Frantsuz Elisabet - Élisabeth of France

Frantsuz Elisabet
Frantsiya malikasi
Elisabet de Frans xonim tomonidan bo'yalgan Elisabet Vige Le Brun, taxminan 1782
Tug'ilgan	(1764-05-03)1764 yil 3-may Versal saroyi, Versal, Frantsiya
O'ldi	1794 yil 10-may(1794-05-10) (30 yosh) Revolyutsiya maydoni, Parij, Frantsiya
Dafn	Cimetière des Errancis, Parij, Frantsiya (birinchi) Parijning katakombalari (yakuniy)
To'liq ism Elisabet Filipp Mari Xelen
Uy	Burbon
Ota	Lui, Frantsiya Dofini
Ona	Saksoniya gersoginyasi Mariya Xosefa
Din	Rim katolikligi
Frantsiya malika gerbi

Frantsuz Elisabet (Elisabet Filipp Mari Xelene de France;^[1][2] 1764 yil 3 may - 1794 yil 10 may), nomi bilan tanilgan Xonim Elisabet, edi a Frantsiya malika va Qirolning eng yosh birodari Lyudovik XVI. U paytida shoh va uning oilasi yonida qoldi Frantsiya inqilobi va ijro etilgan Revolyutsiya maydoni yilda Parij davomida Terror. U tomonidan ko'rib chiqiladi Rim-katolik cherkovi kabi shahid va a sifatida hurmatga sazovor Xudoning xizmatkori.^[3][4]

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Elisabet bolaligida Jozef Dyukro, 1768

Elisabet 1764 yil 3-mayda tug'ilgan Versal saroyi, ning kenja farzandi Lui, Frantsiya Dofini va Saksoniyalik Mari-Xosefe. Uning ota-bobosi Shoh edi Frantsiya Louis XV va qirolicha Mariya Leshshyshka. Podshohning nabirasi sifatida u a Petite-Fille de France.

1765 yilda otasi to'satdan vafot etganida, Elisabetning omon qolgan eng keksa ukasi Lui Ogyust (keyinchalik Lyudovik XVI) yangi Dofin ( merosxo'r Frantsiya taxtiga). Ularning onasi Mari Jozef 1767 yil mart oyida vafot etdi sil kasalligi.^[5] Bu Elisabet an yetim atigi ikki yoshida, birodarlari bilan birga: Lui Ogust, Lui Stanislas, Provans grafigi, Charlz Filipp, Artois grafi va Fransiyalik Mari Klotilde.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Elisabet Filipp Mari Xelen de Frans tomonidan Per Fransua Leonard Fonteyn, v. 1775

Elisabet va uning singlisi Klotilde tarbiyalangan Xonim de Marsan, Frantsiya bolalariga hukumat. Opa-singillar shaxsan juda o'xshash bo'lmagan. Elisabet "mag'rur, egiluvchan va ehtirosli" deb ta'riflangan bo'lsa-da, Klotilde, aksincha, unga "faqat yo'l-yo'riq va rivojlanishga muhtoj bo'lgan eng baxtli kayfiyat berilgan" deb baho berilgan.^[6] Ularga zamonaviy qirol malikalarining odatdagi ta'limi berildi, ular yutuqlar, din va fazilatlarga e'tibor berishdi, bu ma'lumotga Klotild tayyor bo'lib o'zini bag'ishlagan.^[7] Ular botanika fanidan M. Lemonnier, tarix va geografiya fanidan M. Leblond va din bo'yicha Abbot de Montigat, Kanon Shartresdan dars berganlar va ular sud kunlarini o'qish, yurish o'rtasida bo'linib, shoh saroylari orasida kuzatib borishgan. park va o'rmonda haydash. Madam de Marsan uni tez-tez talabalarnikiga borishga olib borardi Aziz Kir, unda malika bilan tanishish uchun tanlangan yosh xonimlar taqdim etildi.^[6]

Klotildni "o'zini o'zi bilan yaqinlashayotganlar sevib qolishgan" itoatkor o'quvchi deb ta'riflagan bo'lsada, Elisabet uzoq vaqt davomida "knyazlar haqida o'ylash vazifasi bo'lgan odamlar bo'lgan" deb o'qishdan bosh tortdi va xodimlariga muomala qildi. sabrsizlik. Elisabetni uddalay olmagan xonim de Marsan, Klizildni afzal ko'rdi, bu Elisabetning rashkiga sabab bo'ldi va opa-singillar o'rtasida ziddiyatni keltirib chiqardi.^[6] Elisabet kasal bo'lib qolganida va Klotilde uni emizishni talab qilganida, ularning munosabatlari yaxshilandi, shu vaqt ichida u Elisabetga alifboni o'rgatdi va unga dinga qiziqish uyg'otdi, bu esa qizning shaxsiyatida katta o'zgarishlarni keltirib chiqardi; Tez orada Klotilde singlisining do'sti, o'qituvchisi va maslahatchisi bo'lib qoldi.^[6] Shundan so'ng, Elisabet berildi Mari Angélique de Mackau Xabar qilinishicha, "qarshilikni egib turadigan qat'iyat va ilhom bag'ishlovchi iltifotli mehr-muhabbatga ega bo'lgan" va o'qituvchisi sifatida Elisabet ta'limida o'sishga erishgan hamda yumshoq shaxsni shakllantirgan, o'zining kuchli irodasi bilan diniy tamoyillarga yo'naltirilgan. .^[6]

1770 yilda uning katta akasi Dofin uylandi Avstriyalik Mari Antuanetta. Mari Antuanetta Elisabetni yoqimli deb topdi va o'zini singlisi Klotilddan afzal ko'rganini juda ochiq namoyish qildi, bu esa sudda ba'zi qonunbuzarliklarni keltirib chiqardi.^[8]

Lyudovik XVI

Madina Elisabet arfa bilan

1774 yil 10-mayda uning bobosi Lyudovik XV vafot etdi va akasi Lui Avgust taxtga Lyudovik XVI sifatida o'tirdi.

1775 yil avgustda uning singlisi Klotilde Sardiniya valiahd shahzodasi bilan turmush qurish uchun Frantsiyani tark etdi. Opa-singillar bilan xayrlashish qizg'in deb ta'riflandi, chunki Elisabet o'zini Klotildning qo'lidan tortib olishga arzimaydi. Qirolicha Mari Antuanet sharhladi:

"Mening singlim Elisabet maftunkor bola, u aql-zakovatiga, fe'l-atvoriga va juda ko'p latofatiga ega; u eng katta hissiyotni va o'z yoshidan ancha kattaroq, singlisini tark etganida ko'rsatgan. Kambag'al qizcha umidsizlikka tushgan va uning sog'lig'i kabi u juda nozik, u kasal bo'lib qolgan va o'ta og'ir asab xurujiga uchragan, men o'zimning qadrdon mamamga egaman, chunki men unga juda bog'lanib qolishimdan qo'rqaman, xolalarim misolida uning baxtiga qanchalik zarurligini his qilaman. bu mamlakatda keksa xizmatkor bo'lib qolish. "^[9]

"U singlisining ketishi munosabati bilan va boshqa bir qancha holatlarda jozibali yaxshi his va hissiyotlarni namoyish etadi. Agar o'n bir yoshda bunday to'g'ri tuyg'u bo'lsa, bu juda yoqimli ... Kambag'al kichkintoy bizni tark etishi mumkin Ikki yildan so'ng. U Portugaliyaga borishi kerakligi uchun uzr so'rayman, lekin u yoshroq yurishi uchun baxtliroq bo'ladi, chunki u ikki davlat o'rtasidagi farqni kamroq his qiladi. Xudo uning sezgirligi unga ta'sir qilmasin baxtsiz. "^[6]

