Robot - Robot

ASIMO (2000) da Expo 2005

Belgilangan payvandlash robotlari fabrikada ishlatiladigan turlari sanoat robot

The to'rtburchak harbiy robot Gepard, evolyutsiyasi BigDog (rasmda), 2012 yilda dunyodagi eng tez oyoqli robot sifatida qayd etilgan bo'lib, u tomonidan o'rnatilgan rekorddan ustun keldi MIT ikki oyoqli 1989 yilda robot.^[1]

A robot a mashina - ayniqsa, a tomonidan dasturlashtiriladigan bitta kompyuter - murakkab bir qator harakatlarni avtomatik ravishda amalga oshirishga qodir.^[2] Robotlar tashqi boshqaruv moslamasi yoki boshqaruv ichiga joylashtirilgan bo'lishi mumkin. Robotlar inson qiyofasi asosida tuzilishi mumkin, ammo aksariyat robotlar estetikasiga e'tibor bermasdan vazifani bajarish uchun mo'ljallangan mashinalardir.

Robotlar bo'lishi mumkin avtonom yoki yarim avtonom va kabi gumanoidlardan iborat Honda "s Innovatsion harakatlanishning ilg'or bosqichi (ASIMO ) va TOSY "s TOSY Ping Pongda o'ynaydigan robot (TOPIO ) ga sanoat robotlari, tibbiy operatsion robotlar, bemorlarga yordam beradigan robotlar, it terapiyasi robotlari, birgalikda dasturlashtirilgan to'da robotlar, Uchuvchisiz samolyotlar kabi General Atomics MQ-1 yirtqichi va hatto mikroskopik nano robotlar. Hayotiy ko'rinishga taqlid qilish yoki harakatlarni avtomatlashtirish orqali robot aql-idrok tuyg'usini etkazishi mumkin deb o'yladi o'ziga xos. Avtonom narsalar yaqin o'n yillikda ko'payishi kutilmoqda,^[3] uy robototexnika bilan va avtonom avtomobil ba'zi asosiy haydovchilar kabi.^[4]

Ning filiali texnologiya robotlarni loyihalash, qurish, ishlatish va qo'llash bilan shug'ullanadigan,^[5] shuningdek ularni boshqarish uchun kompyuter tizimlari, sensorli teskari aloqa va axborotni qayta ishlash bu robototexnika. Ushbu texnologiyalar xavfli muhitda odamlar o'rnini egallashi mumkin bo'lgan avtomatlashtirilgan mashinalar bilan shug'ullanadi ishlab chiqarish jarayonlari, yoki tashqi ko'rinishi, xulq-atvori yoki idrokida odamlarga o'xshaydi. Bugungi robotlarning aksariyati ushbu sohaga hissa qo'shadigan tabiat tomonidan ilhomlangan bio-ilhomlangan robototexnika. Ushbu robotlar robototexnika sohasini ham yaratdilar: yumshoq robototexnika.

Vaqtidan boshlab qadimiy tsivilizatsiya foydalanuvchi tomonidan sozlanishi avtomatlashtirilgan qurilmalarning ko'plab hisoblari mavjud va hatto avtomatlar asosan o'yin-kulgi sifatida yaratilgan hayvonlar va odamlarga o'xshash. Sifatida mexanik texnika ishlab chiqilgan Sanoat yoshi avtomatlashtirilgan mashinalar, masofadan boshqarish va simsiz kabi amaliy dasturlar paydo bo'ldi masofaviy boshqarish.

Bu atama slavyan ildizidan kelib chiqqan, robot-, mehnat bilan bog'liq ma'nolar bilan. "Robot" so'zi 1920 yilda xayoliy gumanoidni ko'rsatish uchun ishlatilgan Chex tilida o'ynash R.U.R. (Rossumovi Univerzální Roboti - Rossumning universal robotlari) tomonidan Karel Lapek, garchi bu Karelning akasi edi Jozef Lapek so'zning haqiqiy ixtirochisi kim edi.^[6][7][8] Elektronika tomonidan yaratilgan birinchi elektron avtonom robotlarning paydo bo'lishi bilan rivojlanishning harakatlantiruvchi kuchiga aylandi Uilyam Grey Uolter yilda Bristol, Angliya 1948 yilda, shuningdek Kompyuter raqamli boshqarish (CNC) tomonidan 40-yillarning oxirlarida dastgoh asboblari Jon T. Parsons va Frank L. Stulen. Birinchi tijorat, raqamli va dasturlashtiriladigan robot tomonidan qurilgan Jorj Devol 1954 yilda va nomi berilgan Yagona. Bu sotilgan General Motors 1961 yilda u issiq metall parchalarini ko'tarish uchun ishlatilgan to'qimalarni o'ldirish da mashinalar Ichki baliqchilar uchun qo'llanma zavodi ichida G'arbiy Trenton qismi Eving shaharchasi, Nyu-Jersi.^[9]

Robotlar odamlarning o'rnini egalladi^[10] odamlar takrorlamaydigan va xavfli vazifalarni bajarishda, yoki kattaligi cheklanganligi sababli bajara olmaydigan yoki kosmik yoki dengiz tubi kabi ekstremal muhitda sodir bo'ladigan. Robotlardan foydalanishning ko'payishi va ularning jamiyatdagi o'rni haqida xavotirlar mavjud. Robotlarning ko'tarilishida ayblanmoqda texnologik ishsizlik chunki ular funktsiyalar sonining ko'payishi bilan ishchilarni almashtiradilar.^[11] Harbiy janglarda robotlardan foydalanish axloqiy muammolarni keltirib chiqaradi. Robot avtonomiyasi va potentsial ta'sirlari imkoniyatlari badiiy adabiyotda ko'rib chiqilgan va kelajakda haqiqiy tashvish bo'lishi mumkin.

Xulosa

KITT (xayoliy robot) aqliy antropomorfik xususiyatga ega.

iCub jismonan antropomorfdir.

So'z robot ikkala jismoniy robotlarga ham murojaat qilishi mumkin virtual dasturiy ta'minot agentlari, lekin ikkinchisi odatda deb nomlanadi botlar.^[12] Mashinalar robotlar sifatida tan olinadigan kelishuv mavjud emas, ammo mutaxassislar va jamoatchilik o'rtasida robotlar quyidagi qobiliyat va funktsiyalarning bir qismiga yoki barchasiga ega ekanligi to'g'risida umumiy kelishuv mavjud: elektron dasturlarni qabul qilish, ma'lumotlarni qayta ishlash yoki jismoniy hislar elektron tarzda, ma'lum darajada avtonom tarzda ishlang, harakatlaning, o'zingizning jismoniy qismlaringizni yoki jismoniy jarayonlaringizni boshqaring, ularning atrof-muhitini his qiling va manipulyatsiya qiling va aqlli xatti-harakatlar, ayniqsa odamlarga yoki boshqa hayvonlarga taqlid qiladigan xatti-harakatlarga ega bo'ling.^[13][14] A tushunchasi bilan chambarchas bog'liq robot maydonidir Sintetik biologiya, tabiati bilan solishtirish mumkin bo'lgan sub'ektlarni o'rganadigan mavjudotlar mashinalarga qaraganda.

Tarix

Avtomatlar g'oyasi dunyodagi ko'plab madaniyatlarning mifologiyalaridan kelib chiqadi. Qadimgi tsivilizatsiyalar muhandislari va ixtirochilari, shu jumladan Qadimgi Xitoy,^[15] Qadimgi Yunoniston va Ptolemey Misr,^[16] ba'zilari hayvonlar va odamlarga o'xshash o'z-o'zidan ishlaydigan mashinalarni yaratishga urindi. Avtomatlarning dastlabki tavsiflariga sun'iy kaptarlar kiradi Arxitalar,^[17] ning sun'iy qushlari Mozi va Lu Ban,^[18] tomonidan "gapiradigan" avtomat Iskandariya qahramoni, yuviladigan avtomat tomonidan Vizantiya filosi va tasvirlangan inson avtomati Yolg'on Zi.^[15]

Dastlabki boshlanishlar

Ko'plab qadimiy mifologiyalar va zamonaviy dinlarning aksariyati sun'iy odamlarni, masalan, yunon xudosi tomonidan qurilgan mexanik xizmatchilarni o'z ichiga oladi Gefest^[19] (Vulkan Rimliklarga), gil golems yahudiy afsonasi va Norvegiya afsonasining gil gigantlari va Galateya, afsonaviy haykali Pigmalion bu hayotga kirdi. Miloddan avvalgi 400 yildan beri afsonalar Krit o'z ichiga oladi Talos, orolni garovgirlardan himoya qilgan bronza odam.

