol yilnomasida 13 yil 5 hukmronligi qayd etilganligi ko'rsatilgan Sahure uchun bir necha oy va 12 kun, Turin kanoni berganidan atigi bir yil ko'proq va Manetoning 13 yillik ko'rsatkichiga yaqin Egeyptiaka.[49]

Sahure yana ikkita tarixiy yozuvlarda uchraydi: uchinchi yozuvida Karnak qiroli ro'yxati hukmronligi davrida qilingan Thutmose III (Miloddan avvalgi 1479–1425) va Sakkara Tabletining 26-kunida hukmronlik davriga to'g'ri keladi Ramses II (Miloddan avvalgi 1279-1213).[12] Ushbu manbalarning hech biri uning hukmronlik muddatini bermaydi. Sahure hukmronligining mutlaq sanalari noaniq, ammo aksariyat olimlar buni miloddan avvalgi 25-asrning birinchi yarmiga to'g'ri keladi, batafsil ma'lumot uchun 1-yozuvga qarang.[12]

Xorijiy faoliyat

Savdo va o'lpon

Yuqori va quyi Misr tojini kiyib olgan, qirolning ierogliflari bilan o'ralgan ikkita profilini aks ettiruvchi relyef
Sahuradan qutulish Vadi Magare[57][58]

Tarixiy yozuvlar va saqlanib qolgan ashyolar Sahur davrida xorijiy mamlakatlar bilan aloqalar juda ko'p bo'lganligini ko'rsatadi. Bundan tashqari, ushbu aloqalar asosan harbiy emas, aksariyat iqtisodiy aloqalarga ega bo'lganga o'xshaydi. Uning piramida majmuasidagi yengilliklar Livanga dengiz ekspeditsiyasining qaytishini, qimmatbaho yukxonalar ortilgan qayiqlarni namoyish etadi. sadr daraxtlar.[27] Boshqa kemalar "Asiatics" yuklangan,[6-eslatma] ham kattalar, ham qul bo'lgan bolalar,[9][12][59] yoki savdogarlar,[60] Sahure bilan salomlashish:

Salom, ey Sahure! Tiriklarning Xudosi, biz sizning go'zalligingizni ko'rib turibmiz !.[61]

Xuddi shu yengillik, tarjimonlar xorijiy mamlakatlar bilan savdoni engillashtirish uchun tarjimalar topshirilgan kemalarda bo'lganligini qat'iyan tasdiqlaydi.[62]Misr san'atiga xos bo'lgan relyefda bir nechta tasvirlangan Suriyalik jigarrang ayiqlar, deb taxmin qilingan Levantin dengiz kemalari bilan ham qirg'oq. Ushbu ayiqlar Suriyadan kelgan 12 ta qizil rangga bo'yalgan bitta tutqichli idishlar bilan birgalikda paydo bo'ladi. Misrshunoslar Karin Sovada va Uilyam Stivenson Smit ayiqlar va bankalar birlashib, o'lpon bo'lishini taklif qilishdi.[63][64]

Bilan savdo aloqalari Byblos Sahure hukmronligi davrida sodir bo'lgan. Ma'badning qazish ishlari Baalat-Gebal hosil qildi alebastr Sahure nomi yozilgan piyola.[12] Ushbu ma'badning to'rtinchi bosqichining tuzilishiga hatto Sahure vodiysi ibodatxonasining me'morchiligi ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin edi,[7-eslatma][67] garchi bu munozarali bo'lib qolmoqda.[68]Beshinchi sulola davrida keng Levant bilan savdo-sotiq qilish uchun yana bir tasdiqlovchi dalillar mavjud, bir nechta tosh idishlarga Livanda topilgan ushbu sulola fir'avnlari kartoshkalari yozilgan.[8-eslatma][71] Arxeolog Gregori Mumford "Sahure xalqaro aloqalar uchun eng yaxshi sertifikatlangan [qirol]" ekanligini va Sinayda uning hukmronlik yiliga mutanosib ravishda yozilgan eng ko'p matnlarga ega ekanligiga ishora qilmoqda.[72]

O'tgan yili Sahure birinchi hujjatli hujjatni yubordi[73] afsonalarga ekspeditsiya Punt mamlakati,[74] ehtimol Somali qirg'og'i bo'ylab.[75] Misrni portdan tark etgan deb taxmin qilingan ekspeditsiya Mersa Gavazis,[16] Palermo toshida xabar berilgan[6] qaerda 80 mingta aniqlanmagan mirra o'lchovi bilan birga qaytib kelgan deyilgan malakit, 6000 o'lchov elektr va 2600 yoki 23.020 tayoq,[12][76] ehtimol qilingan qora daraxt.[19]O'tgan yili Sahure chet elga yana bir ekspeditsiyani yubordi, bu safar mis va firuza konlari Vadi Magare[5][57][77] va Vodiy Xarit Sinay,[9-eslatma][79][80] kamida boshidan beri faol bo'lgan Uchinchi sulola.[81] Palermo toshida ham eslatib o'tilgan ushbu ekspeditsiya,[6] Misrga 6000 dan ortiq turkuazni olib keldi[61] va Sinayda ikkita relef ishlab chiqardi, ulardan biri an'anaviy Asiatikani urish harakatlarida Sahurani ko'rsatdi[12] va "Buyuk Xudo barcha mamlakatlarning osiyoliklarini uradi" deb maqtanishadi.[82] Ushbu faoliyatga parallel ravishda, diorit Abu Simbel yaqinidagi konlardan Sahure hukmronligi davrida foydalanilgan.[75]

Harbiy yurishlar

Kichik silindrli kulrang kumush ustiga iyeroglif belgilari yozilgan
Shoh Sahure kumush silindrli muhr, Uolters san'at muzeyi[7]

