Attawapiskat birinchi millati - Attawapiskat First Nation

Attavapiskat daryosi va Jeyms ko'rfazi o'rtasidagi Attavapiskat aholi punkti

The Attawapiskat birinchi millati (/ˌætəˈwɑːpɪskæt/[1] Kri: ᐋᐦᑕᐙᐱᐢᑲᑐᐎ ᐃᓂᓂᐧᐊᐠ Htawāpiskatowi ininiwak, "Toshlarni ajratish odamlari"; tayinlanmagan: ᐊᑕᐗᐱᐢᑲᑐᐎ ᐃᓂᓂᐧᐊᐠ) izolyatsiya qilingan Birinchi millat joylashgan Kenora tumani yilda shimoliy Ontario, Kanada, ning og'zida Attavapiskat daryosi kuni Jeyms Bey. Attavapiskat Birinchi millatining an'anaviy hududi o'zlarining zaxiralaridan tashqari Hudson ko'rfazigacha va daryo irmoqlari bo'ylab yuzlab kilometr ichkariga cho'zilgan.[2] Jamiyat Jeyms Bay sohilidagi boshqa shaharlar bilan mavsumiy aloqada muzli yo'l /qishki yo'l shaharlari bilan bog'lab, har dekabrda qurilgan Kashchevan birinchi millati, Albani Fort va Musoni (Minkin 2008: 1)[3] Attavapiskat, Olbani Fort va Kashchevan Krey nomidagi qo'shma korporatsiya orqali Jeyms Bay qishki yo'lini boshqaradi va "bizning yo'limiz" so'zini ishlatadi. kimesskanemenow, Kimesskanemenow korporatsiyasi. Attavapiskat - bu Mozonega boradigan 310 kilometr uzunlikdagi (190 milya) yo'lning eng shimoliy bog'i.[4] Ular nazorat qiladi zaxiralar da Attavapiskat 91 va Attavapiskat 91A.

Etimologiya

Attavapiskat (Htawāpiskatowi ininiwak, tayinlanmagan: ᐊᑕᐗᐱᐢᑲᑐᐎ ᐃᓂᓂᐧᐊᐠ) "toshlarni ajratuvchi odamlar" degan ma'noni anglatadi Botqoqli kri tili ᑳᐦ ᑕᐗᐱᐢᑳᐠ (kāh-tavāpiskāk). Attavapiskat daryosi bir nechta ajoyib balandliklarni o'yib topgan ohaktosh og'zidan 100 km (62 milya) masofada joylashgan mintaqaga xos orollar. Ushbu shakllanishlar (va shuning uchun daryo va jamoat) deyiladi kāh-tavāpiskāk botqoqli Kri shahrida.[5]

Tarix

Attavapiskatda Mushkego, Omushkego Jeyms ko'rfazi joylashgan Kri Mushkegowuk Cree Omushkegowuk Cree, g'arbiy Jeyms ko'rfazi, g'arbiy qirg'oq, botqoqli, Omushkego va Hudson ko'rfazi pasttekisligi (General 2012: 2).[6] Shaharning joylashishi asrlar davomida mahalliy tub aholi uchun yig'ilish joyi bo'lgan, ammo ularning erlaridan foydalanish va egallab olishlari keng hududni qamrab olgan. Dastlab bu mavsumiy lager bo'lib, u faqat bahor va yozda Jeyms ko'rfazining asosiy drenaj daryolaridan birida asosiy baliq ovidan foydalanish uchun tashrif buyurgan. Tarixiy jihatdan, qish mavsumida oilalar ushbu joyni tark etishdi, boshqa qirg'oq bo'ylab, ovda va yig'ilish joylarida, quruqlikda yoki Akimiski orolida yashashdi (Umumiy 2012: iii).[6] "Agamiski va Atimiski oroli, kamroq tarqalgani esa Agumiski, Akamiski, Kamanski, Viner oroli va Oubaskou deb nomlanadi." (Umumiy 2012: 5).[6]

Attawapiskat nisbatan kech, 1930 yilda Kanada bilan shartnoma tuzdi (9-shartnoma yopishish) va Birinchi millat a'zolarining aksariyati 1960-yillarning o'rtalarida jamoaga ko'chib o'tdilar.[7]:247 An'anaviy tuzilmalar, tafakkur va hayotni talqin qilish juda kam izolyatsiya qilingan Birinchi Millatlar jamoalariga qaraganda chuqurroq saqlanib turdi. Ba'zi oqsoqollar er yuzida an'anaviy hayot kechiradilar, faqatgina Rojdestvo mavsumida jamoaga o'tadilar.[7]:249 Ba'zi oilalar, garchi jamiyatda o'zlarining uy bazalariga ega bo'lsalar ham, iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy asos sifatida erdan keng foydalanadilar. Jamiyat a'zolarining katta qismi kuz va bahorda har yili g'oz ovlashga jalb qilingan.[7]:6 Shu sababli, Attawapiskat First Nation a'zolarining ko'pchiligida an'anaviy turmush tarzi to'g'risida xabardorlik mavjud.

Attavapiskat vaqtincha yashaydigan uylardan o'sdi, masalan chodirlar va choyshablar, 1950-yillarda 1960-yillarning oxiri va 70-yillarning boshlarida qurilgan doimiy binolari bo'lgan jamoaga.[8] Attawapiskat First Nation an'anaviy yig'im-terimchilari butun mintaqada tuzoq chiziqlarini parvarish qilish bilan birga Attavapiskat daryosi bo'ylab karibu, g'oz va baliqlarni muntazam ravishda ovlashni davom ettirmoqdalar (Berkes va boshq., 1994; Whiteman, 2004). Bu tirikchilik ovi va baliq ovidan tashqariga chiqadi. U mahalliy madaniyat va o'ziga xoslikning muhim qismini o'z ichiga oladi (Inf. № 2, 4).[2]

The Hudson's Bay kompaniyasi 17-asrning oxirida Albani Fortida post tashkil etish orqali birinchi bo'lib mo'yna ovlash tijoratini joriy qildi. Attawapiskatdagi post 19-asrning oxirlarida tashkil etilgan (Honigmann 1953: 816).[9]

Attavapiskat ham bir vaqtlar forpost bo'lgan Revillon Fres.

Ta'lim

Hozir Attavapiskatda yashovchi oqsoqollarning ta'kidlashicha, 1930-1940 yillarda ular o'z farzandlarini Attenapiskatda maktab yo'qligi sababli Albani Fortidagi (1936–1964) Sent-Annadagi turar-joy maktabiga berishgan.[10][11] Xuddi shu oqsoqollar guruhi Attapapiskatda missionerlar tomonidan qurilgan birinchi maktabni tasvirlab berdi, u yozgi maktab sifatida ishlagan, u an'anaviy hayotga xalaqit bermasligi uchun faqat iyul va avgust oylarida ochilgan.[10] 1951 yilda Kanadalik birinchi me'mor ayollardan biri tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Attavapiskat maktabi Lennoks Grafton[12] 1953 yilda ochilgan.[13]

Boshlang'ich maktab o'quvchilari 1970-yillarda qurilgan va 1976 yilda ochilgan J.R.Nakogee maktabida tahsil olishdi.[13] J.R. Nakogee maktabi 2000 yil 11 mayda yopilgan, chunki bu joy 1979 yilda sodir bo'lgan joyda dizel yoqilg'isining katta miqdordagi oqishi bilan bog'liq edi.[14] Talabalar va xodimlar o'sha paytdan beri portativlarda bo'lishdi. O'rta maktab o'quvchilari 1990-yillarning boshlarida tashkil etilgan Vezina nomli o'rta maktabda o'qishadi, keyingi yillarda qurilgan qo'shimchalar bilan. O'rta maktab Jon B. Nakogee tomonidan 1991 yilda tashkil etilgan bo'lib, unga mahalliy Ota Rodigue Vezina nomi berilgan Katolik ruhoniy 1975 yildan beri jamoaga xizmat qilgan.[15] O'rta maktab 1991 yilda ochilishidan oldin, maktab o'quvchilari o'qish uchun Timmins, Shimoliy Bay yoki Ottava shahriga borishlari kerak edi.[8]