Voyaga etganlar hayoti

1778 yil 17-mayda, sudning Marliga tashrifidan so'ng, xonim Elisabet rasmiy ravishda bolalar palatasini tark etdi va voyaga yetdi, chunki u shohning irodasi bilan gubernatori tomonidan qirolga topshirilib, o'z uyiga berildi. uy, bilan Diane de Polignak faxriy xizmatchi sifatida va Bonne Mari Félicité de Sérent kutib turgan ayol sifatida.^[9] Marosim quyidagicha tasvirlangan: "Mme Yelizaveta Princesse Gemenée, gubernatorlar va tashrif buyurgan xonimlar hamrohligida qirolning kvartiralariga bordilar va u erda Mme de Geménée rasmiy vazifasini janob hazratlariga topshirdi, u Mme la-ni yubordi. Comtesse Diane de Polignac, malika va uning kutib turgan xonim Mme la Markise de Sereat sharaf xizmatkori.^[6]

Unga turmush qurish uchun bir necha bor urinishlar qilingan. Birinchi taklif qilingan sherik edi Xose, Braziliya shahzodasi. U uchrashuvga hech qanday e'tiroz bildirmadi, ammo xabarlarga ko'ra muzokaralar to'xtatilgach, yengil tortdi.^[6]

Keyinchalik, unga Aosta gersogi (kelajak) taklif qildi Sardiniyalik Viktor Emmanuel I ), Savoyning valiahd shahzodasining ukasi va uning singlisi Klotilde qayin ukasi. Biroq Frantsiya sudi frantsuz malika uchun monarx yoki taxt merosxo'ridan ko'ra quyi maqomdagi shahzodaga uylanishni to'g'ri deb hisoblamagan va uning nomidan nikoh rad etilgan.^[9]

Nihoyat, u va uning qaynonasi o'rtasida nikoh qurishni taklif qilishdi Jozef II, Muqaddas Rim imperatori, o'tgan yili Frantsiyaga qilgan tashrifidan u haqida yaxshi taassurot qoldirgan va uni "aql-idrokning tetikligi va uning xushchaqchaq xarakteri" o'ziga jalb qilganligini izohlagan.^[6] Biroq, sudga qarshi avstriyalik partiya Frantsiya va Avstriya o'rtasidagi ittifoqni Frantsiya manfaatlariga zid deb hisoblagan va 1783 yilga kelib rejalar nihoyat to'xtatilgan va boshqa turmush qurish takliflari qilinmagan.^[9] Elisabetning o'zi turmushga chiqmaslikdan mamnun edi, chunki bu chet ellik shahzodada bo'lgani kabi, uni Frantsiyani tark etishga majbur qiladi: "Men faqat Qirolning o'g'liga uylanishim mumkin va Qirolning o'g'li otasining shohligida hukmronlik qilishi kerak. Frantsuz ayol bo'ling. Men bir bo'lishni to'xtatishni xohlamayman. Bu erda akamning taxtida turish, boshqasiga ko'tarilishdan ko'ra yaxshiroqdir. "^[6]

Elisabet xonim inqilobdan oldin hech qanday qirollik rolini o'ynamagan; u qirol sudini dekadent va uning axloqiy farovonligiga tahdid deb bilgan va undan uzoqlashish uchun harakat qilgan va u sudga faqat uning huzurida o'tirish zarur bo'lganda yoki qirol yoki malika aniq so'raganida qatnashgan.^[6] Xabarlarga ko'ra, u qirollik bolalar palatasidan chiqib, katta bo'lib o'z uyini tashkil qilganida, u bolalik davrida gubernatorlar va tarbiyachilar tomonidan belgilangan printsiplarga rioya qilishni davom ettirish orqali o'zini sud hayotidagi mumkin bo'lgan axloqiy tahdidlardan himoya qilishga qaror qildi: kunlarini bag'ishlash diniy sadoqat, o'qish, sayr qilish va sayr qilish jadvaliga va faqat "menga ta'lim bergan va menga bog'langan xonimlar bilan [...] yaxshi xola-singillarim, Aziz Kir xonimlari, karmelitlar Aziz Denis "deb nomlangan.^[6]

U tez-tez xolasiga tashrif buyurgan, Frantsiya Luizasi, Sankt-Denisning Karmelit monastirida. Uning rohiba bo'lishidan bir oz xavotirga tushgan podshoh bir marta "Men xola bilan uchrashishga borganingizdan yaxshiroq narsa so'ramayman, agar siz uning o'rnagiga ergashmasangiz: Yelizaveta, menga keraksiz" dedi.^[6] Mutlaq monarxiyaga qattiq ishongan Elisabet o'zining to'ng'ich akasi podshohning mavqeini juda hurmat qilgan va uning yonida turishni burch deb bilgan. Shaxsiy darajada u o'zining ikkinchi akasi - Provans grafiga bag'ishlangan edi: "Mening akam Konte-de-Provans bir vaqtning o'zida eng yaxshi maslahatchi va eng maftunkor muxlisdir. U kamdan-kam hollarda odamlarning hukmida adashadi. va uning ajoyib xotirasi uni har qanday holatda ham abadiy qiziqarli latifalar oqimi bilan ta'minlaydi. "^[6] Uning kenja ukasi, graf Artois unga o'xshamasdi va ba'zida u mendan hayratga tushgan bo'lsa ham, janjallari uchun "mehribon ma'ruza" o'qiydi.^[6]

Vigee Le Brun, turmush tarzi - Elisabet Frantsiya

Uning malikasi Mari Antuanet bilan munosabatlari murakkab edi, chunki ular juda o'xshash emas edi. Mari Antoinette, Elisabetni sudga birinchi marta katta yoshga kirganida yoqimli deb topdi: "Qirolicha u bilan sehrlangan. U hammaga bundan yaxshi odam yo'qligini, uni ilgari yaxshi bilmasligini, ammo hozir uni o'zi qilganini aytdi. uning do'sti va bu hayot uchun bo'ladi ".^[6] Elisabet, ammo uning xolalari bilan yaqin bo'lgan Mesdames de Frans sudda avstriyaliklarga qarshi partiyaning a'zolari bo'lib, qirolichaga nisbatan adovati bilan ajralib, uning sud hayotidagi norasmiy islohotlariga keskin qarshi chiqishgan,^[10] va oxirgi qarashni Elisabet monarxist sifatida qirolichaning odob-axloq qoidalarini e'tiborsiz qoldirishini monarxiya uchun tahdid deb bilgan va shu bilan bog'liq holda ta'kidlagan: "agar suverenitetlar odamlarga tez-tez tushib tursa, odamlar etarlicha yaqinlashar edi Qirolichaning nafaqat chiroyli ayol ekanligini va ular tez orada Qirol amaldorlar orasida birinchi bo'lgan degan xulosaga kelishlarini ko'rish. "^[6] Shuningdek, u qirolichaning bu boradagi xatti-harakatlarini tanqid qilishga urindi, lekin hech qachon ochiqdan-ochiq qilmadi, aksincha xolasidan so'radi Madela Adelaida buni uning uchun qilish. Ushbu farqlardan qat'i nazar, u vaqti-vaqti bilan Trianondagi Mari Antoinettaga tashrif buyurgan, u erda ular sun'iy ko'lda baliq tutishgan, sigirlarning sog'ilishini tomosha qilishgan va qirolni va uning ukalarini "oq paxtali ko'ylaklar, somon shlyapalar va doka fichusda" kechki ovqat uchun kutib olishgan va u hech bo'lmaganda bir marta, qirolichaning havaskor teatr tomoshalaridan birida qatnashishga rozilik bergan.^[6] U shoh va malika bolalariga, xususan birinchi dafin va Fransiyalik Mari Teres. Elisabetning xudojo'y onasi bo'ldi Frantsiyalik Sofi Xelen Beatrix 1786 yilda va o'sha yili u katta qiziqish bilan qaragan Sent-Kirning yuz yilligida qatnashdi.