Sahuraning harbiy faoliyati, birinchi navbatda, uning morglar majmuasidagi yengilliklardan ma'lum. Bu, ehtimol, qarshi kampaniyalardan iborat edi Liviyaliklar dan Tsemehu, ehtimol shimoliy qismida joylashgan er G'arbiy cho'l.[6] Ushbu kampaniyalar juda ko'p sonli chorva mollarini olib kelgan deyishadi[10-eslatma] va Sahure mahalliy boshliqlarni urayotgani ko'rsatilgan. Ushbu tasvirlarning tarixiy haqiqati shubhali bo'lib qolmoqda, chunki bunday tasvirlar shohni yuksaltirish uchun mo'ljallangan standart ikonografiyaning bir qismidir.[6] Liviya hujumining xuddi shu sahnasi ikki yuz yil o'tgach, ma'bad ma'badida ishlatilgan Pepi II (Miloddan avvalgi 2284-22184) va ma'badda Taharqa da Kava, Sahure hayotidan 1800 yil o'tgach qurilgan.[86] Xususan, mahalliy boshliqlar uchun xuddi shu ismlar keltirilgan. Shu sababli, Sahure ham ushbu sahnaning oldingi tasvirini nusxa ko'chirgan bo'lishi mumkin.[87][88] Shunga qaramay, G'arbiy Nil Deltasi mintaqasining bir nechta nozirlari Sahure tomonidan nomzod qilib ko'rsatildi, chunki bu mansabdor shaxslar Eski Shohlik davrida faqat tartibsiz bo'lgan ma'muriy pozitsiyani egallab olishdi va "Egipto-Liviya chegarasi bo'ylab transport harakatini tartibga solish" ga xizmat qilishdi. .[89] Shu bilan birga, Sahure morg ibodatxonasi, ehtimol dengiz qirg'og'idan Nil Deltasiga hujum qilgan qaroqchilar haqida eng qadimgi eslatmani taqdim etadi. Epirus.[90]

Sahuraning Misrni o'rab turgan erlar va boyliklarga oid da'volari uning ma'bad ma'badidan xudoni ko'rsatadigan bir nechta relyeflarda joylashgan. Ash shohga "Men sizga [bu [Liviya] yeridagi hamma narsani beraman”, “sizga dushman xalqlarni, begona yurtlarda mavjud bo'lgan barcha narsalar bilan beraman” va “men sizga barcha g'arbiy va sharqiy chet ellarni beraman. har bir mamlakatda bo'lgan Iunti va Montiu bowmenlari ".[11-eslatma][91][61]

Misrdagi tadbirlar

Diniy tadbirlar

Fonda yam-yashil papirus o'simliklar va palma daraxtlari bilan Nilni suratga olish
Sahure Elephantine-ga uning hukmronligining boshida tashrif buyurgan bo'lishi mumkin.

Misrda Palermo toshiga tushirilgan Sahure faoliyatining aksariyati diniy xarakterga ega. Ushbu qirol yilnomasida "birinchi marta sayohat qilgan yili" Sahure sayohat qilgani qayd etilgan Fil qal'asi, u erda u Nubiya boshliqlari tomonidan uning hukmronligi boshlanishi bilan bog'liq tantanali marosimda topshirilgan bo'lishi mumkin.[92][93] Podshohning oltita haykalini yaratish va undan keyingi og'iz marosimlarini ochish haqida ham xabar berilgan.[94]Sahure taxtga o'tirgan beshinchi yil davomida Palermo toshida ilohiy barjaning yasalishi eslatib o'tilgan, ehtimol Heliopolis, 200 ta ruhoniyni tayinlash va non va pivoning kunlik qurbonliklarining aniq miqdori Ra (Uchta ibodatxonada 138, 40 va 74 o'lchovlar), Hathor (4 o'lchov), Nexbet (800 o'lchov) va Wadjet (4800 o'lchov) qirol tomonidan belgilangan.[95] Shuningdek, 1-gacha bo'lgan ibodatxonalarga erlarning sovg'alari haqida xabar berilgan va 204 aroura (0,7 dan 140 gektargacha).[82] Quyi Misrga kelsak, ushbu hukmronlik davriga to'g'ri keladigan toshlar registri shahar haqida avval ma'lum bo'lgan Sportchilar Delta mintaqasida.[96]

Diniy faoliyatning yana bir isboti shundaki, Sahure Misr unvonidan foydalangan eng qadimgi qirol hisoblanadi Nb írt-t.[97] Ushbu unvon, ehtimol "samarali ishlarni bajaruvchi" degan ma'noni anglatadi, u shaxsan uning mavjudligini va qat'iyatliligini ta'minlash uchun jismoniy kultga oid tadbirlarni amalga oshirganligini anglatadi. Maat, tartib va ​​adolatning Misr tushunchasi.[98] Ushbu sarlavha vaqtgacha ishlatilgan Herihor, taxminan 1500 yil o'tgach.[99] Sahure hukmronligi, shuningdek, "buzoqlarni haydash" marosimi bo'lib o'tgan birinchi davrdir. Bu kultga sig'inishning izchil paydo bo'lishi sharoitida ahamiyatlidir Osiris Beshinchi sulolada, chunki bu marosim keyinchalik uning ajralmas qismiga aylandi Osiris afsonasi. Keyingi paytlarda marosim bunga to'g'ri keldi Set Arpa dalalarini oyoq osti qiladigan buzoqlarni haydab, Osirisni xirmon qilish.[100]

Sahure onasi Neferhetepaga sig'inishni qayta tashkil etdi II., Uning murdasi majmuasi Saqqarada Userkaf tomonidan qurilgan.[101] U o'zining ma'badiga to'rt ustunli kirish portikosini qo'shib qo'ydi, shunda kirish endi Userkaf piramidasiga qaramadi.[101][102]

Qurilish va kon ishlari

Oldinda Nil, o'rtada hashamatli o'simliklar va palma daraxtlari, fonda cho'lning bepusht tepaliklari
Elkabda Sahure haykali ochildi, bu uning hukmronligi davrida kon ekspeditsiyalarining boshlanishi bo'lishi mumkin edi.

