Tirso de Olazábal, Arbelaizning 1-grafigi - Tirso de Olazábal, 1st Count of Arbelaiz

Bunda Ispancha ism, birinchi yoki otalik familiya bu Olazábal va ikkinchi yoki onalik familiyasi Lardizabal.
Eng zo'r

Arbelaiz grafi
Tirso de Olazábal (1921) .jpg
Rasmiy fotosurat portreti, 1921 yil
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan1842 yil 28-yanvar
Arbelaiz saroyi, Irun, Ispaniya
O'ldi1921 yil 25-noyabr
San-Sebastyan, Ispaniya
KasbSiyosatchi

Tirso de Olazábal y Lardizábal, Arbelaizning 1 grafigi, Oria grafining 1 grafigi (1842 yil 28 yanvar - 1921 yil 25 noyabr), ispan edi olijanob va Carlist siyosatchi.

Oila va erta hayot

Kelib chiqishi

Tirso bolaligida

Tirso Xulian Fransisko Xose Ramon Mariya de Olazábal va Lardizábal[1] taniqli va zodagonlikda tug'ilgan Bask oila, uning ko'plab a'zolari mintaqa tarixida qayd etilgan.[2] Olazábal oilasi viloyatning birinchi ko'chmanchilaridan biri sifatida tanilgan Gipuzkoa, ekspluatatsiyasida ishtirok etish Kantabriya. Ular, shuningdek, Ispaniyani tiklashga hissa qo'shdilar Asturiya Pelagius va hamrohlik qildi Avliyo Ferdinand ichida Seviliyani qamal qilish va bir nechta hujumlarda Andalusiya. "Keksa qarindoshlar" ning asosiy nasabi yoki nasl-nasabi deb qaraladi (Parientes Mayores) ning Gipuzkoa, uning muassislari fief ning Alzo, ular San-Salvador cherkovining patronatiga ega edilar. Viloyatining birinchi rasmiy hujjati Gipuzkoa, 1025 yil, Olazábal oilasiga 300 kishining mulkini beradi caseríos Alzo o'rnida (qishloqlar).

Tirso ajdodlari xavfsiz tarzda 14-asrga borib taqaladi. Yaqinda uning bobosi, Domingo Xose de Olazábal va Aranzate,[3] alkald edi Irun 1767 va 1778 yillarda.[4] Uning o'g'li va Tirsoning bobosi, Xose Xoakin Sesiliya Mariya de Olazabal va Murgiya (1763–1804),[5] dengiz flotida xizmat qilgan va teniente de fragata ro'yxatiga kiritilgan.[6] Uning to'ng'ich o'g'li va Tirsoning otasi, Xose Xoakin Mariya Robustiano de Olazábal y Olaso (1794–1865),[7] o'rtasida 1828 va 1845 ko'p marta saylangan Guipuzcoan Diputación.[8] U ko'proq tanilgan a kartograf, bu uning ham harbiy bo'lganligini yoki armiyada yoki dengiz flotida xizmat qilganligini anglatadi.[9] 1836 yilda Fransisko de Palasios bilan birgalikda xaritasini nashr etdi Gipuzkoa,[10] keyinchalik 1849 yilda chiqarilgan boshqa versiyada qayta ishlagan.[11]

Tirsoning onasi Mariya Lorenza de Lardizabal y Otazu (1806–1889);[12] uning onasi bobosi, Xuan Antonio de Lardizabal va Altuna, Laurgainning XII Lordi ("Senor") va Amézquetaning VII Lordi ("Senor"), eng yirik er egalaridan bo'lganlar. Gipuzkoa. Lardizabal oilasining boshlig'i sifatida u joylashgan shu nomdagi saroyni meros qilib oldi Segura va boshqa viloyat mulklariga egalik qilgan.[13] Uning onasi Mariya Benita Ruiz de Otazu y Valensgui ham bask zodagonlarining taniqli oilalariga mansub edi. Uning ajdodlari orasida Idiakes ham bor Azcoitia (keyinchalik Granada-de-Ega knyazlari), Peñaflorida graflari va Rokaverde markeslari. Tirsoning onalik bobolaridan biri, Manuel Ignacio de Altuna y Portu (1722–1762), ning asosiy figurasi bo'lgan Ispaniyada ma'rifat. Entsiklopedist va olim Altuna do'stligi bilan mashhur bo'ldi Jan-Jak Russo (kim uni o'zi haqida eslatib turadi E'tiroflar, uni "fazilatli Altuna"), unga Venetsiyada u bilan tanishgan Katta tur 1740 yillarda. Bilan birga Peñaflorida soni va Narros Markiziga asos solgan Mamlakat do'stlarining qirollik basklar jamiyati (nomi bilan tanilgan La Bascongada) ichida Bergara, 1748 yilda. Uch kishi "Azkoitia janoblari" deb tanilgan (Los Caballeritos de Azcoitia) yoki "Azkoitia Triumvirate" (Triunvirato de Azcoitia).

Dastlabki yillar

Yosh Olazábal

Yosh Tirso birinchi navbatda obro'li shaxslarda ta'lim oldi Jizvit kolleji de la Sauve[14] yaqin Bordo, u erda u falsafa bilan shug'ullanganligi haqida xabar berilgan.[15] U matematika bo'yicha o'quv dasturini yakunladi Litsey shaxsiy hayoti Sankt-Jenevyve yildaParij; boshqa tafsilotlar ma'lum emas.[16] Yoshligidan u musiqaga katta qiziqish uyg'otdi Motsart;[17] 1860-yillarning boshlarida u Guipúzcoa bo'ylab 18 ta mahalliy guruhlarni tuzdi, go'yo barcha ijtimoiy qatlamlardan musiqachilarni yig'di.[18] 1864 yilda u Frantsiya-Ispaniya badiiy ko'rgazmasida oltin medalni qo'lga kiritdi Bayonne, Irunda o'zi yaratgan orkestrni boshqarish;[19] u 1860-yillarning o'rtalarida turli viloyat bayramlarida mahalliy orkestr jamoalarini boshqarishda ham davom etdi.[20]

1865 yilda otasining vafoti bilan Tirso o'zining katta boyligining bir qismini meros qilib oldi. Joylashgan boshqa xususiyatlar qatorida Gipuzkoa (tarqaldi Azpeitia, Beasain, Beyzama, Idiazabal va Lazcano ), uning merosi quyidagilarni o'z ichiga olgan Arbelaiz saroyi va uning dahshatli xususiy bog'i, yilda Irun hukmronligidan beri uning oilasi qo'lida qolgan Ispaniyalik Filipp II. Turli xil tarixiy shaxslarni qabul qilgan ushbu ajdodlar mulki (Frantsiya Genri III, Ketrin de Medici, Lotaringiyalik Karl IV, Braganza shahridagi Ketrin, Ispaniyalik Filipp V va Frantsuz Karl X va boshqalar) va uning nomiga qarzdor qudratli oila XVI asrda uni qurgan, Tirso buvisi Dowagerning to'yidan keyin Olazábal oilasiga turmushga chiqqan. Valdespinaning marionessasi, Mariya Tereza de Murgiya va Arbelaiz,[21] XV xonim (Senora) Murguia va VI Lady (Senora) Arbelaizning, yuqorida aytib o'tilganlari bilan Domingo Xose de Olazábal va Aranzate, 1756 yilda otasidan, shuningdek, majorat aktivlarini meros qilib oldi (mayorazgo) tomonidan XVII asrda tashkil etilgan Abariya Fransisko de Abariya Olazábal uning otasi buvisi Mariya Brígida de Olaso y Abaria orqali kelib chiqqan. Ushbu majorat (mayorazgo), birinchi navbatda, kiritilgan Abariya saroyi, yilda Villafranca de Oria, qaysi davomida Uchinchi Carlist urushi va u erda o'tkazilgan Carlist yig'ilishi munosabati bilan turar joy bilan ta'minlanadi Karlos VII.

Nikoh va oila

Villa Arbelaizdagi bog'larda o'g'illari
bog'larda o'g'illari Villa Arbelaiz

1867 yilda u turmushga chiqdi[22] Ramona Alvarez de Eule y Moreda (1846–1927),[23] shuningdek, zodagon avloddan[24] asosan bog'liq Gipuzkoa va Navarra.[25] Ramona erkaklar safiga tushdi Xuan Alvares de Eulat va Ladron de Segama, 1618 yildan 162 yilgacha Nyu-Meksiko gubernatori va keyinchalik Pamplonaning Kastellani. Uning otasi (bobosi singari), Rafael Mariya Alvarez de Eule va Acedo, harbiy kishi edi; ba'zi manbalarda uni piyoda kapitani sifatida tasvirlashadi[26] ba'zilari esa uni dengiz floti leytenanti bo'lgan deb da'vo qilmoqda.[27] U Mirafuentes yer egaligi va qisman Yturbe, Inurrigarro, Monasteriobide va Jaurgui mulklariga egalik qildi.[28] janubi-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Navarra va sharqiy Alava.

Tirso va Ramonaning 11 nafar farzandi bor edi; katta o'g'il, Ramon, uylangan Mariya Luisa de Mendosa Rolim de Moura Barreto,[29] ning portugaliyalik a'zosi qirol oilasi kabi Portugaliyalik Infanta Ana de Xesus Mariya nabirasi va Portugaliyalik Jon VI nabirasi. Ular joylashdilar Portugaliya, deyarli Ispaniya ishlariga aralashmagan; yoshlari, Tirso va ayniqsa Rafael, 1950 yillarga qadar Carlist harakatida faol bo'lgan.[30]

uning to'ng'ich to'yida, 1899 yil

1934 yil mart oyida, Rafael, yonida Carlist monarxist Antonio Lizarza va Alfonsin monarxistlari Antonio Goicoechea va Emilio Barrera, Italiya diktatori bilan uchrashdi Benito Mussolini va Italo Balbo, Rimda, Ispaniyada fuqarolar urushi boshlanishi kerak bo'lsa, ularning harakatlarini Italiya tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanishini kafolatlaydigan harbiy kelishuv bo'yicha muzokaralar olib borish uchun.[31] 1930-yillardan beri bilan sulolaviy yaqinlashish tarafdori Alfonsinos,[32] 1957 yilda Rafael e'lon qilingan Don Xuan qonuniy Carlist da'vogari.[33] Ularning singlisi Visenta de Olazábal y Alvarez de Eulate turmushga chiqdi Xulio de Urquijo va Ibarra, taniqli Carlist va ayniqsa Bask faol.[34] Tirso avlodlarining aksariyati o'z nomlarini Ispaniyada, Portugaliyada yoki butun dunyoda turli joylarda nomlashdi;[35] uning uzoq qarindoshi Pedro de Morenés va Alvarez de Eule 2015 yilda Ispaniya mudofaa vaziri bo'lib ishlagan.[36] Condado de Arbeiaiz bugungi kungacha ishlaydi.[37]