1781 yilda qirol unga sovg'a qildi Monreuil Versaldan unchalik uzoq bo'lmagan joyda, shaxsiy qirg'in sifatida malika uni unga shunday so'zlar bilan sovg'a qildi: "Singlim, siz hozir uydasiz, bu joy sizning Trianoningiz bo'ladi".^[6] Qirol yigirma to'rt yoshigacha Monreyuda tunashiga ruxsat bermadi, lekin u odatda butun kunni ertalabki massadan Versalga uxlash uchun qaytib kelguniga qadar o'tkazdi. Montreilda u bolalik davrida gubernatorlar tomonidan belgilangan jadvaldan ilhomlanib, kunlarini kutish xonimlari bilan minish yoki piyoda yurish, kechki ovqat va ibodat qilish uchun mashq qilish, mashq qilish uchun soatlarga ajratgan jadvalga amal qildi. Elisabet bog'dorchilikka qiziqib, yaqin Montreil qishlog'ida xayriya ishlari bilan shug'ullangan. Uning sobiq o'qituvchisi Lemonnier Monreuildagi qo'shnisi edi va u o'zining xayriya ishlarini qishloqqa tarqatish uchun uni almoner deb atadi: "Ular o'rtasida doimiy qiziqish almashinuvi o'sib bordi. Bilimdon professor o'zining bog'ida o'zining botanika fanidan malika bilan o'rtoqlashdi, va hatto uning laboratoriyasidagi tajribalari; va Mme Yelizaveta o'z navbatida eski do'stini xayriya ishlarida u bilan bog'lab, uni qishloqda o'zining almoneri qildi ".^[6] U sigirlarni boshqarish uchun Shveytsariyadan va shveytsariyalik Jak Bossondan sigirlar olib kelgan; uning iltimosiga binoan, u shuningdek, ota-onasini va uning amakivachchasi-kelini Marni Montreilga olib kelib, unga Mariga uylandi va uni sut sohibasi qilib tayinladi va Bosson oilasiga Montreildagi fermasini boqishni, o'zi tarqatgan sut va tuxumni ishlab chiqarishni yo'lga qo'ydi. qishloqning kambag'al bolalariga. Bu sud tomonidan chiroyli idil deb topilgan va Jak Bosson she'rda Mme de Travannes tomonidan tasvirlangan "Povr Jak"juda mashhur bo'lib, musiqaga qo'shildi.^[6]

Elisabet siyosat bilan qiziqar edi va mutlaq monarxiya tarafdori edi. U 1787 yil 22-fevralda Versalda Milliy Assambleyaning ochilishida qatnashdi va quyidagicha izoh berdi:

Ushbu mashhur Assambleya biz uchun nima qiladi? Hech narsa yo'q, faqat bizning tanqidiy pozitsiyamizni odamlar bilishi kerak. Shoh ulardan maslahat so'rab, vijdonan harakat qiladi; unga beradigan maslahatlarida ham xuddi shunday qilishadimi? Qirolicha juda mulohazali. Ba'zan biz u hech narsa demasdan soatlarni yolg'iz o'tkazamiz. U mendan qo'rqayotganga o'xshaydi. Va yana kim mening akamning baxtiga mendan ko'ra jonliroq qiziqish ko'rsatishi mumkin? Bizning qarashlarimiz turlicha. U avstriyalik. Men burbonman. D'Artois Comte bu buyuk islohotlarning zarurligini tushunmaydi; u shikoyat qilish va Bosh shtatlar yig'ilishini talab qilish huquqiga ega bo'lish uchun odamlar defitsitni ko'paytiradi deb o'ylaydi. Mese yozuvchilik bilan juda band; u ancha jiddiyroq va bilasizmi, u allaqachon jiddiy edi. Menda bularning barchasi yomon bo'lib chiqadi degan prezentatsiya mavjud. Menga kelsak, fitnalar meni charchatadi. Men tinchlik va dam olishni yaxshi ko'raman. Ammo shoh baxtsiz bo'lsa, men uni hech qachon tark etmayman.^[6]

Inqilob

Elisabet de France Labille-Guiard 1787 yil

Elisabet va uning ukasi Charlz-Filipp, comte d'Artois, qirol oilasidagi eng qat'iy konservatorlar edi. Artoisdan farqli o'laroq, qirolning buyrug'i bilan 1789 yil 17-iyulda Frantsiyadan uch kun o'tib ketgan Bastiliyaga hujum qilish,^[11] Elisabet voqealar og'irligi harakatga keltirganida emigratsiya qilishdan bosh tortdi Frantsiya inqilobi aniq bo'ldi.

1789 yil 5-oktabrda Elisabet ko'rdi Versaldagi ayollar yurishi Montreildan va darhol Versal saroyiga qaytib keldi. U shohga "g'alayonni kuchli va tezkor ravishda bostirishni" tavsiya qildi.^[6] muzokaralar olib borish o'rniga va qirol oilasi fraktsiyalarning har qanday ta'siridan xalos bo'lish uchun Parijdan narida joylashgan bir shaharga ko'chib o'tishi kerak.^[6] Uning maslahatiga qarshi turishdi Nekker va u malikaning kvartiralarida nafaqaga chiqdi. Olomon malikani o'ldirish uchun saroyga bostirib kirganida, u bezovtalanmadi, lekin uyg'onib, o'zi uchun tashvishlanayotgan shohni chaqirdi. Olomon shohdan ular bilan Parijga qaytishini talab qilganida va Lafayette unga rozilik berishni maslahat berganida, Elisabet muvaffaqiyatsiz ravishda shohga boshqacha maslahat bergan:

Sir, Parijga borish kerak emas. Sizda hali ham bag'ishlangan batalyonlar, sodiq soqchilar bor, ular sizning chekinishingizni himoya qiladi, lekin men sizdan iltimos qilaman, birodarim, Parijga bormang.^[6]

Elisabet qirollik oilasini Parijga kuzatib bordi, u erda ular bilan birga yashashni tanladi Tuileries saroyi xolalari bilan emas mesdames Adelaida va G'olib, ichida château de Bellevue. Ular kelganidan keyingi kun, Xonim de Tourzel qirollar oilasini tashqarida katta olomon uyg'otganini va oilaning har bir a'zosi, hatto "malikalar" ham o'zlarini milliy kokadni kiyib jamoatchilikka ko'rsatishga majbur bo'lganliklarini ta'kidladilar.^[6]

Tileriyalarda Elisabet uyga joylashtirildi Pavillon de Flore. Dastlab qirolichaning yonida birinchi qavatda u bilan almashdi Princesse Lamballe Pavloron de Floredagi ikkinchi qavatga^[8] baliq bozoridagi ba'zi ayollar derazadan uning kvartirasiga chiqishganidan keyin.^[6]

Qirolichadan farqli o'laroq, xonim Elisabet jamoatchilik orasida yaxshi obro'ga ega edi va uni Las-Xollning bozor ayollari "Tileriyalarning Sent-Jenevisi" deb atashgan.^[6] Tilerilerdagi sud hayoti bo'ysundirilgan deb ta'riflandi. Elisabet qirol oilasi bilan kechki ovqatda qatnashdi, kechki ovqatdan keyin qirolicha bilan gobelen ustida ishladi va har kuni Provens grafligi va grafinyasi bilan kechki oilaviy kechki ovqatda qatnashdi va Montreildagi mulkini xat bilan boshqarishda davom etdi. U Frantsiyada ham, tashqarida ham do'stlari bilan, ayniqsa surgun qilingan akalari va do'sti bilan sezilarli yozishmalar olib bordi Mari-Anjelika de Bombelles saqlanib qolgan va uning siyosiy qarashlarini tavsiflovchi.