Qadimgi Yunonistonda yunon muhandisi Ktesibius (miloddan avvalgi 270 y.) "pnevmatik va gidravlikaga oid bilimlarni harakatlanuvchi figurali birinchi organ va suv soatlarini ishlab chiqarish uchun qo'llagan".^[20][21] Miloddan avvalgi IV asrda Yunoncha matematik Arxitalar Tarentum tomonidan "Kabutar" deb nomlangan mexanik bug 'bilan ishlaydigan qush paydo bo'ldi. Iskandariya qahramoni (Milodiy 10-70), yunon matematikasi va ixtirochisi, ko'plab foydalanuvchi tomonidan sozlanishi avtomatlashtirilgan qurilmalarni yaratdi va havo bosimi, bug 'va suv bilan ishlaydigan mashinalarni tasvirlab berdi.^[22]

Al-Jazari - Musiqiy o'yinchoq

XI asr Lokapannatti Buddaning qoldiqlarini qanday qilib mexanik robotlar (bhuta vahana yanta), Roma visayasi (Rim) shohligidan himoya qilganligi haqida hikoya qiladi; ularni qirol qurolsizlantirguncha Ashoka. ^{[23] [24]}

Qadimgi Xitoyda III asr matni Yolg'on Zi Xitoy imperatori bilan ancha ilgari bo'lgan uchrashuvni o'z ichiga olgan gumanoid avtomatlarning hisobotini tasvirlaydi Chjou qiroli Mu va "mohir" Yan Shi nomi bilan tanilgan mexanik muhandis. Yan Shi mag'rurlik bilan podshohga teri, yog'och va sun'iy organlardan yasalgan o'zining mexanik "qo'l ishi" ning insoniy shaklidagi shaklini taqdim etdi.^[15] Shuningdek, uchish avtomatlarining hisoblari mavjud Xan Fey Zi va miloddan avvalgi V asrga tegishli bo'lgan boshqa matnlar Mohist faylasuf Mozi va uning zamondoshi Lu Ban sun'iy yog'och qushlar ixtirosi bilan (ma yuan) muvaffaqiyatli uchishi mumkin.^[18]

Su Song astronomik soat minorasi soatni chirigan mexanik haykalchalar.

1066 yilda xitoylik ixtirochi Su Song qurilgan suv soati minora ko'rinishida, soatni ziyorat qiladigan mexanik haykalchalar.^[25][26][27] Uning mexanizmida qoziqlar bilan programlanadigan baraban mashinasi bor edi (kameralar ) ozgina urishdi qo'llar zarbli asboblar bilan ishlaydigan. Do'mbirchini qoziqlarni turli joylarga ko'chirish orqali turli xil ritm va baraban naqshlarini ijro etish mumkin edi.^[27]

Samarangana Sutradxara, a Sanskritcha traktat tomonidan Bhoja (11-asr), mexanik qarama-qarshiliklarni qurish haqidagi bobni o'z ichiga oladi (avtomatlar ), shu jumladan mexanik asalarilar va qushlar, odamlar va hayvonlar kabi shakllangan favvoralar va moyli lampalarni to'ldiradigan, raqsga tushadigan, asboblarda o'ynaydigan va hind mifologiyasidan sahnalarni qayta namoyish etadigan erkak va ayol qo'g'irchoqlar.^[28][29][30]

13-asr Musulmon olim Ismoil al-Jazariy bir nechta avtomatlashtirilgan qurilmalarni yaratdi. U gidroenergetika tomonidan boshqariladigan avtomatlashtirilgan harakatlanuvchi tovuslarni qurdi.^[31] Shuningdek, u gidroenergetika boshqaradigan eng qadimgi avtomatik eshiklarni ixtiro qildi,^[32] u o'zining murakkab qismlaridan biri sifatida avtomatik eshiklarni yaratdi suv soatlari.^[33] Al-Jazariyning biri gumanoid avtomatlar suv, choy yoki ichimliklar bera oladigan ofitsiant edi. Ichimlik suv ombori bo'lgan idishda saqlangan, u erdan ichimlik chelakka tushadi va etti daqiqadan so'ng stakanga tushadi, shundan keyin ofitsiant ichimlikka xizmat ko'rsatadigan avtomatik eshikdan chiqadi.^[34] Al-Jazari qo'l yuvish vositasini ixtiro qildi avtomat hozirgi zamonda ishlatilayotgan yuvish mexanizmini o'z ichiga olgan yuvinadigan hojatxonalar. Unda ayol kishi gumanoid avtomat suv bilan to'ldirilgan havzaning yonida turibdi. Foydalanuvchi qo'lni tortganda, suv drenajlanadi va ayol avtomat havzani to'ldiradi.^[35]

Mark E. Rozxaym yutuqlarni sarhisob qiladi robototexnika musulmon muhandislari, xususan al-Jazari tomonidan quyidagicha qilingan:

Yunoncha dizaynlardan farqli o'laroq, ushbu arab misollari nafaqat dramatik xayollarga, balki inson farovonligi uchun atrof-muhitni boshqarishga bo'lgan qiziqishni ochib beradi. Shunday qilib, arablarning yunonlarning asarlarini asrab-avaylash, tarqatish va ularga asos solish bilan bir qatorda qo'shgan eng katta hissasi amaliy qo'llanma tushunchasi edi. Bu yunon robot fanida etishmayotgan asosiy element edi.^[36]

Model Leonardoning roboti ichki ish bilan. Ehtimol, tomonidan qurilgan Leonardo da Vinchi 1495 atrofida.^[37]

Yilda Uyg'onish davri Italiya, Leonardo da Vinchi (1452–1519) gumanoid robotning rejalarini 1495 yil atrofida tuzgan. 1950 yillarda qayta kashf etilgan Da Vinchining daftarlarida hozirda mexanik ritsarning batafsil rasmlari bor edi. Leonardoning roboti, o'tirib, qo'llarini silkitib, bosh va jag'ni harakatga keltira oladi.^[38] Dizayn, ehtimol, unda qayd etilgan anatomik tadqiqotlarga asoslangan edi Vitruvian odam. Uni qurishga uringanligi yoki yo'qligi ma'lum emas. Ga binoan Britannica entsiklopediyasi, Leonardo da Vinchi al-Jazariyning klassik avtomatlaridan ta'sirlangan bo'lishi mumkin.^[31]

Yaponiyada murakkab hayvonlar va inson avtomatlari 17-19 asrlar orasida qurilgan bo'lib, ko'plari 18-asrda tasvirlangan Karakuri zui (Tasvirlangan texnika, 1796). Shunday avtomatlardan biri edi karakuri ningyō, mexanizatsiyalashgan qo'g'irchoq.^[39] Qorakurining turli xil o'zgarishlari mavjud edi Butai karakuri, ishlatilgan teatr, Zashiki karakuri, kichik bo'lgan va uylarda ishlatilgan va Dashi karakuri diniy bayramlarda ishlatilgan, bu erda qo'g'irchoqlar an'anaviy reenaktsiyalarni namoyish qilishgan afsonalar va afsonalar.

Frantsiyada 1738 yildan 1739 yilgacha Jak de Vaukanson bir nechta o'lchamdagi avtomatlarni namoyish qildi: fleyta chaluvchi, truba chaluvchi va o'rdak. Mexanik o'rdak qanotlarini qoqib, bo'ynini tirnashi va eksponentning qo'lidagi ovqatni yutib yuborishi mumkin edi va u maxfiy bo'linmada saqlangan moddalarni chiqarib yuborish orqali ovqatni hazm qilish xayolini yaratdi.^[40]

Masofadan boshqariladigan tizimlar

The Brennan torpedasi, dastlabki "boshqariladigan raketalardan" biri

Masofadan boshqariladigan avtoulovlar 19-asrning oxirlarida masofadan boshqariladigan bir nechta turlari ko'rinishida namoyish etildi torpedalar. 1870-yillarning boshlari masofadan boshqarishni ko'rdi torpedalar tomonidan Jon Ericsson (pnevmatik ), Jon Lui Lay (elektr simlari boshqariladi) va Viktor fon Scheliha (elektr simlari boshqariladi).^[41]

The Brennan torpedasi tomonidan ixtiro qilingan Lui Brennan 1877 yilda, ichkariga o'ralgan barabanlardan simlarni tezlik bilan tortib, aylantirilgan ikkita qarama-qarshi pervanel tomonidan quvvat olindi. torpedo. Qirg'oq stantsiyasiga ulangan simlarning differentsial tezligi torpedani maqsadiga yo'naltirishga imkon berdi va uni "dunyodagi birinchi amaliy boshqariladigan raketa ".^[42] 1897 yilda ingliz ixtirochisi Ernest Uilsonga "Hertzian" (radio) to'lqinlari tomonidan masofadan boshqariladigan torpedaga patent berildi.^[43][44] va 1898 yilda Nikola Tesla simsiz boshqariladigan ommaviy namoyish qildi torpedo uchun sotishga umid qilgan AQSh dengiz kuchlari.^[45][46]

Archibald Low davomida boshqariladigan raketalar va samolyotlarda kashshoflik faoliyati uchun "radio qo'llanmalar tizimining otasi" deb nomlangan Birinchi jahon urushi. 1917 yilda u masofadan boshqariladigan samolyotni namoyish qildi Qirollik uchar korpusi va o'sha yili birinchi simli boshqariladigan raketani qurdi.

"Robot" atamasining kelib chiqishi

"Robot" birinchi marta sun'iy avtomatlar uchun atama sifatida 1920 yilda namoyish etilgan R.U.R. tomonidan Chex yozuvchi, Karel Lapek. Biroq, Jozef Lapek akasi Karel tomonidan robot atamasining haqiqiy ixtirochisi sifatida nomlangan.^[7][8] "Robot" so'zining o'zi yangi emas edi, chunki slavyan tilida bo'lgani kabi robota (majburiy ishchi), bu majburiy xizmatga majbur bo'lgan dehqonlarni tasniflaydigan atama feodal tizim (qarang: Robot patenti ).^[47][48]Ekapekning xayoliy hikoyasida sun'iy inson tanalarining ruhsiz yaratilishi va feodalning eski mavzusi tasvirlangan robota sinf ishlab chiqarilgan, sun'iy ishchilarning yangi sinfining tasavvuriga bemalol mos keladi.

