Texnologik yaqinlik - Technological convergence

Texnologik yaqinlik, shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan raqamli yaqinlik, uchun moyillik texnologiyalar Dastlab ular bir-biri bilan chambarchas bog'liq va hatto rivojlanish jarayonida birlashtirilishi bilan bog'liq bo'lmagan oldinga. Masalan, soatlar, telefonlar, televizor va kompyuterlar alohida va asosan o'zaro bog'liq bo'lmagan texnologiyalar sifatida boshlangan, ammo ko'p jihatdan telekommunikatsiya va media sanoatining o'zaro bog'liq qismlariga birlashib, raqamli elektronika va dasturiy ta'minot.Tushunchasi taxminan o'xshash konvergent evolyutsiyasi biologik tizimlarda (masalan) kitlarning ajdodlari borgan sari tashqi shakli va funktsiyalari bilan baliqlarga o'xshab qolishdi, garchi ular baliq bo'lmasalar ham va baliq nasabidan chiqmagan bo'lsalar ham.

Ta'riflar

"Yaqinlashish jamiyat uchun tegishli jismoniy yoki ijtimoiy ekotizimni o'zgartirish uchun yangi savollarga javob berishga imkon berish, umumiy maqsad uchun inson faoliyati faoliyatining bilimlari, vositalari va barcha tegishli faoliyatlarini chuqur birlashtirishdir. Tegishli ekotizimdagi bunday o'zgarishlar jarayonning quyidagi turli bosqichida yangi tendentsiyalar, yo'llar va imkoniyatlarni ochib beradi."(Roco 2002,[1] Beynbridj va Roko 2016 [2]).

Birlashtirilgan mexanik vosita, multitool. Bitta qurilma ichida u ko'plab vositalarni taqdim etadi.

Siddxarta Menon konvergentsiyani aniqlaydi Ommaviy axborot vositalarini qamrab olish bo'yicha siyosat tashabbusi: milliy istiqbol, integratsiya va raqamlashtirish sifatida. Integratsiya, bu erda "telefon, ma'lumotlar uzatilishi va axborot texnologiyalari infratuzilmalari kabi turli xil ommaviy axborot vositalarining yagona maqsadli tarmoq arxitekturasi platformasiga birlashtirilganligi darajasi bo'yicha o'zgarish jarayoni" deb ta'riflanadi.[3] Raqamlashtirishni uning jismoniy infratuzilmasi emas, balki tarkibi yoki vositasi belgilaydi. Yan van Deyk "raqamlashtirish deganda signallarni bitta va noldan iborat baytlarga ajratish tushuniladi" degan fikrni bildiradi.[4][5] Konvergentsiya 1998 yildagi Blackman tomonidan texnologik xizmatlar va sanoat tuzilmalari evolyutsiyasi tendentsiyasi sifatida belgilanadi.[6] Keyinchalik konvergentsiya yanada aniqroq telekommunikatsiya, hisoblash va efirga uzatishni bitta raqamli bit-oqimga birlashtirilishi sifatida aniqlanadi.[7][8][9] Myuller konvergentsiya haqiqatan ham barcha texnologiyalarni bitta texnologiya: raqamli kompyuterlar tomonidan egallab olish degan fikrga qarshi.[10][11]

Media texnologik konvergentsiyasi kabi tendentsiya texnologiya o'zgaradi, turli xil texnologik tizim ba'zan o'xshash vazifalarni bajarish tomon rivojlanadi. Raqamli konvergentsiya to'rtta sanoatning ITTCE bir konglomerat (Axborot texnologiyalari, Telekommunikatsiya, Maishiy elektronika va Ko'ngil ochish ). Ovoz (va telefoniya xususiyatlari), ma'lumotlar (va mahsuldorlikka oid dasturlar) va video kabi ilgari ajratilgan texnologiyalar endi resurslarni baham ko'rishi va bir-biri bilan sinergetik aloqada bo'lishi mumkin. Telekommunikatsiya konvergentsiyasi ("tarmoq konvergentsiyasi" deb ham yuritiladi) paydo bo'lishni tasvirlaydi telekommunikatsiya texnologiyalar va tarmoq arxitekturasi bir nechta aloqa xizmatlarini bitta tarmoqqa ko'chirish uchun ishlatiladi.[12] Xususan, bu ilgari ajralib turadigan ommaviy axborot vositalarini birlashtirishni o'z ichiga oladi telefoniya va ma'lumotlar uzatish bitta qurilmadagi umumiy interfeyslarga, masalan, ko'pgina aqlli telefonlar qo'ng'iroq qilishlari va Internetda qidirishlari mumkin.

Media yaqinlashuvi bu Internetning rivojlanishi va ommalashishi natijasida paydo bo'lgan hisoblash va boshqa axborot texnologiyalari, media-kontent, media-kompaniyalar va aloqa tarmoqlari hamda raqamli media makonida paydo bo'lgan faoliyat, mahsulot va xizmatlarning o'zaro bog'liqligi. Ommaviy axborot vositalarining yaqinlashuvining ko'p bosqichli jarayoni bilan chambarchas bog'liq, shuningdek, media va kommunikatsiya sohalarining turli sohalaridagi bir qator o'zgarishlar, ular quyidagi muddatlarda sarhisob qilinadi: ommaviy axborot vositalarining dekonvergentsiyasi. Ko'plab mutaxassislar[JSSV? ] biznes, hukumat, san'at, jurnalistika, sog'liqni saqlash va ta'lim kabi institutsional faoliyat va ijtimoiy hayotning barcha jabhalari ushbu raqamli ommaviy axborot vositalarida tobora o'sib borayotgan tarmoq bo'ylab amalga oshirilayotgani sababli, buni aysbergning uchi deb biling. axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalari qurilmalar. Shuningdek, ushbu mavzuga ko'plab turli xil operatsion tizimlar turli xil aloqa qilish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lgan kompyuter tarmoqlari asoslari kiritilgan protokollar. Kabi konvergent xizmatlar VoIP, IPTV, Smart TV va boshqalar, eski texnologiyalarni almashtirishga moyil va shuning uchun ham mumkin bozorlarni buzish. IP-ga asoslangan konvergentsiya muqarrar va bu yangi xizmat va bozorda yangi talabni keltirib chiqaradi.[13] Qadimgi texnologiya umumiy foydalaniladigan umumiy tizimga aylanganda, IP-ga asoslangan xizmatlar kirishdan mustaqil yoki kamroq qaram bo'lib qoladi. Eski xizmat kirishga bog'liq.[14]

Atama raqamli yaqinlik bir xil multimedia tarkibini har xil turdagi qurilmalardan ko'rish qobiliyatini anglatadi. Bularning barchasi tarkibni (filmlar, rasmlar, musiqa, ovoz, matn) raqamlashtirish va ulanish usullarini rivojlantirish tufayli. Televizorda elektron pochta xabarlarini ulangan smartfon orqali o'qish, Internetga ulangan uy teatrida oqim filmini tomosha qilish. Raqamli yaqinlashish bizning yashash xonamizda hayotimizni soddalashtiradi. Ilgari har bir bo'linma mustaqil ravishda ishlagan va tarmoqlar o'zaro bog'liq bo'lmagan. Bugungi kunda ma'lumotlar bir xil tarmoqda oqadi va bir xil turdagi uskunalar orqali saqlanadi, o'qiladi, ko'riladi yoki tinglanadi. Tarmoqlar, texnologiyalar va tarkib bitta qurilmada birlashadi. Natija: bu vaqtni tejaydi va hayotni soddalashtiradi. Raqamli konvergentsiyaning ba'zi misollari; 1. Windows 10. 2. iPhone, Android yoki boshqa aqlli telefon qurilmalari. 3. Google Glass 4. iWatch 5. Shaxsiy kompyuterlar uchun chizilgan planshetlar 6. Avtomatik kir yuvish mashinasi.