2000 yil may oyida Birinchi millat boshlang'ich maktabini yopishga majbur bo'ldi va jamiyat o'quvchilari boshlang'ich ta'limini bir qator portativlar. 25 yillik ramka qurilish maktabining yomonlashib borayotgan jismoniy holatini yangilash uchun ajratilgan mablag'lar sakkizta ikki kishilik va uchta bitta ko'chma sinflar qurilishini moliyalashtirishga sarflandi. Imkoniyatlar asosiy edi, chunki qo'shimcha manbalarning hech biri viloyatning boshqa qismlaridagi maktablarda mavjud emas edi. 2000 yil yozida Hindiston va Shimoliy ishlar vaziri tomonidan yangi maktab va'da qilingan, ammo bir necha yil davomida hech qanday chora ko'rilmadi. Ta'lim boshqarmasi raisi jamiyatning ahvolini quyidagicha xulosa qildi: "Biz faqat boshqa ota-onalar farzandlari uchun xohlagan narsasini - xavfsiz maktabni xohlaymiz".[13] B. H. Martin tomonidan olib borilgan tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, o'qitish uchun mavjud bo'lgan umumiy maydon Hindiston ishlari maktabining kosmik turar joy standartlarida ajratilgan maydonning atigi 50 foizini tashkil qiladi.[16][17]

2007 yildan boshlab, mahalliy o'spirin Shannen Koostachin Birinchi millat yoshlari uchun ta'lim olish imkoniyatlari etishmasligini targ'ib qilish uchun faol bo'lgan "Ta'lim - bu inson huquqi" kampaniyasini boshladi.[18] Koostachin yaqinidagi avtohalokatda halok bo'ldi Yangi Liskeard, u o'rta maktabda o'qiyotgan joyda, 2010 yilda; kampaniya keyinchalik o'zgartirildi Shannenning orzusi uning xotirasida va ishlashni davom ettirmoqda. Kampaniya mavzusi bo'ldi Alanis Obomsavin mukofotga sazovor bo'lgan 2013 hujjatli filmi Assalomu alaykum![19][20]

Attawapiskat birinchi millati 2012 yil 22 iyunda yangi boshlang'ich maktab uchun poydevor qo'ydi. Birinchi millatlar assambleyasi Milliy boshliq Shoun Atleo Attapapiskat jamoasini tabrikni nishonlayotgani bilan tabrikladi.[21] 2014 yil 8 sentyabrda yangi Kattawapiskak boshlang'ich maktabi rasmiy ravishda ochildi.

2013 yil 1-may kuni rasmiylar suv toshqini sababli jamiyatdagi barcha maktablarning yopilishini e'lon qilishdi.[22]

2016 yilda o'z joniga qasd qilish inqirozi

A favqulodda holat o'n bir kishi urinishdan keyin e'lon qilindi o'z joniga qasd qilish 2016 yil 9 aprelda.[23] Boshliq tomonidan imzolangan hujjat Bryus Shisish va sakkizta maslahatchi 2016 yil mart oyida yigirma sakkizta o'z joniga qasd qilishga urinishlar bo'lganligini aks ettiradi.[23][24] 2015 yil sentyabridan 2016 yil apreligacha yuzdan ortiq kishi o'z joniga qasd qilishga uringan va bir kishi vafot etgan.[23] O'z joniga qasd qilishga ko'p urinishlar keltirgan sabablar quyidagilardir: bir uyda 14 dan 15 tagacha odam yashaydigan odamlarning haddan tashqari ko'pligi; maktabda bezorilik; turar joy maktablari; jismoniy, jinsiy va giyohvandlik.[24] Sog'liqni saqlash Kanada ruhiy salomatlik va sog'lom turmush dasturlari uchun $ 340,860 va dastur uchun $ 9,750 taqdim etdi O'z joniga qasd qilishning oldini olish bo'yicha mahalliy mahalliy yoshlar strategiyasi, bu zaxira da'volari etarli emas va ular haddan oshib ketgan.[25] Hali ham yomon ahvolda bo'lgan mahalliy shifoxonalar o'z joniga qasd qilishga urinishlar va ilgari kasal bo'lgan bemorlarni qamrab olgan.[26]

Geografiya

Attavapiskat - g'arbiy sohil bo'yidagi jamoa Hudson ko'rfazi pasttekisligi o'rtasida joylashgan keng botqoqlik Kanada qalqoni va Jeyms Bey va Hudson ko'rfazi. Attavapiskat shaharchasi yoki qishlog'i hozirda 1,32 kvadrat kilometr (330 akr) erni egallaydi va Attavapiskat daryosi bo'yida, Jeyms ko'rfazining qirg'og'idan 5 kilometr (3,1 mil) uzoqlikda joylashgan. Bu Jeyms Bay drenaj havzasida. Bu Ontarioning shimoliy qismida joylashgan Kenora tumanida. Timmins, eng yaqin shahar markazi, taxminan 500 kilometr (310 milya) janubda joylashgan. Moosonee Attawapiskat shahridan 160 kilometr janubda joylashgan. U shimoldan 52 ° 55 and va g'arbdan 82 ° 26 located gacha joylashgan.[27]

O'simliklar odatda subarktika bilan, asosan ignabargli o'rmon (pakana qora qoraqarag'ay va tamarack) bilan mushk.[28] Yovvoyi tabiatga g'ozlar, o'rdaklar, karibular, mo'ylovlar, qunduz, ayiq, bo'rilar, bo'rilar, suvorilar, quyonlar, ondatra, suvsar va boshqa turlar kiradi.[27]

Har yili dekabr oyida qurilgan qishki yo'llar Attavapiskat Birinchi Millatni Fort Albany First Nation, Kashchewan, Moosonee va Moose Factory bilan janubga bog'laydi. (Minkin 2008: 1)[3]

Hosildor tuproq (0,8 metr chuqurlikda) gil va loy bilan qoplangan. Daryoning 1 metrdan 2 metrgacha ko'tarilishi odatiy holdir (3,3 dan 6,6 fut). Jamiyat toshqinni qisman va to'liq boshdan kechirdi.[27]

Geologiya

The Attavapiskat kimberlit maydoni maydonidir kimberlit quvurlar ichida Kanada qalqoni joylashgan Attavapiskat daryosi Attawapiskat Birinchi millat erida. Taxminan 180 million yil oldin shakllangan deb o'ylashadi Yura davri davri qachon Shimoliy Amerika plitasi ko'tarilish markazidan g'arbga qarab harakatlandi magma deb nomlangan Yangi Angliya issiq nuqtasi, shuningdek, Buyuk Meteor issiq nuqtasi deb ataladi.[29]

Hudud 18 ning kimberlit quvurlaridan iborat Attavapiskat kimberlit maydoni, Ulardan 16 tasi olmosli; Viktor koni Viktor trubasining tepasida va Viktor Mayn va Viktor Janubi-G'arbiy konlarida joylashgan bo'lib, ular ochiq konda ishlatish uchun yuzaga yaqinlashib qolgan. Viktor Kimberlite - bu kompozitsiya piroklastik krater fasiyalari va gipabissal juda o'zgaruvchan deb hisoblanadi olmos navi.[30]

2008 yil 26 iyundan boshlab De Beers ochiq kon Viktor olmos koni dala maydonida ikkita quvur qazib olishda bo'lgan 52 ° 49′14 ″ N. 83 ° 53′00 ″ Vt / 52.82056 ° N 83.88333 ° Vt / 52.82056; -83.88333, Attavapiskat jamoasidan g'arbiy qismida 90 kilometr (56 milya).[31][32] Konda yiliga 600 ming karat (120 kg) olmos ishlab chiqarilishi kutilmoqda.[33]

Konchilik

De Beers Kanada rasmiy ravishda ochildi De Beers Viktorning olmos koni, Ontarioning birinchi olmos koni 2008 yil 26-iyulda. De Beers kon qurilishiga taxminan 1 milliard dollar sarfladi. Bu Attawapiskat First Nation an'anaviy quruqligidagi Attawapiskat aholi punktidan 90 km (56 milya) g'arbda joylashgan ochiq kon.