So'zning inglizcha talaffuzi kiritilganidan beri nisbatan tez rivojlandi. AQShda 30-yillarning oxiri - 40-yillarning boshlarida ikkinchi bo'g'in "qatorli qayiq" kabi uzun "O" bilan talaffuz qilingan.^{[49][yaxshiroq manba kerak ]} 50-yillarning oxiri - 60-yillarning boshlariga kelib, ba'zilari uni "qator-lekin" kabi qisqa "U" bilan talaffuz qilar, boshqalari esa "qator sotib olgan" kabi yumshoqroq "O" dan foydalanar edi.^[50] 70-yillarga kelib uning hozirgi "row-bot" talaffuzi ustun bo'lib qoldi.

Dastlabki robotlar

W. H. Richards "Jorj" bilan, 1932 yil

1928 yilda birinchi gumanoid robotlardan biri, Erik, In Model Engineers Society yillik ko'rgazmasida namoyish etildi London, u erda nutq so'zlagan. V. H. Richards tomonidan ixtiro qilingan robotning ramkasi an alyuminiy zirh tanasi o'n bitta bilan elektromagnitlar va o'n ikki voltli quvvat manbai bilan ishlaydigan bitta dvigatel. Robot qo'llarini va boshini harakatga keltira olardi va uni masofadan boshqarish yoki ovozli boshqaruv orqali boshqarish mumkin edi.^[51] Erik ham, uning "akasi" Jorj ham dunyo bo'ylab sayohat qildilar.^[52]

Westinghouse Electric Corporation 1926 yilda Televox qurildi; Bu turli xil qurilmalarga ulangan karton kesma bo'lib, foydalanuvchilar uni yoqishi va o'chirishi mumkin edi. 1939 yilda gumanoid robot ma'lum bo'lgan Elektro da debyut qilindi 1939 yil Nyu-Yorkdagi Butunjahon ko'rgazmasi.^[53][54] Balandligi yetti fut (2,1 m) va og'irligi 265 funt (120,2 kg), ovozli buyruq bilan yura oladi, 700 so'zni gapiradi (78 rpm yordamida) rekord pleyer ), chekishni cheking, sharlarni portlating va boshini va qo'llarini harakatga keltiring. Korpus alyuminiy teri bilan qoplangan po'lat tishli g'ildirak, kamar va motor skeletidan iborat edi. 1928 yilda Yaponiyaning birinchi roboti, Gakutensoku, biolog Makoto Nishimura tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va qurilgan.

Zamonaviy avtonom robotlar

Murakkab xulq-atvorga ega bo'lgan birinchi elektron avtonom robotlar tomonidan yaratilgan Uilyam Grey Uolter ning Yurak nevrologiya instituti da Bristol, 1948 va 1949 yillarda Angliya. U oz sonli orasidagi boy aloqalarni isbotlamoqchi edi miya hujayralari juda murakkab bo'lishi mumkin xatti-harakatlar - aslida miyaning qanday ishlashining siri uning qanday ulanganligidadir. Uning birinchi robotlari Elmer va Elsi, 1948 yildan 1949 yilgacha qurilgan va ko'pincha shunday ta'riflangan toshbaqalar ularning shakli va sekin harakat tezligi tufayli. Uch g'ildirakli toshbaqa robotlari qodir edi fototaksis, bu orqali ular batareyani quvvati kam bo'lganida qayta zaryadlash stantsiyasiga yo'l topishlari mumkin edi.

Uolter sof foydalanish muhimligini ta'kidladi analog elektronika taqlid qilish kabi zamondoshlari bo'lgan davrda miya jarayonlari Alan Turing va Jon fon Neyman barchasi ruhiy jarayonlarning nuqtai nazariga qarab burilishdi raqamli hisoblash. Uning ishi robototexnika kabi tadqiqotchilarning keyingi avlodlarini ilhomlantirdi Rodni Bruks, Xans Moravec va Mark Tilden. Valterning zamonaviy mujassamlanishi toshbaqalar shaklida topilishi mumkin BEAM robototexnika.^[55]

AQSh Patenti 2.988.237, 1961 yilda chiqarilgan Devol.

Birinchi raqamli ishlaydigan va dasturlashtiriladigan robot ixtiro qildi Jorj Devol 1954 yilda va oxir-oqibat Yagona. Bu oxir-oqibat zamonaviy robototexnika sanoatining asoslarini yaratdi.^[56] Devol birinchi Unimate-ni sotdi General Motors 1960 yilda va u 1961 yilda zavoddagi zavodga o'rnatildi Trenton, Nyu-Jersi a dan issiq metall bo'laklarni ko'tarish uchun to'qimalarni o'ldirish ularni yig'ing va yig'ing.^[57] Devolning birinchi raqamli boshqariladigan dasturlashtiriladigan robotlashtirilgan qo'l uchun patenti zamonaviy robototexnika sanoatining asosini tashkil etadi.^[58]

Birinchi paletli robot 1963 yilda Fuji Yusoki Kogyo kompaniyasi tomonidan taqdim etilgan.^[59] 1973 yilda oltita elektromexanik boshqariladigan o'qi bo'lgan robot patentlandi^[60][61][62] tomonidan KUKA Germaniyada robototexnika va programlanadigan universal manipulyatsiya qo'li tomonidan ixtiro qilingan Viktor Sxaynman 1976 yilda va dizayni sotilgan Unimation.

Tijorat va sanoat robotlari hozirgi kunda odamlarga qaraganda arzonroq yoki aniqroq va ishonchliroq ishlarni bajarishda keng qo'llanilmoqda. Ular, shuningdek, juda iflos, xavfli yoki sust odamlarga mos kelmaydigan ishlarga jalb qilinadi. Robotlar ishlab chiqarish, yig'ish va qadoqlash, transport, yer va kosmosni o'rganish, jarrohlik, qurol-yarog ', laboratoriya tadqiqotlari va iste'mol va sanoat mahsulotlarini ommaviy ishlab chiqarishda keng qo'llaniladi.^[63]

Kelajakdagi rivojlanish va tendentsiyalar

Tashqi video
Atlas, keyingi avlod

Robototexnika va robotlar fanini rivojlantirish uchun turli xil texnikalar paydo bo'ldi. Bitta usul evolyutsion robototexnika, unda turli xil robotlar sinovlarga topshiriladi. Eng yaxshi ko'rsatkichlarga ega bo'lganlar robotlarning keyingi "avlodi" ni yaratish uchun namuna sifatida foydalaniladi. Boshqa usul rivojlanayotgan robototexnika muammolarni hal qilish va boshqa funktsiyalar sohasida bitta robot ichida o'zgarishlarni va rivojlanishni kuzatib boradi. Yaqinda yana bir yangi robot turi taqdim etildi, u ham smartfon, ham robot vazifasini bajaradi va RoboHon nomini oldi.^[64]

Robotlar rivojlanib borishi bilan, oxir-oqibat asosan robotlar uchun mo'ljallangan standart kompyuter operatsion tizimi bo'lishi mumkin. Robot operatsion tizimi da ishlab chiqilayotgan ochiq manbali dasturlar to'plamidir Stenford universiteti, Massachusets texnologiya instituti va Myunxen Texnik universiteti, Germaniya va boshqalar. ROS a dasturlash usullarini taqdim etadi robotning navigatsiyasi ishtirok etadigan maxsus apparatlardan qat'iy nazar. Shu kabi narsalar uchun yuqori darajadagi buyruqlar beradi tasvirni aniqlash va hatto eshiklarni ochish. ROS robot kompyuterida ishga tushganda, robotlar oyoq-qo'llarining uzunligi va harakati kabi atributlar to'g'risida ma'lumot olar edi. Ushbu ma'lumotni yuqori darajadagi algoritmlarga o'tkazadi. Microsoft shuningdek, 2007 yildan beri mavjud bo'lgan Robotics Developer Studio bilan "robotlar uchun Windows" tizimini ishlab chiqmoqda.^[65]

Yaponiya 2025 yilga qadar xizmat ko'rsatish robotlarini to'liq tijoratlashtirishga umid qilmoqda. Yaponiyada olib borilayotgan ko'plab texnologik tadqiqotlar Yaponiya hukumat idoralari, xususan Savdo vazirligi tomonidan boshqariladi.^[66]

Kelajakda robototexnika qo'llaniladigan ko'plab dasturlar odamlar uchun ravshan bo'lib tuyuladi, garchi ular bashorat qilish paytida mavjud bo'lgan robotlarning imkoniyatlaridan ancha yuqori bo'lsa ham.^[67][68] 1982 yildayoq odamlar qachondir robotlarning:^[69] 1. Qismlarni olib tashlash orqali tozalang kalıplama chirog'i 2. Bo'yoqli avtomashinalarni mutlaqo odam ishtirok etmaydigan vositalar bilan purkash. 3. Qutilarga narsalarni joylashtiring, masalan, shokoladli konfetlarni orientatsiya qiling va joylashtiring. simi shamlardan 5. Yuk mashinalarini qutilar bilan yuklang - a qadoqlash muammosi 6. Kiyim va poyafzal kabi yumshoq buyumlar bilan ishlash 7. Qo'ylarni qirqish 8. protez 9. Fastfudni pishiring va boshqa xizmat ko'rsatish sohalarida ishlang 10. Uy robotlari.

Odatda vaqt bashoratida bunday bashoratlar haddan tashqari optimistikdir.