Arxeologik dalillar shuni ko'rsatadiki, Sahuraning qurilish faoliyati asosan Abusirda va uning yaqin atrofida joylashgan bo'lib, u erda u piramidani qurgan va uning quyosh ma'badi joylashgan.[103] Shuningdek, uning yonida Sahure saroyi ham bor edi Uetjes Neferu Sahure, "Sahuraning ulug'vorligi osmonga ko'tariladi". Saroy mol go'shti yozuvidan ma'lum sariyog ' 2011 yil fevral oyida topilgan konteynerlar Neferefre murda ibodatxonasi.[104] Ikkinchi saroy, "Sahure toji paydo bo'ladi", uning bosh shifokori qabridagi yozuvdan ma'lum.[105]Ikkala saroy, agar ular turli xil binolar bo'lsa, ehtimol Abusir ko'lining qirg'og'ida edi.[106]

Sahure binolari va haykallari uchun toshlar butun Misrda tosh tortilgan. Masalan, piramidaning ohaktosh bilan qoplanishi kelib chiqadi Tura Sahure murdasi ibodatxonasining polini qoplash uchun ishlatilgan qora bazalt kelib chiqadi Gebel Katrani, yaqin Fayyum yilda O'rta Misr.[107] Misrning janubi, a stele Sahure nomini olgan diorit shimoliy-g'arbiy cho'lda joylashgan karerlar Abu Simbel Quyida Nubiya.[108]

Keyinchalik kon qazish va karer ekspeditsiyalari bilvosita dalillarga asoslanishi mumkin. Sharqiy cho'lda Vadi Abu Geridadagi Sahure yozuvi[109] va boshqa qadimgi podshohlik yozuvlari shuni ko'rsatmoqdaki Temir ruda To'rtinchi sulola davridan beri yaqin atrofda qazib olingan.[110] Qirol nomi bilan haykalning pastki yarmi 2015 yilda topilgan Elkab Misrning sharqiy cho'liga va janubidagi Nubiyaga ekspeditsiyalari bilan bog'liq bo'lgan joy.[12-eslatma][111] Sahure kartuşi Tumasdagi grafiti va muhr taassurotlarida topilgan Buhen ikkinchisida Nil kataraktasi Quyi Nubiyada.[112][113][114]

Misr dengiz flotining rivojlanishi

Bortida erkaklar ustuni va suzib yurgan katta qayiq tasvirlangan qismli relyef
Levantdan qaytib kelgan Misr floti aks etgan Sahuradagi morg ibodatxonasidan qutulish

Sahure hukmronligi misrlik uchun rivojlanish davri bo'lishi mumkin dengiz floti. Uning Punt va Byblosga qilgan ekspeditsiyalari yuqori dengiz floti mavjudligini va uning morglar majmuasidagi relyeflarni Shelley Vaxsmann "Misrdagi dengiz kemalarining birinchi aniq tasviri", deb ta'riflagan.[115][116] ularning ba'zilari 100- bo'lishi keraktirsak uzun (50-yil) m, 170 ft).[27]Shu sababli, Sahure o'tmishdagi olimlar tomonidan Misr dengiz flotini tashkil etganiga ishongan. Bugungi kunda bu ortiqcha gap ekanligi e'tirof etildi: Userkaf ibodatxonasidagi parchalanuvchi relyeflarda ko'plab qayiqlar tasvirlangan, yuqori dengiz floti esa uchinchi sulolada bo'lgan bo'lishi kerak.[116] Ma'lum bo'lgan eng qadimgi dengiz porti, Vodiy al-Jarf ustida Qizil dengiz ostida faoliyat yuritgan Xufu.[117] Va nihoyat, ba'zi bir relyeflarning avvalgi misollardan ko'chirilish ehtimoli bor. Shunga qaramay, Sahure Suriyani O'rta er dengizi orqali qo'shinlarni tashish uchun dengiz kuchini tasvirlab bergan va shu bilan ishlatgan eng qadimgi hukmdor bo'lib qolmoqda.[118]

Sahure murdasi majmuasidan olingan keng dengiz manzaralari o'sha paytda harbiylar va ehtimol tantanali mashg'ulotlar uchun maxsus poyga kemalari qurilganligini ko'rsatish uchun etarlicha batafsil bayon etilgan.[119] Ular, shuningdek, kemalarda maxsus arqondan foydalanishni dastlabki tasvirini beradi, masalan cho'chqa-truss.[120] Ular kema qurilishi bo'yicha aniq taxminlarga ruxsat berishadi, masalan, o'rta kema ekanligini ko'rsatadi bepul taxta dengiz kemalari uchun 1 m (3,3 fut),[121]va o'sha paytda ishlatilgan ustunlarning teskari Y ga o'xshashligi bipodal bo'lganligi.[122]Bundan tashqari, noyob tasvirlar orasida qirol yuqori darajada bezatilgan suzib yurgan yelkanli qayiqning orqasida turganini,[123][124] va ikkitadan bittasi[13-eslatma] qadimgi Misrdan olingan relyeflar, kemada odamlarning to'lqin shaklida eshkak eshishlarini, ehtimol poyga paytida.[126]

Sud hayoti

Erkak va ayolning atrofida, ierogliflar bilan o'ralgan holda yordam
Nianxsexmet va uning rafiqasi uning soxta eshigida Sahure huzurida o'yib ishlangan va bo'yalgan

Rasmiylar

Uning hayoti davomida Sahurada xizmat qilgan bir necha yuqori lavozimli shaxslar qabrlaridan ham, shohning morg ibodatxonasi bezaklaridan ham tanilgan. Nianxsexmet, Sahure bosh shifokori va birinchi marta tanilgan rinolog tarixda,[127] u shohdan so'raganligi haqida xabar beradi a soxta eshik shoh rozi bo'lgan uning [Nianxsekmet] qabri uchun qilingan.[128] Sahurada soxta eshik Tura ohaktoshidan yasalgan, tomoshabinlar zalida o'yib ishlangan va ko'k rangga bo'yalgan va asarni har kuni shaxsiy tekshiruvdan o'tkazgan.[10][105][129] Podshoh tabibiga uzoq umr tilab:

Burunlarim sog'ligimdan zavqlanayotganda, xudolar meni yaxshi ko'rishgani kabi, sizlar qabristonga hurmat bilan qariganingizda keksalikka boringlar.[128][130]