Texnologiya konvergentsiyasining elementlari

Texnologik yaqinlashuvning 5 ta elementi mavjud: [1] Texnologiya, farqli o'laroq vaqtni farqli o'laroq o'xshash xususiyatlarni rivojlantirish juda boshqacha ko'rinadigan texnologiyalar uchun odatiy holdir. 1995 yilda televizor va mobil telefon butunlay boshqa qurilmalar edi. So'nggi yillarda ular wifi-ga ulanish, boy Internetga asoslangan ommaviy axborot vositalarini o'ynash va dasturlarni ishga tushirish kabi o'xshash xususiyatlarga ega bo'lishi mumkin. Xuddi shu dastur yordamida odamlar televizor yoki telefondan o'yin o'ynash yoki qarindoshlari bilan muloqot qilish uchun foydalanishlari mumkin. [2] Media & Content, televidenie va internet xizmatlari bir vaqtlar alohida sifatida ko'rilgan, ammo birlasha boshlagan. Ehtimol, musiqa, filmlar, video o'yinlar va axborot mazmuni oxir-oqibat bir-biridan farq qiladigan formatga aylanib ketishi mumkin. Masalan, kelajakdagi musiqa har doim o'yinga o'xshash interaktiv musiqiy video bilan birga kelishi mumkin. [3] Xizmatlarni qo'llash, 1990-yillarning oxirida biznes va iste'molchilar uchun dasturiy ta'minot va xizmatlar o'rtasida katta farq bor edi. Vaqt o'tishi bilan bu chiziq xiralashgan. Texnologiyalar juda ko'p sonli o'ziga xos vositalardan keng qo'llaniladigan kichik moslashuvchan vositalar to'plamiga o'tishga intiladi. [4] Robotlar & Machines, kabi mashinalar uchun tobora keng tarqalgan transport vositalari yoki texnik jihatdan ularni robot qiladigan yarim avtonom xususiyatlarga ega qurilmalar. [5] Virtual haqiqat, o'yinlar va axborot muhiti kabi raqamli mavjudotlar bilan haqiqiy hayotning yaqinlashuvi sifatida qaralishi mumkin.

Media texnologik yaqinlashuvi tarixi

Aloqa tarmoqlari har xil turdagi ma'lumotlarni mustaqil ravishda tashish uchun mo'ljallangan edi. Televizion va radio kabi eski ommaviy axborot vositalari passiv auditoriya bilan efirga uzatuvchi tarmoqlardir. Telekommunikatsiya texnologiyasining yaqinlashishi har qanday ma'lumot, ovoz, ma'lumotlar va videofilmlarni boshqarishga imkon beradi. Telekommunikatsiya tanqislik dunyosidan cheksiz ko'rinadigan quvvatga aylandi. Binobarin, auditoriyaning interaktivligi passiv auditoriyani qiziquvchan auditoriyaga aylantiradi.[15] Konvergentsiyaning tarixiy ildizlarini paydo bo'lishidan boshlash mumkin mobil telefoniya va Internet, garchi bu atama faqat marketing tarixidagi vaqtga to'g'ri keladigan bo'lsa-da, qat'iy va mobil telefoniya operatorlar tomonidan qo'shilgan mahsulotlar sifatida taklif etila boshlandi. Ruxsat etilgan va uyali aloqa operatorlari, 1990-yillarning aksariyati uchun mustaqil kompaniyalar bo'lgan. Xuddi shu tashkilot ikkala mahsulotni sotganida ham, ular mustaqil ravishda sotilgan va xizmat ko'rsatgan.

1990-yillarda yangi ommaviy axborot vositalari eski ommaviy axborot vositalarining o'rnini bosadi va Internet translyatsiyani almashtiradi degan ochiq va tez-tez aniq taxminlar mavjud edi. Nikolas Negropontening Raqamli bo'lish, Negroponte tor translatsiya davri foydasiga eshittirish tarmoqlarining qulashini bashorat qilmoqda. Shuningdek, u biron bir davlat reglamenti buzilmasligini taklif qiladi media konglomerat. "Ommaviy axborot vositalarining monolit imperiyalari bir qator dachachilik sanoatiga aylanib bormoqda ... Bugungi kunning media baronlari ertaga o'zlarining markazlashgan imperiyalarini ushlab turishni istaydilar .... Texnologiya va inson tabiatining birlashgan kuchlari oxir-oqibat yanada kuchliroq kuchga ega bo'ladi. Kongress o'ylab topishi mumkin bo'lgan har qanday qonunlardan ko'pligi bilan. "[16] Yangi media-kompaniyalar eski ommaviy axborot vositalari paydo bo'layotgan texnologiyalar orbitasiga to'liq va to'liq singib ketishini ta'kidladilar. Jorj Gilder bunday da'volarni rad etib,[tushuntirish kerak ] "Kompyuter sanoati televizor sanoati bilan xuddi shu ma'noda avtomashinaning ot bilan, televizorning nikeldeon bilan, so'zlarni qayta ishlash dasturining yozuv mashinkasi bilan, SAPR dasturining eskizlar taxtasi bilan yaqinlashuvi va raqamli Linotype mashinasi va bosma bosish mashinalari bilan birlashtirilgan ish stoli nashrlari. " Gilder kompyuterlar ommaviy madaniyatni o'zgartirish uchun emas, balki uni yo'q qilish uchun kelgan deb hisoblaydi.

Media kompaniyalari Media Convergence dasturini keyin kun tartibiga qaytarishdi nuqta-com pufagi portlash. Erstayt Nayt Ridder 1994 yilda ko'chma jurnallar, gazeta va kitoblar kontseptsiyasini e'lon qildi: "Axborot korporatsiyalari ichida ilgari bosma gazeta, radio yoki televizor uchun yozilgan tarkibni Internetda takrorlashga asoslangan muharrirlik modeli tobora ravshanlashib bormoqda. endi etarli emas edi. "[17] 20-asrning oxirida raqamli aloqaning o'sishi media tashkilotlarga (yoki shaxslarga) matnli, audio va video materiallarni bir xil simli, simsiz yoki optik tolali ulanishlar orqali etkazib berish imkoniyatini yaratdi. Shu bilan birga, bu ba'zi media tashkilotlarni axborotni multimediya bilan etkazib berishni o'rganishga ilhomlantirdi. Yangiliklar ommaviy axborot vositalarining ushbu raqamli yaqinlashuvi, xususan, tadqiqotchi Rojer Fidler tomonidan "Mediamorfoz" deb nomlangan. [1], 1997 yilda shu nom bilan yozilgan kitobida. Bugungi kunda bizni ko'p darajali konvergent media dunyosi o'rab turibdi, bu erda barcha aloqa va axborot usullari doimiy ravishda "doimiy ravishda bir-birimizni yaratish, iste'mol qilish, o'rganish va o'zaro aloqalarni o'zgartirish" texnologiyalarining doimiy talablariga moslashish uchun isloh qilinmoqda.[18]