Yangi funktsional imkoniyatlar va prototiplar

2008 yilda, Caterpillar Inc. o'zini o'zi biron bir inson operatorisiz boshqaradigan samosvalni ishlab chiqardi.^[70] Ko'pgina tahlilchilar o'z-o'zini boshqaradigan yuk mashinalari oxir-oqibat logistika inqilobiga olib kelishi mumkin deb hisoblashadi.^[71] 2014 yilga kelib, Caterpillar o'z-o'zini boshqaradigan samosvalga ega bo'lib, u qazib olish jarayonini sezilarli darajada o'zgartirishi kutilmoqda. 2015 yilda ushbu Caterpillar yuk mashinalari Avstraliyada qazib olish kompaniyasi tomonidan qazib olish ishlarida faol foydalanilgan Rio Tinto ko'mir Avstraliya.^{[72][73][74][75]} Ba'zi tahlilchilarning fikriga ko'ra, yaqin bir necha o'n yilliklar ichida yuk mashinalarining aksariyati o'zini o'zi boshqaradi.^[76]

Marge ismli savodli yoki "o'qiydigan robot" dasturiy ta'minotdan kelib chiqadigan aqlga ega. U gazetalarni o'qishi, noto'g'ri yozilgan so'zlarni topishi va tuzatishi, Barclays singari banklar haqida bilishi va ba'zi restoranlarning boshqalariga qaraganda yaxshiroq ovqatlanish joyi ekanligini tushunishi mumkin.^[77]

Baxter 2012 yilda taqdim etilgan yangi qo'llanma bo'lib, u ko'rsatma asosida o'rganadi. Ishchi Bakterga topshiriqni qanday bajarishni o'rgatishi mumkin, qo'llarini kerakli harakatda harakatlantirib, ularni Baxter yodlab oladi. Qo'shimcha raqamlar, tugmalar va boshqaruv elementlari ko'proq aniqlik va xususiyatlar uchun Baxterning qo'lida mavjud. Har qanday oddiy ishchi Baxterni dasturlashtirishi mumkin va foydalanish uchun keng dasturlarni va kodlashni qabul qiladigan odatiy sanoat robotlaridan farqli o'laroq, bu atigi bir necha daqiqa vaqtni oladi. Bu shuni anglatadiki, Baxter ishlashi uchun hech qanday dasturlash kerak emas. Dastur muhandislari kerak emas. Bu shuni anglatadiki, Baxterni bir nechta murakkab vazifalarni bajarishga o'rgatish mumkin. Soyer 2015 yilda kichikroq, aniqroq vazifalar uchun qo'shilgan.^[78]

Etimologiya

Dan sahna Karel Lapek 1920 yilgi o'yin R.U.R. (Rossumning universal robotlari), uchta robotni namoyish qilmoqda

So'z robot tomonidan ommaga tanishtirildi Chex urushlararo yozuvchi Karel Lapek uning o'yinida R.U.R. (Rossumning universal robotlari), 1920 yilda nashr etilgan.^[79] O'yin protoplazmaning kimyoviy o'rnini bosuvchi, sodda odamlar deb nomlangan odamlarni ishlab chiqarish uchun ishlatiladigan zavodda boshlanadi robotlar. Asarda ushbu tirik jonzotlarni yaratish texnologiyasiga batafsil to'xtalmagan, ammo tashqi ko'rinishida ular zamonaviy g'oyalarni yaratmoqdalar androidlar, odamlar bilan adashishi mumkin bo'lgan mavjudotlar. Ushbu ommaviy ishlab chiqaruvchilar samarali, ammo hissiyotsiz, o'ziga xos fikrlashga qodir emas va o'zini himoya qilishga befarq sifatida tasvirlangan. Robotlar mavjudmi yoki yo'qmi degan savol tug'iladi ekspluatatsiya va odamlarning tovar mehnatiga bog'liqligi oqibatlari (ayniqsa, bir qator maxsus ishlab chiqilgan robotlar o'z-o'zini anglashga erishgandan va butun dunyo bo'ylab robotlarni odamlarga qarshi turishga undashidan keyin).

Karel Lapekning o'zi bu so'zni tushunmagan. U an-ga murojaat qilib, qisqa xat yozdi etimologiya ichida Oksford ingliz lug'ati unda u o'zining akasi, rassom va yozuvchi deb nomlangan Jozef Lapek, uning haqiqiy asoschisi sifatida.^[79]

Chexiya jurnalidagi maqolada Lidové noviny 1933 yilda u dastlab jonzotlarni chaqirmoqchi bo'lganligini tushuntirdi laboři ("ishchilar", dan Lotin mehnat). Biroq, bu so'z unga yoqmadi va "roboti" ni taklif qilgan akasi Yozefdan maslahat so'radi. So'z robota so'zma-so'z "corvee "," serf mehnat "va majoziy ma'noda" mashaqqat "yoki" mashaqqatli mehnat " Chex va bundan tashqari (umuman ko'proq) "ish", "mehnat" Slavyan tillari (masalan: Bolgar, Ruscha, Serb, Slovak, Polsha, Makedoniya, Ukrain, arxaik Chex, shu qatorda; shu bilan birga robot yilda Venger ). An'anaga ko'ra robota (Vengriya robot) ish davri bo'lgan serf (corvee ) o'z xo'jayini uchun berishi kerak edi, odatda yilning 6 oyi. So'zning kelib chiqishi Qadimgi cherkov slavyan (Qadimgi bolgar ) rabota "servitut" (zamonaviy "" ish ") Bolgar va Ruscha ), bu esa o'z navbatida Proto-hind-evropa ildiz * orbh-. Robot bu turdosh nemis ildizi bilan Arbeit (ish).^[80][81]

So'z robototexnika, ushbu ta'lim sohasini tavsiflash uchun ishlatiladi,^[5] ilmiy fantast yozuvchi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Ishoq Asimov. Asimov "Robot texnikasining uchta qonuni "bu uning kitoblarida takrorlanadigan mavzudir. Bu vaqtdan beri boshqalar tomonidan badiiy adabiyotda qo'llaniladigan qonunlarni aniqlash uchun foydalanilgan. (Uch qonun sof fantastika, va hali yaratilgan hech qanday texnologiya ularni anglash yoki ularga amal qilish qobiliyatiga ega emas va aslida aksariyat robotlar birinchi maqsadga va aksariyat hollarda uchinchi qonunga zid bo'lgan harbiy maqsadlarga xizmat qiladi. "Odamlar Asimov qonunlari haqida o'ylashadi, ammo ular oddiy axloqiy tizim qanday ishlamasligini ko'rsatish uchun tuzilgan. hikoyalar, ularning har biri muvaffaqiyatsizlik haqida, va ular umuman amaliy emas ", dedi Bath universiteti doktori Joanna Brayson.^[82])

Zamonaviy robotlar

A laparoskopik robot jarrohlik mashinasi

Mobil robot

Mobil robotlar^[83] atrof-muhit atrofida harakat qilish qobiliyatiga ega va bitta jismoniy joyga o'rnatilmagan. Bugungi kunda keng tarqalgan mobil robotning misoli avtomatlashtirilgan boshqariladigan vosita yoki avtomatik boshqariladigan vosita (AGV). AGV - bu polda markerlar yoki simlarni kuzatib boradigan yoki ko'rish yoki lazerlardan foydalanadigan mobil robot.^[84] AGVlar ushbu maqolada keyinroq muhokama qilinadi.

Mobil robotlar sanoat, harbiy va xavfsizlik muhitida ham mavjud.^[85] Ular, shuningdek, iste'mol mahsulotlari, o'yin-kulgi yoki vakuumli tozalash kabi ba'zi bir vazifalarni bajarish uchun paydo bo'ladi. Mobil robotlar ko'plab dolzarb tadqiqotlarning markazidir va deyarli har bir yirik universitetda mobil robot tadqiqotlariga yo'naltirilgan bir yoki bir nechta laboratoriyalar mavjud.^[86]

Mobil robotlar odatda qattiq nazorat ostida bo'lgan muhitda ishlatiladi yig'ish liniyalari chunki ular kutilmagan aralashuvga javob berishda qiynaladilar. Shu sababli ko'p odamlar kamdan-kam hollarda robotlarga duch kelishadi. Ammo mahalliy robotlar tozalash va texnik xizmat ko'rsatish uchun rivojlangan mamlakatlarning uylarida va atrofida tobora keng tarqalgan. Shuningdek, robotlarni topish mumkin harbiy ilovalar.^[87]

Sanoat robotlari (manipulyatsiya)

Zavodda tanlash va joylashtirish uchun robot

Sanoat robotlari odatda a dan iborat qo'shma qo'l (ko'p tarmoqli manipulyator) va so'nggi effektor sobit yuzaga biriktirilgan. Yakuniy effektorning eng keng tarqalgan turlaridan biri bu ushlagich yig'ilish.