Shunga o'xshash, ammo unchalik batafsil bo'lmagan latifani saroy noziri va qirolning qo'shiqchisi bo'lgan Xufuanx xabar qiladi.[131]Boshqa mansabdorlar qatoriga podshoh sartaroshlarining noziri va noziri bo'lgan Xetepka ham kiradi.[132]Pehenewkai, Sahure va Neferirkare Kakaylar davrida Userkaf kultiga ruhoniy bo'lgan, so'ngra ikkinchisiga vazir bo'lgan;[133] Sahenning onasi Neferhetepning dafn marosimida o'lik ruhoniysi Persen;[14-eslatma] va Washptah, Sahure ruhoniysi, keyin Neferirkare Kakayning vaziri.[136] Oliy mansabdor Ptaxsheps, ehtimol hukmronligi davrida tug'ilgan Menkaure, bosh ruhoniy edi Ptah va Sahure ostidagi qirol manikyurasi, keyinchalik vazir tomonidan targ'ib qilingan Nyuserre Ini.[137]

Sahuraning ikkita vaziri ma'lum: Sekhemkare, qirol shahzodasi, o'g'li Xafre va Userkaf va Sahure ostidagi vazir;[138] va Verbauba Sahur hukmronligi davrida Vizier, shohning morg ma'badida tasdiqlangan.[139][140][141]

Yuqori lavozimlarning rivojlanishi

Erkakning turganini ko'rsatadigan bo'lak relyefning chizmasi
Verbauba Sahure qirolligi ovining yengilligi to'g'risida[142]

Sahure Userkafning qirol bo'lmagan odamlarni yuqori lavozimlarga tayinlash siyosatini olib bordi.[139][143] Bunga to'rtinchi sulolaning o'rtalaridan boshlab va beshinchi sulolaning boshigacha "qirolning o'g'li" unvoniga ega bo'lgan qirol qoni knyazlari egalik qilgan vezirning idorasi misol bo'la oladi.[144] Ushbu davr oxiriga kelib knyazlar bora-bora eng yuqori lavozimdan chetlashtirilib, evolyutsiya, shubhasiz, qirollik tabiatidagi o'zgarishlar bilan bog'liq edi.[145] Bu jarayon, ehtimol Menkaure tomonidan sulolaviy nizolar tufayli boshlangan,[146] Sahure davrida tugatilganga o'xshaydi, chunki o'sha paytdan boshlab biron bir qirol shahzodasi vazirga ko'tarilmagan. Postda bo'lganlarga o'z maqomlarini saqlashga ruxsat berildi[147] va shuning uchun Sahure hukmronligining dastlabki davrida Sekhemkare "Qirolning o'g'li" edi, uning o'rnini egallagan Verbauba esa shoh bo'lmaganga o'xshaydi. Ushbu o'zgarishga javoban, davlat ma'muriyati tobora ko'proq qirol bo'lmagan odamlarni o'z ichiga olganligi sababli kengayishni boshladi.[148]

Shu bilan bir qatorda, xususiy shaxslarning qabrlariga oid me'moriy va badiiy yangiliklarni Sahure hukmronligi bilan bog'lash mumkin. Ular, shu jumladan torusni shakllantirish va kornişlar birinchi bo'lib Persen qabridan topilgan soxta eshiklar uchun.[149] Keyinchalik bu xususiyat keng tarqalgan bo'lib qoladi va bu erda Persen shoh tomonidan hurmat qilinishi kerak bo'lgan alohida yuksak hurmat ko'rsatiladi.[150] Yana bir yangilik - bu birinchi bo'lib Nianxsexmet qabridan topilgan soxta eshiklardagi ettita muqaddas moy kabi noodatiy qurbonliklar tasviri.[151] Qurbonliklarning kanonik ro'yxati Sahure davrida yoki undan sal oldinroq qirol oilasi qabrlarida ishlab chiqilgan va qirol bo'lmagan yuqori mansabdor shaxslarga tarqatilgan.[152] - eng qadimgi Seshemnefer I - Sahure davrida.[153]

Quyosh ibodatxonalari

Sekhetre

Sahure Beshinchi sulolaning ikkinchi bunday ma'badi Ra quyosh xudosiga bag'ishlangan ma'bad qurdirgan yoki qurishni boshlagan. Hali ham joylashish uchun Palermo toshidagi yozuv tufayli u borligi ma'lum bo'lgan Sekhetre (shuningdek yozilgan Sekhet Re), "Ra maydoni" ma'nosini anglatadi[82] shuningdek, ma'muriyat xodimlarining 24 qabrida bu haqda eslatib o'tilgan.[154] Bir vaqtlar ma'badni bezatgan relyefli bir necha ohaktosh bloklari Sahuraning to'rtinchi vorisi bo'lgan Nyuserre Ini morglar majmuasi devorlariga o'ralgan holda topilgan.[103] Bu shuni anglatadiki, bu bloklar ma'bad qurilishidan qolgan qoldiqlar yoki Vener Kayzer ta'kidlaganidek,[155] Nyuserre Sahure ibodatxonasini buzib tashlagan,[156] uni qurilish materiallari uchun karer sifatida ishlatish, chunki u asosan tugallanmagan edi.[52][103] Darhaqiqat, buning uchun juda kam dalillar Sekhetre Miroslav Vernerni hech qachon quyosh ma'badi sifatida to'liq ishlamaganligini taklif qilishga undaydi.[156]

Chexiya Arxeologiya Instituti tomonidan 2018 yilda Palermo toshi versofi bo'yicha olib borilgan yangi tahlillar ma'bad arxitekturasi va u olgan xayr-ehsonlar ro'yxati haqida eslatib o'tilgan keyingi yozuvlarni o'qishga imkon berdi, bu uning alohida birlik ekanligini aniq tasdiqladi. oldingi Userkaf ibodatxonasi Nekenre ammo uning taqdirini noaniq qoldirish.[157] Ma'badning arxitekturasiga nisbatan aniqlik yo'qligidan kelib chiqishi mumkin[156] ismning ba'zi ieroglifli variantlarida obelisk determinativining Sekhetre va boshqalarda uning mavjudligi. Entoni Spalinger uchun bu, ehtimol Sahuradagi quyosh ma'badi samarali qurilganligi va qurilganidan keyin, ehtimol Sahure hukmronligidan so'ng, bunday obeliskga ega bo'lganligini ko'rsatadi.[158]