Texnologik maydonlarni yaqinlashtirish

NBIC, uchun qisqartma Nanotexnologiya, Bbiotexnologiya, Menaxborot texnologiyasi va Cotashin ilm, 2014 yilda konvergion texnologiyalar uchun eng mashhur atama bo'ldi. Nashri orqali jamoat muhokamasiga kiritilgan Inson faoliyatini yaxshilash uchun birlashtiruvchi texnologiyalar, qisman AQSh tomonidan homiylik qilingan hisobot. Milliy Ilmiy Jamg'arma.[19] Xuddi shu kontseptsiya uchun turli xil qisqartmalar taklif qilingan, masalan, GNR (Genetika, Nanotexnologiya va Robotika ) (Bill Joy, 2000, Nega kelajak bizga kerak emas[20]). Jurnalist Djoel Garro yilda Radikal evolyutsiya: Aqlimizni, tanamizni rivojlantirish va'dasi va xavfi va inson bo'lish nimani anglatadi uchun "GRIN" ishlatiladi Genetik, Robotik, Menma'lumot va Nano jarayonlar,[21] esa ilmiy jurnalist Duglas Mulxol Bizning molekulyar kelajagimiz: Nanotexnologiya, robototexnika, genetika va sun'iy aql bizning dunyomizni qanday o'zgartiradi uchun "GRAIN" dan foydalaniladi Genetika, Robotika, Asun'iy Menrazvedka va Nanotexnologiya.[22] Tomonidan yaratilgan yana bir qisqartma tegishli texnologiyani tashkil etish ETC guruhi uchun "BANG"Buning, Atomlar, Nevro, Genes ".[23]

Ilm-fan va texnologiya sohalarini yaqinlashtirish

Roco, Bainbridge, Tonn va Whitesides tomonidan qo'llaniladigan keng qamrovli atama Bilim, texnologiya va jamiyatning yaqinlashishi (2013).[24] Beynbridj va Roko Springer ma'lumotnomasini tahrir qildilar va hammualliflik qildilar Fan va texnologiyalarning yaqinlashuvi to'g'risidagi qo'llanma (2016)[25] turli xil fan, texnika va tibbiyot sohalarida konvergentsiya tushunchasini aniqlash.[26] Roko Konvergentsiyani osonlashtiradigan printsiplar va usullarni nashr etdi (2015).[27]

Texnologiyalarga misollar

Konvergent echimlar ikkalasini ham o'z ichiga oladi sobit chiziq va mobil texnologiyalar. Yangi, konvergent xizmatlarning so'nggi misollariga quyidagilar kiradi:

Konvergent texnologiyalar konvergent echimlarni taqdim etish uchun statsionar liniyani mobil telefon bilan birlashtirishi mumkin. Konvergent texnologiyalarga quyidagilar kiradi:

Uy jihozlarining yaqinlashishi

Ba'zi ommaviy axborot vositalarining kuzatuvchilari oxir-oqibat biz barcha media tarkibiga bitta qurilma yoki "qora quti" orqali kirish imkoniyatini beradi deb umid qilishmoqda.[28] Shunday qilib, media-biznes amaliyoti sarmoya kiritish va ommaviy axborot vositalari bilan ta'minlash uchun navbatdagi "qora quti" ni aniqlashdan iborat bo'ldi. Bu bir qator muammolarni keltirib chiqardi. Birinchidan, "qora qutilar" ixtiro qilingan va tashlab qo'yilganligi sababli, shaxsga har bir vazifa uchun emas, balki bir xil vazifani bajara oladigan ko'plab qurilmalar qoladi. Masalan, ikkalasi ham kompyuterga, ham video o'yin konsoliga ega bo'lishi mumkin, keyinchalik ikkita DVD pleerga ega bo'lishi mumkin. Bu "qora quti" nazariyasining soddalashtirilgan maqsadiga zid keladi va buning o'rniga tartibsizliklarni keltirib chiqaradi.[29] Ikkinchidan, texnologik konvergentsiya tabiatda eksperimental xarakterga ega. Bu iste'molchilarga qo'shimcha funktsiyalarga ega bo'lgan texnologiyalarni egalik qilishiga olib keldi, bu esa biron bir moslamadan emas, balki undan foydalanish qiyinroq. Ko'p odamlar televizorni faqat ovqat pishadigan vaqt davomida yoki oshxonada tomosha qilishadi, lekin mikroto'lqinli pechdan uy televizori sifatida foydalanishmaydi. Ushbu misollar shuni ko'rsatadiki, ko'p hollarda texnologik yaqinlashish keraksiz yoki keraksizdir.

Bundan tashqari, garchi iste'molchilar birinchi navbatda o'z ehtiyojlari uchun ixtisoslashgan media-qurilmadan foydalanishsa-da, xuddi shu vazifani bajaradigan boshqa "qora quti" qurilmalaridan ularning hozirgi holatiga mos ravishda foydalanish mumkin. Cheskin Research 2002 yildagi hisobotida quyidagicha tushuntirilgan: "... Uyda, ishda, maktabda, qatnov yo'lida, aeroportda va hokazolarda elektron pochtangizga bo'lgan ehtiyoj va kutishlaringiz har xil va bu har xil qurilmalar sizning kirish imkoniyatlaringizga mos ravishda yaratilgan. qayerda ekanligingizga qarab tarkib - sizning kontekstingiz. " Barcha vazifalarni bajarish uchun mo'ljallangan "qora qutilar" yaratilganiga qaramay, iste'molchining jismoniy holatiga mos keladigan qurilmalardan foydalanish tendentsiyasi mavjud.[30] Portativ texnologiyaning o'zgaruvchan foydaliligi tufayli konvergentsiya yuqori darajadagi mobil qurilmalarda paydo bo'ladi. Ular multimediya xizmatlari, GPS, Internetga ulanish va uyali telefon aloqalarini bitta qurilmaga birlashtiradilar va "smartfon" deb nomlangan narsaning paydo bo'lishidan xabar berishdi, bu bir nechta qurilmani olib yurish zarurligini bartaraf etishga mo'ljallangan qurilma. Ommaviy axborot vositalarining konvergentsiyasi bir nechta mahsulot birlashganda, ularning barchasini afzalliklariga ega bo'lgan bitta mahsulotni hosil qilishda, shuningdek, qora quti deb nomlanadi. Bitta texnologiyaning ushbu g'oyasi o'ylab topilgan Genri Jenkins, barcha texnik qismlarni bir qismga birlashtira olmaslik sababli ko'proq xato deb tanilgan. Masalan, odamlar o'z telefonlarida elektron pochta va Internetga ega bo'lishlari bilan birga, ular qo'shimcha ravishda Internet va elektron pochta bilan to'liq kompyuterlarni xohlashadi. Uyali telefonlar ular tarkibida yaxshi misoldir raqamli kameralar, mp3 pleyerlar, ovoz yozish moslamalari va boshqa qurilmalar. Iste'molchi uchun bu kamroq maydonda ko'proq xususiyatlarni anglatadi; uchun media konglomeratlar bu raqobatdosh bo'lib qolishni anglatadi.