The Xalqaro standartlashtirish tashkiloti ichida ishlaydigan robotning ta'rifini beradi ISO 8373:

"uch yoki undan ortiq o'qlarda dasturlashtiriladigan avtomatik ravishda boshqariladigan, qayta dasturlashtiriladigan, ko'p maqsadli, manipulyator, ular joyida o'rnatilishi yoki sanoat avtomatizatsiyasida foydalanish uchun mobil bo'lishi mumkin."^[88]

Ushbu ta'rif. Tomonidan ishlatiladi Xalqaro robototexnika federatsiyasi, Evropa robototexnika tadqiqotlari tarmog'i (EURON) va ko'plab milliy standartlar qo'mitalari.^[89]

Xizmat qiluvchi robot

Odatda sanoat robotlari asosan tovarlarni ishlab chiqarish va taqsimlash uchun ishlatiladigan sobit robot qurollari va manipulyatorlardir. "Xizmat qiluvchi robot" atamasi unchalik aniq emas. The Xalqaro robototexnika federatsiyasi taxminiy ta'rifini taklif qildi: "Xizmat ko'rsatuvchi robot - bu ishlab chiqarish operatsiyalari bundan mustasno, odamlar va jihozlarning farovonligi uchun foydali xizmatlarni ko'rsatish uchun yarim yoki to'liq avtonom ishlaydigan robot".^[90]

Ta'lim (interaktiv) robotlar

Robotlar o'qituvchilarga ta'lim yordamchilari sifatida ishlatiladi. 1980-yillardan boshlab, kabi robotlar toshbaqalar maktablarda ishlatilgan va ular yordamida dasturlashtirilgan Logotip til.^[91][92]

Lar bor robot to'plamlari kabi Lego Mindstorms, BIOLOID, ROBOTIS-dan OLLO yoki BotBrain ta'lim robotlari bolalarga matematika, fizika, dasturlash va elektronika haqida ma'lumot olishga yordam beradi. Robototexnika, shuningdek, boshlang'ich va o'rta maktab o'quvchilarining hayotiga robot musobaqalari kompaniya bilan BIRINChI (Ilhom va fan va texnologiyalarni tan olish uchun). Tashkilot bu uchun asosdir BIRINChI robototexnika tanlovi, BIRINChI LEGO Ligasi, Kichik BIRINCHI LEGO Ligasi va BIRINChI Tech Challenge musobaqalar.

Leachim (1974) o'qituvchi kompyuter kabi robotlar ham bo'lgan.^[93] Leachim-dan foydalanib nutq sintezining dastlabki namunasi edi Difon sintezi usul. 2-XL (1976) - bu robot shaklidagi o'yin / o'qituvchi o'yinchoq bo'lib, ovozli treklar orasidagi dallanishga asoslangan 8 ta lenta o'yinchi, ikkalasi ham ixtiro qilgan Maykl J. Freeman.^[94] Keyinchalik, 8-trek lenta kassetalariga, so'ngra raqamli raqamga o'tkazildi.

Modulli robot

Modulli robotlar - bu arxitekturasini modullash orqali robotlardan foydalanishni ko'paytirishga mo'ljallangan yangi turdagi robotlar.^[95] Oddiy robotlar bilan taqqoslaganda modulli robotning funktsionalligi va samaradorligini oshirish osonroq. Ushbu robotlar bir xil turdagi, bir nechta turli xil bir xil modul turlaridan yoki bir-biriga o'xshash shakldagi modullardan tashkil topgan bo'lib, ular hajmi jihatidan farq qiladi. Ularning me'moriy tuzilishi modulli robotlar uchun haddan tashqari ortiqcha ishlashga imkon beradi, chunki ular 8 darajadan ko'proq erkinlik (DOF) bilan ishlab chiqilishi mumkin. Dasturlashni yaratish, teskari kinematikalar va modulli robotlar dinamikasi an'anaviy robotlarga qaraganda ancha murakkab. Modulli robotlar L shaklidagi modullardan, kubik modullardan va U va H shaklidagi modullardan iborat bo'lishi mumkin. ANAT texnologiyasi, Robotics Design Inc tomonidan patentlangan dastlabki modulli robot texnologiyasi, U va H shaklidagi modullardan zanjirga ulangan modulli robotlarni yaratishga imkon beradi va heterojen va bir hil modulli robot tizimlarini yaratish uchun ishlatiladi. Ushbu "ANAT robotlar" ni "n" DOF bilan ishlab chiqish mumkin, chunki har bir modul o'z zanjirida oldin va keyin ulangan modullarga nisbatan katlanadigan to'liq motorli robotlashtirilgan tizimdir va shuning uchun bitta modul bir daraja erkinlikka imkon beradi. Bir-biriga qanchalik ko'p modul ulangan bo'lsa, shuncha ko'p erkinlik darajasi bo'ladi. L shaklidagi modullar zanjirda ham ishlab chiqilishi mumkin va zanjirning kattalashishi bilan tobora kichrayib borishi kerak, chunki zanjirning oxiriga bog'langan foydali yuklar bazadan uzoqroq bo'lgan modullarga katta yuk keltiradi. ANAT H shaklidagi modullar bu muammodan aziyat chekmaydi, chunki ularning dizayni modulli robotga bosim va ta'sirlarni boshqa biriktirilgan modullar o'rtasida teng ravishda taqsimlashga imkon beradi va shuning uchun qo'lning uzunligi oshgani sayin foydali yukni ko'tarish qobiliyati kamaymaydi. Modulli robotlar qo'lda yoki o'z-o'zidan qayta tuzilib, turli xil dasturlarni amalga oshirishi mumkin bo'lgan boshqa robot hosil qilishi mumkin. Bir xil me'morchilik turidagi modulli robotlar har xil modulli robotlar tuzadigan modullardan tashkil topganligi sababli, ilon qo'li robot boshqasi bilan qo'shilib, ikki yoki to'rtburchak qo'l robotini hosil qilishi yoki bir nechta mobil robotlarga bo'linishi va mobil robotlar bo'linishi mumkin. bir nechta kichikroqlarga yoki boshqalar bilan kattaroq yoki boshqasiga birlashtiriladi. Bu bitta modulli robotga bitta topshiriq bo'yicha to'liq ixtisoslashish qobiliyatini, shuningdek, bir nechta turli xil vazifalarni bajarish uchun ixtisoslashish imkoniyatini beradi.

Hozirgi vaqtda gibrid transportda modulli robot texnologiyasi qo'llanilmoqda,^[96] sanoat avtomatizatsiyasi,^[97] kanallarni tozalash^[98] va ishlov berish. Ko'pgina ilmiy markazlar va universitetlar ushbu texnologiyani o'rganib chiqdilar va prototiplarini ishlab chiqdilar.

Hamkorlikdagi robotlar

A hamkorlikdagi robot yoki kobot oddiy ishlab chiqarish vazifalarini bajarishda inson ishchilari bilan xavfsiz va samarali ta'sir o'tkazadigan robotdir. Shu bilan birga, so'nggi effektorlar va atrof-muhitning boshqa sharoitlari xavf tug'dirishi mumkin va shuning uchun har qanday sanoat harakatini boshqarish dasturidan foydalanishdan oldin bunday xavfni baholash kerak.^[99]

Bugungi kunda sanoat tarmoqlarida keng qo'llaniladigan hamkorlikdagi robotlar tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan Universal robotlar Daniyada.^[100]

Robot texnikasini qayta ko'rib chiqing - asos solgan Rodni Bruks, ilgari bilan iRobot -tanishtirdi Baxter 2012 yil sentyabr oyida; sifatida sanoat robot qo'shni inson ishchilari bilan xavfsiz aloqada bo'lish uchun mo'ljallangan va oddiy vazifalarni bajarish uchun dasturlashtiriladigan.^[101] Baxterlar robotni qo'llari oldida odamni aniqlasa va taniqli o'chirgichlarga ega bo'lsa to'xtaydi. Kichik biznesga sotish uchun mo'ljallangan, ular shaxsiy kompyuterning robot analogi sifatida targ'ib qilinadi.^[102] 2014 yil may oyidan boshlab^[yangilash], AQShda 190 kompaniya Baxters sotib olgan va ular Buyuk Britaniyada tijorat maqsadlarida foydalanilmoqda.^[11]

Jamiyatdagi robotlar

TOPIO, a gumanoid robot, o'ynadi stol tennisi Tokioda Xalqaro robotlar ko'rgazmasi (IREX) 2009 yil^[103][104]

Dunyodagi barcha robotlarning taxminan yarmi Osiyoda, 32% Evropada va 16% Shimoliy Amerikada, 1% Avstraliya va Afrikada 1%.^[105] Dunyodagi barcha robotlarning 40 foizida Yaponiya,^[106] Yaponiyani eng ko'p robotlar soni bo'lgan mamlakatga aylantirish.

Muxtoriyat va axloqiy savollar

An android yoki odamga o'xshash robot ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, ba'zi odamlarga taskin beruvchi, boshqalarga esa bezovta qiluvchi ko'rinishi mumkin^[107]

Robotlar yanada rivojlangan va takomillashganligi sababli, mutaxassislar va akademiklar robotlarning xatti-harakatlarini qanday axloq qoidalari boshqarishi mumkinligi haqidagi savollarni tobora ko'proq o'rganmoqdalar,^[108] robotlar har qanday ijtimoiy, madaniy, axloqiy yoki qonuniy huquqlarni talab qila oladimi.^[109] Bitta ilmiy guruh robot miyasi 2019 yilgacha mavjud bo'lishi mumkinligini aytdi.^[110] Boshqalar 2050 yilga kelib robot razvedkasining yutuqlarini bashorat qilmoqda.^[111] So'nggi yutuqlar robot xatti-harakatlarini yanada takomillashtirdi.^[112] Aqlli robotlarning ijtimoiy ta'siri 2010 yilda nomlangan hujjatli filmning mavzusi Tarmoqqa ulang va ibodat qiling.^[113]

Vernor Vinge kompyuterlar va robotlar odamlarga qaraganda aqlli bo'lgan bir lahza kelishi mumkinligini taxmin qildi. U buni chaqiradi "yakkalik ".^[114] Uning ta'kidlashicha, bu odamlar uchun ma'lum darajada yoki ehtimol juda xavfli bo'lishi mumkin.^[115] Bu nomlangan falsafa tomonidan muhokama qilinadi Singularitarizm.