Nekenre

Userkaf Abusirda quyosh ma'badini qurgan birinchi shoh edi. Qadimgi Misrliklar uchun Nekenre, yoki "Re qal'asi", uning o'limida tugallanmagan. Qurilish ishlari kamida to'rtta qurilish bosqichida davom etdi, ularning birinchisi Sahure ostida amalga oshirilgan bo'lishi mumkin,[156] keyin uning vorislari Neferirkare Kakai va Nyuserre Ini qo'l ostida.[159][160]

Piramida kompleksi

Asosiy maqola: Sahure piramidasi
Oldida sochilgan toshlar bilan cho'lda qulab tushgan piramida
Piramidaning magistral yo'lidan ko'rinib turganidek, vayron bo'lgan Sahure piramidasi

Sahure o'zining maqbarasi va dafn marosimi uchun piramida majmuasini qurdi Xaba Sahura,[161] turli xil tarjima qilingan "The Rising of the." Ba Sahur ruhi ",[162][163] "Sahure Ba paydo bo'ladi",[6] "Qirol ruhi ulug'vorlikda ko'tarilgan Sahure piramidasi",[164] yoki "Shon-sharaf ulug'vorligida paydo bo'ladi".[165] Sahure murdasi majmuasida ishlagan quruvchilar va hunarmandlar Sahure piramidasi va murda ibodatxonasiga olib boruvchi yo'lning yonida joylashgan yopiq piramida shaharchasida yashashgan. Keyinchalik shahar Nyuserr davrida gullab-yashnagan va hali ham mavjud bo'lgan ko'rinadi Birinchi oraliq davr.[166]

Sahure piramidasi hajmi, hajmi va arzon qurilish texnikasi jihatidan piramida qurilishining pasayishiga misol bo'la oladi.[15-eslatma] Shu bilan birga, majmuaning boshqa qismlarida ishlatiladigan toshlarning sifati va xilma-xilligi oshdi,[168] va murda ibodatxonasi o'sha paytgacha qurilgan eng zamonaviy ibodatxona hisoblanadi.[12]Xurmo shaklidagi ustunlardan foydalanish kabi ko'plab arxitektura yangiliklari bilan Sahure majmuasining umumiy rejasi Sahure hukmronligidan to oxirigacha qurilgan barcha morg majmualari uchun shablon bo'lib xizmat qiladi. Oltinchi sulola, taxminan 300 yil o'tgach.[27][169] Butun dafn majmuasining devorlarini bezatib turadigan juda xilma-xil rang-barang relyeflar butun Qadimgi Qirollik davridagi eng yuqori darajaga etgan mahorat va kontseptsiyaning boyligini namoyish etadi.[168]

Manzil

Sahure o'zining piramida majmuasini qurishni tanladi Abusir, shu bilan ikkalasini ham tark etish Saqqara va Giza, shu vaqtgacha qirol nekropollari bo'lgan. Sahure qarorining mumkin bo'lgan motivatsiyasi Userkafning quyosh ma'badining mavjudligi edi,[170] Sahure Userkafning o'g'li bo'lganligi haqidagi gipotezani tasdiqlovchi narsa.[171]Sahure tanlaganidan so'ng, Abusir birinchi beshinchi sulolaning asosiy nekropoliga aylandi, chunki fir'avnlar Neferirkare Kakay, Neferefre, Nyuserre Ini va ehtimol Shepseskare u erda o'zlarining piramidalarini qurdilar. Ularning izidan Abusirda qirol oilasi a'zolariga tegishli bo'lgan ko'plab kichik qabrlar qurilgan, eng yuqori martabali a'zolarning istisnolari bundan mustasno, ularning aksariyati Giza yoki Saqqaroda dafn etishni tanlagan.[172]

O'lik ibodatxonasi

Ieroglif belgilari bo'lgan ikki qator odamlarni ko'rsatadigan relyef
Nom xudolar va shaxsiy qishloq xo'jaligi erlari qurbonliklar bilan Sahure murdasi ma'badiga borishadi

Sahure murdasi ibodatxonasi taxminan 10 000 m balandlikda bezatilgan2 (110,000 kvadrat fut) nozik relyef.[173] Ushbu keng bezak Sahure hayoti davomida tugatilganga o'xshaydi.[174]235 m (771 fut) uzunlikdagi magistral yo'lning devorlari ham polixromli barelyef bilan qoplangan.[162][175] Miroslav Barta relyeflarni "miloddan avvalgi uchinchi ming yillikdan ma'lum bo'lgan eng katta kollektsiya" deb ta'riflaydi.[176]

Murdalar majmuasi devorlarini bezatgan relyeflarning saqlanib qolgan ko'plab qismlari juda sifatli va oldingi murdalar ibodatxonalariga qaraganda ancha murakkabroq.[9][177]Misr san'atida bir nechta tasvir noyobdir. Bunga Sahure mirra daraxtini boqayotganini ko'rsatadigan relyef kiradi (Commiphora mirra ) oilasi oldida o'z saroyida;[178][179] suriyalik jigarrang ayiqlar tasvirlangan yengillik va boshqasi olib kelinganini ko'rsatmoqda piramidiya asosiy piramidaga va majmuaning qurib bitkazilishidan keyingi marosimlarga.[180] Relyeflarning yuqori mahoratliligi bu erda barcha figuralarning ingichka yumaloq qirralari bilan namoyon bo'ladi, shunda ular bir vaqtning o'zida fon bilan birlashadi va aniq ajralib turadi.[181]Rölyeflar ko'rsatilgan hayvonlarni identifikatsiyalashga ruxsat berish uchun etarlicha batafsil bayon etilgan, masalan kirpi va jerboalar,[182] va hatto soch o'rniga makkajo'xori quloqlari bo'lgan odam sifatida tasvirlangan makkajo'xori kabi shaxsiylashtirilgan o'simliklarni ko'rsating.[90]