"Attawapiskat First Nation an'anaviy yig'im-terimchilari butun mintaqada tuzoq chizig'ini parvarish qilish paytida Attavapiskat daryosi bo'ylab karibu, g'oz va baliqlarni muntazam ravishda ovlaydilar (Berkes va boshq., 1994; Whiteman, 2004). Boshqa ko'plab shimoliy Kri jamoalari singari, ushbu an'anaviy tadbirlar Ular mahalliy madaniyat va o'ziga xoslikning muhim qismini o'z ichiga oladigan tirikchilikdan ko'proq (Inf. № 2, 4). Shuning uchun hamjamiyat rahbariyati Viktor konini ishlab chiqarishni rejalashtirish bilan juda shug'ullangan va De Beersning taklifiga binoan konning atrof-muhitga ta'sirini samarali ravishda kamaytirishini ta'minlash. "[2]

Ta'sir-foyda to'g'risidagi bitim (IBA) 2005 yilda jamiyat rahbarlari bilan imzolangan[34] De Beers va Attawapiskat o'rtasida ta'sir-foyda to'g'risidagi bitim (ABB) koordinatori vazifasini bajaruvchi Denni Metatavabin bilan.[35] Keyinchalik jamoat a'zolari kelishuvga norozilik namoyishlari va to'siqlar orqali norozilik bildirishdi va "shaxtadan beriladigan marhamat" jamoasining ulushi jamoaga qaytmayapti deb da'vo qildilar.[36][37] De Beers ijara maydoni bo'yicha muzokaralar olib bordi. Garchi kon Attawapiskat an'anaviy erida ekanligi tan olingan bo'lsa ham, Viktor Mine'dan royalti Attawapiskat First Nationga emas, Ontario provintsiyasiga tushadi.[38] Ularda 500 nafar doimiy ishchi bor, ularning 100 nafari Attawapiskat First Nation kompaniyasidan. De Beers shuningdek qishki yo'l qurilishida Attawapiskat First Nation kompaniyasidan foydalanadi. "Menda Attapvapiskatdan bir vaqtning o'zida 100 kishi ishlaydi. U kompaniyaga yiliga 400 million dollar atrofida daromad keltiradi." Attavapiskat Birinchi Nation kompaniyasining subpudratchilari ham konda ishlaydi.[35]

2011 yil yanvar oyidan boshlab kompaniya Attawapiskat tasarrufidagi fondga 10,5 million dollarga yaqin mablag 'o'tkazdi. 2007 yil 1 yanvarda tashkil etilgan Attawapiskat Trust, Viktoriya Olmos loyihasi doirasida De Beers Canada va Attawapiskat Limited Partnership (ALP) tomonidan amalga oshirilgan to'lovlarni qabul qiladi. Ta'sir va imtiyozlar to'g'risidagi bitim (2005 yil 3-noyabr) (Moliyaviy hisobot Attawapiskat Trust 2012 p. 4-bet). Ishonchning benefitsiariga "Attawapiskatning barcha a'zolari jamoaviy va taqsimlanmagan asosda kiradi (Moliyaviy hisobot Attawapiskat Trust 2012 y. 4-bet)".[39]

Viktorga "17 yillik beshikdan qabrgacha hayot. Bu qurilish, taxmin qilingan 12 yillik ishlash va keyin saytni yopish va tiklashga qadar (Grech 2011-06-22)" kiradi.[40] CBC muxbiriga bergan intervyusida[41] Ontario shtatidagi Sudberidagi Megan Tomas (CBC 2013-02-06), De Beersning Viktor Mine vakili Viktor Mine 2018 yilga qadar kutilganidek toliqishi mumkinligini tushuntirdi. Konni butunlay yopish uchun bir necha yil kerak bo'ladi. Qolgan 40 metr uzunlikdagi olmosli qatlamlarni qazib olish zamonaviy texnologiyalar bilan iqtisodiy jihatdan foydasiz.[41] Shu bilan birga, kon "De Beers mavjud operatsiyaga yaqin joyda yana bir olmos manbasini topishiga umid qilish" bilan "[f] maydonni yanada ko'proq kashf etish" ga olib keladigan yuqori darajada ish olib bordi. Tom Ormsbi "Viktor olmoslarining yuqori sifati va Kanadadagi qalqonning kengligi Ontarioning shimoliy-sharqida yana bir olmos koni yaratilishi uchun katta imkoniyatlarga ishora qilmoqda" deb da'vo qildi. "Kanada qalqoni olmoslarni joylashtirish uchun katta imkoniyatlarga ega" Kanadaning Kanadadagi salohiyati "Afrikaning janubidagi olmos uchun potentsial uchun kamida ikki baravar yaxshi ko'rinadi (Grech 2011-06-22)."[40]

"De Beers-ning Viktor koni va Attavapiskat o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni federal qayta ko'rib chiqish shuni ko'rsatdiki, birinchi millatdagi mahorat etishmovchiligi bilan shug'ullanish uchun hukumat o'qitish va salohiyatni qo'llab-quvvatlash tez orada boshlamagan."[36]

Demografiya

Attavapiskat birinchi millatining 2800 dan ortiq a'zolari bor, ammo 2011 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish bo'yicha zaxiradagi mahalliy aholi soni 1549 kishini tashkil etdi. Attawapiskat Birinchi millat a'zolarining uchdan bir qismidan ko'prog'i hali ham o'zlarining zaxiralarida yashaydilar 19 yoshgacha va to'rtdan uch qismi 35 yoshgacha (2010-12-03).[42] Umuman olganda, 2015 yil sentyabridan 2016 yil apreligacha bo'lgan etti oy davomida jamiyatning 5%, 101 kishi o'z joniga qasd qilishga urinishgan.[43]

Til

Attavapiskatning tub aholisining deyarli barchasi so'zlashadilar Botqoqli kri tili, ning navlaridan biri Kri tili, ularning birinchi tili sifatida.[7] Ko'p oqsoqollar ingliz tilini juda kam tushunishadi; ular kri va boshqa mahalliy tillarda gaplashadilar.[44] Shano Fireman kabi bu oqsoqollardan ba'zilari o'zini Inninev (shaxs, odamlarning bir qismi Kri) deb bilishadi.[10]

Din

1935 yilda qurilgan Avliyo Ignatius katolik cherkovi ko'p yillar davomida Attavapiskatda "g'arbiylashtirilgan" ibodat qilinadigan yagona joy bo'lgan va shu bilan birga mahalliy qabristonni saqlagan.[13] Sankt-Ignatius ichida joylashgan Keewatin-Le Pas Rim-katolik arxiyepiskopligi. Shaharning g'arbiy qismida ikkinchi katta qabriston - Sent-Meri qabristoni joylashgan.