Biroq, konvergentsiyaning salbiy tomoni bor. Xususan, dastlabki shakllarda konvergion qurilmalar, ularning tarkibiy qismlariga qaraganda tez-tez kam ishlaydigan va ishonchli (masalan, uyali telefonning veb-brauzeri ba'zi bir veb-sahifalarni to'g'ri ko'rsatmasligi mumkin, masalan, ba'zi ko'rsatish usullarini qo'llab-quvvatlamaydi, chunki iPhone brauzer qo'llab-quvvatlamaydi Chiroq tarkib). Bitta qurilmadagi funktsiyalar soni ko'payib borayotganligi sababli, ushbu qurilmaning asl funktsiyasini bajarish qobiliyati pasayadi.[31] Rheingold ta'kidlaganidek, texnologik konvergentsiya "hayotni va erkinlikni biron bir tarzda yaxshilash va (boshqalarda uni yomonlashi)" uchun ulkan imkoniyatlarga ega.[32] Uning fikricha, xuddi shu texnologiya "ham ijtimoiy nazorat quroli, ham qarshilik ko'rsatish vositasi sifatida ishlatilishi" mumkin.[32] So'nggi o'n yil ichida texnologiya rivojlanganligi sababli, kompaniyalar yangi mahsulotlarga talab yaratish uchun texnologiyalarni birlashtira boshladilar. Bunga telefon kompaniyalarini birlashtirish kiradi 3G va 4G telefonlarida. 20-asrning o'rtalarida televizor kino va radio texnologiyalarini birlashtirdi va televizor hozirda uyali telefon sanoati va Internet bilan birlashtirildi. Shaxsiy kompyuterlar yordamida ham telefon qo'ng'iroqlari qilinmoqda. Birlashtiruvchi texnologiyalar bir nechta texnologiyalarni bittasiga birlashtiradi. Yangi mobil telefonlarda kameralar mavjud bo'lib, ular tasvir, video, musiqa va boshqa vositalarni saqlashi mumkin. Endilikda ishlab chiqaruvchilar an'anaviy mobil telefonga video yozuvlar, GPS qabul qiluvchilar, ma'lumotlarni saqlash va xavfsizlik mexanizmlari kabi yanada rivojlangan xususiyatlarni birlashtirmoqdalar.

Internetdagi yaqinlashish

Ning roli Internet aloqa vositasi sifatida dastlabki ishlatilishidan ma'lumot va xizmatlarga, asosan, a orqali oson va tezroq kirishga o'zgargan keng polosali ulanish. Televizion, radio va gazetalar yangiliklar va ko'ngil ochish uchun dunyo ommaviy axborot vositalari edi; hozirda, har uch ommaviy axborot vositasi birlashtirildi va butun dunyo bo'ylab odamlar Internetda yangiliklar va boshqa ma'lumotlarni o'qish va eshitishlari mumkin. Internet va an'anaviy televizorlarning yaqinlashishi 2010-yillarda ommalashgan Smart TV, ba'zida "Ulangan televizor" yoki "Gibrid televizor" deb ham nomlanadi, (aralashmaslik kerak IPTV, Internet-televizor yoki bilan Veb-televizor ). Smart TV Internetning hozirgi integratsiyalashuv tendentsiyasini tavsiflash uchun ishlatiladi Veb 2.0 xususiyatlari zamonaviy televizorlar va stol usti qutilari, shuningdek, kompyuterlar va ushbu televizorlar yoki televizor qutilari o'rtasidagi texnologik yaqinlashuv. Bu yangi qurilmalar ko'pincha juda katta e'tiborga ega onlayn interaktiv ommaviy axborot vositalari, Internet-televizor, yuqori darajadagi tarkib, shu qatorda; shu bilan birga so'rov bo'yicha; talabda Oqimli ommaviy axborot vositalari va an'anaviyga kamroq e'tibor berish translyatsiya oldingi avlodlari kabi ommaviy axborot vositalari televizorlar va stol usti qutilari har doim bo'lgan.[33]

Raqamli yaqinlik

Raqamli konvergentsiya - bu vaqtga o'xshash bo'lgan har xil yangiliklarga, ommaviy axborot manbalariga, tarkibga moyillikni anglatadi. Bu kirish qurilmalari va tarkibining, shuningdek, sanoat ishtirokchilari operatsiyalari va strategiyasining yaqinlashuvini ta'minlaydi.[34] Ushbu turdagi texnologik konvergentsiya, xususan, raqamli mahsulot ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniyalar uchun mahsulot ishlab chiqarish va o'sish strategiyasi sohasida imkoniyatlarni yaratadi.[34] Vloggerlar kabi individual tarkib ishlab chiqaruvchilarida ham xuddi shunday deyish mumkin YouTube video almashish platformasi. Ushbu misoldagi yaqinlashish Internet, uy qurilmalari, masalan, aqlli televizor, kamera, YouTube ilovasi va raqamli tarkibni jalb qilishda namoyon bo'ladi. Ushbu sozlamada "spikerlar" deb nomlangan,[35] bu aqlli televizor yoki kompyuter bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan markaziy markazga ulanadigan qurilmalar. Bu erda Internet vositachilik vazifasini bajaradi, xususan o'z interaktiv vositalari va ijtimoiy tarmoqlari orqali gorizontal integratsiya orqali mahsulot va xizmatlarning noyob aralashmalarini yaratish uchun.[34]

Yuqoridagi misol raqamli konvergentsiyaning uchta hodisani qanday qamrab olishini ta'kidlaydi:

  1. ilgari mustaqil qurilmalar tarmoqlar va dasturiy ta'minot bilan bog'lanib, funksionallikni sezilarli darajada yaxshilaydi;
  2. ilgari mustaqil mahsulotlar xuddi shu platformaga birlashtirilib, jarayonda gibrid mahsulotlar yaratilmoqda; va,
  3. kompaniyalar yangi mahsulotlar va raqobatning yangi manbalarini ta'minlash uchun apparat va dasturiy ta'minot kabi an'anaviy chegaralarni kesib o'tmoqdalar.[36]

Yana bir misol - har xil turdagi raqamli tarkibning yaqinlashishi. Garri Strasserning so'zlariga ko'ra, sobiq CTO Simens "[raqamli yaqinlashish odamlarning turmush tarzi va ish uslubiga sezilarli ta'sir qiladi]".[37]