Murda, yo'l va vodiy ibodatxonalarining ko'plab releflarida, shu qatorda, sahur hayvonlari yovvoyi buqalar va begemot,[183] Nekbet tomonidan emizilgan sahro,[184]qirolning baliq ovi va parrandachilikning ilk tasvirlari,[185][186] ma'budaning oldida yoki oldida chet elliklarni hisoblash Seshat Misrshunos Mark Lehner "har qanday yovuzlik yoki tartibsizlikdan saqlanish uchun mo'ljallangan" deb hisoblaydi,[162] xudo Sopdu "Xorijiy mamlakatlarning lordi" bog'langan Osiyo asirlari,[72] va Misr flotining qaytib kelishi Osiyo, ehtimol Byblos. Qizil rangdagi ba'zi past relyefli so'qmoqlar granit saytida hali ham mavjud.[28][187] Sahure ibodatxonasining asosiy yangiliklari orasida sajda qilayotgan figuralarning qadimgi relyef tasvirlari, ikkala qo'lini ko'tarib, qo'llarini ochgan holda va kaftlarini pastga qarab turgan yoki o'tirgan holda tasvirlangan.[188]

Murda ibodatxonasida har qanday Misr ibodatxonasining birinchi palma shaklidagi ustunlari bor edi,[27] mis, sher boshli suv o'tkazgichlari, qora bazalt tagliklari bilan qoplangan Sahure titulusi bilan yozilgan ulkan granit arxitravlari[189] va granit dados.[27]

Piramida

Ulkan ierogliflar tushirilgan ulkan granit nurlari, ba'zilari esa hali ham yashil rangda
Katta pushti granit arxitrav uning morg ibodatxonasi hovlisidan Sahuraning tituli bilan yozilgan

Sahure piramidasi qurilishi paytida 47 m (154 fut) ga etgan,[162] oldingi to'rtinchi sulola davridagi piramidalardan ancha kichik. Uning ichki yadrosi pog'onalarda tashkil etilgan va loyning quyuq ohaklari bilan ko'plab bo'laklarda bir-biriga bog'langan taxminan ishlangan toshlardan yasalgan. Ushbu qurilish texnikasi shu paytgacha qo'llanilgan toshga asoslangan texnikaga qaraganda ancha arzon va tezroq bajarilishi vaqt o'tishi bilan ancha yomonlashdi. Shu sababli, Saxure piramidasi asosan vayron bo'ldi va qadimgi zamonda korpus toshlari o'g'irlangandan keyin oshkor bo'lgan o'zakni tashkil etuvchi qoldiqlar va ohaklarning xom bilan to'ldirilganligini ko'rsatadigan uyum qoldiqlaridan ko'proq narsani tashkil etdi.[27]

Yadro qurilishi paytida, yo'lak ochiq bo'lib, qabr xonasi alohida qurilgan va keyinchalik tosh bloklari va qoldiqlari bilan yopilgan o'qga olib borilgan. Ushbu qurilish strategiyasi keyinchalik tugallanmagan piramidalarda, ayniqsa, aniq ko'rinadi Neferefre piramidasi.[27] Ushbu uslub shuningdek eski uslubni aks ettiradi Uchinchi sulola aftidan besh buyuk piramida quruvchilari vaqtincha tashlab ketishganidan keyin modaga qaytmoqda Daxshur To'rtinchi sulola davrida va Giza.[27]

Shimoliy tomondan kirish qizil granit bilan qoplangan qisqa pastga tushadigan yo'lak, so'ngra dafn xonasida tugaydigan o'tish joyi tomli tom har biri bir necha tonnalik katta ohaktosh nurlarini o'z ichiga oladi.[190] Bugungi kunda ushbu nurlarning barchasi singan, bu esa piramida tuzilishini zaiflashtiradi. Bazaltning parchalari lahit Ehtimol, Sahure bu erga dafn xonasida topilgan Jon She Perring 19-asrning o'rtalarida.[27]

Piramidaning atrofidagi o'lik majmuasi, shuningdek, dastlab 12 metr (39 fut) balandlikda joylashgan, dastlab kichikroq piramidani o'z ichiga oladi. Ka qirolning.[27]

Meros

Ohaktosh ustuni, uning poytaxtlari palma daraxtiga o'xshaydi
Palmiform ustunlar, Sahure ma'badining yangiligi, Misr me'morchiligining o'ziga xos belgisiga aylandi.[27]

Badiiy va me'moriy meros

Sahure murdasi ibodatxonasi devorlarini qoplagan bo'yalgan relyeflar qadimgi misrliklar tomonidan eng yuqori darajadagi badiiy yutuq sifatida tan olingan. A Yangi Shohlik Masalan, Abusirda topilgan yozuv ma'badni to'lin oy yoritgan osmon bilan she'riy tarzda taqqoslaydi.[191]

Rassomlar va hunarmandlarning keyingi avlodlari Sahure relyeflarini taqlid qilishga harakat qilib, ularni keyinchalik Qirollik davri podshohlari va malikalari qabrlari uchun shablon sifatida ishlatishgan.[192] The layout of Sahure's high temple was also novel and it became the standard template for all subsequent pyramid complexes of the Old Kingdom. Some of its architectural elements, such as its palmiform columns, became hallmarks of Egyptian architecture.[16-eslatma][27][194]

This trend continued to hold in later times. Masalan, O'rta qirollik, Senusret I had reliefs for his temple directly copied from those of Sahure. He also chose to follow the innovative layout of Sahure's complex once again. At the time, Senusret I's decision was in stark contrast with the burial customs of the 11-sulola pharaohs, who were buried in saff tombs. These consisted of an open courtyard fronting a row of entrances into subterranean corridors and chambers dug in the hillsides of El-tarif va Dayr al-Bahari, near Thebes.[17-eslatma][195]