Erta martaba

Olazábal Junta de Vevey-da
Olazábal Junta de Vevey-da

Olazabalning siyosiy boshlanishi aniq emas. Ko'rilgan manbalarning hech birida otasining yoki otasining bobosining siyosiy afzalliklari to'g'risida hech qanday ma'lumot berilmagan; uning onasi bobosi qattiq konservativ edi.[38] Demak, qachon siyosiy mexanizmlar ishlaganligi ma'lum emas Villafranka 1865 yilda Tirso Olazábal Gipuzkoan viloyati Diputacionga segundo partido sud vakili sifatida saylandi.[39] Uning yoshligi va umuman tajribasi yo'qligini hisobga olib, uning vakolati marhum otasiga siyosiy hurmat bo'lishi mumkin edi.[40] Gipuzkoan Diputación a'zosi sifatida u hurmat bilan kutib olishda qatnashgan Izabel II yilda Tolosa unga odatdagidek yo'lda San-Sebastyan yozgi yashash;[41] taklif qilganda katolik Izabellaning buyrug'i go'yo u buni munosib bo'lmagan sharaf sifatida rad etgan.[42] Uning muddati faqat bir yil davom etdi, chunki 1866 yilda u allaqachon sobiq diputado ro'yxatiga kiritilgan.[43]

1867 yilda Olazabal nomzodi uchun yugurdi Kortes va San-Sebastyan okrugidan saylangan;[44] palatada u eng yosh deputatlardan biriga aylandi.[45] Hozirgi muallif uni 17 kishidan sanaydi neokatatolikos,[46] zamonaviy matbuot uni hukumat nomzodi,[47] 1869 yilgi informatsion nashr uning mustaqil sifatida ishlaganligini da'vo qildi,[48] va 1888 yildagi hagiografik Carlist nashri uni Karlist ozchilikning eng yosh a'zosi sifatida olqishladi,[49] ba'zi bir olimlar tomonidan takrorlangan tezis.[50] 1868 yilda Olazabal yana Izabel II ni kutib oldi. Yaqinda uning yozgi plyajlariga so'nggi sayohati aylandi Pechene;[51] u uning davomida yotganini og'riq bilan tan oldi Shonli inqilob o'sha yili.[52] Davomida 1869 yil Kortes Konstitutsiya saylovlari u "candidaturas católicas" ro'yxatiga "Dios y fueros" bilan qo'shildi Gipuzkoan urush qichqirig'i;[53] u shu okrugdan saylangan.[54] Uning parlamentdagi faoliyati haqida ozgina ma'lumot yozilgan, faqat San-Sebastyanda kazino ochishga qarshi bo'lgan.[55]

Leon Gambetta

1869 yil oxirlarida yoki 1870 yil boshlarida Olazabal Karlistlar fitnasiga kirishdi, ammo u ko'plab neokatatolikalar bilan birgalikda harakatga yaqinlashdimi yoki u har doim qonuniylarga hamdard bo'lganmi, aniq emas. Rejalashtirilgan qo'zg'olon uchun qurol qidirib Ispaniyani tark etdi va partiyaning moliyasini ishonib topshirdi Frantsiya tegishli kelishuvni qidirmoqda. 1870 yil boshlarida u 20 mingga yaqin miltiq sotib oldi Antverpen va dengiz orqali etkazib berishni tashkil qildi.

O'zidan beri u taniqli Carlist yig'ilishiga qo'shildi Xunta de Vevey[56] va barcha harakatlarni nazorat qila olmadi, chunki tushunmovchilik tufayli yuk tushirilmadi Bilbao.[57] Olazábal kemani kuzatib bordi Genuya, u erda u Italiya politsiyasini aldashga muvaffaq bo'ldi va yukning bir qismini boshqa kemaga qayta yukladi, bu safar muvaffaqiyatli jo'natildi Kataloniya.[58] Keyingi qismni frantsuzlar ushlab qolishdi, ular a Prusscha mahalliy qabilalarni qurollantirishga qaratilgan fitna Frantsiya Afrikasi.[59] Olazábal sayohat qildi Ekskursiyalar qaerda u bilan suhbatlashdi Gambetta va transportni qo'yib yubordi.[60] Ayni paytda uning faoliyati Madrid hukumati uchun allaqachon ma'lum bo'lgan va unga qarshi sud jarayoni boshlangan.[61]

Fuqarolar urushi

Deerhound

Da harbiy harakatlarning boshlanishi Olazábal edi Shveytsariya, da'vogarning rafiqasining gentilhombre nomzodi Dona Margarita;[62] uning vazifasi Ispaniya hukumati tomonidan talab qilingan mamlakatdan chiqarib yuborilishining oldini olish edi.[63] Uning yana bir diplomatik vakolatxonasi bog'lanish vazifasini bajargan Ramon Kabrera.[64] Nihoyat, "Comisión de armamento" rahbari etib tayinlandi va u Carlist ta'minot vaziri bo'ldi.[65]

1873 yil boshida Olazábal sotib oldi Versal 11,000 berdan miltiqlar[66] va 2 metrli patronlar,[67] endi Frantsiya uchun foydasiz.[68] Ko'p o'tmay[69] u tartibga keltirdi[70] ikkita kema[71] qurollarni Ispaniyaga etkazish uchun,[72] ammo uning fitnasi frantsuzlarni aldash uchun Angliyaga dastlabki jo'natishni nazarda tutgan.[73] Angliya qirg'og'ida yuk qayta yuklandi va 1873 yil 13-iyulga o'tar kechasi birinchi qism[74] ga yetdi Ispaster plyaj; u Carlist fitnachilari tomonidan yashirincha tushirilgan. Xuddi shu manevr 2 hafta o'tgach, bu safar dadil harakat bilan takrorlandi Cap Higuer etkazib berish punkti sifatida xizmat qiladi.[75] 13 avgustdagi yana bir yuk jo'natilgandan so'ng[76] Carlist kemasi Deerhound liberal tomonidan ushlangan skuner Buenaventura,[77] Olazábal boshqa kemani tashkil qildi, Orpheon, bu Liberal blokadani buzdi va qurol etkazib berdi[78] ga Lequeitio, qirg'oq bo'ylab endi Carlists tomonidan qattiq nazorat qilinadi.[79] Bu safar biroz xaotik bo'lgan yana ikkita topshiriq oktyabrda yakunlandi[80] va noyabr[81] oldin Orpheon dengiz avariyasi tufayli cho'kib ketgan.

Jamg'arma mablag'larini jalb qilishning keng sxemasini ishlab chiqish[82] va Frantsiyadan Angliyaga yangi etkazib berishni tashkil qilgan Olazábal, yukni noqonuniy ravishda olib qo'ygan Madrid agentlari tomonidan ustun keldi. Newport.[83] U zudlik bilan sudga murojaat qildi;[84] Britaniyaliklar bilan diplomatik to'qnashuvni oldini olishga intilib, Londondagi Liberal elchixonasi Olazabalga tovon puli to'lashga rozi bo'ldi, bu dastlabki xarajatlaridan ancha oshib ketdi.[85] 1874 yilda u frantsuz kemasini sotib oldi,[86] deb o'zgartirildi London,[87] va muvofiqlashtirilgan etkazib berish artilleriya qismlari[88] ga Bermeo.[89] Keyinchalik o'sha yili u Kataloniyaga qurol etkazib berishni rejalashtirgan,[90] lekin bu vazifa Carlists-dan chekinishi bilan ma'nosiz qilingan O'rta er dengizi xarajat.[91] London qurol etkazib berishda davom etdi[92] ketma-ket topshiriqlarda,[93] oxirgi jo'natish bilan 1876 yil yanvarda.[94] Shu orada Olazábal Frantsiyada ishlab chiqarilgan 34 ta artilleriya qurolini va quruqlik orqali Carlist nazorati ostidagi Irundagi chegaraga etkazishni tashkil qildi,[95] Madrid hukumati tomonidan talab qilinganidek, nihoyat uni Frantsiyadan chiqarib yuborishdan oldin.[96]

Palasio de Arbelaiz[97]

Uning xizmatlarini e'tirof etish uchun[98] - so'radi Carlist artilleriya korpusi Karlos VII Olazábal faxriy polkovnik nomzodini ko'rsatish;[99] zamonaviy olim Karll qo'shinlari ishlatgan barcha artilleriya qurollarining 50% dan ortig'ini etkazib berganini da'vo qilmoqda.[100] Uning ishtirokining aniq ko'lami aniq emas; ba'zi mualliflar Carlists-dan qurol-yarog 'ham olib o'tilganligini ta'kidlaydilar Amerika[101] ingliz razvedkasi keng xalqaro etkazib berish tarmog'i haqida xabar berish bilan.[102] Da'vogar Olazabalga murojaat qilib, o'z rolini tan oldi Condado de Arbeláiz.[103] Uning haqiqiy jangda ishtirok etishi juda ramziy edi.[104] U Irunni qamal qilish paytida, Olazabal Liberal qo'shinlar tomonidan ushlab turilgan San-Xuan maydonidagi (San-Xuan maydoni) oilaviy saroyida sotib olgan quroldan artilleriya o'q otganida, uning pozitsiyasi bilan esda qoldi.[105]

Bo'sh yillar

Carlist itlar fitna uyushtirmoqda

Carlist mag'lubiyatidan so'ng Olazabalning Ispaniyaga qaytishini tasavvur qilib bo'lmasdi, ammo hukumatning jazo choralari unga juda ta'sir qilmadi; 1870-yillarning oxirlarida u Irunning birinchi soliq to'lovchisi bo'lgan.[106] U joylashdi Sen-Jan-de-Luz frantsuz tilida Labourd viloyati, Ispaniya chegarasidan atigi 8 km uzoqlikda, u erda bir nechta xususiyatlarga ega bo'lgan. 1890-yillarga kelib, u "deb nomlanuvchi turarjoy sotib oldi.Villa Arbelaiz ". Ga binoan Siret Uning faoliyatini kuzatishda davom etgan Olazábal Frantsiyadagi Carlist faoliyatini muvofiqlashtiruvchi qo'mitaga qo'shildi.[107] Aytishlaricha, unga Angliyada yangi harbiy xaridlar ishonib topshirilgan[108] va aslida u chegara bo'ylab qurol savdosi bilan shug'ullangan.[109] 1876 ​​yil oxirida Vasil-Navarres provinsiyalaridagi okkupatsiya armiyasi Ejercito del Norte Carlistning urushga tayyorgarligi haqidagi xabarlar kuchayib, ogohlantirildi;[110] Ayniqsa, 1877 yilda Karlos VII himoyani himoya qilishga va'da bergan manifestni e'lon qildi fueros, markaziy hukumat tomonidan yo'q qilingan.[111] O'shanda Madrid matbuoti Olazabalni allaqachon "taniqli Tirso de Olazabal" deb atagan edi[112]