2009 yilda ekspertlar tomonidan o'tkazilgan konferentsiyada ishtirok etishdi Sun'iy intellektni rivojlantirish assotsiatsiyasi (AAAI) kompyuterlar va robotlar har qanday avtonomiyaga ega bo'lishi mumkinmi yoki yo'qmi va bu qobiliyatlar qanchalik tahdid yoki xavf tug'dirishi mumkinligini muhokama qilish. Ularning ta'kidlashicha, ba'zi robotlar turli xil yarim avtonomiyalarga ega bo'lib, ular o'z-o'zidan quvvat manbalarini topishi va qurol bilan hujum qilish maqsadlarini mustaqil ravishda tanlashi mumkin. Shuningdek, ular ba'zi kompyuter viruslari yo'q qilinishdan qochib qutulishi va "hamamböceği aql-idrokiga" erishganligini ta'kidladilar. Ular ilmiy-fantastikada tasvirlanganidek, o'z-o'zini anglash ehtimoldan yiroq emasligini, ammo boshqa xavf-xatarlar va tuzoqlar mavjudligini ta'kidladilar.^[114] Turli xil ommaviy axborot manbalari va ilmiy guruhlar turli sohalardagi alohida tendentsiyalarni ta'kidladilar, ular birgalikda ko'proq robotlashtirilgan funktsionallik va avtonomiyalarni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin va bu o'ziga xos tashvishlarni keltirib chiqaradi.^{[116][117][118]} 2015 yilda Nao alderen robotlari o'z-o'zini anglash darajasiga ega ekanligi namoyish etildi. Nyu-Yorkdagi Rensselaer Politexnika Instituti A.I. va Reasoning Lab tadqiqotchilari robot tajriba o'tkazdilar, u erda robot o'zi haqida xabardor bo'ldi va buni anglab etgach, savolga javobini tuzatdi.^[119]

Harbiy robotlar

Ba'zi ekspertlar va akademiklar, ayniqsa, bunday robotlarga avtonom funktsiyalar berilganida, harbiy jang uchun robotlardan foydalanishni shubha ostiga olishdi.^[120] Ba'zi qurollangan robotlar asosan boshqa robotlar tomonidan boshqarilishi mumkin bo'lgan texnologiya haqida xavotirlar mavjud.^[121] AQSh harbiy-dengiz kuchlari hisobotni moliyalashtirdilar harbiy robotlar yanada murakkablashadi, ularning avtonom qarorlar qabul qilish qobiliyatining oqibatlariga katta e'tibor berish kerak.^[122][123] Bir tadqiqotchining ta'kidlashicha, avtonom robotlar insonparvarroq bo'lishi mumkin, chunki ular qarorlarni yanada samarali qabul qilishlari mumkin. Biroq, boshqa mutaxassislar bunga shubha bilan qarashadi.^[124]

Xususan bitta robot EATR, jamoatchilikni tashvishga solmoqda^[125] yonilg'i manbai orqali, chunki u doimo organik moddalar yordamida yonilg'i quyishi mumkin.^[126] EATR uchun dvigatel ishlashga mo'ljallangan bo'lsa-da biomassa va o'simliklar^[127] Datchiklar tomonidan maxsus tanlangan, uni jang maydonlarida yoki boshqa mahalliy muhitda topish mumkin bo'lgan loyihada tovuq yog'idan ham foydalanish mumkinligi aytilgan.^[128]

Manuel De Landa sun'iy idrok bilan jihozlangan "aqlli raketalar" va avtonom bombalarni robotlar deb hisoblash mumkin, chunki ular o'zlarining ba'zi qarorlarini avtonom tarzda qabul qilishadi. Uning fikricha, bu odamlar muhim qarorlarni mashinalarga topshiradigan muhim va xavfli tendentsiyani anglatadi.^[129]

Ishsizlik bilan bog'liqlik

Asrlar davomida odamlar mashinalar yaratishini bashorat qilishgan ishchilar eskirgan va ishsizlikni ko'paytiradi, garchi ishsizlikning sabablari odatda ijtimoiy siyosat bilan bog'liq deb hisoblansa ham.^[130]

Insonni almashtirishning so'nggi misoli Tayvanning texnologiya kompaniyasini o'z ichiga oladi Foxconn kim 2011 yil iyul oyida ishchilarni ko'proq robotlar bilan almashtirishning uch yillik rejasini e'lon qildi. Hozirda kompaniya o'n mingta robotdan foydalanmoqda, ammo uch yil ichida ularni millionga etkazadi.^[131]

Advokatlar ish joylarida robotlarning tarqalishining ko'payishi ortiqcha qonunlarni takomillashtirish zarurligiga olib kelishi mumkin deb taxmin qilishdi.^[132]

Kevin J. Delaney said "Robots are taking human jobs. But Bill Gates believes that governments should tax companies’ use of them, as a way to at least temporarily slow the spread of automation and to fund other types of employment."^[133] The robot tax would also help pay a guaranteed living wage to the displaced workers.

The Jahon banki "s Jahon taraqqiyoti hisoboti 2019 puts forth evidence showing that while automation displaces workers, technological innovation creates more new industries and jobs on balance.^[134]

Contemporary uses

A general-purpose robot acts as a guide during the day and a security guard at night.

At present, there are two main types of robots, based on their use: general-purpose autonomous robots and dedicated robots.

Robots can be classified by their o'ziga xoslik of purpose. A robot might be designed to perform one particular task extremely well, or a range of tasks less well. All robots by their nature can be re-programmed to behave differently, but some are limited by their physical form. For example, a factory robot arm can perform jobs such as cutting, welding, gluing, or acting as a fairground ride, while a pick-and-place robot can only populate printed circuit boards.

Umumiy maqsadli avtonom robotlar

General-purpose autonomous robots can perform a variety of functions independently. General-purpose autonomous robots typically can navigate independently in known spaces, handle their own re-charging needs, interface with electronic doors and elevators and perform other basic tasks. Like computers, general-purpose robots can link with networks, software and accessories that increase their usefulness. They may recognize people or objects, talk, provide companionship, monitor environmental quality, respond to alarms, pick up supplies and perform other useful tasks. General-purpose robots may perform a variety of functions simultaneously or they may take on different roles at different times of day. Some such robots try to mimic human beings and may even resemble people in appearance; this type of robot is called a humanoid robot. Humanoid robots are still in a very limited stage, as no humanoid robot can, as of yet, actually navigate around a room that it has never been in.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Thus, humanoid robots are really quite limited, despite their intelligent behaviors in their well-known environments.

Factory robots

Avtomobil ishlab chiqarish

Over the last three decades, automobile factories have become dominated by robots. A typical factory contains hundreds of sanoat robotlari working on fully automated production lines, with one robot for every ten human workers. On an automated production line, a vehicle chassis on a conveyor is payvandlangan, yopishtirilgan, painted and finally assembled at a sequence of robot stations.

Paket

Industrial robots are also used extensively for palletizing and packaging of manufactured goods, for example for rapidly taking drink cartons from the end of a conveyor belt and placing them into boxes, or for loading and unloading machining centers.

Elektron mahsulotlar

Ommaviy ishlab chiqarish bosilgan elektron platalar (PCBs) are almost exclusively manufactured by pick-and-place robots, typically with SARA manipulators, which remove tiny elektron komponentlar from strips or trays, and place them on to PCBs with great accuracy.^[135] Such robots can place hundreds of thousands of components per hour, far out-performing a human in speed, accuracy, and reliability.^[136]

Automated guided vehicles (AGVs)

An intelligent AGV drops-off goods without needing lines or beacons in the workspace.

Mobile robots, following markers or wires in the floor, or using vision^[84] or lasers, are used to transport goods around large facilities, such as warehouses, container ports, or hospitals.^[137]

Early AGV-style robots

Limited to tasks that could be accurately defined and had to be performed the same way every time. Very little feedback or intelligence was required, and the robots needed only the most basic exteroceptors (sensors). The limitations of these AGVs are that their paths are not easily altered and they cannot alter their paths if obstacles block them. If one AGV breaks down, it may stop the entire operation.

Interim AGV technologies

Developed to deploy triangulation from beacons or bar code grids for scanning on the floor or ceiling. In most factories, triangulation systems tend to require moderate to high maintenance, such as daily cleaning of all beacons or bar codes. Also, if a tall pallet or large vehicle blocks beacons or a bar code is marred, AGVs may become lost. Often such AGVs are designed to be used in human-free environments.

Intelligent AGVs (i-AGVs)

Such as SmartLoader,^[138] SpeciMinder,^[139] ADAM,^[140] Arqon^[141] Eskorta,^[142] and MT 400 with Motivity^[143] are designed for people-friendly workspaces. They navigate by recognizing natural features. 3D skanerlar or other means of sensing the environment in two or three dimensions help to eliminate cumulative xatolar yilda o'lik hisoblash calculations of the AGV's current position. Some AGVs can create maps of their environment using scanning lasers with simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and use those maps to navigate in real time with other path planning and obstacle avoidance algorithms. They are able to operate in complex environments and perform non-repetitive and non-sequential tasks such as transporting fotomasklar in a semiconductor lab, specimens in hospitals and goods in warehouses. For dynamic areas, such as warehouses full of pallets, AGVs require additional strategies using three-dimensional sensors such as parvoz vaqti yoki stereovizyon kameralar.

Dirty, dangerous, dull or inaccessible tasks

There are many jobs which humans would rather leave to robots. The job may be boring, such as domestic cleaning yoki sports field line marking, or dangerous, such as exploring inside a vulqon.^[144] Other jobs are physically inaccessible, such as exploring another sayyora,^[145] cleaning the inside of a long pipe, or performing laparoskopik jarrohlik.^[146]

Kosmik zondlar

Almost every unmanned kosmik zond ever launched was a robot.^[147][148] Some were launched in the 1960s with very limited abilities, but their ability to fly and land (in the case of Luna 9 ) is an indication of their status as a robot. Bunga quyidagilar kiradi Voyager tekshiruvlari and the Galileo probes, among others.