Boshqa "g'arbiylashtirilgan" ibodat joylari - bu Pentekostal ibodat joylari.[8]

Yerdan foydalanish va bandlik

"Bugungi Attawapiskat guruhining ajdodlari janubda Kapiskau daryosidan shimolda Gudson ko'rfaziga (Henrietta Mariya burni) qadar, sharqda Akimiski orolidan Missisya ko'ligacha (150 millik quruqlikgacha) butun hududlarni egallab olishdi. G'arbda. Bunga hozirgi kunning boshlig'i va kengashi [og'zaki tarix] da'vo qilmoqda, HBC [Hudson's Bay Company] arxividagi hujjatlar bilan tasdiqlangan va Honigmann tomonidan tasdiqlangan [1948]. "[45][6]

Tomonidan erdan foydalanishni o'rganish "birgalikda amalga oshirildi Ontario Subarktika texnologiyasini baholash bo'yicha tadqiqot dasturi (TASO), Mushkegowuk Kengashi, uning tarkibiga kiruvchi Birinchi Millatlar va Omushkegowuk Terimchilar Uyushmasi. Loyihaning umumiy maqsadi mintaqaviy Kengash va uning assotsiatsiyalariga tabiiy resurslarni birgalikda boshqarish, o'zini o'zi boshqarish va barqaror mintaqaviy rivojlanish strategiyasini ishlab chiqishda yordam berish edi.[46] 1990 yilda Manitoba Universitetining taniqli professori va Kanada tadqiqotlari bo'yicha doktori doktor Fikret Berkes va akademiklar jamoasi sakkizta jamoadan (Attavapiskat, Muslar fabrikasi, Moosonee, 925) mahalliy ovchilar bilan suhbatlashdi. Yangi xabar, Olbani Fort, Kashchevan, Peawanuck va Fort Severn ) Mushkegovuk mintaqasi, Xadson va Jeyms Bay pasttekisligi. 1995 yilda nashr etilgan natijalari shuni ko'rsatdiki, Mushkegovuk mintaqasida ov qilish va baliq ovlash uchun geografik jihatdan keng erdan foydalanish davom etmoqda, taxminan 250,000 kvadrat kilometr (97,000 sqm mil). Biroq, Omushkego (G'arbiy Asosiy) Cree yig'im-terim mashinalarining ishlash tartibi ancha o'zgargan o'n yilliklar; zamonaviy hosil yig'ish an'anaviy uzoq safarlarning o'rniga bir necha kun davom etadigan ko'plab qisqa sayohatlarni o'z ichiga oladi .. Birinchi millatlar hind zaxirasi sifatida atigi 900 kvadrat kilometr (mintaqaning 0,36%) ni nazorat qilsa ham, ular davom etmoqda an'anaviy hududlarining katta qismlaridan foydalanish (Berkes va boshq. 1995: 81). "[46]

Magistrlik dissertatsiyasida (1998) Muskego-Kri shahridagi Jaklin Xokimav-Vitt Attavapiskat oqsoqollaridan intervyu oldi, ular o'rim-yig'im, baliq ovlash va ov qilish uchun ov qilish, kiyim-kechak, hunarmandchilik va tirikchilikni do'konlarda to'ldirishni davom ettirish usullarini batafsil bayon qildilar. buyumlar.[10] Hookimaw-Witt Muskego-Kri ichra birinchi bo'lib doktorlik unvoniga ega bo'ldi.

Infratuzilma inqirozi

Suv va infratuzilma inqirozi

1970-yillarga qadar Attavapiskat daryosi va Monument kanalidan toza ichimlik suvi chelak va paqir yordamida olingan. Oqim bor edi.[47]

1976 yilda AANDC jamoatchilik suv ta'minotini daryodan emas, balki qishloqdan shimoli-sharqda joylashgan ichki ko'ldan (suvsiz) olish kerakligini tavsiya qildi. an'anaviy ekologik bilim (TEK) tavsiya etilgan suv olish joyi organik moddalarda juda yuqori ekanligini bilar edi. Ular haq edilar va shu vaqtdan beri hech qanday filtrlash tizimi organik moddalar miqdorini kimyoviy moddalar bilan ortiqcha kompensatsiyasiz boshqarish uchun etarli ekanligini isbotlamadi. Ikkita ketma-ket tozalash inshootlari ishlamay qoldi va bu sog'liq uchun muammolarni keltirib chiqardi. GENIVAR katta muhandisi Rod Pitersning so'zlariga ko'ra (2012),[47] "Haqiqiy muammo shundaki, erigan organik uglerod (DOC) darajasi ishga tushirish uchun juda yuqori. Agar filtrlangan suvni xlorlashtirsangiz, aloqadan besh daqiqa ichida trihalometanlar (THMs) va haloasetik kislota (HAA5s) hosil bo'ladi." Xom suvda bromid bor, u filtrlash jarayonida ishlatiladigan ozonat bromidi bilan reaksiyaga kirishib, "kanserogen bo'lgan bromat" ga aylanadi.[47]

"Shunday qilib, nafaqat original dizayn to'g'ri ishlamadi, balki sog'liq uchun mumkin bo'lgan xavflarni keltirib chiqardi. Texnik jihatdan, Attavapiskatdagi filtratsiya tizimi hozirda suvni Kanadada sog'liqni saqlash uchun tavsiya etilgan ichimlik suvi sifatiga oid ko'rsatmalarga muvofiqlashtira olmaydi" , Peters tasdiqlaydi.[47]

Pittsning so'zlariga ko'ra Attavapiskat kamida 1992 yildan buyon suvni "etkazib berish, tozalash va tarqatish muammolari" bilan qiynalmoqda.[47] C. 2009 yil GENIVAR jamoatchiligi va Kanadalik Aborigenlar va Shimoliy Ishlar (AANDC, keyin INAC) tomonidan "Attavapiskat daryosida suv olish uchun mos joyni aniqlashni" so'ragan (Freek 2012).[47]

2012 yil mart oyida Kanadaning Sog'liqni Saqlash bo'yicha aholini "uyning musluk suviga ta'sirini minimallashtirish" to'g'risida ogohlantiruvchi maslahat mavjud edi.[47] Bu aksariyat aholi uchun shisha suvni anglatadi. Qaynayotgan suv ichishni xavfsiz qilmaydi, chunki u THMlarni olib tashlamaydi. Müslüm suvi ta'sirini cheklash kerak va filtrlar faqat ba'zi hollarda yordam beradi.

Uy-joy va infratuzilma inqirozi

Uylar asosan oldindan tayyorlangan yog'ochli inshootlardir[48] 2011 yilgi toshqindan keyin kelgan yangi treyler birliklari bilan.

2011 yil 28 oktyabrda Attavapiskat Birinchi Millatlar rahbariyati havo harorati pasayishi va buning natijasida uy-joyning etarli emasligi sababli sog'liq va xavfsizlik muammolariga javoban favqulodda holat e'lon qildi. Ko'pgina odamlar hali ham chodirlarda, treylerlarda va vaqtinchalik boshpanalarda yashashgan, ko'plab turar joylar va jamoat binolarida suv va elektr ta'minoti etishmayotgan. Bir holatda, bolalar, qariyalar va kasallar 2009 yilda yetarli darajada tozalanmagan kanalizatsiya kanalizatsiyasidan bir necha metr narida joylashgan xonalarda uxlab yotishgan.[49][50]

Attavapiskat aholisi 2009 yil may oyida toshqin paytida evakuatsiya qilingan. 1976 yilda qurilgan eng zamonaviy qurilish bo'lgan boshlang'ich maktabning yakka binosi, 1979 yil dizel yoqilg'isidan to'kilgan zaharli gazlar sababli 2000 yilda yopilgan edi.

300 ta uy bilan birga beshta chodir va uy-joy uchun ishlatiladigan 17 ta shiypon mavjud. 90 kishiga mo'ljallangan treylerlarni saqlash uchun yiliga 100000 dollar sarflanadi.[51]

Mahalliy ishlar vaziri Jon Dunkan uning bo'limi mutasaddilari 2011 yil 28 oktyabrgacha Attawapiskatning uy-joy muammolari haqida bilishmagan deb da'vo qilishdi, garchi o'sha yili jamoaga ko'p borgan bo'lishsa ham.[52]

2011 yil noyabr oyida Aborigenlar ishlari bo'yicha vakili zaxira beshta bo'sh uy-joyni rekonstruksiya qilish uchun $ 500,000 miqdorida majburiyat olganligini va u allaqachon "Kanadaning Iqtisodiy Harakatlar Rejasi va moliyalashtirishga bag'ishlangan mablag '" ni olganini aytdi. 44 ta uy qurib bitkazilgan yangi bo'linma ".[53] Bosh vazirning ta'kidlashicha, Attavapiskat birinchi millati 2006 yilda Federal Konservativ Partiya saylanganidan beri 90 million dollarlik transfer to'lovlarini olgan.[54] 2012 yil 30 dekabrda Aborigenlar va Shimoliy rivojlanish departamenti Attawapiskat uchun 2006 yildan 2012-2013 moliya yilining oxirigacha 131 million dollar sarf qilinishini, bu 60 ta ta'mirlangan yoki yangi qurilgan uylarni o'z ichiga oladi; yangi maktab ham qurilmoqda.[55]