Harbiy harakatlarni qayta boshlash mish-mishlardan boshqa narsa emasligi sababli va Carlism yaralarini yalay boshladi, Olazábal shaxsiy hayotiga qaytdi. 1880-yillarning boshlarida uning jamoatchilik harakatlari haqida deyarli hech narsa ma'lum emas, uning faoliyati katta moliyaviy hissa bo'lgan Zumalacarregui Gipuzkoada o'rnatilishi rejalashtirilgan yodgorlik,[113] Carlist yepiskopining matbuot bayramlari Plazensiya[114] yoki tabrik xatlari El Siglo Futuro ishga tushirilishining 10 yilligida.[115] 1880-yillarning o'rtalarida u gazetani Sen-Jan-de-Luzdan qisqacha ma'lumotli yozuvlar bilan ta'minlay boshladi.[116] Garchi yuqoridagi qadamlarning aksariyati u bilan yaxshi munosabatda bo'lganligini ko'rsatsa-da Nocedalista fraksiya, Karlizmdagi tobora kuchayib borayotgan mojaroni muhokama qiladigan biron bir tadqiqotda Olazabalning immovilistalar va aperturistalar o'rtasidagi tobora kuchayib borayotgan raqobatga aloqadorligi qayd etilmagan.[117]

Olazábal shohi va Carlist rahbarlari bilan Sen-Jan-de-Luz, taxminan 1910 yil

1887 yil boshida viloyat Gipuzkoan Carlist jefe[118] conde del Valle iste'foga; da'vogar Olazabalni vorisi etib tayinladi,[119] amaldagi prezident Ispaniyada istiqomat qilgandan beri aniq bir tanlov;[120] o'sha paytda u faqat viloyatga qisqa tashriflar bilan borgan.[121] U zudlik bilan Vaskongadalar jefe va uning amakivachchasi, Marqués de Valde-Espina, mahalliy bo'lmagan sub-delegatlar tayinlanishiga norozilik bildirish va ularni mahalliy xuntalar saylashi kerak edi.[122] Ushbu kichik to'qnashuv Integrist 1888 yilda ajralib chiqish; ilgari isyonchilarning asosini tashkil etgan yangi katoliklar bilan bog'langan bo'lsa ham, Olazabal Karlos VIIga sodiq qoldi.[123] va parchalanib ketgan karlizmning asosiy siyosatchilaridan biri bo'ldi. Ammo u Gipuzkoan Carlistning barcha davriy nashrlarining viloyat bilan birga Integirst lageriga tomon yo'l olishiga to'sqinlik qilmadi. El-Fuerista etakchi.[124] 1889 yilda Olazabalga taklif qilindi Froxdorf da'vogar qizining to'yida qatnashish, Blanca de Borbon;[125] shuningdek, Liberal matbuot uni eng to'ymas va xavfli surgunlardan biri deb bilishda davom etdi, uning Sent-Jan-de-Luz qarorgohi Carlist muhojirlarining shtab-kvartirasiga aylandi.[126] U yangi Jefe Delegado bilan yaxshi munosabatda bo'lganga o'xshaydi, marqués de Cerralbo.[127] Biroq, Valde-Espinaning ojizligi davrida bu shunday edi Salvador de Elió Va Olazábal emas, balki butun Vascongadas o'rniga vaqtincha o'rnini egallagan.[128]

Saylov yillari

Ramon Nocedal

De Cerralbo boshchiligida Karlism murosasizlikni rad etdi; The 1891 yil Kortesga saylov kampaniyasi birinchi bo'lib harakat rasmiy ravishda qo'shilishga qaror qildi. Olazábal rejaga qarshi chiqdi, garchi u immovilistlar tarafida bo'lgani uchun emas; u Karlism sharmandali ravishda yomon namoyish etishi mumkinligidan juda xavotirda edi.[129] U bekor qilindi va unga obro'li vazifa ishonib topshirildi: Gipuzkoanda Azpeitia u Integrist isyonchilarining etakchisi Ramon Nocedalni mag'lub qilishi kerak edi. Karlos VII Nocedalning xo'rlanganini ko'rib, g'azablandi[130] va mag'lub bo'lgan taqdirda Azpeitia nomi yonida yozilishini ta'kidladi Vergara, Oroquieta va Valkarlos.[131] Carlist targ'ibot vositalari Carlist rahbarlari tashrif buyurgan ziyofatlar bilan harakatga keltirildi,[132] Azpeitia-ni "o'zgarmas triunfo" deb e'lon qiladigan matbuot[133] va Olazábal Vascongadas sharafining qo'riqchisi sifatida qabul qilindi.[134] Nocedalning g'alabasi halokat deb tan olindi.[135] Olazábal aybni Integrosni qo'llab-quvvatlagan iyerarxiya va iezuitlarni aybladi; mavzu 1890 yillarning oxiriga qadar shaxsiy yozishmalarda yangradi.[136]

Qasos vaqti 2 yil o'tgach, keyingi yilga to'g'ri keldi kampaniya 1893 yilda mahalliy Integristlar Gipuzko birlashgan frontini tuzishni taklif qilishdi. Olazábal, aftidan, mafkuraviy tafovutlar bilan unchalik shug'ullanmagan, taklifni qabul qilishga moyil edi, ammo u Azpeitia vakolatlarini qo'lga kiritishi uchun qoldirilishi shartini bajara olmadi.[137] Oxir-oqibat u yana Nocedalga duch keldi va yana mag'lub bo'ldi, garchi dastlab Carlist matbuoti uni g'alaba bilan tabrikladi,[138] bu farq atigi 17 ovozni tashkil qildi va hukumat ishtirokidagi sahnadagi tortishuvlardan keyingina 1894 yilda Olazábal mag'lub bo'lganligi tasdiqlandi.[139]

Don Jaime en Ispaña: crónica del viaje de S.A.R.

Olazabalning da'vogar bilan obro'si pasaygan bo'lsa-da, u hali ham eng yuqori darajasida edi. 1894 yilda Don Xayme, da'vogarning 24 yoshli o'g'li bilan kelishilgan[140] Ispaniyaga birinchi tashrifini amalga oshirish uchun Olazábal uning o'qituvchisi va tsitseroni etib tayinlandi. Sayohat 37 kun davom etdi[141] va San-Sebastian-dan marshrutni bosib o'tdi Vitoriya, Burgos, Santander, Kovadonga, Oviedo, Leon, Madrid, Aranjuez, Toledo, Kordova, Xerez, Malaga, "Sevilya", Granada, Xaen, "Valensiya", "Barselona" va Montserrat.[142] Ushbu tadbir ommaviy axborot vositalariga aylanib, bir necha oy davomida latifalar bilan birga muhokama qilindi[143] va Olazabal mashhur odamga aylanishi bilan. 1895 yilda u sayohatni hagiografik bayoni bilan risola nashr etdi.[144] Garchi matbuot Olazábal va uning shohi o'rtasidagi farqlar haqida taxmin qilayotgan bo'lsa ham,[145] u da'vogarning sulolaviy siyosatining mohiyatini jurnalistlarga tushuntirishga yaroqli edi.[146]

Kasallikdan qutulish,[147] Sankt-Jan-de-Luzda intervyu berib, u oldin e'lon qildi 1896 yilgi saylovlar uning yagona intilishi sog'likka qaytish edi;[148] u tez orada Azpeitiyada iezuitlar Karlos VIIning hokimiyatini tan olgan deb da'vo qilganda ohangni o'zgartirdi.[149] Haqiqatan ham Nocedal mag'lubiyatga uchragan bo'lsa-da, boshqa Carlist nomzodining qo'lida edi; Olazábal musobaqaga qo'shildi Senat va dan saylangan Gipuzkoa. U 4 kishilik ozchilikni tashkil qilgan bo'lar edi[150] u sodiqlik qasamyodini qabul qilishga rozi bo'lgan bo'lsa Alfonso XIII; uning saylovdagi g'alabasi sof obro'li yutuqqa aylandi,[151] ommaviy axborot vositalarida tan olingan.[152]

La Oktubrada

Los-Altimos de Filipinas

1896 yil sentyabrda Olazabal Madridga sayohat qildi[153] va imzolangan Manifiesto de las minorías carlistas. Deklaratsiya Carlistning parlamentdan chiqqandan so'ng va Venetsiyada to'plangan harakatlarning rahbarlari tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va nomi bilan tanilgan 1897 yil dasturining oldindan tuzilganligi edi. Acta de Loredan.[154] Ikkalasi ham urush qilmasliklarini e'lon qilishdi, ammo tiklash tizimini nomaqbul deb hisoblashdi va yumshoq ijtimoiy tomonlarni o'z ichiga olgan.[155]

1896 yilgi manifestda allaqachon xorijdagi muammolarga murojaat qilingan; ziddiyat rivojlanib ketganligi sababli Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari bilan urush, Olazábal Carlists hech qanday qiyinchiliklarni rejalashtirmaganligini va ularning ustuvorligi Ispaniyaning yaxlitligini saqlab qolishini bildirdi.[156] Biroq, hukumat uni diqqat bilan kuzatib bordi,[157] va 1898 yil iyul oyida uning Sent-Jan-de-Luz qarorgohi yana Carlist operatsion markazi deb xabar berildi;[158] uning doimiy inkorlariga qaramay,[159] Carlist urushiga tayyorgarlik bilan bog'liq yovuz mish-mishlar tarqaldi.[160] O'sha paytda Olazábal allaqachon mablag 'yig'ish kampaniyasida qatnashgan, mana shu manbalar 30 yil avvalgi kabi;[161] Carlist rahbarlari unga barcha partiyalar mablag'larini nazorat qilishni va partiyaning barcha tashqi faoliyatini muvofiqlashtirishni taklif qilishdi.[162]

Garchi 1899 yil boshida Olazabal qizining to'yini kechiktirish uchun hech qanday sabab yo'qligini e'lon qilgan bo'lsa ham,[163] u allaqachon qurol savdosi bilan band edi. U 53000 sotib oldi Gras miltiqlari, keyinchalik ularni sanoat qayta kalibrlashini Ispaniya kartrij standartiga mos kelishini tashkil etish.[164] U bir qismini etkazib berdi[165] bo'ylab Pireneylar o'z kontrabandachilar tarmog'i bilan,[166] Vascongadas-ga yoki Kataloniyaga qurollar yo'naltirilganmi, aniq emas.[167] Cap Higuerni dengizdan tushirish punkti sifatida ishlatish rejalari ham bor edi.[168] Olazábal o'zining gavjum faoliyati o'rtasida Gipuzkoanni rejalashtirish bilan shug'ullangan 1899 yilgi saylov ittifoqlari Garchi u ularni ishlab chiqqani yoki oddiygina post-postga ma'qullaganligi noma'lum bo'lsa ham.[169] Qachon de Cerralbo[170] iste'foga chiqishi haqida mish-mishlar tarqaldi, matbuot uning o'rnini Olazabal egallaydi deb taxmin qilmoqda.[171]