Kultlar

Eski Shohlik

Sahure was the object of a funerary cult from the time of his death and which continued until the end of the Old Kingdom, some 300 years later. At least 22 agricultural estates were established to produce the goods necessary for providing the offerings to be made for this cult.[139] Decorated reliefs from the upper part of the causeway represent the procession of over 150 personified funerary domains created by and for Sahure, demonstrating the existence of a sophisticated economic system associated with the king's funerary cult.[196] The enormous quantities of offerings pouring into the mortuary and sun temples of Sahure benefitted other cults as well, such as that of Hathor, which had priests officiating on the temple premises.[197]

Several priests serving the mortuary cult or in Sahure's sun temple during the later Fifth and Sixth Dynasties are known thanks to inscriptions and artifacts from their tombs in Saqqara and Abusir.[198]These include Tjy, overseer of the sun temples of Sahure, Neferirkare, Neferefre and Nyuserre;[199] Neferkai priest of Sahure's funerary cult;[200] Khabauptah priest of Sahure, Neferirkare, Neferefre, and Niuserre,[201][202]Atjema, priest of the sun temple of Sahure during the Sixth Dynasty;[203] Khuyemsnewy, who served as priest of the mortuary cult of Sahure during the reigns of Neferirkare and Nyuserre;[18-eslatma] Nikare, priest of the cult of Sahure and overseer of the scribes of the granary during the Fifth Dynasty.[205] Further priests are known, such as Senewankh, serving in the cults of Userkaf and Sahure and buried in a mastaba in Saqqara;[206]Sedaug, a priest of the cult of Sahure, priest of Ra in the sun-temple of Userkaf and holder of the title of royal acquaintance;[207] Tepemankh, priest of the cults of kings of the Fourth to early Fifth Dynasty including Userkaf and Sahure, buried in a mastaba at Abusir.[208][209][210]

O'rta qirollik

O'tirgan odamning haykali
Statue of Sahure enthroned, commissioned by Senusret I[211]

No priest serving in the funerary cult of Sahure is known from the Middle Kingdom period. Evidence from this period rather come from works undertaken in the Karnak temple by 12-sulola pharaoh Senusret I (fl. 20th century BC), who dedicated statues of Old Kingdom kings[212] including one of Sahure.[19-eslatma][214] The statue and the accompanying group of portraits of deceased kings indicates the existence of a generic cult of royal ancestor figures, a "limited version of the cult of the divine" as Jaromir Málek writes.[215]The statue of Sahure, now in the Misr muzeyi yilda Qohira (catalog number CG 42004), is made of black granite and is 50 cm (20 in) tall. Sahure is shown enthroned, wearing a pleated skirt and a round curly wig. Both sides of the throne bear inscriptions identifying the work as a portrait of Sahure made on the orders of Senusret I.[216]

Sahure's legacy had endured sufficiently by the Middle Kingdom period that he is mentioned in a story of the Westcar Papyrus, probably written during the 12th Dynasty although the earliest extent copy dates to the XVII sulola.[217] The papyrus tells the mythical story of the origins of the Fifth Dynasty, presenting kings Userkaf, Sahure and Neferirkare Kakai as three brothers, sons of Ra and a woman named Rededjet destined to supplant Khufu's line.[34]

New Kingdom: emergence of Sekhmet of Sahure

As a deceased king, Sahure continued to receive religious offerings during the New Kingdom as part of the standard cult of the royal ancestors. For example, Sahure is present on the Karnak king list, a list of kings inscribed on the walls of the Akhmenu, the Karnak temple of Thutmose III. Unlike other ancient Egyptian king lists, the kings there are not listed in chronological order. Rather, the purpose of the list was purely religious, its aim being to name the deceased kings to be honored in the Karnak temple.[214]

Ikkinchi qismida O'n sakkizinchi sulola and during the Nineteenth Dynasty numerous visitors left inscriptions, stelae and statues in the temple.[218][219]These activities were related to a cult then taking place in the mortuary temple of Sahure since the time of Thutmose III. This cult was devoted to the deified king in a form associated with the goddess Sekmet[220][221][222] named "Sekhmet of Sahure".[223]For example, the scribe Ptahemuia and fellow scribes visited Sahure's temple in the 30th year of Ramses II's reign (c. 1249 BC) to ask Sekhmet to grant them a long life of 110 years.[224] The reason for the appearance of this cult during the New Kingdom is unknown.[225] In any case, the cult of Sekhmet of Sahure was not a purely local phenomenon as traces of it were found in the Upper Egyptian village of Deyr el-Medina, where it was celebrated during two festivals taking place every year, on the 16th day of the first month of Peret and on the 11th day of the fourth month of that season.[226]

During the same period, prince Khaemwaset, o'g'li Ramses II, undertook works throughout Egypt on pyramids and temples which had fallen into ruin, possibly to appropriate stones for his father's construction projects while ensuring a minimal restoration for cultic purposes.[227] Inscriptions on the stone cladding of the pyramid of Sahure show that it was the object of such works at this time.[198][228] This renewed attention had negative consequences as the first wave of dismantlement of the Abusir monuments, particularly for the acquisition of valuable Tura limestone, arrived with it. Sahure's mortuary temple may have been spared at this time due to the presence of the cult of Sekhmet.[229] The cult's influence likely waned after the end of Ramses II's reign, becoming a site of local worship only.[230]

Third intermediate, late and Ptolemaic periods

Davomida Yigirma beshinchi sulola (744–656 BC) at the end of the Uchinchi oraliq davr, some of Sahure's temple reliefs were copied by Taharqa,[231] including images of the king crushing his enemies as a sphinx.[232]Shortly after, under the Yigirma oltinchi sulola (664–525 BC) of the Kechiktirilgan davr, a statue of Sahure was among a group of statues of Old Kingdom kings hidden in a cachette of the Karnak temple, testifying to some form of cultic interest up to that time.[233]In parallel, a new period of dismantlement of the pyramids of Abusir took place, yet Sahure's was once again spared. This might be because of the cult of Sekhmet of Sahure[223] the temple hosted well into the Ptolemaic period (332–30 BC), albeit with a very reduced influence.[234] Several graffiti dating from the reigns of Amasis II (570–526 BC), Doro II (423–404 BC) and up until the Ptolemaic period attest to continued cultic activities on the site.[198][235][236] For example, a certain Horib was "Priest of Sekhmet of the temple of Sekhmet of Sahure" under the Ptolemeylar sulolasi.[237]