Bosh vazir ko'rsatgan 90 million dollarlik transfert to'lovlari - bu faqat uy-joydan tashqari ko'proq narsani o'z ichiga olgan jami ko'rsatkich. Ushbu miqdor Attawapiskat uchun 5 yil davomida barcha federal moliyalashtirishni o'z ichiga oladi, bu ta'lim, sog'liqni saqlash, ijtimoiy xizmatlar, uy-joy va boshqa ko'plab ehtiyojlarni o'z ichiga oladi. Ushbu dasturlarning barchasi infratuzilma va inson resurslarini talab qiladi, ular ham jami tarkibiga kiradi. Hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra, faqat Attavapiskatda uy-joy qurish uchun 84 million dollar kerak.[56]

Inqiroz - 2012 yilgi hujjatli filmning mavzusi Birinchi millatlar kinorejissyor Alanis Obomsavin, Kattavapiskisk daryosi aholisi,[57] va 2015 yilgi hujjatli film Oxirgi daryodan keyin Viktoriya Lean tomonidan.[58] Obomsawin 2011 yilda jamoada ishtirok etgan va film uchun yana bir film ustida ishlagan Kanada milliy kino kengashi, uy-joy masalasi mamlakat e'tiboriga tushganda.[59] Attawapiskat guruhi 2011 yilda jami 34 million dollar daromad oldi: federal hukumatdan 17,6 million dollar, viloyat hukumatidan 4,4 million dollar va nodavlat manbalardan olingan daromad.[60]

Yashash narxi

M. Koostachin & Sons (1976), mahalliy do'kon

Attavapiskatda yashash narxi juda katta, chunki bu mahsulotni jamiyatga etkazib berish xarajatlari.

Mahalliy do'konlarga quyidagilar kiradi Shimoliy do'kon va M. Koostachin va o'g'illari (1976). 2013 yil yanvarigacha aholining uchdan biridan ko'pi tez-tez buziladigan va boshqa mahsulotlarga (alkogoldan tashqari) buyurtma berishgan, ular Timminsdan samolyot orqali jo'natilgan va ular uchun pul o'tkazmalari bilan oldindan to'lovlarni amalga oshirgan. Ularning buyurtmalari kelganda, aholi ularni mahalliy aeroportda kutib olishlari kerak edi. Masalan, oltita olma va to'rtta kichik shisha sharbatning narxi 23,50 dollarni tashkil etadi (2011-12-01).

Narxi benzin viloyat o'rtacha ko'rsatkichidan ancha yuqori. Yoqilg'i qish yo'llari orqali jo'natilganda benzin va propan narxi bir oz pasayadi.

Attavapiskatda uy qurish uchun 250 ming dollar kerak.[61] Bir mahkum qilingan uyni ta'mirlash qiymati 50 000-100 000 AQSh dollarini tashkil qiladi.[62]Jamiyat a'zolarining aksariyati isitish ehtiyojlarini yangilashdi, aksariyat uylar hanuzgacha quruq o'tin ishlatmoqda. Attavapiskatdagi o'tin shnurining narxi 150 va 200 dollar turadi, shnur qishga bog'langan chodirni atigi bir hafta yoki ko'pi bilan 10 kun davomida isitadi.[63]