Sûreté Londonda qurol sotib olgani haqida xabar berganidek, Bryussel, Parij va Shveytsariya, 1900 yil boshida Olazábal Frantsiya hukumati Madridning bosimiga duch kelguniga qadar Pireney bo'ylab Bayondan 300 ta miltiq etkazib berdi.[172] va fevral oyida unga Shimoliy hududga joylashishni buyurdi Loire.[173] Olazabal Parijga ko'chib o'tdi, lekin apellyatsiya berdi;[174] Ispaniya elchixonasi rad etishni talab qildi,[175] oxir-oqibat ular uni Sen-Jan-de-Luzda tomosha qilish yaxshiroq degan xulosaga kelishdi.[176] Oktyabr oyida elchixona o'z fikrlarini o'zgartirdi va Olazabalning ichki ishini talab qildi. Frantsuzlar haqiqatan ham boshqa Carlist fitnachilarini jalb qilgan bo'lishsa-da,[177] tashqi ishlar vaziri Delkasse uzoq muddatli qonuniy yashovchiga nisbatan bunday harakatni juda zo'ravon deb hisobladi.[178] Ispaniya hukumati bu voqeadan keyin diplomatik mojarodan qo'rqqan edi Deroulede ishdan qaytishdi.[179]

Gras miltig'i kam

1900 yil oktyabr oyida Kataloniyada bir qator kichik Carlist qo'zg'olonlari qo'zg'alganda, Olazabal Karlistning ko'plab yirik odamlari bilan birga Parijda qoldi[180] va o'zini butunlay hayratda qoldirdi.[181] U haqiqatan ham bo'lganmi yoki yo'qmi, noma'lum bo'lib qolmoqda; garchi u harbiy kuchlarni oshirishga hissa qo'shgan bo'lsa va isyon ko'tarishi mumkin bo'lgan generallar bilan bog'liq siyosiy umidlarni o'zida mujassam etgan bo'lsa ham,[182] olimlar isyonchilar o'zlari va hech qanday rasmiy buyruqsiz harakat qildilar, agar bunga qarshi bo'lmasa. Ba'zi partizanlarning versiyalari, bu ish sabab bo'lgan deb da'vo qilgan Madrid fond birjasi bezovtalik.[183]

1900-yillarning boshlari (Podshoh vafot etdi, podshoh yashasin)

Olazábal oilasi Villa Arbelaizda kartochkalar, 1910-yillar
Olazábal oilasi o'yin kartalari Villa Arbelaiz, 1910-yillar

1900-yillarning boshlari nisbiy Olazabalning harakatsizligi bilan ajralib turadi; u faqat vaqti-vaqti bilan boshqa Carlist rahbarlari bilan o'tkaziladigan Sen-Jan-de-Luz konferentsiyalarida qayd etilgan.[184] Ispaniyaning matbuot vakillari tomonidan nashr etilgan qismlarda u "oilasi bilan o'ralgan holda" mahalliy turistik diqqatga sazovor joy sifatida taqdim etildi.[185] Bu vaqtga kelib, Villa Arbelaiz ning ijtimoiy markaziga aylandi Sen-Jan-de-Luz Olazábal oilasining yaqin do'stlari va qarindoshlarini va legitimistlar harakati bilan bog'liq taniqli shaxslarni kutib olish. Uning doimiy tashrif buyuruvchilari orasida Don Xayme de Borbon, sobiq Serbiya qirolichasi Natali, Bardi grafinya, Burbon-Parma shahzodalari va malika, Graflar Zileri Dal Verme va Emo Capodilista kabi italiyalik aristokratlar, Kadaval gersoginyasi, Korvildagi Graf O'Byrne va bir nechtasi Carlist siyosatchilar.

Ushbu yillarda Tirso va uning oilasi yaqin munosabatlarni saqlab qolishdi Karlos VII oilasi va Palazzo Loredanga tez-tez tashrif buyurganlar Venetsiya. Hech bo'lmaganda 1905 yilda u Kovadonga tashrifi chog'ida yana Don Xayme bilan birga Ispaniyaga kirishga jur'at etdi.[186] Keyinchalik, u matbuotni qirolning qaerdaligi haqidagi yangiliklar bilan oziqlantirib turdi,[187] 1907 yilgi sayohat paytida u allaqachon Don Xaymga hamrohlik qilgan uning o'g'li Rafael edi.[188] Uning o'g'illari uning ba'zi vazifalarini allaqachon boshlaganga o'xshaydi va haqiqatan ham o'sha davrdagi turli xil matbuot nashrlarida Olazabalning qaysi biri haqida gap ketayotganini aytish qiyin.[189] Tirso boshqa Carlist rahbarlari bilan katta yozishmalar olib borgani ma'lum[190] va o'sha paytda Jefe Delegado vafot etganida Matias Barrio 1909 yilda u doimo uning potentsial vorislaridan biri sifatida matbuot tomonidan xabar qilingan; ish ketganiga qaramay Bartolome Feu o'rniga.[191]

Olazábal juftligi 1904 yilda Venetsiyada o'z shohlariga tashrif buyurishadi

Olazábal dafn marosimida Carlist-ning asosiy namoyandalaridan biri edi Karlos VII yilda Varese 1909 yil iyulda;[192] o'sha yili Kataloniyada respublika tartibsizliklari vujudga kelganida, u yangi da'vogar Xayme III ga xizmat qilishda odatiy qurol savdosi vazifasini davom ettirdi.[193] Frantsiya xavfsizligi Carlistlar katta miqdordagi kontrabanda bilan shug'ullangan deb da'vo qilishdi,[194] Sen-Jan-de-Luzda joylashgan jamoa tomonidan boshqariladi.[195] Frantsuzlar bosh vazir Briand Cerdanya orqali faqat 1909 yil dekabrdan 1910 yil fevralgacha 5-6000 miltiq olib o'tilganligini taxmin qildi.[196] Zamonaviy olimlar, qurollar, shu jumladan artilleriya qurollari asosan Angliyadan kelib chiqqan deb o'ylashadi va ozroq miqdordagi qurollar keladi Belgiya, Frantsiya va Avstriya-Vengriya.[197] Qishloq xo'jaligi texnikasi, temir yo'l uskunalari, qishloq xo'jaligi mashinalari yoki hattoki pianino kabi maskalanib,[198] o'tib karabineros va Guardias civiles Ispaniya tomonida ular saqlangan Zumarraga, Alsasua va Tudela. Madridliklar frantsuzlardan Olazabal va uning kuyovi Xulio de Urquijo e Ibarrani qattiq nazorat qilishni talab qilishdi.[199] Parij Olazabalning respublika dunyoviy ta'lim tizimini tanqid qilishidan xafa bo'lganligi sababli,[200] 1910 yil oktyabrda unga yana Luiraning shimolidan ko'chib o'tishga buyruq berildi;[201] uning vazifalarini Urquijo o'z zimmasiga oldi, janubda qolishga ruxsat berildi.[202] Faqatgina 1911 yil may oyida unga Leybordga qaytishga ruxsat berildi,[203] ba'zi manbalar uni 1912 yilda Frantsiyadan chiqarib yuborilgan deb da'vo qilsa ham.[204] O'sha paytda Carlistning yana bir notinchligi, agar u haqiqatan ham istalgan vaqtda ko'rib chiqilsa, bu uzoq vaqtdan beri xayoldan boshqa narsa emas edi.

Yakuniy yillar

Xuan Vaskes de Mella

Izidan Ley del Candado 1910 yilgi inqiroz Olazabal bilan birga Fernando Manzanos butun mamlakat bo'ylab katolik ittifoqining Ejecutivo Komitidagi Carlist vakili bo'ldi.[205] Mahalliy ravishda u Gipuzkoanga emas, balki Biskay Xunta de Defensa Katolisiga qo'shildi;[206] bir manbaning ta'kidlashicha, u 1910 yilda Biskaydan Senatga nomzodini ilgari surmoqchi yoki aslida qatnashgan, boshqa joyda tasdiqlanmagan ma'lumotlar.[207]

Shu vaqtda Xuan Vaskes de Mella u o'sha paytdagi Jefe Delegado, Bartolome Feu va uning o'rnini de Mellaning do'sti, qarib qolgan marqués de Cerralbo bilan almashtiradigan sxemani ishlab chiqqan Carlistning eng yaxshi shaxsi sifatida paydo bo'ldi. Olazábal fitna uyushtiruvchilarning birinchi qatorida bo'lmagan bo'lsa ham,[208] u ular tomoniga o'tdi va 1911 yilda Xayme III ga maktub yozdi, u de Cerralbo yangi siyosiy rahbar nomzodini ilgari surishini taklif qildi.[209] 1912 yilda da'vogar Felyuga o'z vazifalarida yordam berish uchun nazariy jihatdan yordamchi kollektiv xunta tuzish orqali bosimga qisman egildi; uning tarkibida Olazábal butun Vascongadas jefe sifatida tasdiqlandi va La Rioja,[210] partiya tuzilmalarida oldingi viloyat Gipuzkoan rahbariyatidan ko'tarilish. 1913 yil boshida, Feliu allaqachon olib tashlangan va de Cerralbo boshchiligida, Xunta Markaziy Superior tarkibida 10 ta komissiya tuzilgan edi; Olazábal nomzodi saylovchilar a'zosi bo'ldi.[211] Uning ushbu ishdagi faoliyati uzoq davom etmadi; 1913 yil iyulda u Karlizmdagi barcha lavozimlardan iste'foga chiqdi va siyosatdan chiqib ketishini e'lon qildi.[212]