The dismantlement of Sahure's pyramid started in earnest in the Rim davri, as shown by the abundant production of mill-stones, presence of lime production facilities and worker shelters in the vicinity.[238]

Izohlar

  1. ^ Proposed dates for the reign of Sahure: 2517–2505 BC,[4] 2506–2492 BC,[5][6] 2496–2483 BC,[7][8] 2491–2477 BC,[9] 2487–2475 BC,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] 2471–2458 BC,[17] 2458–2446 BC,[1][18][19] 2446–2433BC,[8] 2428–2417 BC,[20] 2428–2416 BC.[21]
  2. ^ Qadimgi Misr Mwt-Nswt.[31]
  3. ^ In a version of this theory, Khentkaus possibly remarried Userkaf after the death of her first husband[33] and became the mother of Sahure and his successor on the throne, Neferirkare Kakai.[10] This theory is based on the fact that Khentkaus is known to have borne the title of mwt nswt bity nswt bity, which could be translated as "mother of two kings". Dan hikoya Westcar Papyrus tells of a magician foretelling to Xufu that the future demise of his lineage will come from three brothers, born of the god Ra and a woman named Rededjet, who will reign successively as the first three kings of the Fifth Dynasty.[34] Some Egyptologists have therefore proposed that Khentkaus was the mother of Sahure and the historical figure on which Rededjet asoslangan. Following the discoveries of Verner and El-Awady in Abusir, this theory has been abandoned[29] and the real role of Khentkaus remains difficult to ascertain. This is in part because the translation of her title is problematic and because the details of the transition from the Fourth to the Fifth Dynasty are not yet clear. In particular, an ephemeral pharaoh Djedefptah may have ruled between Shepseskaf and Userkaf.[33]
  4. ^ The first pharaoh to have a throne name, called the prenomen, different from his birth name, called the nomzod
  5. ^ During the Old Kingdom period, the Egyptians did not record time as we do today. Rather, they counted years since the beginning of the reign of the current king. Furthermore these years were referred to by the number of cattle counts hukmronlik boshlanganidan beri sodir bo'lgan. The cattle count was an important event aimed at evaluating the amount of taxes to be levied on the population. Bunga qoramollar, ho'kizlar va mayda chorva mollarini hisoblash kiradi.[51] During the first half of the Fifth Dynasty, this count might have been ikki yillik[52] although it may not always have happened at regular intervals.[53] Following these principles, the Palermo stone actually talks of the years after the first, second and either sixth or seventh[54] cattle counts of Sahure's reign. If the count was indeed biennial, which is uncertain, this would correspond to Sahure's second, third and fourteenth years.
  6. ^ In the context of Egyptology, the term "Asiatics" is used to refer to people from the Levant, including Kan'on, zamonaviy Livan and the southern coast of modern-day kurka.
  7. ^ It is possible that the Egyptians wielded sufficient influence over Byblos at the time to have the temple built to satisfy their cultic needs, as they could have sought the protection of Baalat as a form of Hathor. As this remains conjectural, alternative explanations have been brought forth to explain the presence of Egyptian artifacts and Egyptian influence on the temple layout. The architects of the temple may have been Egyptians working for the Byblite king while the alabaster bowl found in the temple could come from Egyptian payments to the Byblite king for wood,[65] or it may have been donated by pious individuals.[66] While the Egyptian influence over Byblos cannot be denied, there is far from enough evidence to conclude that Byblos functioned as an Egyptian colony at the time of Sahure.[66]
  8. ^ Finally, a piece of thin gold stamped to a wooden throne and bearing Sahure's cartouches has been purportedly found during illegal excavations in kurka among a wider assemblage known as the "Dorak Treasure".[9][69][6] The existence of the treasure is now widely doubted.[70]
  9. ^ The expedition to the copper mine of Wadi Kharit left an inscription reading: "Horus Lord-of-Risings, the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Sahure, granted life eternally. Thot lord-of-terror who smashes Asia".[78]
  10. ^ The relief say that the following was taken as bounty: over 123,440 cattle, more than 223,200 donkeys, 232,413 goats and 243,688 sheep.[83] In another scene, 212,400 donkeys are said to have been taken.[84][85] Even if these numbers are overestimates, they show that Tjemehu was seen by the Egyptians as a rich land,[83] and that economic considerations motivated Egyptians attempts at controlling the neighboring lands.[60]
  11. ^ The Iunti and Montiu were Nubian and Asiatic nomads, respectively.[91]
  12. ^ This is one of only three known statues of Sahure, the other two being that of Sahure with a nome god heading this article, and that dedicated by Senusret I shown at the end this article.[111]
  13. ^ The only other similar relief is found in Userkaf's temple.[125]
  14. ^ Uning mastaba tomb is located close to Nepherhetepes's pyramid in Saqqara.[29][134][135]
  15. ^ For example, Sahure's main pyramid had a volume of 98,000 m3 (3,500,000 cu ft) versus Khufu's 2,595,000 m3 (91,600,000 cu ft).[167]
  16. ^ The standard work on Sahure's pyramid complex is Borchardt's excavation report, available online in its entirety.[193]
  17. ^ This change may have been spurred by the return of the Egyptian capital to Middle Egypt, in Ijtavi, close to Memphis and the attraction of then already ancient pyramids of the Fourth and Fifth Dynasties.[195]
  18. ^ Khuyemsnewy was also priest of Ra and Hathor in Neferirkare's sun temple, priest of Neferirkare, priest in Nyuserre Ini's and Neferirkare Kakai's pyramid complexes and Overseer of the Two Granaries.[204]
  19. ^ Another statue from this group is that of Oqsoqol.[213]

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