Bozorda yaqinlashish

Konvergentsiya - bu sanoat va texnologiyaning an'anaviy chegaralari bo'ylab raqobatdosh va hamkor sifatida turli kompaniyalar va sektorlar birlashtiriladigan global bozor dinamikasi. Konvergentsiya hukmron bo'lgan dunyoda ko'plab an'anaviy mahsulotlar, xizmatlar va kompaniyalar turlari kamroq ahamiyat kasb etadi, ammo yangilarining ajoyib to'plami mumkin. Texnologiyalarning bir qator rivojlanishi mobillik, analitik, bulutli, raqamli va ijtimoiy tarmoqlarni o'z ichiga olgan yaqinlashuvning tezlashtiruvchisi vazifasini bajaradi. Buzilish kuchi sifatida konvergentsiya tayyor bo'lmaganlar uchun tahdiddir, ammo bozorning keskin yangi qoidalari asosida tobora kengayib boradigan raqobatchilar ro'yxatini amalga oshira oladigan kompaniyalar uchun ulkan o'sish imkoniyati. Konvergentsiya bilan chiziqlar xiralashadi, chunki kompaniyalar asl bozorlaridan tashqarida diversifikatsiya qilishadi. Masalan, uyali aloqa xizmatlari tobora avtoulovning muhim qismidir; kimyoviy moddalar ishlab chiqaradigan kompaniyalar agrobiznes bilan ishlaydi; asboblar ishlab chiqaruvchilari musiqa, video va kitoblarni sotadilar; kitob sotuvchilari iste'molchi qurilmalari ishlab chiqaradigan kompaniyalarga aylanishadi; qidiruv va reklama kompaniyalari telekommunikatsion kompaniyalarga aylanadi ("telcos"); media kompaniyalari telkoslar kabi ishlaydi va aksincha; chakana sotuvchilar moliyaviy xizmat ko'rsatuvchi kompaniyalar kabi harakat qilishadi va aksincha; kosmetika kompaniyalari farmatsevtika kompaniyalari bilan ishlaydi; va boshqalar. Mobil telefonlardan foydalanish keskin kengayib, foydalanuvchilarga Internetda to'lovlarni amalga oshirish, video tomosha qilish yoki hatto ish joyida uy termostatini sozlash imkoniyatini beradi.

Media yaqinlashuvi

Odatda, ommaviy axborot vositalarining yaqinlashuvi eski va yangi ommaviy axborot vositalarining birlashishini anglatadi va mahsulot, tizim yoki jarayon sifatida qaralishi mumkin. Jenkinsning ta'kidlashicha, konvergentsiya - bu "bir nechta media platformalardagi kontent oqimi, ko'plab ommaviy axborot sohalari o'rtasidagi hamkorlik va o'zlari xohlagan ko'ngilochar tajribalarni izlash uchun deyarli hamma joyga boradigan ommaviy axborot vositalarining migratsion harakati".[38] Jenkinsning fikriga ko'ra, yaqinlashuvning beshta yo'nalishi mavjud: texnologik, iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy yoki organik, madaniy va global.[39] Shunday qilib, ommaviy axborot vositalarining yaqinlashishi nafaqat texnologik o'zgarish yoki texnologik jarayon, balki iste'molchini yangi ma'lumotlarni izlashga undaydigan sanoat, madaniy va ijtimoiy paradigmalar ichidagi siljishlarni ham o'z ichiga oladi. Konvergentsiya, oddiygina qilib aytganda, individual iste'molchilar ijtimoiy darajada boshqalar bilan qanday munosabatda bo'lishlari va turli xil media platformalaridan foydalanib, bizni boshqa ijtimoiy tarmoqlar bilan emas, balki bizni boshqa iste'molchilar bilan emas, balki korporativ ishlab chiqaruvchilar bilan bog'laydigan yangi tajribalar, ommaviy axborot vositalari va kontentning yangi shakllarini yaratish uchun foydalanadilar. O'tmishda osonlikcha mavjud bo'lmagan usullarda ommaviy axborot vositalari. Biroq, Lugmayr va Dal Zotto, ommaviy axborot vositalarining yaqinlashishi texnologiya, tarkib, iste'molchi, biznes modeli va boshqaruv darajasida sodir bo'ladi, deb ta'kidladilar.[40][41] Ularning fikriga ko'ra, ommaviy axborot vositalarining yaqinlashishi evolyutsiyaning masalasidir va uni uchburchak konvergentsiya, divergentsiya va birgalikda yashash hodisasi orqali tasvirlash mumkin. Bugungi kunda raqamli ommaviy axborot vositalarining ekotizimlari birgalikda mavjud, masalan. mobil ilovalar do'konlari sotuvchilarni ma'lum ekologik tizimlarga qo'shib qo'yishini ta'minlaydi; masalan, ba'zi texnologik platformalar bitta texnologiya ostida birlashmoqda. raqamli televideniedagi kabi umumiy aloqa protokollaridan foydalanish; va boshqa ommaviy axborot vositalari farq qilmoqda, masalan. media tarkibidagi takliflar tobora ko'proq ixtisoslashgan bo'lib, boshqa ommaviy axborot vositalari uchun joy ajratmoqda.[42]

Texnologiyalardagi yutuqlar Reynoldning "ijtimoiy, yon ta'sirlarni" o'zgartirishi mumkin bo'lgan "virtual, ijtimoiy va jismoniy dunyo to'qnashuvi, birlashishi va muvofiqlashtirilishi" da texnologik yaqinlashish qobiliyatini keltirib chiqaradi.[32] Bu 1980-yillarning oxirlarida bashorat qilingan edi,[43] shu vaqt atrofida CD-ROM odatiy holga aylanib bormoqda, bu a raqamli inqilob bo'lib o'tadi va o'sha eski ommaviy axborot vositalari bir chetga suriladi yangi ommaviy axborot vositalari. Teleradioeshittirish tobora ko'proq Internet bilan almashtirilib, butun dunyodagi iste'molchilarga o'zlariga ma'qul bo'lgan ommaviy axborot vositalariga har qachongidan ham osonroq va qulayroq narxlarda kirish huquqini beradi.

Ammo, qachon nuqta-com pufagi 1990-yillarning to'satdan paydo bo'lishi, bu raqamli inqilob haqida sovuq suv quydi.[44] Zamonaviy jamiyatda ommaviy axborot vositalarining yaqinlashishi g'oyasi yana bir bor asosiy yo'nalish sifatida paydo bo'ldi, shuningdek, yangi tashkil etilgan media-kompaniyalar ko'ngilochar sanoatining kelajagini tasavvur qilishga urinmoqdalar. Agar ushbu inqilobiy raqamli paradigma o'zgarishi eski ommaviy axborot vositalarining o'rnini tobora yangi ommaviy axborot vositalari egallashini taxmin qilsa, hozirda paydo bo'layotgan konvergentsiya paradigmasi yangi va eski ommaviy axborot vositalari ilgari taxmin qilinganidan ko'ra murakkabroq ta'sir o'tkazishini anglatadi. Raqamli inqilobdan keyingi paradigma o'zgarishi yangi ommaviy axborot vositalari hamma narsani o'zgartiradi deb taxmin qildi. Dot com bozori qulab tushganda, hech narsa o'zgarmagan deb tasavvur qilish istagi paydo bo'ldi. Haqiqiy haqiqat biron bir joyda yotar edi, chunki hozirgi media muhitining juda ko'p jihatlari e'tiborga olinishi kerak edi. Ko'pgina sanoat rahbarlari tobora o'zgaruvchan o'zgaruvchan davrda mantiqiy usul sifatida ommaviy axborot vositalarining yaqinlashuviga qaytmoqdalar. Shu nuqtai nazardan, ommaviy axborot vositalarining nazariy jihatdan yaqinlashishi asosan yangi ma'noga ega bo'lgan eski tushuncha. Aslida, ommaviy axborot vositalarining yaqinlashishi bu nafaqat texnologiyaning o'zgarishi. Bu sanoat, texnologiyalar, tomoshabinlar, janrlar va bozorlar o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni o'zgartiradi. Ommaviy axborot vositalarining yaqinlashishi media tarmoqlarining ratsionalligini va ommaviy axborot vositalari iste'molchilarining yangiliklar va ko'ngil ochish jarayonini o'zgartiradi. Media-ning yaqinlashishi aslida jarayondir va natijasi emas, shuning uchun bitta qora quti ommaviy axborot vositalarining oqimini boshqarmaydi. Turli xil media kanallarining ko'payishi va yangi telekommunikatsiya va hisoblash texnologiyalarining portativligini oshirish bilan biz ommaviy axborot vositalari doimo bizni o'rab turgan davrga kirdik.[45]