1791 yil fevralda u xola Adelayde va Vitorua bilan birga hijrat qilmaslikni tanladi. U xatida quyidagicha fikr bildirdi:

Men sizning xatlaringizdan va boshqalardan olganimda, odamlar mening xolalarim kabi qilmaganimga hayron bo'lishlarini ko'rishim mumkin deb o'yladim. Mening vazifam meni bu qadamni tashlashga chorlagan deb o'ylamagan edim va qarorim shu bilan belgilandi. Ammo ishonamanki, men hech qachon o'z vazifamga, dinimga, xayrixohligimga xiyonat qila olmayman va faqat shu xizmatga loyiq bo'lganlarga va men dunyo bilan birga yashashni xohlagan kishilarga bo'lgan sevgimga xiyonat qila olmayman.^[6]

Varennesga parvoz

1791 yil iyun oyida u qirol oilasini muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lishiga hamroh qildi qochishga urinish, to'xtatildi Varennes, bu erda ular Parijga qaytishga majbur bo'lishdi. Safar davomida Mme de Tourzel baronessa de Korff, shoh uning valet-de-chambre, qirolicha xizmatkori va Yelizaveta bolalarning enasi sifatida o'tdi.

U mashhur parvozda etakchi ishtirok etmagan, ammo Parijga qaytishda rol o'ynagan. Ketgandan ko'p o'tmay Epernay qaytib kelganda, partiyaga Assambleyaning uchta komissari: Barnave, Potion va Latour-Maubourg qo'shildi va ikkalasi birinchi bo'lib vagon ichida ularga qo'shilishdi. Safar davomida Yelizaveta Barnave bilan qirolning qochib qutulish harakatini oqlash va uning inqilob haqidagi qarashlarini tavsiflash maqsadida bir necha soat davomida gaplashdi, bu qisman Tourzel xotiralarida bayon etilgan edi:

"Mening qalbimni ochish va siz bilan inqilob to'g'risida ochiq gaplashish imkoniyatini berganingizdan juda xursandman. Siz juda aqlli, M. Barnave, qirolning frantsuzlarga bo'lgan muhabbatini va uning xohishini darhol anglamadingiz. Ozodlikka bo'lgan haddan ziyod muhabbat aldanib, unga hamroh bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan tartibsizlikni o'ylamay, faqat uning foydalari haqida o'ylar edingiz, birinchi muvaffaqiyatingizdan ko'zingizni qamashtirganingizdan, siz niyat qilganingizdan ancha oldinga o'tdingiz. qiyinchiliklarga qarshi va sizni rejalaringizga to'sqinlik qilayotgan barcha narsalarni aks ettirmasdan siqib qo'yishga majbur qildingiz: taraqqiyot asta-sekin ketishi kerakligini va tezda yetib borishga intilish odam o'z yo'lidan adashish xavfini tug'dirishini unutdingiz, siz hamma narsani yo'q qilish orqali o'zingizga ishontirdingiz. yaxshi yoki yomon allaqachon mavjud edi, siz mukammal bir ish yaratasiz va keyin uni saqlab qolish uchun foydali bo'lgan narsani qayta tiklaysiz, bu istakdan chetlanib, siz qirollik asoslariga hujum qildingiz va aql-idrokni yopdingiz. h achchiqlanish va shohlarning eng yaxshisini haqorat qilish. Sizni oqilona g'oyalarga qaytarish uchun qilgan barcha sa'y-harakatlari va qurbonliklari befoyda edi, va siz uning niyatlarini qisqartirishni va uni o'z xalqi oldida kamsitishni to'xtatmadingiz, chunki shohonalikdan sevgi va hurmatni ilhomlantiradigan barcha imtiyozlar. Uning saroyidan yirtilgan va eng sharmandali tarzda Parijga olib borilgan, uning ezguligi hech qachon tugamagan. U adashgan bolalariga bag'rini ochdi va Frantsiya farovonligi uchun ular bilan hamkorlik qilish uchun ular bilan tushunishga harakat qildi. Siz uni hali tugallanmagan Konstitutsiyani imzolashga majbur qildingiz, garchi u siz uchun tugallanmagan asarga sanksiya bermaslik yaxshiroq bo'lishini ko'rsatgan bo'lsa-da, uni ushbu shaklda Federatsiya oldida bo'lgan odamlarga taqdim etishni majbur qildingiz. Maqsad, Qirolni xalqdan ajratib qo'yishda sizlarga Bo'limlarni biriktirish edi. "^[6]

"Eh, xonim, Federatsiyadan shikoyat qilmang. Agar bundan qanday foyda ko'rishni bilsangiz, biz adashishimiz kerak edi", deb javob berdi Barnave.

"Qirol o'sha paytdan beri yangi haqoratlarga qaramay, u hozir qilgan ishlarini qilishga qaror qilolmadi. Ammo, uning printsiplari - oilasida - shaxsida - jinoyatlar tufayli chuqur hujumga uchradi. butun Frantsiya bo'ylab amalga oshirilgan va hukumatning barcha bo'limlarida yuzaga kelgan yomonliklar bilan birgalikda umumiy tartibsizlikni ko'rgan; qirollikning boshqa bir shahriga borish uchun Parijni tark etishga qaror qilgan, u erda o'z harakatlaridan ozod bo'lib, Assambleyani qayta ko'rib chiqishga ishontirishi mumkin uning farmonlari va u bilan birgalikda u yangi hokimiyatni tuzishi mumkin edi, unda turli xil hokimiyat organlari o'z joylarida tasniflanishi va almashtirilishi va Frantsiya baxtiga xizmat qilishi mumkin edi. Men o'z qayg'ularimiz haqida gapirmayman. Frantsiya bilan kimni kim qilishi kerak bo'lsa, u bizni butunlay ishg'ol qiladi, agar sizning farmoyishlaringiz bilan, dinni tutish uchun barcha erkinliklarni inkor etib, meni vijdon erkinligi amal qilishimga imkon beradigan mamlakatga borishga majbur qilmasam, men uni hech qachon tark etmayman. mening hayotimdan ko'ra ko'proq tutadigan dinim. '^[6]

"Hechqisi yo'q, xonim, sizning namunangiz va sizning huzuringiz mamlakatingiz uchun juda foydali", deb javob berdi Barnave.^[6]

O'zining iksiri Elisabetni sayohat paytida o'ziga jalb qilgan deb tanitgan edi: keyinchalik Elisabetning o'zi "Varennesdan bo'lgan sayohati paytida ba'zi g'alati fikrlarini" eslab qolganini yozgan xatida buni ishora qildi.^[6] Mehmonxonada Dormanlar Ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, Elisabet bilan zobit Jan Landriyo bog'lanib, u oilani derazadan va daryo orqali Vincellesga qochib ketishiga yordam berishga urinishda vositachi sifatida foydalangan. Parijga qaytib kelgandan so'ng, Elisabet va Turzellar vagondan Barnave va Latour-Maubourg tomonidan saroyga kuzatib borishdi va shoh, malika va qirol bolalaridan keyin oxirgi; olomon shohni sukut bilan, malikani yoqtirmaslik bilan va bolalarni xursandchilik bilan kutib olganda, Elisabet va Turzelga nisbatan jamoatchilikning alohida reaktsiyasi yo'q edi.^[6]