Carlist standarti

Olazabalning hayotining so'nggi yillaridagi jamoat faoliyati to'g'risida kam ma'lumot mavjud; haqiqatan ham uning yoshi yoki siyosiy tafovutlar tufayli nafaqaga chiqqanligi aniq emas. Carlism ichida u hali ham obro'li shaxs sifatida nishonlandi,[213] 1917 yilda u Alfonso XIII va ayniqsa uning rafiqasi bilan aniq bog'liq bo'lgan mahalliy tashabbusda qatnashgani haqida xabar berilgan edi Viktoriya.[214] Ehtimol, uning hayotidagi eng keskin siyosiy burilish 1919 yilda sodir bo'lgan; uzoq vaqtdan beri rivojlanib kelayotgan de Mella va Xayme III o'rtasidagi ziddiyat, deb atalmish davlatning ajralib chiqishiga aylandi Mellistalar, Olazábal isyonchilarni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Hech qanday rasmiy vazifasi bo'lmagan siyosiy nafaqaxo'r bo'lganligi sababli, uning ishorasi ajralib chiquvchilarga faqat ramziy, obro'li yutuqni taqdim etdi. Bir manbaning ta'kidlashicha, u de Mella-ga qo'shilgan,[215] ikkinchisi unchalik dadil emas va ba'zi noaniqliklarni taklif qiladi, ammo isyonchilarni afzal ko'radi.[216] Mellistlar ajralib chiqishi mexanizmlari umuman olganda yaxshi ma'lum bo'lsa ham,[217] manbalarning birortasi Olazabalning deyarli 50 yillik sodiq xizmatidan so'ng nima uchun shohidan voz kechishga qaror qilganligi to'g'risida hech qanday izoh bermaydi.[218]

Gipuzkoan jefe: meros

Gipuzkoa

Olazábal 1887-1908 yillarda Gipuzkoan karlizmiga rahbarlik qilgan,[219] viloyatdagi keskin ijtimoiy, iqtisodiy va siyosiy o'zgarishlar davrida. Ba'zi mualliflarning ta'kidlashicha, uning etakchilik uslubi bask karlizmiga juda katta ta'sir ko'rsatgan va Vascongadasdagi harakatning so'nggi taqdiriga hissa qo'shgan.[220]

U viloyat tashqarisida yashagan bo'lsa ham,[221] Olazábal Carlist viloyat ishlarini yakka o'zi boshqarishga moyil edi. Nazariy jihatdan unga Xunta provinsiyasi yordam berishi kerak edi; rasmiy ravishda 1889 yilda yaratilgan bo'lsa ham,[222] Olazábal bu tanani hech qachon yig'magan.[223] De Cerralbo butun mamlakat bo'ylab chuqur partiya tuzilmalarini qurishga intilganida, Gipuzkoa eng past dinamik viloyatlardan biri edi;[224] mahalliy xuntalar soni 1892 yilda 59 dan 1896 yilda 87 taga o'sdi, bu o'sish sur'ati 63 foizga nisbatan 47 foizni tashkil etdi. Pechene va alavaning 257%.[225] 1899 yilda xuntalar kamroq edi Gipuzkoa ga qaraganda Alikante viloyati, deyarli ma'lum emas An'anaviy g'ayrat.[226] Olazábal de Cerralbo tomonidan olib borilgan zamonaviy siyosiy safarbarlik vositalarini qadrlamadi va uning mamlakat bo'ylab dabdabali sayohatlari hech qanday maqsadga ega emas, balki Carlist tarafdorlarini hibsga olishga xizmat qildi.[227]

Olazábalning isyon ko'targan Gipuzkoan Carlist filiallariga nisbatan mavqei biroz noaniq edi. Bir tomondan, u qirolga to'la sodiqlikni ta'minlashda va 1888-1889 yillarda isyon ko'targan Nokedal tomonida bo'lish yoki uydan haydashda gumon qilinganlarni haydab chiqarishda qat'iy edi. Viktor Pradera va uning hamkorlari 1910 yilda.[228] Boshqa tomondan, u Integristlar bilan saylov ittifoqlarini tuzishga nisbatan ancha moslashuvchan edi; Gipuzko 1898 yilgi kelishuv tufayli o'n yillik dushmanlik tugadi va boshqa viloyatlarda ham hamkorlik ilhomlantirildi.[229] Kortes qo'lga kiritgan mandatlar soni bilan o'lchangan siyosiy kuch jihatidan Olazábal davrida Guipúzcoa (9 mandat) Navarradan (28) keyin ikkinchi o'rinda edi; qo'lga kiritilgan o'rindiqlar va mavjud bo'lgan o'rindiqlar o'rtasidagi nisbat sifatida o'lchanadigan Guipuzcoan Carlists 20% muvaffaqiyatga erishdi[230] nisbatan Navarrada 44%[231] va Alavada 19%.[232] Qanday bo'lmasin, viloyat Carlist milliy tayanchi bo'lib qoldi.[233]

Olazábal bilan Oltin jun, 1910

Olazábal o'zining siyosiy faoliyatini "Dios y fueros" bayrog'i ostida boshlagan bo'lsa-da va Karll rahbarlariga foral an'analarni buzishga qarshi norozilik bildirgan bo'lsa ham, u mintaqaviy huquqlar bilan bog'liq deb tan olinmagan. Uning ba'zi zamondoshlari[234] uni "aforal" (garchi "antiforal" emas) deb ta'riflagan.[235] Hozirgi olimning ta'kidlashicha, 1880-yillarning boshlariga kelib Gipuzkoan karlizmi aniq katolik va foral yo'nalishni taklif qilgan. Keyinchalik, asosan, viloyat rahbarlari pozitsiyasi tufayli, harakat "siyosiy ossifikatsiya" da to'xtab qoldi, de Mella va Praderaning ta'siri tufayli "tradicionalismo foralista" o'rniga "doctrina españolista" keldi;[236] Buning natijasida karlizm yangi tug’ilayotgan bolaga joylasha olmadi yoki unga alternativa taklif qilmadi Bask milliy harakati.[237] Olazabal bilan bog'liq bo'lgan bo'lsa-da Xose Ignasio Arana,[238] u qachon ishda bo'lgan jarayonni tushunmagan bo'lishi mumkin Daniel Irujo 1908 yilda iste'foga chiqdi.[239] U 1912 yilgi yig'ilish paytida bo'lgani kabi qat'iy qarshilik ko'rsatgan Bask ishchilari harakati haqida hatto undan ham kam ma'lumotga ega edi Eybar, tartibsizliklar bilan yakunlandi.[240]

Adabiyotda

Tirso de Olazábal Beshinchi seriyada (Shohsiz Ispaniya) paydo bo'ladi Benito Peres Galdos "s Nacionales epizodlari.

Olazábal jahon adabiyotida ham tan olingan bo'lishi mumkin; 1919 yilgi roman Jozef Konrad, Oltin o'q, "Lord X" deb nomlanuvchi, qurol kontrabandachisi faoliyati Olazábalga o'xshaydi.[241]

Nashr

Tirso de Olazabalning oilasi. Chapdan o'ngga: Ramon; Visenta (keyinchalik Urquijo grafinyasi); Tirso; Francesca (Cichetta) Zileri dal Verme degli Obbizi (keyinchalik grafinya Emo Kapodilista); Mercedes. Chapdan o'ngga o'tirganlar: Lorenza va Xose Xoakin. Sen-Jan-de-Luz, Frantsiya, 1890-yillar.

Tirso 1867 yilda asosan Gipuzkoa va Navarrega tegishli zodagonlardan bo'lgan Ramona Alvares de Eulat y Moreda bilan turmush qurgan. Ularning o'n ikki farzandi bor edi, ulardan o'n bir nafari go'dakligidan omon qoldi:

  • Uylanmagan holda vafot etgan Mercedes de Olazábal y Alvarez de Eulate
  • Margarita de Olazábal y Alvarez de Eulate, u turmush qurmagan
  • Ramon de Olazábal y Alvarez de Eule, 1899 yilda Mariya Luisa de Mendosa Rolim de Moura Barreto, qizi Augusto Pedro de Mendosa Rolim de Moura Barreto, Azambujaning 3-grafigi va uning rafiqasi, portugaliyalik merosxo'r Mariya da Assunção Ferreyra. Ularning olti o'g'li va to'rt qizi bor edi.
  • José Joaquín de Olazábal y Álvarez de Eulate
  • Tirso de Olazábal y Álvarez de Eulate, married in 1916 to María de la Concepción de Jaraquemada y Quiñones, daughter of Mateo Jaraquemada y Cabeza de Vaca, Marquis of Jaraquemada, and his wife, María Amparo de Quiñones y Gómez-Jara, 13th Marquise of Lorenzana. Er-xotinning bolalari yo'q edi.
  • Vicenta de Olazábal y Álvarez de Eulate, married in 1894 to Julio de Urquijo e Ibarra, Count of Urquijo. Er-xotinning bolalari yo'q edi.
  • Lorenza de Olazábal y Álvarez de Eulate, a Handmaid of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
  • Blanca de Olazábal y Álvarez de Eulate, a Handmaid of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
  • Rafael de Olazábal y Álvarez de Eulate, married to Ana Yohn y Zayas, daughter of Victoriano José Yohn y Urigüen and his wife, Maximina Casilda de Zayas y Celis. Ularning to'rt o'g'li va to'rt qizi bor edi.
  • Ignacio de Olazábal y Álvarez de Eulate, married in 1918 to the Chilean heiress Ana Vives y Rámila. Ularning qizi bor edi.
  • Pelayo de Olazábal y Álvarez de Eulate, married in 1928 to María Isabel Ruiz de Arana y Fontagud, 12th countess of Cantillana, daughter of Vicente Pio Ruiz de Arana y Osorio de Moscoso, 11th marquess of Castromonte, 21st count of Priego, Grandee of Spain, and his wife, Elena María Luisa Bertrán de Fontagud y Aguilera. Ularning ikkita o'g'li va besh qizi bor edi.
  • Roberto de Olazábal y Álvarez de Eulate, who died as a child