Xronologiya

  • 2000 yil - liberal Aborigenlar va shimoliy rivojlanish vaziri (Kanada) Robert Nolt 2000 yilda yangi maktab rejalarini boshlashga kelishib oldi. Ikki ketma-ket mahalliy aholi va Shimoliy taraqqiyot vazirlari, Endi Skott va Jim Prentis, shuningdek, Attawapiskat uchun yangi maktab va'da qildi. Etti yillik muzokaralarning to'liq xronologiyasini bo'lim veb-saytidan o'qishingiz mumkin. 2008 yil 1 aprelda yangi vazir Chak Strahl bu haqda ma'lum qildi Attawapiskat birinchi xalq ta'limi boshqarmasi (AFNEA ) Ottava yangi maktabni oxir-oqibat moliyalashtirmasligini aytdi.[68]
  • 2000 yil 11-may - 1979 yilgi dizel yoqilg'isining to'kilishi bilan bog'liq sog'liq muammolari sababli J.R. Nagoki boshlang'ich maktabi yopildi. O'shandan beri boshlang'ich maktab o'quvchilari portativlarda.[68]
  • 2004 yil 8 dekabr - Kanadadagi 2004 yilgi missiyasi davomida YuNESKOning maxsus ma'ruzachisi Rodolfo Stavenhagen zaxiradagi uy-joylarning sifatsiz sharoitlarini o'z qo'li bilan kuzatdi, ular buzilgan birliklarni, isitish va izolyatsiyaning etishmasligini, quvurlar va zaharli mog'orlarning oqishini o'z ichiga olgan.[69]
  • 2005 yil 4-noyabr - Attawapiskat First Nation va De Beers Canada Inc. bir ovozdan De Beers Group bilan Ontarioning birinchi olmos konining asosini ochish uchun foyda olish to'g'risidagi bitimni imzolashga qaror qildilar. Shaxta qurilishi 2006 yil boshida boshlanib, qiymati 982 million dollarni tashkil qildi. Attavapiskat shtatining boshlig'i Mayk Karpenter shunday dedi: "Biz Viktor loyihasi rivojlanib, Ontarioning birinchi olmoslarini ishlab chiqarayotganda De Beers bilan ishlashni orziqib kutmoqdamiz. Loyihaning ta'siri va u bizning jamoamizga olib keladigan o'zgarishlar haqida qayg'urayotgan bo'lsak ham, biz ishonchimiz komil kelishuv biz De Beers Canada bilan o'rnatgan sheriklik ruhida amalga oshiriladi. " Ta'sirdan foyda olish to'g'risidagi bitim jamiyat ish bilan ta'minlash va ishbilarmonlik imkoniyatlari, o'qitish va ta'lim, atrof-muhitni oqilona boshqarish va erni qazib olish paytida foydalanishni yo'qotishi uchun moddiy tovon puli bo'yicha qanday foyda ko'rishini belgilaydi.[70]
  • 2007 yil 1-noyabr - BMT Qochqinlar ishlari bo'yicha Oliy komissarligi maxsus ma'ruzachisi janob Miloon Kotari ta'kidlashicha, haddan tashqari ko'p va etarli bo'lmagan uy-joy sharoitlari, shuningdek, asosiy xizmatlardan foydalanish, shu jumladan suv va sanitariya xizmatlaridan foydalanishdagi qiyinchiliklar tub aholisi uchun katta muammo hisoblanadi. U tub aholini federal va viloyat hokimiyatida, qonun hujjatlarida, siyosatida va byudjet mablag'larida o'zgarishlarni talab qildi.[71]
  • 2007 yil dekabr - Hindistonning yangi ishlari va Shimoliy taraqqiyot vaziri yangi maktab qurish rejalarini bekor qildi, chunki ular birinchi o'ringa chiqqan boshqa jamoalar borligini va ular Attavapiskatda sog'liq va xavfsizlik bilan bog'liq muammolar yo'qligini ta'kidladilar.
  • 2008 yil may - Favqulodda holat e'lon qilinganidan keyin yuzlab odamlar jamiyatdan evakuatsiya qilingan. Xavf Attavapiskat daryosidagi muzlarning tiqilib qolishi va keyinchalik toshqinlar yuzaga kelish ehtimoli bilan bog'liq.[72]
  • 2009 yil - Attawapiskat First Nation a'zolari yaqinidagi qishda to'siqni to'sib qo'yishdi DeBeers Viktor Min Attavapiskat birinchi millati ushbu qashshoq sharoitda ushbu milliard dollarlik loyiha bilan birga yashayotganiga norozilik bildirish.
  • 2009 yil aprel - 2012 yilgi auditorlik tekshiruvida aniqlandi[73] bu Kanada ipoteka va uy-joy korporatsiyasi (CMHC) 2005 yil 1 apreldan 2011 yil noyabrgacha bo'lgan davrda Attawapiskat First Nation uy-joylarini faqat bitta jismoniy holatini ko'rib chiqishni amalga oshirdi. 2009 yil aprel oyi 1990 yilda qurilgan bitta 27 xonadonli uy-joy loyihasida juda kichik namunada o'tkazildi. va 1994 yil. Ushbu birliklar "uy ichidagi havoning sifati, suv sathining balandligi va haddan tashqari ko'pligi" bo'lgan. CMHC ushbu hisobotni baham ko'rmadi Mahalliy aholi va Shimoliy taraqqiyot (Hindiston ishlari va Shimoliy taraqqiyot).
  • 2009 yil 21 avgust - Hamjamiyat a'zolari to'qnashuv uchun Torontoga yo'l olishdi De Beers Canada kompaniyaning tobora rivojlanib borayotgan farovonligi va jamiyatdagi qashshoqlikning kuchayishi haqida.[74]
  • 2009 yil 11 iyul - Katta miqdordagi kanalizatsiya toshqini chiqindilarni 90 kishini tashkil etgan sakkizta binoga to'kdi. DeBeers uylarni tuzatish yoki almashtirishga qadar qisqa muddatli to'xtash oralig'i sifatida mo'ljallangan ikkita qurilishga mo'ljallangan tirkamalarni sovg'a qildi va jihozladi. Ularda hali ham to'rtta pechka va oltita yuvinish xonasida ishlaydigan 90 kishi yashaydi.[75][76]
  • 2009 yil 14 oktyabr - Bosh Tereza Xoll Attawapiskatdagi uy-joy inqiroziga kanalizatsiya zaxirasidan kelib chiqqan holda federal hukumatning javobsizligi haqida xavotir bildirdi. Hukumat ularning uylarni ta'mirlash uchun 700 ming dollar ajratganliklarini da'vo qilgan.[74]
  • 2011-06 Kanadaning Bosh Auditori surunkali va doimiy ravishda "xizmat ko'rsatish darajasi to'g'risida aniqlik yo'qligi" va ta'lim, sog'liqni saqlash va ichimlik suvi bilan bog'liq dasturlarni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi qonunchilik yo'qligi haqida xabar berdi. Federal dasturlar va xizmatlar faqat qonunchilik emas, balki siyosat asosida ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, federal javobgarlik va etarli mablag 'bilan bog'liq chalkashliklarni keltirib chiqardi (OAG 2011-06-04: 3),[66] tegishli moliyalashtirish mexanizmining etishmasligi va Kanada bo'ylab Birinchi Millat zaxiralarida mahalliy xizmat ko'rsatishni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi tashkilotlarning etishmasligi.[66]
  • 2011 yil 28 oktyabr - Attavapiskat birinchi millat boshlig'i Tereza Spens uch yil ichida uchinchi marta favqulodda holat e'lon qiladi. Mahalliy ishlar vaziri Jon Dunkan uning bo'limi mutasaddilari bu yil jamoaga ko'p borganiga qaramay, 28 oktyabrga qadar Attavapiskatning uy-joy muammolaridan bexabar bo'lganliklarini da'vo qilishdi.[52]
  • 2011 yil 1 dekabr - The Kanada Qizil Xoch Attavapiskat jamiyatidagi tezkor ehtiyojlarni qondirishga yordam berish uchun safarbar qilingan. Qizil Xoch shoshilinch, qisqa muddatli ehtiyojlarni aniqlash va hal qilish uchun davlat hokimiyati organlari va jamoatchilik bilan yaqin hamkorlikni davom ettiradi. Jamiyatning iltimosiga binoan Qizil Xoch ushbu ehtiyojlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun xayriya mablag'larini boshqarish rolini ham o'z zimmasiga oladi.[77]
  • 2012 yil 14-yanvar: Attawapiskat birinchi millat uy-joy menejeri Monik Suntherland 2012 yil 14-yanvar kuni ko'plab dalillar, shu jumladan 2002 yilga oid dalillar bilan, ijtimoiy xizmatlar, Jeyms Bay kasalxonasi, tibbiyot shifokorlarining rasmiy imzolangan so'rovlari bilan imzo chekdi. va hokazo. Mog'or va zamburug'lar, odamlarning haddan tashqari ko'pligi, issiqlik va oqar suvning etishmasligi bilan bog'liq muammolarni keltirib chiqargan holda, ayniqsa, kasal va qariyalar uchun uy-joylarga bo'lgan shoshilinch ehtiyojlar haqida batafsil ma'lumot. Unda 300 kvadrat metr o'lchamdagi bitta yashash joyining tavsifi, uch kishidan iborat, bu buta lageriga o'xshash edi.[78]
  • 2012 yil: Federal hukumat "jamoatchilikka oldindan tayyorlab qo'yilgan 22 ta uyni shoshildi".[79]
  • 2012 yil 28 sentyabr: Deloitte and Touche LLP tomonidan "AANDC va Attawapiskat First Nation (AFN) Management Control Framework of Audit" "2005 yil 1 aprel va 2011 yil 30 noyabr o'rtasidagi davrni o'z ichiga olgan. G'ayrioddiy harakatda Mahalliy aholi va Shimoliy taraqqiyot uni Internetda e'lon qildi. Sog'liqni saqlash, ta'lim, infratuzilma, uy-joy va ma'muriyatni o'z ichiga olgan Attawapiskat First Nation-ga barcha AANDC mablag'larining umumiy miqdori,[2-qayd] va shu kabilar, shu vaqt ichida taxminan $ 104 mln. Tekshiruv o'tkaziladigan maydon v. "Uy-joy bilan bog'liq faoliyatni" Kapital imkoniyatlar va texnik xizmat ko'rsatish (CFM) dasturi orqali uy-joylarni saqlash uchun $ 6,85 million; zudlik bilan uy-joy ehtiyojlari uchun $ 1 million; va Kanadaning iqtisodiy harakatlar rejasi bo'yicha uy-joylarni ta'mirlash uchun $ 450 million "uchun 8,3 million dollar. Ijobiy natijalardan biri AANDC, CMHC va Attawapiskat First Nation "Attawapiskat Birinchi Millati uchun uy-joy fondlarini ajratilishini aniqlash uchun mintaqaviy darajada hamkorlikda ishlagan". Recommendations included changes regarding loan eligibility, improvements in reporting, and book-keeping, for example, CMHC Physical Condition Reviews must be shared with AANDC. It was noted that there is a chronic problem with collection of rent in arrears, which impedes loan payments to CMHC, and there are the challenges of evicting tenants[73] in this impoverished, remote northern community already plagued by overcrowding.
  • February 5, 2013: The network of trailers that are usually used to house employees at remote work sites, donated by De Beers, are in disrepair. Attawapiskat First Nation Housing Manager, Monique Suntherland, explained that the materials needed to renovate the trailers still have to be shipped up the ice road in February, but the work had begun. "Sutherland said it's frustrating that the reserve is working on yet another short-term solution ... She said the community needs 62 new homes, and 155 more need renovations, referring to a housing plan from 2010 ... Sutherland said nothing in the plan has come to fruition, and the waiting list only gets longer as the population grows. In the long term, the band has also been asked to provide a new housing plan to the federal government.(CBC 2013-02-07)."[79]
  • March 2013: The construction of the new Attawapiskat First Nation elementary school began with an overall cost of $31 million funded by AANDC. Completion is expected by June 2014.[80][81]
  • November 21, 2013: A fire damaged a portion of the East End Trailers in Attawapiskat, displacing 80 community members. Favqulodda holat e'lon qilindi. Thirty people had to be evacuated to Kapuskasing for several weeks while repairs were undertaken. The "shelter complex was donated to the community by De Beers Canada in 2007 to provide temporary emergency shelter for the community."[82][83]