Telerobots

A AQSh dengiz piyoda korpusi technician prepares to use a telerobot to detonate a buried qo'lbola portlovchi moslama yaqin Falluja lageri, Iroq.

Teleoperated robots, or telerobots, are devices masofadan boshqariladigan from a distance by a human operator rather than following a predetermined sequence of movements, but which has semi-autonomous behaviour. They are used when a human cannot be present on site to perform a job because it is dangerous, far away, or inaccessible. The robot may be in another room or another country, or may be on a very different scale to the operator. For instance, a laparoscopic surgery robot allows the surgeon to work inside a human patient on a relatively small scale compared to open surgery, significantly shortening recovery time.^[146] They can also be used to avoid exposing workers to the hazardous and tight spaces such as in kanal tozalash. When disabling a bomb, the operator sends a small robot to disable it. Several authors have been using a device called the Longpen to sign books remotely.^[149] Teleoperated robot aircraft, like the Predator Uchuvchisiz havo vositasi, are increasingly being used by the military. These pilotless drones can search terrain and fire on targets.^[150][151] Hundreds of robots such as iRobot "s Packbot va Foster-Miller TALON are being used in Iroq va Afg'oniston tomonidan AQSh harbiylari to defuse roadside bombs or qo'lbola portlovchi moslamalar (IEDs) in an activity known as portlovchi moddalarni yo'q qilish (EOD).^[152]

Automated fruit harvesting machines

Robots are used to automate picking fruit on orchards at a cost lower than that of human pickers.

Mahalliy robotlar

The Roomba ichki chang yutgich robot does a single, menial job

Mahalliy robotlar are simple robots dedicated to a single task work in home use. They are used in simple but often disliked jobs, such as vakuum bilan tozalash, polni yuvish va maysazorni kesish. An example of a domestic robot is a Roomba.

Harbiy robotlar

Military robots include the SWORDS robot which is currently used in ground-based combat. It can use a variety of weapons and there is some discussion of giving it some degree of autonomy in battleground situations.^{[153][154][155]}

Unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAVs), which are an upgraded form of PHA, can do a wide variety of missions, including combat. UCAVs are being designed such as the BAE Systems Mantis which would have the ability to fly themselves, to pick their own course and target, and to make most decisions on their own.^[156] The BAE Taranis is a UCAV built by Great Britain which can fly across continents without a pilot and has new means to avoid detection.^[157] Flight trials are expected to begin in 2011.^[158]

The AAAI has studied this topic in depth^[108] and its president has commissioned a study to look at this issue.^[159]

Ba'zilar qurish zarurligini ta'kidladilar "Do'st A.I. "degan ma'noni anglatadi, ya'ni sun'iy intellekt bilan sodir bo'layotgan yutuqlar, shuningdek, sun'iy intellektni o'zaro do'stona va insonparvar qilish uchun harakatlarni o'z ichiga olishi kerak.^[160] Several such measures reportedly already exist, with robot-heavy countries such as Japan and South Korea^[161] having begun to pass regulations requiring robots to be equipped with safety systems, and possibly sets of 'laws' akin to Asimov's Robot texnikasining uchta qonuni.^[162][163] An official report was issued in 2009 by the Japanese government's Robot Industry Policy Committee.^[164] Chinese officials and researchers have issued a report suggesting a set of ethical rules, and a set of new legal guidelines referred to as "Robot Legal Studies."^[165] Some concern has been expressed over a possible occurrence of robots telling apparent falsehoods.^[166]

Mining robots

Mining robots are designed to solve a number of problems currently facing the mining industry, including skills shortages, improving productivity from declining ore grades, and achieving environmental targets. Due to the hazardous nature of mining, in particular yer osti konlari, the prevalence of autonomous, semi-autonomous, and tele-operated robots has greatly increased in recent times. A number of vehicle manufacturers provide autonomous trains, trucks and yuklagichlar that will load material, transport it on the mine site to its destination, and unload without requiring human intervention. One of the world's largest mining corporations, Rio Tinto, has recently expanded its autonomous truck fleet to the world's largest, consisting of 150 autonomous Komatsu trucks, operating in G'arbiy Avstraliya.^[167] Xuddi shunday, BHP has announced the expansion of its autonomous drill fleet to the world's largest, 21 autonomous Atlas Copco burg'ulash.^[168]

Drilling, uzun devor va rockbreaking machines are now also available as autonomous robots.^[169] The Atlas Copco Rig Control System can autonomously execute a drilling plan on a burg'ulash uskunasi, moving the rig into position using GPS, set up the drill rig and drill down to specified depths.^[170] Xuddi shunday, Transmin Rocklogic system can automatically plan a path to position a rockbreaker at a selected destination.^[171] These systems greatly enhance the safety and efficiency of mining operations.

Sog'liqni saqlash

Robots in healthcare have two main functions. Those which assist an individual, such as a sufferer of a disease like Multiple Sclerosis, and those which aid in the overall systems such as pharmacies and hospitals.

Keksalar va nogironlar uchun uylarni avtomatlashtirish

The Care-Providing Robot FRIEND

Robots used in uy avtomatizatsiyasi have developed over time from simple basic robotic assistants, such as the Handy 1,^[172] through to semi-autonomous robots, such as DO'ST which can assist the elderly and disabled with common tasks.

The population is qarish in many countries, especially Japan, meaning that there are increasing numbers of elderly people to care for, but relatively fewer young people to care for them.^[173][174] Humans make the best carers, but where they are unavailable, robots are gradually being introduced.^[175]

FRIEND is a semi-autonomous robot designed to support nogiron va qariyalar people in their daily life activities, like preparing and serving a meal. FRIEND make it possible for bemorlar kimlar paraplegik, have muscle diseases or serious falaj (due to strokes etc.), to perform tasks without help from other people like therapists or nursing staff.

Dorixonalar

Script Pro manufactures a robot designed to help pharmacies fill prescriptions that consist of oral solids or dorilar in pill form.^{[176][yaxshiroq manba kerak ]} The farmatsevt yoki pharmacy technician enters the prescription information into its information system. The system, upon determining whether or not the drug is in the robot, will send the information to the robot for filling. The robot has 3 different size vials to fill determined by the size of the pill. The robot technician, user, or pharmacist determines the needed size of the vial based on the tablet when the robot is stocked. Once the vial is filled it is brought up to a conveyor belt that delivers it to a holder that spins the vial and attaches the patient label. Afterwards it is set on another conveyor that delivers the patient's medication vial to a slot labeled with the patient's name on an LED read out. The pharmacist or technician then checks the contents of the vial to ensure it's the correct drug for the correct patient and then seals the vials and sends it out front to be picked up.

McKesson's Robot RX is another healthcare robotics product that helps pharmacies dispense thousands of medications daily with little or no errors.^[177] The robot can be ten feet wide and thirty feet long and can hold hundreds of different kinds of medications and thousands of doses. The pharmacy saves many resources like staff members that are otherwise unavailable in a resource scarce industry. Undan foydalanadi elektromexanik head coupled with a pnevmatik system to capture each dose and deliver it to its either stocked or dispensed location. The head moves along a single axis while it rotates 180 degrees to pull the medications. During this process it uses shtrix kod technology to verify its pulling the correct drug. It then delivers the drug to a patient specific bin on a conveyor belt. Once the bin is filled with all of the drugs that a particular patient needs and that the robot stocks, the bin is then released and returned out on the conveyor belt to a technician waiting to load it into a cart for delivery to the floor.

Research robots

While most robots today are installed in factories or homes, performing labour or life saving jobs, many new types of robot are being developed in laboratoriyalar dunyo bo'ylab. Much of the research in robotics focuses not on specific industrial tasks, but on investigations into new types of robot, alternative ways to think about or design robots, and new ways to manufacture them. It is expected that these new types of robot will be able to solve real world problems when they are finally realized.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Bionic and biomimetic robots

One approach to designing robots is to base them on animals. BionikKanguru was designed and engineered by studying and applying the physiology and methods of locomotion of a kangaroo.