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ not to be confused with another Carlist politician named Olazábal, both distantly related. Juan de Olazábal Ramery (b. 1702) and Domingo de Olazábal Ramery (b. 1703) were brothers; Tirso Olazábal Lardizábal was the great-great-grandson of the latter, while Juan Olazábal Ramery was the great-great-great-grandson of the former; for simplified genealogical tree showing relationship between the two, see Bu yerga
  2. ^ see the Olazábal family explained at Euskalnet xizmat, mavjud Bu yerga, interesting sourced personal data at Enredo xizmat mavjud Bu yerga, see also a gallery of famous Guipuzcoan Olazábals at Ingeba xizmat mavjud Bu yerga
  3. ^ qarang Domingo José de Olazábal y Aranzate kirish Geni nasabnoma xizmati mavjud Bu yerga
  4. ^ Antonio Gaytán de Ayala Artázcoz, Parientes mayores de Guipúzcoa: señores del palacio casa-fuerte de Murguía en Astigarraga, [in:] Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos, París 1934, p. 375
  5. ^ qarang José Joaquín Cecilio María de Olazábal y Murguía kirish Geni nasabnoma xizmati mavjud Bu yerga
  6. ^ Emilio de Cárdenas Piera, Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent, Caballeros de la Orden de Santiago, siglo XVIII: Años 1778 a 1788, Madrid 1994, ISBN  8487204619, 9788487204616, p. 221
  7. ^ qarang José Joaquín María Robustiano de Olazábal y Olaso kirish Geni nasabnoma xizmati mavjud Bu yerga
  8. ^ Xabier Lasalle, José Joaquín de Olazabal Arbelaiz kirish, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia, mavjud Bu yerga
  9. ^ none of the sources consulted provides any information on his profession
  10. ^ qarang Gallika digital library available Bu yerga
  11. ^ qarang Biblioteca Digital Hispanica mavjud Bu yerga
  12. ^ Olazabal at Euskalnet, shuningdek María Lorenza Luisa de Lardizábal y Otazu kirish Geni nasab-nasab xizmati, mavjud Bu yerga
  13. ^ named Vicuña and Plazaola, Anales De La Real Academia Matritense De Heráldica y Genealogía. Homenaje a Don Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués 8/1 (2004), pp. 445–446
  14. ^ Paul Albert, La propagande étrangère en Espagne dans le premier tiers du XXe siècle, [in:] Mélanges de la Casa de Veláteses 31 (1995) p. 122, also Biografías de los diputados á Córtes de la Asamblea constituyente de 1869, redactadas por una sociedad de literatos, vol. 1, Madrid 1869, p. 541
  15. ^ Francisco de Paula, Album de Personajes Carlistas con sus biografias, volume 3, Barcelona 1888, p. 63
  16. ^ de Paula 1888, p. 63; prior to 1891 elections he was once named "abogado", see La Union Católica 19.06.90, available Bu yerga
  17. ^ Biografías de los diputados á Córtes... 1869, p. 542
  18. ^ Biografías de los diputados á Córtes... 1869, p. 542-3
  19. ^ Biografías de los diputados á Córtes... 1869, p. 542
  20. ^ La Esperanza 13.11.66, available Bu yerga
  21. ^ Antonio Gaytán de Ayala Artázcoz, Parientes mayores de Guipúzcoa: señores del palacio casa-fuerte de Murguía en Astigarraga, [in:] Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos, París 1934, pp. 373–375
  22. ^ Tirso Olazábal Lardizábal kirish Geneanet nasabnoma xizmati mavjud Bu yerga
  23. ^ Ramona Álvarez de Eulate y Moreda kirish Geneallnet xizmat mavjud Bu yerga
  24. ^ see Eulate family explained at Euskalnet xizmat, mavjud Bu yerga
  25. ^ Pantxike Kontreras, Agurain – Alvarez de Eulate, [in:] Pantxike service 2014, available Bu yerga
  26. ^ Víctor Pastor Abáigar, Capilla de Santa Isabel y su retablo de la Visitación en la iglesia de Santa María de Los Arcos, [in:] Viana printsipi 68 (2007), pp. 783–787
  27. ^ Kontreras 2014
  28. ^ Kontreras 2014
  29. ^ qarang Maria Luísa de Mendóça Rolim de Moura Barreto kirish Geni nasabnoma xizmati mavjud Bu yerga
  30. ^ Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis in Historia Contemporanea, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia], Valencia 2009, p. 344
  31. ^ Burnett Bolloten. The Spanish Civil War: revolution and counterrevolution. University of North Carolina Press, 1991. Pp. 11
  32. ^ José Carlos Clemente Muñoz, El karlismo en el novecientos español (1876-1936), Madrid 1999 yil, ISBN  8483741539, 9788483741535, p. 79
  33. ^ Martorell Peres 2009, p. 432; Tirso Olazabal Eulate is not listed among the signatories of the so-called Acta de Estoril, José Carlos Clemente Muñoz, Historia del Carlismo Contemporaneo 1935–1972, Barselona 1977 yil, ISBN  8425307597, 8425307600, p. 299
  34. ^ Julio de Urquijo e Ibarra nació en Deusto el 3 abril de 1871, [in:] Euskonews 2011, available Bu yerga
  35. ^ his grandson, Javier Olazábal Mendoza, became a Jesuit and was founder of the worldwide known Anesvad charity network, Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 298
  36. ^ he is Olazábal’s wife’s brother’s great-grandson, Kontreras 2014
  37. ^ compare Official Bulletin of 1964 Bu yerga and of 1990 Bu yerga
  38. ^ in the 1820s he commanded a platoon of the Guipuzcoan Voluntarios Realistas battalion, Estado que da à s. m. la ynspeccion general de voluntarios realistas del reino dela fuerza total de esta arma y nombres de sus gefes, Madrid 1829, p. 94
  39. ^ La España 30.06.65, available Bu yerga
  40. ^ contemporary publication writes enigmatically that „esta eleccion, que sorprendió al mismo Olazábal, solo puede considerarse como una prueba del alto aprecio en que se le tenia, y de que ya se la miraba como una esperanza en el pais clásico de la nobleza, de la hidalguia, de las virtudes civicas y religiosas”, Biografías de los diputados á Córtes... Madrid 1869, p. 543
  41. ^ La Epoka 08.08.65, available Bu yerga
  42. ^ Biografías de los diputados á Córtes... Madrid 1869, p. 543
  43. ^ La Esperanza 23.11.66, available Bu yerga
  44. ^ see official Cortes service available Bu yerga
  45. ^ José Ramón de Urquijo y Goitia, Análisis prosopográfico de los Parlamentarios de Vasconia (1808–1876), [in:] Revista de estudios políticos 93 (1996), p. 118
  46. ^ Begonya Urigüen, Orígenes y evolución de la derecha española: el neo-katolikizm, Madrid 1986, ISBN  8400061578, 978840006157, p. 267
  47. ^ La correspondencia de España 19.01.69, available Bu yerga
  48. ^ Biografías de los diputados á Córtes... Madrid 1869, p. 543
  49. ^ de Paula 1888, p. 63
  50. ^ Coro Rubio Pobes, ¿Quéfue del «oasis foral» ? (Sobre el estallido de la Segunda Guerra Carlista en el País Vasco, [in:] Ayer 38 (2000), p. 78
  51. ^ La España 18.08.69, available Bu yerga
  52. ^ Biografías de los diputados á Córtes... Madrid 1869, p. 544
  53. ^ La Esperanza 14.01.69, available Bu yerga
  54. ^ de Paula 1888, p. 63, official Cortes service available Bu yerga
  55. ^ La Epoka 02.05.69, available Bu yerga
  56. ^ de Paula 1888, p. 64
  57. ^ a local Bilbao agent misinterpreted a telegram and there was no claiming the cargo in the harbor, José Fernández Gaytán, La marina carlista en las guerras civiles del siglo XIX, [in:] Revista de historia naval 20 (1988), p. 14
  58. ^ Fernández Gaytán 1988, p. 15
  59. ^ de Paula 1888, p. 64
  60. ^ de Paula 1888, p. 64, Fernández Gaytán 1988, p. 15; it is not known how Olazábal, representing probably the most reactionary European political movement, managed to convince radically Republican Gambetta
  61. ^ La Epoka 13.10.70, available Bu yerga, shuningdek La Epoka 18.12.70, available Bu yerga
  62. ^ Francisco Apalategui Igarzabal, Karlisten eta liberalen gerra-kontaerak, San Sebastian 2005, ISBN  8479074876, p. 144
  63. ^ de Paula 1888, p. 65
  64. ^ de Paula 1888, p. 65-6
  65. ^ de Paula 1888, p. 65
  66. ^ 8,000 according to Fernández Gaytán 1988, p. 16
  67. ^ Fernández Gaytán 1988, p. 16
  68. ^ originally purchased in America and intended for the war with Prussia, Juan Pardo San Gil, Las operaciones navales en las Guerras Carlistas, [in:] Itsas Memoria. Revista de Estudios Marítimos del País Vasco 5 (2006), p. 457, José Fernández Gaytán, La marina carlista en las guerras civiles del siglo XIX, [in:] Revista de historia naval 20 (1988), p. 16
  69. ^ Pardo San Gil 2006, p. 457
  70. ^ together with José Maria Lasuen and duque de la Unión
  71. ^ nomlangan Dengizlar malikasi va Deerhound
  72. ^ de Paula 1888, p. 66
  73. ^ Pardo San Gil 2006, p. 457; for the French stance on the Third Carlist War see Edina Polácska, Franciaország és a karlizmus (1868–1874), [in:] Aetas 1 (2007), pp. 63–85, and Edina Polácska, La France et le carlisme (1872–1877) – Expulsion des réfugiés carlistes en Belgique, à Cuba et en Algérie, [in:] Acta Universitatis Szegediensis. Acta Hispanica 7 (2003), pp. 47–56
  74. ^ of 3,000 rifles and 0,2m cartridges
  75. ^ the coastline and the surrounding territory was controlled by the Liberals; Carlist conspirators severed Liberal communication, staged a deceiptive action and smoothly unloaded 6,000 rifles intended for the Navarrese units, Pardo San Gil 2006, p. 458
  76. ^ also at Cabo Higuer; the disembarkation process was delayed by rough seas with only 500 rifles and 0.1m cartridges unloaded before dawn; the operation was interrupted and Deerhound left for the open sea, Pardo San Gil 2006, p. 458
  77. ^ Deerhound sought refuge on French hududiy suvlar lekin Buenaventura chased her anyway and forced to surrender, Pardo San Gil 2006, pp. 458–9; the French did not protest to the Madrid government, Fernández Gaytán 1988, p. 18
  78. ^ 1500 rifles
  79. ^ Pardo San Gil 2006, p. 459
  80. ^ fire broke out on a ship carrying Carlist weapons; the crew abandoned her, while the fire extingushed itself. The drifting ship was discovered in the morning mist by fishermen near Ondarreta on October 19; as the locals were supporting the Carlists, men, women and children in 40 small fishing boats assisted in unloading 4,000 rifles and 1m cartridges, Pardo San Gil 2006, p. 459, Fernández Gaytán 1988, p. 17
  81. ^ 0,5 cartridges, the last installment from what was purchased in Versailles, Pardo San Gil 2006, p. 459
  82. ^ covering Cabrera, Longuerrue and conde de Samitier and spanning from Spain to Paris to London, de Paula 1888, pp. 65–6; see also Manex Goyhenetche, Antoine d’Abbadie intermédiaire social et culturel du Pays Basque du XIXe siècle?, [in:] P. Urkizu (ed.), Antoine d'Abbadie: 1897–1997, Bilbo-Donostia-Bayonne 1998, pp. 175–208
  83. ^ Fernández Gaytán 1988, p. 18
  84. ^ de Paula 1888, pp. 66–7
  85. ^ Pardo San Gil 2006, p. 459
  86. ^ nomlangan Notre-Dame de Fourviers
  87. ^ altogether, there were 7 ships engaged in delivery: Deerhound, Dengizlar malikasi, Orpheon, Ville de Bayonne, Malfilatre, Nieves va London, all steamships except Malfilatre va Qirolicha. London was the most successful of them. Pardo San Gil 2006, p. 463
  88. ^ 19 brand new British guns straight from the manufacturer brand new and 8 older ones from Gibraltar
  89. ^ Olazábal sailed on London from England to Bayonne, where he disembarked and crossed to Carlist territory by land; in Bermeo he directed the preparatory logistics and managed the unload when London arrived, Pardo San Gil 2006, p. 461; at that time the coast was patrolled by the Liberal corvette Konsuelo, but thanks to news from Carlist oyalateros, watching Consuelo’s position from he coast, London evaded her pursuers, Pardo San Gil 2006, p. 461