Boshqaruv

Attawapiskat First Nation Office, 1990s

Attawapiskat was officially recognized by the Government of Canada under the 9-shartnoma hujjat. Although the original document was signed in the years 1905 and 1906, it only included the communities south of the Albany River in northern Ontario. Attawapiskat was included when adhesions were made to the treaty to include the communities north of the Albany River. Attawapiskat was numbered as Attawapiskat Indian Reserve 91 as part of Treaty 9. The treaty set aside reserve lands on the Ekwan River, a parallel river north of the Attawapiskat River that drains into James Bay, totalling 27040.10 hectares.[84] In time, it was decided by local leaders to establish the community in its present location on the Attawapiskat River instead. This was due to an existing trading post and better access to James Bay shipping routes from this location. The new reserve, which contains 235.8 hectares, was then numbered Attawapiskat Indian Reserve 91A.[84]

Local leadership is an elected government of a chief, a deputy chief and twelve councillors who serve three-year terms. The current chief (2016) is Ignace Gull. The band council was under Third Party Intervention for part of 2011–2012.[85][86] While the federal government had preemptively removed the third-party manager, a Federal Court decision later deemed the Third Party Management arrangement 'unreasonable'.[87]

Attawapiskat First Nation is part of the regional Mushkegowuk kengashi, an Aboriginal political group representing the James Bay Mushkego or Omushkego Cree. The community and the Council are together represented under the Political Territorial Organization, Nishnawbe Aski Nation (NAN), which represents 50 First Nations in Northern Ontario. NAN is the representative political body for the First Nations that are part of Treaty 9. The current Grand Chief of Nishnabwe-Aski Nation is Harvey Yesno. The Birinchi millatlar assambleyasi (AFN) is the national representative organization of the 630 First Nation's communities in Canada.[88]

The reserve is within the federal riding of Timmins - Jeyms Bey, and the provincial riding of Mushkegovuk - Jeyms Bey. 2019 yil dekabr oyidan boshlab, the current provincial Member of Parliament (MPP) is Gay Burguin (NDP) and federal member of parliament is Charli Angus (NDP).

Audit investigation (2005–2011)

Grand Chief Stan Louttit of Mushkegowuk Council observed that "At the height of the Attawapiskat housing crisis over a year ago, the Attawapiskat First Nation made it very clear to the government that they would welcome a forensic audit to be carried out. The government chose not to conduct such an audit only to settle for a limited audit by the firm of Deloitte.[89] The "Audit of the AANDC and Attawapiskat First Nation (AFN) Management Control Framework" by Deloitte and Touche LLP was completed on September 28, 2012. Chief Teresa Spence took office in 2010 but the audit's investigation covers the period between April 1, 2005, and November 30, 2011.[73] Attawapiskat First Nation (AFN) voluntarily agreed to the audit.[89] The federal government had commissioned the audit in December 2011 in response to a declaration of a state of emergency regarding a long-standing and continual crisis of housing. Ga binoan Mahalliy aholi va Shimoliy taraqqiyot, "only 46 of Attawapiskat's 316 housing units are considered adequate, while another 146 need major work and 122 are placement."[90]

A CBC radio report[91] noted that insensitive timing of the announcement to CBC and the online publication of the audit just before a controversial, highly publicized and much anticipated meeting on January 11, between Prime Minister Stiven Xarper and First Nations leadership. For Grand Chief Stan Louttit of Mushkegowuk Council, the meeting was to be "an important and critical opportunity for dialogue and to work towards some key deliverables into the future."[89] For others was a "hopeful sign of a new beginning in building nation to nation respectful relationships" and "the beginning of implementing the 1996 Report of the Aborigen xalqlar bo'yicha qirollik komissiyasi."[92] The timing did "not reflect too well on the government." CBC correspondent Terry Milewski reported that the auditors did "not allege fraud" but raised "questions about bookkeeping" on the part of the federal government and the Band.

The audit "shows an unacceptable level of expenditures for which proper documentation was not provided."[92] Aboriginal and Northern Affairs representative revealed that of the 316 homes, 85% are "unfit for human habitation".(CBC 2013-01-07).[91] The total amount of all AANDC funding to Attawapiskat First Nation which includes health, education, infrastructure, housing and administration, [notes 2] etc. was approximately $104M over that time (Deloitte and Touche 2012-09-28 p. 6).[73] The area under scrutiny by the audit, was the c. $8.3M for "housing-related activities through the Capital Facilities and Maintenance (CFM) program, which included $6.85M for housing maintenance; $1M for immediate housing needs; and, $450K for housing renovations under Canada's Economic Action Plan." One of the positive outcomes was the observation that AANDC, CMHC, and Attawapiskat First Nation, "worked in partnership at the regional level to determine allocations of housing funds for the Attawapiskat First Nation."

It was revealed in the audit[73] bu Kanada ipoteka va uy-joy korporatsiyasi (CMHC) only conducted one physical condition review of Attawapiskat First Nation housing units during the period from April 1, 2005, to November 2011. The April 2009 review was conducted on a very small sample in a single 27-unit housing project built in 1990 and 1994. These units had "poor indoor air quality, high water table and overcrowding." CMHC did not share this report with Mahalliy aholi va Shimoliy taraqqiyot (Indian Affairs and Northern Development).[93] Recommendations included changes regarding loan eligibility, improvements in reporting, book-keeping, for example, CMHC Physical Condition Reviews must be shared with AANDC. It was noted that there is a chronic problem with collection of rent in arrears which impedes loan payments to CMHC and the challenges of evicting tenants [54] in this impoverished, remote northern community already plagued by overcrowding. In it the auditors found "an average of 81 per cent of files did not have adequate supporting documents and over 60 per cent had no documentation of the reason for payment." Additionally, the letter delivered to Chief Spence stated the audit revealed "no evidence of due diligence on the part of Attawapiskat of funding provided by Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada for housing projects and Health Canada for health-related projects."[94]

Iqtisodiyot va ish bilan ta'minlash

Economic and employment opportunities are limited to work within the community, mainly in the service sector or for the local band council. There are only a handful of businesses in the town.

  • De Beers Victor Mine
  • Kataquapit's Inn - family-run hotel housing DeBeers workers[95]
  • Northern Store (with KFC /Pizza kulbasi Express outlet) and Warehouse (former store) - retail store
  • Attawapiskat Band Council
  • Attawapiskat Development Corporation
  • Attawapiskat Airport
  • April's Coffee Shop - converted trailer
  • Kloxplex Studios (private)
  • SIPC Development Incorporated
  • DeBeers Marc Guevremont Training Centre - training staff for Victor Mine
  • Jeyms ko'rfazidagi umumiy kasalxona
  • James Bay Ambulance Service Base
  • Attawapiskat Fire Rescue
  • Attawapiskat Water Treatment Plant
  • Attawapiskat Health Centre - outpatient clinic
  • Vezina Secondary School
  • J.R. Nakogee School - public school
  • Kattawapiskak Elementary School - new school
  • CJBA-FM - local radio station
  • M. Koostachin & Sons - retail store
  • Hydro One - power generation and distribution
  • Bell Canada - land line services
  • Canada Post - postal services
  • Attawapiskat First Nation Education Authority
  • K-Net Services (Keewaytinook Okimakanak) - internet services
  • Xittel - internet services
  • Xplornet - internet services
  • Parish zali
  • Northern Stores Residences

From 1927 to 1960, the Catholic Church's Oblate Mission operated a sawmill.[13]

In 1901 the Hudson's Bay kompaniyasi established a trading post and store in town. The Northern Store took over the operations from HBC in the 1980s.

Transport

Havo

Travel to Attawapiskat is accessible through Attawapiskat Airport yil davomida. The airport was opened in 1974, but air service in the community began in 1957.[13] The airport is equipped with a gravel runway that was constructed in the 1970s.

Circa 2007, Thunder Airlines supplanted Air Creebec, as supplier of postal services and for shipping goods. Heavier goods are shipped into the community via a seasonal barge from Moosonee.

Temir yo'l

From Moosonee the Ontario Northland temir yo'li runs south to Cochrane, with bus connections further south to Toronto and Southern Ontario.