Nanorobots

Nanorobotiklar bo'ladi rivojlanayotgan texnologiya field of creating machines or robots whose components are at or close to the microscopic scale of a nanometr (10⁻⁹ meters). Also known as "nanobots" or "nanites", they would be constructed from molekulyar mashinalar. So far, researchers have mostly produced only parts of these complex systems, such as bearings, sensors, and sintetik molekulyar motorlar, but functioning robots have also been made such as the entrants to the Nanobot Robocup contest.^[178] Researchers also hope to be able to create entire robots as small as viruses or bacteria, which could perform tasks on a tiny scale. Possible applications include micro surgery (on the level of individual hujayralar ), yordamchi tuman,^[179] manufacturing, weaponry and cleaning.^[180] Some people have suggested that if there were nanobots which could reproduce, the earth would turn into "kulrang goo ", while others argue that this hypothetical outcome is nonsense.^[181][182]

Reconfigurable robots

A few researchers have investigated the possibility of creating robots which can alter their physical form to suit a particular task,^[183] like the fictional T-1000. Real robots are nowhere near that sophisticated however, and mostly consist of a small number of cube shaped units, which can move relative to their neighbours. Algorithms have been designed in case any such robots become a reality.^[184]

Robotic, mobile laboratory operators

In July 2020 scientists reported the development of a mobile robot chemist and demonstrate that it can assist in experimental searches. According to the scientists their strategy was automating the researcher rather than the instruments – freeing up time for the human researchers to think creatively – and could identify photocatalyst mixtures for hydrogen production from water that were six times more active than initial formulations. The modular robot can operate laboratory instruments, work nearly around the clock, and autonomously make decisions on his next actions depending on experimental results.^[185][186]

Soft-bodied robots

Robots with silikon bodies and flexible actuators (air muscles, elektroaktiv polimerlar va ferrofluidlar ) look and feel different from robots with rigid skeletons, and can have different behaviors.^[187] Soft, flexible (and sometimes even squishy) robots are often designed to mimic the biomechanics of animals and other things found in nature, which is leading to new applications in medicine, care giving, search and rescue, food handling and manufacturing, and scientific exploration.^[188][189]

Swarm robots

Ilhomlangan colonies of insects kabi chumolilar va asalarilar, researchers are modeling the behavior of to'dalar of thousands of tiny robots which together perform a useful task, such as finding something hidden, cleaning, or spying. Each robot is quite simple, but the paydo bo'lgan xatti-harakatlar of the swarm is more complex. The whole set of robots can be considered as one single distributed system, in the same way an ant colony can be considered a superorganizm, ko'rgazma to'da razvedka. The largest swarms so far created include the iRobot swarm, the SRI/MobileRobots CentiBots project^[190] and the Open-source Micro-robotic Project swarm, which are being used to research collective behaviors.^[191][192] Swarms are also more resistant to failure. Whereas one large robot may fail and ruin a mission, a swarm can continue even if several robots fail. This could make them attractive for space exploration missions, where failure is normally extremely costly.^[193]

Haptic interface robots

Robotics also has application in the design of Virtual reallik interfeyslar. Specialized robots are in widespread use in the haptik tadqiqotchilar jamoasi. These robots, called "haptic interfaces", allow touch-enabled user interaction with real and virtual environments. Robotic forces allow simulating the mechanical properties of "virtual" objects, which users can experience through their sense of teginish.^[194]

Contemporary art and sculpture

Robots are used by contemporary artists to create works that include mechanical automation. Robot san'atining ko'plab sohalari mavjud, ulardan biri robotlarni o'rnatish san'ati, turi o'rnatish san'ati kompyuterlar, sensorlar va aktuatorlar yordamida tomoshabinlarning o'zaro ta'siriga javob berish uchun dasturlashtirilgan. Shunday qilib, ushbu installyatsiyalarning kelajakdagi xatti-harakatlarini rassom yoki ishtirokchining taklifi bilan o'zgartirish mumkin, bu esa ushbu asarlarni boshqa turlardan ajratib turadi. kinetik san'at.

Le Grand Palais in Paris organized an exhibition "Artists & Robots", featuring artworks created by more than forty artists with the help of robots in 2018.^[195]

Robots in popular culture

Toy robots on display at the Museo del Objeto del Objeto Mexiko shahrida.

Adabiyot

Robotic characters, androidlar (artificial men/women) or ginoidlar (artificial women), and kiborglar (also "bionik men/women", or humans with significant mechanical enhancements) have become a staple of science fiction.

The first reference in Western literature to mechanical servants appears in Gomer "s Iliada. In Book XVIII, Gefest, god of fire, creates new armor for the hero Achilles, assisted by robots.^[196] Ga ko'ra Rieu translation, "Golden maidservants hastened to help their master. They looked like real women and could not only speak and use their limbs but were endowed with intelligence and trained in handwork by the immortal gods." The words "robot" or "android" are not used to describe them, but they are nevertheless mechanical devices human in appearance. "The first use of the word Robot was in Karel Čapek's play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) (written in 1920)". Writer Karel Čapek was born in Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic).

Possibly the most prolific author of the twentieth century was Ishoq Asimov (1920–1992)^[197] who published over five-hundred books.^[198] Asimov is probably best remembered for his science-fiction stories and especially those about robots, where he placed robots and their interaction with society at the center of many of his works.^[199][200] Asimov carefully considered the problem of the ideal set of instructions robots might be given in order to lower the risk to humans, and arrived at his Robot texnikasining uchta qonuni: a robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm; a robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law; and a robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.^[201] These were introduced in his 1942 short story "Runaround", although foreshadowed in a few earlier stories. Later, Asimov added the Zeroth Law: "A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm"; the rest of the laws are modified sequentially to acknowledge this.

Ga ko'ra Oxford English Dictionary, the first passage in Asimov's short story "Yolg'onchi! " (1941) that mentions the First Law is the earliest recorded use of the word robototexnika. Asimov was not initially aware of this; he assumed the word already existed by analogy with mexanika, hydraulics, and other similar terms denoting branches of applied knowledge.^[202]

Filmlar

Robots appear in many films. Most of the robots in cinema are fictional. Two of the most famous are R2-D2 va C-3PO dan Yulduzlar jangi franchayzing.

Sex robots

The concept of humanoid jinsiy robotlar has elicited both public attention and concern. Opponents of the concept have stated that the development of sex robots would be morally wrong.^{[203][204][205][206]} They argue that the introduction of such devices would be socially harmful, and demeaning to women and children.^[204]

Problems depicted in popular culture

Italian movie Mexanik odam (1921), the first film to have shown a battle between robots.

Fears and concerns about robots have been repeatedly expressed in a wide range of books and films. A common theme is the development of a master race of conscious and highly intelligent robots, motivated to take over or destroy the human race. Frankenshteyn (1818), often called the first science fiction novel, has become synonymous with the theme of a robot or android advancing beyond its creator.

Other works with similar themes include Mexanik odam, Terminator, Qochib ketish, RoboCop, Replicators in Yulduzlar darvozasi, Cylons yilda Battlestar Galactica, Kibermenlar va Daleks yilda Doktor kim, Matritsa, Entiran va Men, robot. Some fictional robots are programmed to kill and destroy; others gain superhuman intelligence and abilities by upgrading their own software and hardware. Examples of popular media where the robot becomes evil are 2001 yil: "Kosmik odisseya", Qizil sayyora va Entiran.

2017 yilgi o'yin Horizon Zero Dawn explores themes of robotics in warfare, robot etikasi, va AIni boshqarish muammosi, as well as the positive or negative impact such technologies could have on the environment.

Another common theme is the reaction, sometimes called the "g'alati vodiy ", of unease and even revulsion at the sight of robots that mimic humans too closely.^[107]

More recently, fictional representations of artificially intelligent robots in films such as A.I. Sun'iy intellekt va Ex Machina and the 2016 TV adaptation of Westworld have engaged audience sympathy for the robots themselves.

Shuningdek qarang

• Robototexnika maqolalari ko'rsatkichi
• Robototexnika
• Sun'iy intellekt
• Uilyam Grey Uolter

Specific robotics concepts

• Robotlar harakati
• Bir vaqtning o'zida lokalizatsiya va xaritalash
• Taktil sensor
• Teleoperatsiya
• Noma'lum vodiy
• fon Neyman mashinasi
• Uyg'onish robotidagi muammo
• Neyromorfik muhandislik

Robotics methods and categories

• Kognitiv robototexnika
• Hamroh robot
• Mahalliy robot
• Epigenetik robototexnika
• Evolyutsion robototexnika
• Gumanoid robot
• Avtonom robot
• Mikrobotexnika
• Robotlarni boshqarish

Specific robots and devices

• AIBO
• Avtonom kosmodrom uchuvchisiz kemasi
• Haydovchisiz mashina
• Do'stona robotlar
• Lely Juno family
• Suyuqlik bilan ishlaydigan robot
• PatrolBot
• RoboBee
• Roborior
• Robot App Store

Boshqa tegishli maqolalar

• Uchuvchisiz transport vositasi
• Masofadan boshqarish vositasi
• Avtomatlashtirilgan boshqariladigan vosita

Adabiyotlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Ushbu gumanoid robot rassomning eskiz rasmlarini ko'zdan ko'ring (CNN, Video, 2019)
• Papek, Karel (1920). R.U.R., Aventinum, Praga.
• Margolius, Ivan. "Praga roboti", Axborot byulleteni, Chexiya merosining do'stlari no. 17, 2017 yil kuz, 3-6 betlar. https://czechfriends.net/images/RobotsMargoliusJul2017.pdf
• Glaser, Xorst Albert va Rossbax, Sabin: Sun'iy odam, Frankfurt / M., Bern, Nyu-York, 2011 "Fojiali tarix"
• TechCast maqolalar seriyasi, Jeyson Rupinski va Richard Mix, "Android-larga jamoatchilik munosabati: robotlar jinsi, vazifalar va narxlar"
• Cheyni, Margaret [1989: 123] (1981). Tesla, vaqtdan tashqari odam. Dorset Press. Nyu York. ISBN  0-88029-419-1
• Kreyg, JJ (2005). Robototexnika bilan tanishtirish, Pearson Prentice Hall. Yuqori Egar daryosi, NJ.
• Gutkind, L.. (2006). Deyarli inson: Robotlarni o'ylantiradi. Nyu-York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
• Nidxem, Jozef (1986). Xitoyda fan va tsivilizatsiya: 2-jild. Taypey: Caves Books Ltd.
• Sotheby's Nyu-York. Mett Uayzning qalay o'yinchoq robotlari to'plami (1996)
• Tsay, L. V. (1999). Robotlarni tahlil qilish. Vili. Nyu York.
• DeLanda, Manuel. Aqlli mashinalar asridagi urush. 1991. Sverve. Nyu York.
• Field Robotics jurnali

Tashqi havolalar

• Robot da Britannica entsiklopediyasi
• Robototexnika da Curlie