  90. ^ de Paula 1888, p. 68
  91. ^ Fernández Gaytán 1988, p. 25
  92. ^ 70 artillery pieces, 17,000 rifles and 2m cartridges, Pardo San Gil 2006, p. 461
  93. ^ in Bermeo on 9.7.74 and 1.6.75, in Motrico on 05.10.74, 2.9.75 and 26.11.75, in Ondarroa on 5.2.75, Juan Pardo San Gil, Higuer, el puerto de los navarros», [in:] Oarso 29 (1994), p. 111
  94. ^ Pardo San Gil 2006, p. 462
  95. ^ de Paula 1888, p. 67
  96. ^ de Paula 1888, p. 68
  97. ^ after fire damages suffered during 1936 fightings for Irun
  98. ^ Olazábal was reported as going to such details as setting the disembarkment guidelines; he recommended choosing steep cliffs of the coast, the first moonless night, and preferably fairly rough seas, so that the boats could hide between the waves; Gaëtan Bernoville, La cruz sangrienta: historia del cura Santa Cruz, Tafalla 2000, ISBN  848136181X, 9788481361810, p. 33
  99. ^ de Paula 1888, p. 68
  100. ^ Pardo San Gil 2006, p. 461; some say that “amost[tushuntirish kerak ] all” artillery pieces were procured by Olazábal, de Paula 1888, p. 68
  101. ^ some authors claim that in June 1874 Carlists imported arms from Boston; when approached by Republican navy, the captain allegedly ordered transported artllery pieces to be set aboard, pretending to be a warship; they were downloaded at Bermeo on June 8, 74, Fernández Gaytán 1988, pp. 18–19
  102. ^ ga ko'ra Inglizlar, the scheme alleged was transport from US or Antwerp to Liverpool, using various agents and various ships, usually with false destination papers and owned either by commercial companies or by various individuals (especially the French legitimists) sympathetic to the Carlist cause, Fernández Gaytán 1988, p. 20
  103. ^ de Paula 1888, p. 68; the condado was officially recognised by Madrid during the Franco era almost 100 years later, in 1964.
  104. ^ Apalategui Igarzabal 2005, p. 101, though he was frequent visitor to Carlos VII's headquarters in Estella; a Polish visitor recollects him (referred to as "Tirso Olozabal") as a hooded rider travelling on horseback from France who knew everyone in Estella, Ignacy Skrochowski, Wycieczka do obozu Don Karlosa, [in:] Piotr Sawicki (ed.), Hiszpania malowniczo-historyczna, Wrocław 1996, ISBN  8322912153, pp. 157-174
  105. ^ El Siglo Futuro 08.04.89, available Bu yerga; slightly different version referred in Edina Polácska, Karlista emigráció Franciaországban (1872–1876) [PhD thesis University of Szeged], Szeged 2008, p. 148
  106. ^ El Siglo Futuro 24.07.80, available Bu yerga
  107. ^ composed also of conde de Robres, Iturbe, Celestino Yturralde and Nemesio Latorre, Eduardo Gonsales Calleja, La razón de la fuerza: orden público, subversión y vioencia política en la España de la Restauración (1875–1917), Madrid 1998, ISBN  8400077784, 9788400077785, p. 159
  108. ^ González Calleja 1998, p. 159
  109. ^ González Calleja 1998, pp. 159–160
  110. ^ González Calleja 1998, p. 158
  111. ^ González Calleja 1998, p. 160
  112. ^ El Imparial 08.06.76, available Bu yerga
  113. ^ while most donors offered 1–5 reales, Olazábal laid down 400, El Siglo Futuro 12.03.83, available Bu yerga
  114. ^ El Siglo Futuro 28.04.85, available Bu yerga
  115. ^ El Siglo Futuro 26.05.85, available Bu yerga
  116. ^ El Siglo Futuro 15.02.86, available Bu yerga
  117. ^ detailed work tracking the conflict of Cerralbo with the Nocedals first mentions Olazabal when discussing the year of 1889, see Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 173
  118. ^ since 1880
  119. ^ with Piñera y Orue appointed for Biscay and Ortiz de Zárate for Alava, Javier Real Cuesta, El-Karlismo Vasko 1876–1900, Madrid 1985 yil, ISBN  978-84-323-0510-8, p. 47
  120. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 105
  121. ^ masalan. in 1889 he briefly visited Fuenterrabiya with Carlos VII’s daughter doña Blanca, La Epoka 08.09.89, available Bu yerga
  122. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 242–3
  123. ^ El Siglo Futuro 23.07.88, available Bu yerga, La Union Católica 20.07.88, available Bu yerga va El Siglo Futuro 23.07.88 available Bu yerga
  124. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 107–8
  125. ^ La Epoka 18.09.89, available Bu yerga, Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845–1922): biografía politica [Doktorlik dissertatsiyasi], Madrid 2012, p. 173; on his gift see La Hormiga de Oro 09.11.89, available Bu yerga
  126. ^ El Correo Militar 30.08.88, available Bu yerga
  127. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 199
  128. ^ La Epoka 22.10.90, available Bu yerga
  129. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 220
  130. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 231; there were plans that instead of Olazábal it should be Menendez Pelayo or even de Cerralbo running; in case of the latter he would have to renounce his senate chair, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 232
  131. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 232, Jordi Canal i Morell, Las "muertes" y las "resurrecciones" del carlismo. Reflexiones sobre la escisión integrista de 1888 yil, [in:] Ayer 38 (2000), p. 127
  132. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 232
  133. ^ La Unión Católica 29.12.90, available Bu yerga
  134. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 235
  135. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 241–2
  136. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 244; also poor organization and lack of electoral juntas blamed, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 246
  137. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 247
  138. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 250
  139. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 248
  140. ^ probably during Olazábal’s visit to Venice in May 1894, see La Correspondencia de España 19.05.94, available Bu yerga
  141. ^ La Epoka 09.07.94, available Bu yerga
  142. ^ El Liberal 10.07.94, available Bu yerga
  143. ^ the friendly anecdote featured a train conductor en route to Burgos declaring himself a former Carlist cavalryman, Aktualidadalar 1894, available Bu yerga: the unfriendly one featured a comment allegedly heard from a passer-by: “oh, so this is Don Jaime? incredible, so young and already the son of Carlos VII!”, El-Dia 04.10.94, available Bu yerga
  144. ^ Jordi Canal i Morell, La revitalización política del carlismo a finales del siglo XIX: los viajes de propaganda del Marqués de Cerralbo, [in:] Studiya Zamorensia 3 (1996), pp. 269–70
  145. ^ La Epoka 05.09.95, available Bu yerga
  146. ^ September 1895 he gave an interview to the Belgian Le Soir claiming that Carlos VII did not intend to abdicate in favor if Don Jaime, El Liberal 10.09.95, available Bu yerga
  147. ^ La Correspondencia de España 10.05.95, available Bu yerga
  148. ^ La Correspondencia de España 29.07.95, available Bu yerga
  149. ^ El-Dia 12.08.95, available Bu yerga
  150. ^ bilan Luis M. Llauder elected and marqués de Cerralbo and duque de Solferino taking seats by virtue of their grandeza de España, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 253
  151. ^ see the official Senate service, available Bu yerga
  152. ^ the press was rushed to note that Olazábal travelled to Venice to see the claimant; the government felt it necessary to comment that he goes there every year and the event is deprived of any political significance, see La Correspondencia de España 05.09.96, available Bu yerga
  153. ^ La Iberia 08.09.96, available Bu yerga
  154. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 320–1
  155. ^ the Restoration system was described as based on caciquismo, rotten with corruption and inefficiency; Acta de Loredán called for a new Cortes, with representatives of all the classes, including agriculture, industry, army, clergy, scientific corporations, aristocracy and workers Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 322
  156. ^ La Epoka 08.03.97, available Bu yerga
  157. ^ González Calleja 1998, p. 196
  158. ^ La Epoka 28.07.96, available Bu yerga
  159. ^ El Pais 09.08.98, available Bu yerga
  160. ^ press reported that 8,000 barges with steel, intended for production of artillery pieces, were smuggled into Spain, La Epoka 08.08.98 available Bu yerga
  161. ^ his close collaborator was the English Jacobite Bertram Ashburnham, 5th Earl of Ashburnham, González Calleja 1998, p. 201, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 353
  162. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 354
  163. ^ La Epoka 11.04.99, available Bu yerga
  164. ^ by an Arrese, Lacon & Société company
  165. ^ 36 boxes, each with 29 rifles
  166. ^ González Calleja 1998, p. 201
  167. ^ González Calleja 1998, p. 200
  168. ^ González Calleja 1998, p. 201
  169. ^ in April 1899 Olazábal and Candido Orbe as representatives of Carlism agreed an electoral deal with the Integrists; Carlos VII issued a document stating that only he could grant mercy to the rebels, but it was already too late. The deal was officially signed not by Olazábal but by Francisco Ceverio and José María Alberdi. Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 190–1
  170. ^ whom Olazábal met in Pau late 1899, González Calleja 1998, p. 200
  171. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 373
  172. ^ González Calleja 1998, pp. 211–212
  173. ^ González Calleja 1998, p. 207
  174. ^ claiming that he owned a property in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, had 11 children to take care of and was not subject to any legal action in Spain
  175. ^ González Calleja 1998, p. 207
  176. ^ González Calleja 1998, p. 207; already in July 1899 the Spanish press claimed that the French ordered Olazábal to settle north of Loire, see El Globo 24.07.99, available Bu yerga, but the news was denounced soon afterwards, see El Pais 25.07.99, available Bu yerga
  177. ^ like Cavero and Costa, González Calleja 1998, p. 212
  178. ^ González Calleja 1998, p. 212
  179. ^ González Calleja 1998, pp. 212–3
  180. ^ it was Olazábal’s 8th month in the French capital, see El Imparial 10.11.00, available Bu yerga
  181. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 394
  182. ^ Consuelo Sanz-Pastor y Fernandez de Pierola, El marqués de Cerralbo, politico carlista, [in:] Revista de archivos bibliotecas y museos 76 (1978), p. 259
  183. ^ González Calleja 1998, p. 214
  184. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 409
  185. ^ La Epoka 26.08.06, available Bu yerga
  186. ^ El Imparial 15.08.95, available Bu yerga; the news was even reported in women's fashion magazine La Ultima Moda, qarang Bu yerga
  187. ^ Heraldo de Madrid 19.02.06, available Bu yerga