Media yaqinlashuvi media kompaniyalardan ommaviy axborot vositalari haqidagi mavjud taxminlarni iste'molchi nuqtai nazaridan qayta ko'rib chiqishni talab qiladi, chunki bu marketing va dasturiy qarorlarga ta'sir qiladi. Aksincha, ommaviy axborot vositalari ishlab chiqaruvchilari yangi vakolatli iste'molchilarga javob berishlari kerak, aksincha, aksincha, ommaviy axborot tarkibi birlashganda, aksincha, apparatlar ajralib turadi. Ommaviy axborot vositalari tarkibida tarkibni bir nechta shakllarda taqdim eta oladigan brendlarga aylandi. Bunga ikkita misol Yulduzlar jangi va Matritsa. Ikkalasi ham filmlar, shuningdek, kitoblar, video o'yinlar, multfilmlar va aksiyalar. Brendlash yangi g'oyalarni yaratishni emas, balki bitta kontseptsiyani kengaytirishni rag'batlantiradi.[46] Aksincha, ommaviy axborot vositalarining yaqinlashishini ta'minlash uchun qo'shimcha qurilmalar turlicha rivojlandi. Uskuna har bir funktsiyaga xos bo'lishi kerak. Aksariyat olimlar o'zaro faoliyat media oqimining tezlashayotganini ta'kidlashsa-da,[47] O'Donnell, ayniqsa, filmlar va video o'yinlar o'rtasida, ommaviy axborot vositalarining yaqinlashuvi o'xshashligini media ishlab chiqarish sohasidan tashqaridagi odamlar noto'g'ri tushunishadi. Media sanoat konglomeratsiyasi turli xil ommaviy axborot vositalarida bir xil hikoyani sotishni davom ettirmoqda. Masalan, Batman komikslar, filmlar, anime va o'yinlarda. Biroq, har bir ommaviy axborot vositalarida batman tasvirini yaratish uchun ma'lumotlar turli xil ijodkorlar guruhlari tomonidan alohida-alohida yaratiladi. Turli xil ommaviy axborot vositalarida bir xil belgi va bir xil vizual effekt takrorlanib turishi, ularni imkon qadar o'xshash qilish uchun media sanoatining sinergiyasi bilan bog'liq. Bundan tashqari, konvergentsiya ikki xil konsolning o'yini ishlab chiqarilganda sodir bo'lmaydi. Ikkala konsol o'rtasida hech qanday oqim bo'lmaydi, chunki sanoat uchun noldan o'yin yaratish tezroq.[48]

Media jurnalistikasining yangi qiziqarli shakllaridan biri bu virtual haqiqatdir. Reuters, yirik xalqaro yangiliklar xizmati, mashhur "Second Life" virtual virtual haqiqat muhitida yangiliklar "orolini" yaratdi va xodimlar bilan ta'minladi (www.secondlife.com, 2008 yil 3-yanvar). Hech kimga ochiq bo'lmagan Second Life dunyo bo'ylab avatarlar (o'zlarining virtual vakolatxonalari) ni yaratgan va shaxsiy parvoz haqiqat bo'lgan, o'zgargan egolar rivojlanishi mumkin bo'lgan o'zgargan holatda yashash uchun yaratgan millionlab fuqarolar uchun majburiy 3D virtual haqiqat sifatida paydo bo'ldi. , va real pullar (1 296 257 AQSh dollari, 2008 yil 7 yanvar, sharqiy vaqt bilan soat 10:19 da yakunlangan 24 soat davomida sarf qilingan) hech qachon haqiqiy dunyoga qadam bosmasdan amalga oshirilishi mumkin. Reuters Island in Second Life - bu Reuters real-dunyo yangiliklar xizmatining virtual versiyasidir, ammo Ikkinchi Hayot fuqarolari uchun Second Life domenini qamrab oladi (2008 yil 5-yanvar holatiga ko'ra 11 807 742 nafar aholi istiqomat qiladi).[49]

Raqamli davrda ommaviy axborot vositalarining yaqinlashishi eski media va media-kompaniyalarda yuz berayotgan o'zgarishlarni anglatadi. Media konvergentsiyasi ikkita rolni bajaradi, birinchisi - turli xil media kanallarining texnologik birlashishi - masalan, jurnallar, radio dasturlari, teleshoular va filmlar, endi Internetda noutbuklar, iPad va smartfonlar orqali mavjud. Muhokama qilinganidek Media madaniyati (Kempbell tomonidan), texnologiyaning yaqinlashishi yangi emas. Bu 1920-yillarning oxiridan beri davom etmoqda. Masalan, Amerikaning Radio Korporatsiyasi RCA, Viktor Talking Machine Company kompaniyasini sotib olgan va radio qabul qiladigan va yozib olingan musiqani ijro etadigan mashinalarni taqdim etgan. Keyingi o'rinda televizor paydo bo'ldi va odamlar televizorni tomosha qilishni boshlaganlarida radio o'zining jozibadorligini yo'qotdi. Texnologiyalar rivojlanib borgan sari, ommaviy axborot vositalarining yaqinlashuvi o'zgarib turadi. Kempbellning media konvergentsiyasining ikkinchi ta'rifi - bu media-kompaniyalarning o'zaro faoliyat platformasi. Bu, odatda, turli xil media xoldingi, masalan, kabel, telefon, televizor (havo, sun'iy yo'ldosh, simi orqali) va Internetga ulanishni bitta korporativ soyabon ostida birlashtirishni o'z ichiga oladi. Bu iste'molchida ommaviy axborot vositalarini ko'proq tanlashi uchun emas, balki kompaniyaning foydasi uchun xarajatlarni kamaytirish va o'z daromadlarini maksimal darajada oshirish uchun.[50] Mark Deyzning "Konvergentsiya madaniyati va media ishi" maqolasida ta'kidlanganidek, "ommaviy axborot vositalarini ishlab chiqarish va iste'mol qilishning kompaniyalar, kanallar, janrlar va texnologiyalar bo'yicha yaqinlashishi kundalik hayotning barcha jihatlari: ish va o'yinlarning yaqinlashuvining ifodasidir. , mahalliy va global, o'ziga xos va ijtimoiy o'ziga xoslik. "[51]