Elisabet sayohat haqida fikr bildirdi Mari-Angellik de Bombelles:

"Bizning Barnave va Petion bilan sayohatimiz juda kulgili tarzda o'tdi. Siz bizning azoblarga duchor bo'lganligimizga shubha qilmaysiz! Hechqisi yo'q. Ular o'zini juda yaxshi tutishdi, ayniqsa, avvalgiday, juda aqlli va aytilganidek shafqatsiz emas. Men boshladim Ularga ularning ishlari haqida mening fikrimni ochiqchasiga ko'rsatib berdim va shundan keyin biz safar davomida qolgan masalada o'zimizni qiziqtirmay suhbatlashdik. Barnave biz bilan birga bo'lgan va Milliy Gvardiya qirg'in qilishni xohlagan bog'larni saqlab qoldi. bu erga kelishimiz. "^[6]

Qaytib kelganlaridan keyin qirol, malika va Dofin (shuningdek, uning gubernatori Tourzel) kuzatuv ostiga olindi, ammo qirolning qizi yoki singlisini kuzatish hech bir qo'riqchiga yuklanmadi va Elisabet aslida u istagan vaqtda chiqib ketishi mumkin emas edi. xohlagan, lekin u Tourzelning so'zlariga ko'ra akasi va kelinining yonida qolishni afzal ko'rdi, chunki "ularning asirlik paytida ularga tasalli berishdi. Uning qirol va malika va ularning farzandlariga bo'lgan munosabati har doim ularning baxtsizliklariga mutanosib ravishda ikki baravar ko'paygan".^[6] Uni muxbirlaridan biri Abbé de Lyubersak Rimdagi xolalariga qo'shilishga chaqirgan, ammo rad etgan: "Inson o'zini tasarruf eta olmaydigan ba'zi pozitsiyalar mavjud va ular meniki. Men tutishim kerak bo'lgan chiziq shu tarzda izlangan Men unga sodiq qolishim kerakligini aniq ko'rsatma bilan. "^[6]

1792 yil voqealari

Elisabet paytida 1792 yil 20 iyundagi namoyish.

1792 yil 20-fevralda Elisabet qirolichani Italiya teatriga kuzatib bordi, bu oxirgi marta qirolicha bunday tashrifni qilgani va xalq oldida olqishlangani kabi esda qoldi va u qirol yangi konstitutsiyani imzolaganidan keyin rasmiy bayramlarda va 1792 yil 14 iyuldagi Federatsiya bayrami. Yangi konstitutsiya surgun qilingan akalarini frantsuz surgun regentsiyasini tayyorlashga undadi va Elisabet akasiga Artois grafiga koddagi siyosiy o'zgarishlar to'g'risida xabar berdi.^[6] U shohning konstitutsiyaviy qasamyod qilishdan bosh tortgan ruhoniylarga qarshi farmonni sanktsiyalashiga qarshi chiqdi.^[6]

Elisabet va Mari Antuanetga qul egalari delegatsiyasi ham tashrif buyurgan Sankt-Domingue Qullarning qo'zg'olonidan himoya qilish uchun qiroldan iltimosnoma olishga kelgan, uning paytida uning obrazi shunday tasvirlangan: "xonim, sizning oldingizda paydo bo'lishida ular sizning yuksak fazilatlaringiz uchun hurmat qilishdan boshqa his-tuyg'ularni his qila olmaydilar. Siz ularni taqdiri uchun qiziqtiradigan qiziqish uning achchig'ini tottiradi "deb javob berib, u shunday javob berdi:" Janoblar, men koloniyaga tashrif buyurgan baxtsizliklarni juda yaxshi his qildim. Men unga qirol va qirol tomonidan berilgan qiziqishni chin dildan baham ko'raman. Qirolicha va men sizga barcha kolonistlarni bunga ishontirishingizni iltimos qilaman. "^[6]

Davomida 1792 yil 20 iyundagi namoyish Tileriler saroyida Elisabet o'zining jasorati bilan, ayniqsa, malika bilan vaqtincha adashganida katta taassurot qoldirdi. U voqea paytida shohning xonasida bo'lgan va voqea paytida uning yonida bo'lgan. Namoyishchilar qirolni inqilobiy qizil qalpoq kiyishga majbur qilishganda, Elisabet malika bilan adashgan edi. Unga ogohlantirish berildi: "Siz tushunmaysiz, ular sizni avstriyalikka olib ketmoqdalar" va u mashhur tarzda shunday javob berdi: "Eh, agar Xudo shunday bo'lsa edi, ularni yoritmang, ularni katta jinoyatdan saqlang".^[6] U: "Ehtiyot bo'ling, monsye. Siz birovni yaralab qo'yishingiz mumkin, va men afsusdaman", degan so'zlar bilan unga ishora qilgan chetga burildi.^[6] Qirolni himoya qilmoqchi bo'lgan bir erkak qirolist hushidan ketganda, u huzuriga etib borib, uni hidli tuzi bilan jonlantirdi. 20 iyundagi namoyishdan so'ng, namoyishchilarning ba'zilari, aslida qirollik oilasiga qilingan muvaffaqiyatsiz hujumni Elisabetning xatti-harakati bilan qilingan jasoratning namoyishi bilan bog'lashdi va ayol namoyishchi shunday dedi: "Bugungi kunda hech narsa qilish kerak emas edi. ularning yaxshi Sent-Jenevyasi o'sha erda edi. "^[6]

Elisabetning o'zi Namoyishni maktubida quyidagicha ta'riflagan:

"Biz hozir Qirolning derazasida edik. Uning valeti bilan birga bo'lgan bir necha kishi ham bizga qo'shilish uchun kelishdi. Eshiklar yopiq edi va bir necha daqiqadan so'ng biz kimdir qo'ng'iroq qilganini eshitdik. Bu Aclocque va u olib kelgan ba'zi Grenadierlar va ko'ngillilar edi. U Qiroldan o'zini yolg'iz ko'rsatishni iltimos qildi.Qirol birinchi xonaga kirdi ... Qirol o'zining xonasiga kirgan paytda ba'zi qirolichaning odamlari uni xonalariga qaytishni majbur qilishdi.Udan baxtliroq Meni Podshohdan ketishga majbur qiladigan hech kim yo'q edi va eshkak eshkagichlar ochilganda qirolichani deyarli sudrab olib ketishmadi, shu payt shoh derazada turgan Marechalning ba'zi sandiqlariga o'rnidan turdi. de Muchi, MM d'Hervelli, Aklok va o'nlab grenaderlar uni o'rab olishdi, men vazirlar M. de Marsilli va bir necha milliy gvardiya bilan o'ralgan devor yonida qoldim.Pikmenlar chaqmoq singari xonaga kirib kelishdi, ular qarashdi. Qirol uchun, xususan, ular dahshatli gaplarni aytadigan, ammo Grenadeyer uning qo'lidan ushlab: "Baxtsiz, bu sizning Shohingiz", dedi. Ular bir vaqtning o'zida Vive le Royni qichqirishdi. Qolgan pikmenlar xursandchilikka mexanik javob berishdi. Yozishimdan ko'ra xona tezroq to'ldi, barchasi sanksiya (farmonlar uchun) va vazirlarni yuborishlarini so'radilar. To'rt soat davomida xuddi shu faryod takrorlandi. Ko'p o'tmay Assambleyaning ba'zi a'zolari kelishdi. MM. Vergnayud va Isnard odamlar bilan juda yaxshi gaplashishdi, ularga Qiroldan bu yo'l bilan Sanktsiyani so'rash noto'g'riligini aytib, ularni nafaqaga chiqishga ishontirishdi, ammo ularning so'zlari foydasiz edi. ... Nihoyat Petion va boshqa munitsipalitet a'zolari kelishdi. Birinchi ismli odamlar haranguga gapirishdi va ular kelgan qadr-qimmatini va tartibini maqtab bo'lgach, u xuddi shunday xotirjamlik bilan nafaqaga chiqishni iltimos qildi, shunda ular taniqli Civique paytida ortiqcha narsalarga yo'l qo'yganliklari uchun ularni malomat qilmasliklari uchun. . . . . Ammo men majburlagan holda qoldirgan Qirolichaga, uning irodasiga qarshi, jiyanimning kvartirasiga qaytish uchun. . . . U qirolga qaytish uchun dunyodagi hamma narsani qildi, ammo MM. de Choiseul va de Hauteville va u erda bo'lgan ayollarimiz uni oldini olishdi. . . . Grenaderlar Kengash palatasiga kirib, uni va bolalarni stol ortiga qo'yishdi. Grenadierlar va ularga juda bog'langan boshqalar ularni o'rab olishdi va olomon ularning oldidan o'tib ketishdi. Bir ayol qirolicha va jiyanimning boshiga qizil qalpoq kiydi. Shohda deyarli birinchisidan bittasi bor edi. Faylni olib borgan Santerre, uni ta'qib qildi va odamlariga uni xalq uni sevmasligini aytib adashganligini aytdi; ular shunday qilishdi va u unga qo'rqishi kerak bo'lgan narsasi yo'qligiga ishontira oldi. - Yaxshi odamlar bilan bo'lganingizda, hech kim hech qachon qo'rqmaydi, - deb javob qildi u va shu bilan birga yonidagi grenaderlarga qo'lini cho'zdi, ular uni o'pish uchun o'zlarini tashladilar. Bu juda ta'sirli edi. ... Qirolni ko'rish uchun haqiqiy vakil keldi va men buni eshitganimda va olomon ichida qolishni istamaganimdan, men u bilan uchrashishdan bir soat oldin jo'nadim. Men Qirolichaga qo'shildim va siz uni qanday zavq bilan quchoqlaganimni taxmin qilishingiz mumkin. "^[6]

Xabarlarga ko'ra, 20 iyun namoyishidan so'ng, Elisabet va qirol kelajakdan umidvor bo'lib, "Providens mo''jizasi ila qutulib qolish mumkin bo'lgan tubsizlik" sifatida umidsizlikka tushishgan.^[6] Ammo u qirolning siyosiy maslahatchisi sifatida ishlashni davom ettirdi va Mme de Laj de Volud o'zining holatini shu o'rinda tasvirlab berdi: "U kunlarini ibodat qilishda va bizning ahvolimiz haqidagi eng yaxshi kitoblarni yutish bilan o'tkazadi. U olijanob va saxovatli tuyg'ularga to'la: Qirol bilan gaplashish va unga vaziyat haqida xabar berish haqida gap ketganda, uning uyatsizligi qat'iylikka o'zgaradi. "^[6]

Qirollik saroyiga saroyga hujum bo'lishi to'g'risida ogohlantirildi va 9 avgust kuni qirol oilasini himoya qilish uchun qirollik zodagonlari to'planishdi, qaerda bo'lsalar bo'lsin hamma joyda uxladilar. Ertasi kuni, hujumni kutib, qirolicha qirolichasi bolalari Elisabet va malika de Lamballe bilan birga malika himoyachilarni rag'batlantirish uchun saroy atrofida aylanib, keyin saroy ichkarisidagi soqchilarni tekshirganda qirolga ergashdi. - ular saroyning tashqarisida joylashgan soqchilarga tashrif buyurganlarida, ular unga hamroh bo'lmadilar.^[6]

Yoqilgan 1792 yil 10-avgust, qo'zg'olonchilar Tileriyalarga hujum qilganda, qirol va malika Roderer tomonidan saroydan chiqib, panoh topishni maslahat bergan. Qonunchilik majlisi o'zlarining xavfsizligi uchun, chunki saroyni himoya qilish mumkin emas edi. Buni eshitgach, Elisabet Redererdan so'radi: "Moziyer Roderer, siz qirol va malikaning hayoti uchun javob berasizmi?" "Xonim," deb javob berdi u, "biz ularning yonida o'lamiz deb javob beramiz; biz faqat shu bilan kafolat bera olamiz".^[6] Keyin qirollik oilasi, shu jumladan Elisabet, Milliy yig'ilishdan boshpana izlash uchun saroyni tark etishdi. M. de la Rochefoucauld ularni tasvirlab berdi:

"Men bog'da edim, partiyadan eng tushkun va qo'rqinchli bo'lgan madam la Princesse de Lamballega qo'limni taklif qilish uchun etarlicha yaqin edim; u buni oldi. Shoh tik yurar edi ... malikasi ko'z yoshlari bilan; vaqti-vaqti bilan u ularni artib tashladi va ozgina ushlab turadigan o'ziga xos ishonchli havoni olishga intildi, lekin men uning titrayotganini his qildim ... Dofin unchalik qo'rqmagan edi: xonim Yelizaveta xotirjam edi va iste'foga chiqardi, din unga ilhom berdi ... Madam la Princesse de Lamballe menga: "Biz hech qachon Chateauga qaytmaymiz", dedi.^[8]

Elisabet olomonni ko'rgach, u aytdi: "Bu odamlarning hammasi adashgan. Men ularning konvertatsiya qilinishini xohlayman, lekin ularning jazosi emas".^[6]

Kucharski xonim Elisabet ibodatxonasi

Elisabet yig'ilishda xotirjam deb ta'riflangan edi, u erda u keyinchalik, akasining taxtdan tushirilganiga guvoh bo'ldi. U u erdan oilani Felilyantlarga kuzatib bordi, u erda 4-xonani jiyani Turzel va Lamballe bilan birga egalladi. During the night, there were reportedly some women outside on the street who cried for the heads of the king, queen and Elisabeth, upon which the king took offence and asked "What have they done to them?" referencing to the threats against his spouse and sister.^[6] Élisabeth reportedly spent the night awake in prayer. They were joined at the Feuillants by some of their retinue, among them Pauline de Tourzel. The whole family was transferred to the Temple Tower uch kundan keyin. Before leaving the Feuillants, Elisabeth said to Pauline de Tourzel: "Dear Pauline, we know your discretion and your attachment for us. I have a letter of the greatest importance which I wish to get rid of before leaving here. Help me to make it disappear."^[6] They tore an eight-page letter, but taking too long, Pauline swallowed the pages for her.^[6]

Ma'bad

The farewell between the former Louis XVI and his family, including Élisabeth, before his execution.