  188. ^ El Imparial 09.08.07, available Bu yerga. There was an interesting incident allegedly noted during a 1908 trip. A car with Alfonso XIII travelling North to Biarritz and a car with Don Jaime travelling South to Behovia met at a closed railway crossing near Urugne in France. While Don Jaime’s entourage, including Rafael de Olazábal and Julio de Urquijo, rose to pay their respect to member of the royal family, Don Jaime kept sitting and stared at Alfonso XIII, who did not know the Carlist prince. The train passed in-between, the crossing was opened and two vehicles parted each its own way. Referred after La Correspondencia Militar 30.07.08, available Bu yerga
  189. ^ compare the note on Carlist assembly in Guernica, El Liberal 05.07.09, availableBu yerga
  190. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 406
  191. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 422; many Carlists claimed that Feliu’s appointed was enforced by Bertha de Rohan “and her camarilla”. However, it is difficult to imagine Olazábal as Jefe Delegado. This role was created as the claimant, residing abroad, could hardly lead the party in Spain and needed his national representative. Since Olazábal resided in France, his appointment would defy this logic
  192. ^ El Imparial 23.07.08, available Bu yerga
  193. ^ as the crisis was unfolding in August Olazábal spoke in San Sebastián, see El Imparial 23.07.09, available Bu yerga; probably during the same visit he met Carlist bigwigs there, allegedly discussing changes in Carlist executive, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 431
  194. ^ trafficking “100,000 armes”
  195. ^ González Calleja 1998, p. 481
  196. ^ invariably, Olazábal was supposed to be the brain behind the operation; the French intelligence identified even the contraband routes, leading through Kvillan, Aix-les-Termes, Cerdeña, Andorra, Saint-Jean-de-Luz, St Etienne de Beigorry va Xendaya, González Calleja 1998, p. 484
  197. ^ González Calleja 1998, p. 484
  198. ^ González Calleja 1998, pp. 484–5
  199. ^ González Calleja 1998, p. 481
  200. ^ González Calleja 1998, pp. 481–2; the claimant accused Olazábal of asking for trouble when interfering in French religious issues, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 449
  201. ^ under the threat of exulsion, La Epoka 07.10.10, available Bu yerga
  202. ^ González Calleja 1998, p. 481
  203. ^ La Correspondencia de España 16.05.11, available Bu yerga, ABC 16.05.11, available Bu yerga
  204. ^ In July 1912 the press reported him was from France, see La Correspondencia de España 06.07.12, available Bu yerga; the French authorities were suspecting him of conspiring against the Portuguese government; Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 449
  205. ^ Cristóbal Robles, Cristóbal Robles Muñoz, José María de Urquijo e Ybarra: opinión, religión y poder, Madrid 1997, ISBN  8400076680, 9788400076689, p. 270
  206. ^ José Andres Gallego, La politica Religiosa en España, Madrid 1975, p. 464
  207. ^ Germán Cortabarría Igartua, Tirso de Olazabal Arbelaiz Lardizabal kirish [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
  208. ^ Olazábal is not mentioned in Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín, El caso Feliú y el dominio de Mella en el partido carlista en el período 1909–1912, [in:] Historia contemporánea 10 (1997), pp. 99–116
  209. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 439
  210. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 443
  211. ^ with Solferino and Francisco Martinez, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 458
  212. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 474
  213. ^ La Epoka 20.07.14, available Bu yerga
  214. ^ Tirso Olazábal formed part of a commission entrusted with planning a road from Azpeitia to the Loyola sanctuary, working under the auspices of Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, wife of Alfonso XIII, which seemed rather unusual for a Carlist, see La Epoka 25.09.17, available Bu yerga; in his 1921 obituary he was hailed for this very initiative by an Integrist daily, see La-Konstansiya 26.11.21, available Bu yerga
  215. ^ see Idoia Estornés Zubizarreta, Viktor Pradera Larumbe kirish [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia mavjud Bu yerga; it is interesting that the same enciclopaedia does not mention this episode in the personal entry dedicated to Olazábal himself, see Cortabarría Igartua, Tirso de Olazabal Arbelaiz Lardizabal kirish [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
  216. ^ José Luis Orella Martínez, El origen del primer Catolicismo social Español, [PhD thesis, Universidad de Educación a Distancia], Madrid 2012, pp. 182–3; he writes that “la posición de los notables no fue tan clara, Tirso Olazábal que se encontraba retirado de la vida pública, fue un ejemplo de notable local fiel al rey; sin embargo, su actitud le llevó esta vez a secundar a Vázquez de Mella. Guipuzcoanos, Vizcaínos y Catalanes fueron los que en mayoría formaron las huestes mellistas”
  217. ^ apart from minor articles covering the issue or paragraphs in synthethic works on Carlism, the most detailed monograph is Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín, El cisma mellista. Historia de una ambición política, Madrid 2000 yil, ISBN  9788487863820
  218. ^ and induced many to do so in Guipúzcoa, as the province turned into "principal baluarte de los mellistas", Andrés Martín 2000, pp. 160–161; it happened so even though de Mella did not hold Olazabal in high esteem, claiming that "mientras no desaparezcan de la escena politica Feliu, Olazabal, Forner y Polo nada podia hacerse", Andrés Martín 2000, p. 51
  219. ^ in 1908 the provincial jefatura was ceded to José María de Orbe y Gaytán de Ayala, 5th Marqués of Valde-Espina, El Correo Español 01.07.08, available Bu yerga, though as regional jefe Olazábal was Valde-Espina's superior until 1913
  220. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 155–8
  221. ^ his counter-candidate as head of Guipuzcoan Carlism, Ramón Altarriba y Villanueva, the 4th largest landholder in Guipúzcoa, also lived outside the province, residing permanently in Madrid; it remains interesting that while according to the Carlist fuerista principles his place of residence disqualified him as a potential Guipuzcoan jefe—see Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 242–43—things did not work this way in case of Olazábal
  222. ^ Olazábal was the president, Antonio de Elósegui and José de Muguruza were nominated vice-presidents, Ramón Ortiz de Zarate was appointed the secretary and 5 district sub-delegates were members, Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 145–6
  223. ^ at least in the 19th century, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 140
  224. ^ Olazábal opened new circles jointly with de Cerralbo, which might be indicative as to who was the moving spirit, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 205
  225. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 147
  226. ^ Francisco Javier Caspistegui, Historia por descubrir. Materiales para estudio del carlismo, Estella 2012, ISBN  9788423532148, 32-33 betlar
  227. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 189, 263, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 139
  228. ^ in May 1910 as Jefe of Vascongadas he expulsed Pradera, José Joaquín Castañeda and Félix Erviti as those staging unauthorised Casteneda’s candidature for the Cortes, El Siglo Futuro 03.05.10, available Bu yerga, also Juan Ramón de Andrés Martin, Precedentes del proyecto ultraderechista mellista en el periodo 1900–1912, [in:] Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia 202 (2005), pp. 124–125
  229. ^ Jose María Remirez de Ganuza López, Las Elecciones Generales de 1898 y 1899 en Navarra, [in] Viana printsipi 49 (1988), p. 384
  230. ^ 9 seats won out of 45 available in 9 successive elections taking place during Olazábals Guipuzcoan tenure
  231. ^ 28 seats out of 63
  232. ^ 5 seats out of 27
  233. ^ it is not clear who succeeded Olazábal as the provincial party jefe; in the late 1910s it was Bernardo Elío y Elío who started to represent Gipuzkoa on various nationwide party gatherings
  234. ^ like José Liñán, director of the El Basco davriy
  235. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 152
  236. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 155–8; even more far-reaching conclusions in Jiří Chalupa, En defensa del trono y del altar. El ideario carlista en el siglo XIX, [in:] Acta palackianae olomucensis. Romanica XIX. Philologica 93 (2007), p. 54: "Pero ideológicamente el carlismo muere ya a finales del siglo XIX"
  237. ^ a different conclusion offered is that in Guipúzcoa like in Catalonia, local Carlism tended to work hand in hand with peripheral nationalisms, which in turned triggered a response in form of growing espanolismo, forming part of the Mellista political toolset, Andres Martin 2000, p. 255
  238. ^ Jose Ignacio de Arana, Francisco María Altuna Bengoechea, Aita Aranaren egunaria, Bilbo 2000, ISBN  978-84-85479-99-3, p. 51
  239. ^ Xordi kanali, ¿En busca del precedente perdido?: tríptico sobre las complejas relaciones entre carlismo y catalanismo a fines del siglo XIX, [in:] Historia y Politica 14 (2005), p. 66
  240. ^ Mundo Grafico 17.04.12, available Bu yerga; the meeting was called in Eibar, centre of Basque socialism and republicanism, following earlier riots with two fatalities, including one Carlist, Antxon Narbaiza Azkue, Akilino Amuategi (1877–1919): XX. mende hasierako mitinlari sozialista euskalduna, Eibar 2002, ISBN  8489696314, 9788489696310, pp. 68–69
  241. ^ Conrad himself claimed to have smuggled arms for the Carlists along the Mediterranean coast, but there are conflicting views on authenticity of these accounts; some doubt it, see Zdzisław Najder, Życie Conrada-Korzeniowskiego, Warszawa 1980, ISBN  9788306001716, pp. 45-50, and some accept it, see Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, Affinity and Revulsion: Poland reacts to the Spanish Right (1936-1939), [in:] Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, John Radzilowski (eds.), Ispaniyalik karlizm va polshalik millatchilik: 19 va 20 asrlarda Evropaning chegara hududlari, Charlottesville 2003, ISBN  9781412834933, p. 48. For historiographical review see Franciszek Ziejka, Conrad's Marseilles, [in:] Yearbook of Conrad Studies 7 (2012), pp. 51-67, available Bu yerga

Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • Agustin Fernández Eskudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845-1922): biografía politica [Doktorlik dissertatsiyasi], Madrid 2012 yil
  • Xose Fernandes Gaytan, La marina carlista en las guerras civiles del siglo XIX, [in:] Revista de historia naval 20 (1988), 5-32 betlar
  • Eduardo Gonsales Calleja, La razón de la fuerza: orden público, subversión y vioencia política en la España de la Restauración (1875–1917), Madrid 1998 yil, ISBN  8400077784, 9788400077785
  • Xuan Pardo San Gil, Las operaciones navales en las Guerras Carlistas, [in:] Itsas Memoria. Revista de Estudios Marítimos del Pais Vasco 5 (2006), 433-466 betlar
  • Xaver Real Kuesta, El carlismo vasco 1876-1900, Madrid 1985 yil, ISBN  8432305103, 9788432305108
Tirso de Olazábal y Lardizábal uz 1888.jpg

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