Konvergentsiya madaniyati

Genri Jenkins konvergentsiya madaniyatini bir nechta media platformalardagi kontent oqimi, ko'plab media sohalar o'rtasidagi hamkorlik va xohlagan ko'ngilochar tajribalarini qidirib deyarli hamma joyga boradigan media-auditoriyalarning migratsion xatti-harakatlarini belgilaydi. Konvergentsiya madaniyati muhim omil hisoblanadi transmedia hikoyalari. Konvergentsiya madaniyati ommaviy axborot vositalarining bir turidan yangi hikoyalar va dalillarni ko'pchilikka taqdim etadi. Transmedia haqida hikoya qilish Jenkins tomonidan "badiiy adabiyotning ajralmas elementlari birlashtirilgan va muvofiqlashtirilgan ko'ngil ochish tajribasini yaratish uchun bir nechta etkazib berish kanallari bo'yicha muntazam ravishda tarqalib ketadigan jarayon" deb ta'riflanadi. Ideal holda, har bir vosita hikoyani ochishda o'ziga xos hissa qo'shadi. ".[52] Masalan; misol uchun, Matritsa sifatida boshlanadi film, undan keyin yana ikkita qism ajratiladi, ammo konvergentsiya madaniyatida u ushbu shakl bilan cheklanmaydi. Bu nafaqat filmlarda, balki ularda ham hikoya qilinadi animatsion shortilar, video o'yinlar va chiziq romanlari, uch xil media-platformalar. Onlaynda hikoyaning kengayib borayotgan kanonini kuzatib borish uchun viki yaratiladi. Matritsani turli xil onlayn platformalarda kengaytiradigan fanat filmlari, munozarali forumlar va ijtimoiy tarmoqlardagi sahifalar ham shakllanadi. Konvergentsiya madaniyati film sifatida boshlangan va uni deyarli har qanday ommaviy axborot vositalarida kengaytirgan.[53] Bert - yovuzlik (tasvirlar) Bert va Bin Laden paydo bo'ldi CNN 11 sentyabrdan keyingi Amerikaga qarshi norozilik namoyishi. Bert va Bin Ladenlar uyushmasi Ignacio-ning Photoshop loyihasi bilan bog'lanish uchun qiziqarli.[54][sahifa kerak ]

Konvergentsiya madaniyati uning bir qismidir ishtirok etish madaniyati. O'rtacha odamlar endi o'zlarining qiziqishlariga ko'plab ommaviy axborot vositalarida kirishlari mumkinligi sababli ular ko'proq so'zlasha oladilar. Muxlislar va iste'molchilar yangi tarkibni yaratish va tarqatishda ishtirok etishlari mumkin. Ba'zi kompaniyalar bundan foydalanib, ijtimoiy tarmoqlar va shu kabi almashish saytlari orqali o'z mijozlarining fikr-mulohazalarini qidirmoqdalar YouTube. Marketing va o'yin-kulgidan tashqari, yaqinlashish madaniyati bizning yangiliklar va ma'lumotlar bilan o'zaro munosabatimizga ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Biz radio, televidenie, gazeta va Internetdan bir necha darajadagi ommaviy axborot vositalarida yangiliklar olishimiz mumkin. Internet ko'proq odamlarga yangiliklarni mustaqil translyatsiya orqali xabar qilish imkoniyatini beradi va shu sababli turli sohalardagi odamlar tomonidan ko'plab istiqbollarni ilgari surish va ularga kirish imkoniyatini beradi. Convergence allows news to be gathered on a much larger scale. For instance, photographs were taken of torture at Abu Graib. These photos were shared and eventually posted on the internet. This led to the breaking of a news story in newspapers, on TV, and the internet.[53]

Media scholar Henry Jenkins has described the media convergence with ishtirok etish madaniyati kabi:

...a "catalyst" for amateur digital film-making and what this case study suggests about the future directions popular culture may take. Star Wars fan films represent the intersection of two significant cultural trends—the corporate movement towards media convergence and the unleashing of significant new tools, which enable the grassroots archiving, annotation, appropriation, and recirculation of media content. These fan films build on long-standing practices of the fan community but they also reflect the influence of this changed technological environment that has dramatically lowered the costs of film production and distribution.[55]

Cell phone convergence

Mobile/desktop convergence: the Librem 5 mobile, when connected to a keyboard, screen, and mouse, runs as a desktop computer.

The social function of the cell phone changes as the technology converges. Because of technological advancement, cell phones function as more than just as a phone. They contain an internet connection, video players, MP3 players, gaming, and a camera. Yana bir misol, Rok Sako-dan Rok Lo (2004) was screened in Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Mumbai, and other part of India through EDGE-enabled mobile phones with live video streaming facility.[54][sahifa kerak ]

A mobile convergence device is one that, if connected to a keyboard, monitor, and mouse, can run desktop applications as a desktop computer would.[56][57][58] Convergence operating systems include Ubuntu Touch va PureOS.

Ijtimoiy harakatlar

Ning integratsiyasi ijtimoiy harakatlar in cyberspace is one of the potential strategies that social movements can use in the age of media convergence. Tufayli neutrality of the internet va end-to-end design, the power structure of the internet was designed to avoid discrimination between applications. Meksikaning Zapatistalar campaign for land rights was one of the most influential case in the information age; Manuel Castells defines the Zapatistas as "the first informational guerrilla movement".[59] The Zapatista uprising had been marginalized by the popular press. The Zapatistas were able to construct a grassroots, decentralized social movement by using the internet. The Zapatistas Effect, observed by Cleaver,[60] continues to organize social movements on a global scale. A sophisticated webmetric analysis, which maps the links between different websites and seeks to identify important nodal points in a network, demonstrates that the Zapatistas cause binds together hundreds of global NGOs.[61] The majority of the social movement organized by Zapatistas targets their campaign especially against global neoliberalism.[62] A successful social movement not only need online support but also protest on the street. Papic wrote, "Social Media Alone Do Not Instigate Revolutions", which discusses how the use of social media in social movements needs good organization both online and offline.[63] A study, "Journalism in the age of media convergence: a survey of undergraduates’ technology-related news habits", concluded that several focus group respondents reported they generally did not actively engage in media convergence, such as viewing slide shows or listening to podcast that accompanied an online story, as part of their Web-based news consumption, a significant number of students indicated the interactive features often associated with online news and media convergence were indeed appealing to them.[64]

Examples in regulation

Example: VoIP

AQSh Federal aloqa komissiyasi (FCC) has not been able to decide how to regulate VoIP (Internet Telephony) because the convergent technology is still growing and changing. In addition to its growth, FCC is tentative to set regulation on VoIP in order to promote competition in the telecommunication industry.[65] There is not a clear line between telecommunication service and the information service because of the growth of the new convergent media. Historically, telecommunication is subject to state regulation. The state of California concerned about the increasing popularity of internet telephony will eventually obliterate funding for the Umumjahon xizmat ko'rsatish fondi[66] Some states attempt to assert their traditional role of common carrier oversight onto this new technology.[67] Meisel and Needles (2005) suggests that the FCC, federal courts, and state regulatory bodies on access line charges will directly impact the speed in which Internet telephony market grows.[68] On one hand, the FCC is hesitant to regulate convergent technology because VoIP with different feature from the old Telecommunication; no fixed model to build legislature yet. On the other hand, the regulations is needed because Service over the internet might be quickly replaced telecommunication service, which will affect the entire economy.