After the execution of the former king on 21 January 1793 and the separation of her nephew, the young "Louis XVII", from the rest of the family on 3 July, Élisabeth was left with Mari Antuanetta va Marie-Thérèse Charlotte, Madam Royale, in their apartment in the Tower. The former queen was taken to the Konsiyerjiya on 2 August 1793. When her sister-in-law was removed, both Elisabeth and her niece unsuccessfully requested to follow her; initially, however, they kept in contact with Marie Antoinette through the servant Hüe, who was acquainted with Mme Richard in the Conciergerie.^[6]

Marie Antoinette was executed on 16 October. Her last letter, written in the early hours of the day of her execution, was addressed to Élisabeth, but never reached her. During the trial against Marie Antoinette, accusations of molestation of her son were brought against her, accusations which her son seemed to confirm when he was questioned, and which were directed also against Élisabeth, and Marie Antoinette alluded to them in her letter, in which she asked Élisabeth to forgive her son: "I must speak to you of something very painful to my heart. I know how much this child must have hurt you. Forgive him, my dear sister. Think of his age and of how easy it is to make a child say what one wants and what he does not even understand."^[6]

Élisabeth and Marie-Thérèse were kept in ignorance of Marie Antoinette's death. On 21 September, they were deprived of their privilege to have servants, which resulted in the removal of Tison and Turgy and thereby also of their ability to communicate with the outside world through secret letters.^[6] Élisabeth focused on her niece, comforting her with religious statements of martyrdom, and also unsuccessfully protested against the treatment of her nephew.^[6] Marie-Thérèse later wrote of her: "I feel I have her nature . . . [she] considered me and cared for me as her daughter, and I, I honoured her as a second mother".^[12]

Sinov

Élisabeth was not regarded as dangerous by Robespyer, and the original intention had been to banish her from France. In the order of 1 August 1793, which stated for the removal and trial of Marie Antoinette, it was in fact stated that Élisabeth should not be tried, but exiled: "All the members of the Capet family shall be exiled from the territory of the Republic, with the exception of Louis Capet's children, and the members of the family who are under the jurisdiction of the Law. Elizabeth Capet cannot be exiled until after the trial of Marie Antoinette."^[6]

Biroq, Chaumette alluded to the Temple as "a special, exceptional, and aristocratic refuge, contrary to the spirit of equality proclaimed by the Republic [...] representing to the General Council of the Commune the absurdity of keeping three persons in the Temple Tower, who caused extra service and excessive expense",^[6] va Hbert insisted on her execution. Although Robespierre himself wished to avoid such a "useless cruelty", the political climate was such that he "hid his thought of reprieve under words of insult. He dared not claim that innocent woman from the ferocious impatience of Hebert without insulting the victim he desired to save. He called her the 'despicable sister of Capet'."^[6][13]

On 9 May 1794, Élisabeth, referred to only as "sister of Louis Capet", was transferred to the Konsiyerjiya by a delegation of commissaries headed by Monet acting upon the orders of Fouquier-Tinville. Élisabeth embraced Marie-Therese and assured her that she would return. When Commissary Eudes stated that she would not return, she told Marie-Therese to show courage and trust in God.^[6] Two hours later she was brought before the Inqilobiy tribunal in the Conciergerie and subjected to her first interrogation before judge Gabriel Delidge in the presence of Fouquier-Tinville.

She was accused of having participated in the secret councils of Marie Antoinette; of having entertained correspondence with internal and external enemies, among them her exiled brothers, and conspired with them against the safety and liberty of the French people; etkazib berish muhojirlar with funds financing their war against France by selling her diamonds through agents in Holland; of having known and assisted in the king's Varennesga parvoz; of encouraging the resistance of the royal troops during the 1792 yil 10-avgust voqealari to arrange a massacre on the people storming the palace.^[6]

Élisabeth stated the she knew for a fact that Marie Antoinette had not held secret councils; that she had only known and had contact with friends of France, and had no contact with her exiled brothers since she left the Tuileries; that she had not provided émigrés with funds; that she had not known of the Flight to Varennes beforehand and that its purpose had not been to leave the country but only retire to the countryside for the king's health and that she had accompanied her brother on his orders; she also denied having visited the Swiss Guard with Marie Antoinette during the night before the 10 August 1792.^[6]

Madame Élisabeth by Fransua-Serafin Delpech, c.1823

After the interrogation, she was escorted to a single cell. She refused a public defender, but seemed to have named Claude François Chauveau-Laofarde as her defensor, as he was called by someone claiming to be sent by her. He was not allowed to see her that day, as he was told by Fouquier-Tinville that she would not be tried for some time and there would be plenty of time to confer with her. However, she was in fact tried immediately the following morning, and Chauveau-Laofarde was thus forced to appear at the trial as her defender without having spoken to her beforehand. Élisabeth was tried with 24 accused accomplices (ten of whom were women), though she was placed "at the top of the seats" during the trial and thus more visible than the rest. She was reportedly dressed in white and she attracted a great deal of attention, but was described as serene and calming on the rest.^[6]

Her trial was conducted by Rene Francois Dumas, President of the Tribunal, supported by the Judges Gabriel, Deliege, and Antoine Marie Maire. During the trial, the same questions were made to her as during the interrogation, and she answered in much the same way. Relating to the accusation that she had encouraged the Swiss Guard and the royalist defender against the attackers during the 10 August, she was asked: "Did you not, take care of and dress the wounds of the assassins who were sent to the Champs Elysees against the brave Marseillais by your brother?", upon which she replied: "I am not aware that my brother sent assassins against any persons, whoever they may be. I gave succour to several of the wounded. Humanity alone prompted me to dress their wounds. In order to comfort them I had no need to enquire into the origin of their misfortunes. I claim no merit for this, and I cannot imagine that this can be imputed to me as a crime."^[6] When asked whether she did not refer to her nephew as king, ignoring the fact that France was a republic, her reply: "I talked familiarly with the poor child, who was dear to me on more than one account; I therefore gave him the consolation which appeared to me capable of comforting him for the loss of those to whom he owed his being", This was interpreted as a sign that she "nourished the little Capet with the projects of vengeance which you and yours have not ceased to form against Liberty, and that you flattered yourself with the hope of raising again a broken throne by inundating it with the blood of patriots."^[6]

Her defender Chauveau-Laofarde later recollected his speech in her defense:

"I observed, that the Proces consisted of a list of banal accusations, without documents, without questions, without witnesses, and that, in consequence, where there existed no legal element of conviction there could be no legal conviction. I added that therefore they could only offer in opposition to the august accused, her replies to the questions they had made to her, as it was in these replies alone that the whole matter consisted; but that these answers themselves, far from condemning her, would, on the contrary, bring her honour in everyone's eyes, as they proved nothing but the goodness of her heart and the heroism of her friendship. Then, after developing these first ideas, I concluded by saying that instead of a Defence of Mme Elizabeth I had only to present her Apology, but that, In the impossibility of discovering one worthy of her, It only remained for me to make one remark, which was, that the Princess who In the Court of France had been the most perfect model of all virtues, could not be the enemy of the French."^[6]

Dumas replied to her defender's "audacity to speak of what he called the pretended virtues of the Accused and to have thus corrupted public morality", and then held his speech to the Jury:

"Plots and conspiracies have existed formed by Capet, his wife, his family, his agents, his accomplices, in consequence of which there have been provocations to war from the allied Tyrants abroad, and civil war at home. Succours in men and arms have been furnished to the enemy; troops have been assembled; dispositions taken; chiefs named to assassinate the people, annihilate liberty and re-establish despotism. Anne Elizabeth Capet – is she an accomplice in these plots?"^[6]