Yo'l

During the winter months, a "Winter Road" is constructed that connects the community to other coastal towns on the James Bay coast. The first roads were built by the province in 1956.[13] Winter roads are temporary routes of transportation that are constructed mostly in January, February, March and even April throughout remote parts of Shimoliy Ontario. Mavsumiy Jeyms Bey qishki yo'l connects the communities of Attawapiskat, Kashchevan, Albani Fort, Musoni va Bug'doy fabrikasi. James Bay Winter Road is operated or managed by Kimesskanemenow Corporation. The Ontario transport vazirligi has an office and representative in the town.[8]

Residents of several remote coastal communities often take advantage of the winter road to purchase goods and perishables, by making long trips to Moosonee. Residents drive cars, vans and small trucks (SUV or pickups), while some may use ATVs or bikes and snowmobiles in winter months. When the winter road is in good condition, the trip can take five hours to Kashechewan, one way. During the period when the winter road is open, certain community band members offer taxi services, shuttling between the communities. James Bay Winter Road is available in the winter months barring bad weather such as blizzards and heavy snowfalls, at which point access will be closed until the road is inspected and snow is plowed away.

Roads in town are not paved and are either dirt or gravel. Beyond the winter roads, none of the gravel roads connect beyond Attawapiskat.

Feasibility studies have been undertaken on the construction of a permanent all-season road to the communities.[96] Loyiha, agar amalga oshirilsa, to'rtta jamoani bir-biri bilan bog'laydigan "qirg'oq yo'li" ni, shuningdek qirg'oq yo'lini viloyat magistral tizimiga bog'laydigan yo'lni o'z ichiga oladi. Fraserdeyl, Kapuskasing yoki Xerst.[97]

Roads are generally unnamed (Airport Road, River Road, Meenish Road, 1A Street and 2nd Street are the few named streets) and most places in town use post office boxes for identification.

Jamiyat xizmatlari

Kommunal xizmatlar

Five Nations Energy Inc was created in 2001–2003 to distribute electricity from Hydro One from the Moosonee Substation.[98] Prior to 2000 power was supplied by diesel generators located in Fort Albany.[99]

Politsiya

Attawapiskat is politsiya tomonidan Nishnavbe-Aski politsiya xizmati, an Aboriginal-based service that replaced the Ontario viloyati politsiyasi (OPP). This change took place in the early 1990s in most remote northern communities in Ontario. The community is served by the Attawapiskat detachment in the Northeast Region.

Sog'liqni saqlash

Basic health services are provided by nursing staff at the 15 bed Attawapiskat Hospital ning Weeneebayko mintaqasi sog'liqni saqlash boshqarmasi (main wing in Musoni, Ontario ), a provincial hospital which provides sixteen beds for pediatric, medical/surgical and surunkali parvarish. The hospital replaced St. Mary's Hospital, established by the Catholic Church in 1951,[13] 1969 yilda.[100] Health services are provided by a nursing staff. However, like other remote communities on the James Bay coast, there is no doctor in the community. A physician from Weeneebayko General Hospital yilda Bug'doy fabrikasi visits Attawapiskat, as well as other communities along the coast on a regular basis during each month.[101] Patients with serious injuries, or those requiring surgery, must be transported to a larger centre for treatment. These emergency patients are transported by air ambulance airplane or helicopter to medical centres in Bug'doy fabrikasi, Timmins, Sudberi yoki Kingston, depending on their condition.

James Bay General Hospital was merged with federally operated Weeneebayko General Hospital to improve health care services in the region.[102]

Attawapiskat Health Clinic provides additional outpatient health care services to the community and is located across the street from Weenebayko General Hospital Attawapiskat Wing.

On May 1, 2013, officials announced that the hospital was closed and evacuated because of flooding in the area.[22]

Fire and EMS

Attawapiskat Fire Rescue consists of a fire department of nine (one fire chief, one lieutenant and seven firefighters) at one station with one pumper.[103]

Pre-hospital medical care is provided by James Bay Ambulance Service, a service run by Weeneebayko mintaqasi sog'liqni saqlash boshqarmasi tomonidan moliyalashtiriladi Sog'liqni saqlash vazirligi va uzoq muddatli yordam. The community is served by one EMS base (#02) with two ambulances (one primary and one reserve) for the entire community.[104] There are eight primary care paramedics stationed at this base which operates 24/7/365.[105]

Canadian Ranger

Attawapiskat Canadian Ranger Patrol is a Canadian Ranger unit attached to the 3rd Canadian Ranger patrol group (based at CFB Borden ) and was formed in 1994.[106]

Community centres

Maytawaywin Authority provides recreational services at Reg Louttit Sportsplex, a community centre and sportsplex:

  • muz yaxmalak
  • jamoat zali
  • sportzal
  • fields for football, soccer, baseball

A healing lodge, the Jules Mattinas Healing Lodge, is located northwest of Attawapiskat and connected by a road. The building's entrance is shaped as a teepee.

OAV

Radio

Televizor

KanalTV info
21Tarix kanali
26Teletoon (Kanada telekanali)
28Attawapiskat Development Corporation
34Ob-havo tarmog'i
41CTV yangiliklari
46Treehouse televizori

Note: Many channels from TV shows public to community and up to 48 TV channels

Local television cable service is provided by Attawapiskat Development Corporation.

Telecommunications in the community is received from a tower located next to the hospital.

Attawapiskat Gallery

  • Fiber optics were installed in July 2009, meaning high-speed Internet service and (better) cable service were coming to Attawapiskat.

  • The new elementary school's construction ground

Taniqli odamlar

  • Shannen Koostachin (1996–2010) Attawapiskat captured the hearts of Canadians in her struggle to call attention to the deficiencies in education in her home community. After her untimely death in a car accident Shannenning orzusi was formed[109] Shannen's Dream is a student- and youth-focused campaign designed to raise awareness about inequitable funding for First Nations children, and encourages supporters to write letters to their Parlament a'zosi, uchun Kanadaning mahalliy aholisi va Shimoliy rivojlanish vaziri va Kanada bosh vaziri. Ushbu harakatga hamroh bo'lish uchun, Timmins-Jeyms Bay Deputat Charli Angus Shannenning Dream-ni Motion 201-ga qayta kiritdi Kanadaning jamoatlar palatasi 2011 yil 26 sentyabrda.[110] 2012 yil 27 fevralda jamoalar palatasi ushbu taklifni bir ovozdan qo'llab-quvvatladi.[111] She attended J.R. Nakogee elementary school, which had been housed in makeshift portables since 2000, when it was condemned and closed because of a decades-old fuel leak.[112] 2007 yilga kelib federal hukumat Attavapiskat uchun yangi maktab qurish to'g'risidagi uchinchi majburiyatdan voz kechdi.[113] In response Shannen and others turned to YouTube va Facebook Attawapiskat uchun maktab uchun talabalarga yordam beradigan o'quvchilar kampaniyasini boshlash.[114][115] Shannen spoke out about the experiences of her community in newspapers, at conferences, and on the steps of Parliament Hill. In 2008, at the age of 14, she was nominated for the International Children's Peace Prize.[116] Shannen and her older sister, Serena, moved hundreds of kilometres away from Attawapiskat to Yangi Liskeard, Ontario, o'rta maktab uchun. She died on June 1, 2010 in a car accident.[117] Shannenni orzu qilish aksiyasi has continued after her death.

Izohlar

  1. ^ The Prime Minister of Canada changed the name of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) to Mahalliy aholi va Shimoliy taraqqiyot Kanada (AANDC) in June 2011.
  2. ^ "Education per pupil, Education infrastructure (maintenance, repair, teacher salaries, etc), Health care per patient, Health care, infrastructure (clinics, staff, access to services outside the community in the absence of facilities on reserve), Social services (facilities, staff, etc.), Infrastructure (maintenance and construction (Vowel, Chelsea. 12/6/2011. "Attawapiskat: You Want to Be Shown the Money? Here it Is." Huffington Post)."

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Koordinatalar: 52 ° 55′59 ″ N. 82 ° 24′00 ″ Vt / 52.93306 ° 82.40000 ° Vt / 52.93306; -82.40000