Convergence has also raised several debates about classification of certain telecommunications services. As the lines between data transmission, and voice and media transmission are eroded, regulators are faced with the task of how best to classify the converging segments of the telecommunication sector. Traditionally, telecommunication regulation has focused on the operation of physical infrastructure, networks, and access to network. No content is regulated in the telecommunication because the content is considered private. In contrast, film and Television are regulated by contents. The rating system regulates its distribution to the audience. Self-regulation is promoted by the industry. Bogle senior persuaded the entire industry to pay 0.1 percent levy on all advertising and the money was used to give authority to the Advertising Standards Authority, which keeps the government away from setting legislature in the media industry.[69]

The premises to regulate the new media, two-ways communications, concerns much about the change from old media to new media. Each medium has different features and characteristics. First, internet, the new medium, manipulates all form of information – voice, data and video. Second, the old regulation on the old media, such as radio and Television, emphasized its regulation on the scarcity of the channels. Internet, on the other hand, has the limitless capacity, due to the end-to-end design. Third, Two-ways communication encourages interactivity between the content producers and the audiences. "...Fundamental basis for classification, therefore, is to consider the need for regulation in terms of either market failure or in the public interests"(Blackman).[70] The Elektron chegara fondi (EFF), founded in 1990, is a non profit organization to defend free speech, privacy, innovation and consumer rights.[71] DMCA, Raqamli Mingyillik mualliflik huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun regulates and protect the digital content producers and consumers.[iqtibos kerak ]

Emerging trends in communications

Tarmoqning betarafligi has emerged as an issue. Wu and Lessig (2004) set out two reasons to adapt neutral network model for computer networks. First, "a neutral network eliminates the risk of future discrimination, providing more incentive to invest in broadband application development." Second, "neutral network facilitates fair competition among application, no bias between applications."[72] The two reasons also coincide with FCC's interest to stimulate investment and enhance innovation in broadband technology and services.[73][74]Despite regulatory efforts of deregulation, privatization, and liberalization, the infrastructure barrier has been a negative factor in achieving effective competition. "Kim et al. argues that IP dissociates the telephony application from the infrastructure and Internet telephony is at the forefront of such dissociation."[75] The neutrality of the network is very important for fair competition.[76] As the former FCC Charman Maykl Pauell put it: "From its inception, the Internet was designed, as those present during the course of its creating will tell you, to prevent government or a corporation or anyone else from controlling it. It was designed to defeat kamsitish against users, ideas and technologies".[77] Because of these reasons, Shin concludes that regulator should make sure to regulate application and infrastructure separately.

The layered model was first proposed by Solum and Chug, Sicker, and Nakahata. Sicker, Warbach and Witt have supported using a layered model to regulate the telecommunications industry with the emergence of convergence services. Many researchers have different layered approach, but they all agree that the emergence of convergent technology will create challenges and ambiguities for regulations.[13] The key point of the layered model is that it reflects the reality of network architecture, and current business model.[78]The layered Model consists of 1. Access Layer – where the physical infrastructure resides: copper wires, cable, or fiber optic. 2. transport layer – the provider of service. 3. Application layer – the interface between the data and the users. 4. content layer – the layer which users see.[78] Yilda Convergence Technologies and the Layered Policy Model: Implication for Regulating Future Communications, Shin combines the Layered Model and Network Neutrality as the principle to regulate the future convergent Media Industry.[79]

Example: Messaging

Combination services include those that integrate SMS with voice, such as voice SMS. Providers include Bubble Motion, Jott, Kirusa, and SpinVox. Several operators have launched services that combine SMS with mobile instant messaging (MIM) and presence. Text-to-landline services also exist, where subscribers can send text messages to any landline phone and are charged at standard rates. The text messages are converted into spoken language. This service has been popular in America, where fixed and mobile numbers are similar. Inbound SMS has been converging to enable reception of different formats (SMS, voice, MMS, etc.). In April 2008, O2 UK launched voice-enabled shortcodes, adding voice functionality to the five-digit codes already used for SMS. This type of convergence is helpful for media companies, broadcasters, enterprises, call centres and help desks who need to develop a consistent contact strategy with the consumer. Because SMS is very popular today, it became relevant to include matnli xabarlar as a contact possibility for consumers. To avoid having multiple numbers (one for voice calls, another one for SMS), a simple way is to merge the reception of both formats under one number. This means that a consumer can text or call one number and be sure that the message will be received.

Example: Mobile

"Mobile service provisions" refers not only to the ability to purchase mobile phone services, but the ability to wirelessly access everything: voice, Internet, audio, and video. In yutuqlar WiMAX and other leading edge technologies provide the ability to transfer information over a wireless link at a variety of speeds, distances, and non-line-of-sight conditions.

Example: Multi-play in telecommunications

Multi-play is a marketing term describing the provision of different telecommunication services, such as Internetga ulanish, television, telephone, and mobile phone service, by organisations that traditionally only offered one or two of these services. Multi-play is a catch-all phrase; usually, the terms uch marta o'ynash (voice, video and data) or quadruple play (voice, video, data and wireless) are used to describe a more specific meaning. A dual play service is a marketing term for the provisioning of the two services: it can be high-speed Internet (raqamli abonent liniyasi ) and telephone service over a single broadband connection in the case of phone companies, or high-speed Internet (kabel modem ) and TV service over a single broadband connection in the case of cable TV companies. The convergence can also concern the underlying communication infratuzilma. Bunga misol a uch marta o'ynash service, where communication services are packaged allowing consumers to purchase TV, Internet, and telefoniya in one subscription. The broadband cable market is transforming as pay-TV providers move aggressively into what was once considered the telco space. Meanwhile, customer expectations have risen as consumer and business customers alike seek rich content, multi-use devices, networked products and converged services including on-demand video, digital TV, high speed Internet, VoIP, and wireless applications. It is uncharted territory for most broadband companies.

A quadruple play service combines the uch marta o'ynash service of broadband Internet access, television, and telephone with simsiz service provisions.[80] This service set is also sometimes humorously referred to as "The Fantastik to'rtlik " or "Grand Slam".[81] A fundamental aspect of the quadruple play is not only the long-awaited broadband convergence but also the players involved. Many of them, from the largest global service providers to whom we connect today via wires and cables to the smallest of startup service providers are interested. Opportunities are attractive: the big three telecom services – telefoniya, cable television, and simsiz —could combine their industries. In the UK, the merger of NTL: Telewest va Virgin Mobile resulted in a company offering a quadruple play of cable television, broadband Internet, home telephone, and mobile telephone services.

Example: Home network

Early in the 21st century, home LAN convergence so rapidly integrated home routerlar, simsiz ulanish nuqtalari va DSL modemlari that users were hard put to identify the resulting box they used to connect their computers to their Internet service. A general term for such a combined device is a residential gateway.

Shuningdek qarang

Qo'shimcha o'qish

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