The Jury declared Elisabeth and all of her 24 co-accused guilty as charged, after which the Tribunal, "according to the fourth Article of the second part of the Penal Code",^[6] condemned them to death and to be gilyotinlangan ertasi kuni.^[14] One of her co-accused was reprieved from execution because of pregnancy. In the notes of the trial of Nicolas Pasquin, her valet of the chambers, she is referred to as the sister of the tyrant Capet. Pasquin, at the age of 36 years, was also sentenced to death for his own alleged part in the conspiracy of 10 August 1792, and executed on 6 February.^[15]

When she left court, Fouquier-Tinville remarked to the President: "One must allow that she has not uttered a complaint", upon which Dumas replied: "Of what should Elizabeth of France complain? Have we not to-day given her a court of aristocrats worthy of her? There will be nothing to prevent her fancying herself still in the salons of Versailles when she sees herself, surrounded by this faithful nobility, at the foot of the holy guillotine."^[6]

Ijro

After her trial, Élisabeth joined the prisoners condemned with her in the Hall of the Condemned, awaiting their execution. She asked for Marie Antoinette, upon which one of the female prisoners said to her, "Madame, your sister has suffered the same fate that we ourselves are about to undergo."^[6]

She reportedly successfully comforted and strengthened the morale of her fellow prisoners before their impending execution with religious arguments, and by her own example of calmness: "She spoke to them with inexpressible gentleness and calm, dominating their mental suffering by the serenity of her look, the tranquility of her appearance, and the influence of her words. [...] She encouraged them to hope in Him who rewards trials borne with courage, sacrifices accomplished," and said: "We are not asked to sacrifice our faith like the early martyrs, but only our miserable lives; let us offer this little sacrifice to God with resignation".^[6] She said to M. de Lomenie, who felt indignation at the way in which Fouquier had imputed his popularity among his former constituents in Brienne as a crime: "If it is grand to merit the esteem of one's fellow-citizens, it is much finer, believe me, to merit God's mercy. You showed your countrymen how to do good. Now show them how one dies when one's conscience is at peace," and to Madame de Montmorin, who was in despair of being executed together with her son: "You love your son, and you do not wish him to accompany you? You are going to enjoy the joys of heaven, and you wish him to remain on this earth, where there is now only torments and sorrow!"^[6]

Élisabeth was executed along with the 23 men and women who had been tried and condemned at the same time as she, and reportedly conversed with Mme de Senozan and Mme de Crussol on the way. In the cart taking them to their execution, and while waiting her turn, she helped several of them through the ordeal, encouraging them and reciting the De profundis until her time came.^[16] Near the Pont Neuf, the white kerchief which covered her head was blown off, and thus being the only person with bare head, she attracted special attention by the spectators, and witnesses attested that she was calm during the whole process.^[6]

At the foot of the guillotine, there was a bench for the condemned who were to depart the cart and wait on the bench before their execution. Élisabeth departed the cart first, refusing the help of the executioner, but was to be the last to be called upon, which resulted in her witnessing the death of all the others.^[12] The first to be called upon was Mme de Crussol, who bowed for Élisabeth and asked to embrace her; after Élisabeth consented, all the following women prisoners were given the same farewell, while the men bowed before her, and each time, she repeated the psalm "De Profundis".^[6] This attracted attention, and one spectator commented: "They may make her salaams if they like, but she will share the fate of the Austrian."^[6] Reportedly, she considerably strengthened the morale of her fellow prisoners, who all behaved with courage. When the last person before her, a man, gave her his bow, she said, "courage, and faith in the mercy of God!" and then rose to be ready for her own turn.^[6] While she was being strapped to the board, her fichu (a sort of shawl) fell off, exposing her shoulders, and she cried to the executioner “Au nom de votre mère, monsieur, couvrez-moi. (In the name of your mother, sir, cover me)”.^[16]

Reportedly, her execution caused some emotion by the bystanders, who did not cry "Vive la Republique" at this occasion, which was otherwise common. The respect Elisabeth had enjoyed among the public caused concern with Robespierre, who had never wished to have her executed and who "dreaded the effect" of her death.^[6] On the evening of the execution, he asked Bertran Barer what people were saying and was given the reply: "They murmur; they cry out against you; they ask what Mme Elizabeth did to offend you; what were her crimes; why you sent this innocent and virtuous person to the scaffold."^[6] Robespierre replied: "Well, you understand, it is always me. I assure you, my dear Maret, that, far from being the cause of the death of Mme Elizabeth, I wished to save her. It was that wretch Collot d'Herbois who snatched her from me."^[6]

Her body was buried in a common grave at the Errancis qabristoni Parijda.^[17] Vaqtida Qayta tiklash, her brother Louis XVIII searched for her remains, only to discover that the bodies interred there had decomposed to a state where they could no longer be identified. Élisabeth's remains, with that of other victims of the guillotine (including Robespierre, also buried at the Errancis Cemetery) were later placed in the Parijning katakombalari. A medallion represents her at the Saint Denis Bazilikasi.

Cause of beatification and canonization

The cause of kaltaklash of Élisabeth was introduced in 1924, but has not yet been completed. 1953 yilda, Papa Pius XII recognized by decree the heroic nature of her virtues simply because of her shahidlik. The princess was declared a Xudoning xizmatkori and the cause for beatification was officially introduced on 23 December 1953 by Kardinal Mauris Feltin.^[18]

2016 yilda, Cardinal André Vingt-Trois, Archbishop of Paris, reactivated the cause of Princess Élisabeth beatification. Xavier Snoëk, parish priest of the Parish of Sainte-Élisabeth de Hungary, being appointed postulator for the cause^[19] (church located in the former Temple district where the princess was imprisoned), and on May 2017 recognized the association faithful promoters of her cause.^[20]

On 15 November 2017, Vingt-Trois, after consulting the Conference of Bishops of France va nihil obstat ning Azizlarning sabablari bo'yicha jamoat in Rome, hopes that the process will lead to the kanonizatsiya of Princess Elisabeth, sister of Lyudovik XVI.^[21]

Baholash

Élisabeth, who had turned thirty a week before her death, was executed essentially because she was a sister of the king;^[22] however, the general consensus of the French revolutionaries was that she was a supporter of the ultra-right royalist fraksiya. There is much evidence to suggest that she actively supported the intrigues of the comte d'Artois to bring foreign armies into France to crush the Revolution. In monarchist circles, her exemplary private life elicited much admiration. Élisabeth was much praised for her charitable nature, familial devotion and devout Catholic faith. There can be no question that she saw the Revolution as the incarnation of evil on earth^{[iqtibos kerak ]} va ko'rib chiqildi Fuqarolar urushi as the only means to drive it from the land.

Royalist literature represents her as a Catholic martyr, while left-wing historians severely criticise her for extreme konservatizm, which seemed excessive even to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Several biographies have been published of her in French, while extensive treatment of her life is given in Antoniya Freyzer 's biography of Marie Antoinette and Deborah Cadbury's investigative biography of Louis XVII.

Ajdodlar

Adabiyotlar

Ushbu maqolada keltirilgan manbalar lekin bermaydi sahifadagi ma'lumotnomalar. Siz .. qila olasiz; siz ... mumkin uni yaxshilashga yordam bering aniqroq keltirilgan iqtiboslarni kiritish orqali. (2019 yil may) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Manbalar

• Chisholm, Xyu, nashr. (1911). "Elizabeth of France" . Britannica entsiklopediyasi. 9 (11-nashr). Kembrij universiteti matbuoti.

Asosiy manba

• (frantsuz tilida) Duchess of Angoulême's Memoirs on the Captivity in the Temple (from the autograph manuscript; see in particular Part 3)
• Duchess of Angoulême's Memoirs on the Captivity in the Temple, (1823 English translation of a slightly redacted French edition; see in particular Part 3)