Hudsons Bay kompaniyasi - Hudsons Bay Company - Wikipedia

Hudson's Bay kompaniyasi
Kompaniya de la Bey d'Hudson

Turi	Xususiy (ilgari Ommaviy )
Sanoat	Chakana savdo
Tashkil etilgan	1670 yil 2-may; 350 yil oldin (1670 yil 2-may) London, Angliya
Bosh ofis	8925 Torbram yo'li Brampton, Ontario, Kanada
Asosiy odamlar	Richard Beyker (Gubernator, ijrochi rais va bosh ijrochi direktor)
Daromad	9,4 milliard dollar (2018)
Sof daromad	CA $ -631 million (2018)
Egasi	NRDC Equity Partners (48%)
Xodimlar soni	30,000 (2017)[1]
Bo'limlar	Hudson ko'rfazi Saks Beshinchi avenyu Saks Fifth Avenue 5-chi off
Veb-sayt	hbc.com

Heraldik yutuq Hudson's Bay kompaniyasining vakili:^[2] Argent, to'rttasi orasidagi xoch gullari qunduzlar passant to'g'ri. Crest: A chapeau Gules minaga aylandi tulki sejantiga to'g'ri keladi. Qo'llab-quvvatlovchilar: Ikki dollar to'g'ri. Lotin Shiori: Lotin: pro pelle cutem, yoqilgan  "teri uchun teri"^[3] aftidan o'yin Ish, 2:4: Pellem pro pelle^[4] "teri uchun teri".^[5][6][7]

The Hudson's Bay kompaniyasi (HBC; Frantsuz: Kompaniya de la Bey d'Hudson CBH) kanadalik chakana savdo ishbilarmon guruh. A mo'yna savdosi HBC hozirda Kanadada va Qo'shma Shtatlarda chakana savdo do'konlariga egalik qiladi va ishlaydi.

2006 yilda amerikalik tadbirkor, Jerri Tsuker, HBC-ni 1,1 milliard dollarga sotib oldi,^{[tushuntirish kerak ]} shuning uchun u endi Kanadaga tegishli kompaniya emas. Kompaniya Evropadagi operatsiyalarining ko'pini 2019 yil avgustga qadar sotdi va qolgan do'konlari, Gollandiyada, 2019 yil oxiriga qadar yopildi. HBC kompaniyasi Saks Beshinchi avenyu va AQShning Saks Fifth Avenue 5-chi do'konlari; aksariyat amerika operatsiyalari 2019 yil o'rtalariga qadar va oxirgi do'konlarda sotilgan (Lord & Teylor zanjir) 2019 yil oxirigacha sotilgan.

Kompaniyaning nomlari bo'yicha biznes bo'limi Hudson ko'rfazi, odatda deb nomlanadi Ko'rfaz (La Bai frantsuz tilida).^[8]

Tomonidan qo'shilgandan so'ng Ingliz tili qirol nizomi 1670 yilda kompaniya sifatida faoliyat yuritgan amalda Shimoliy Amerikaning ba'zi qismlarida hukumat HBC egalik qilgan erini (butunini) sotguniga qadar deyarli 200 yil davomida Hudson ko'rfazi drenaj havzasi sifatida tanilgan Rupertning yerlari ) tarkibida 1869 yilda Kanadaga Taslim bo'lish,^[9][10] tomonidan tasdiqlangan Rupertning Yer to'g'risidagi qonuni 1868 yil.

Eng yuqori cho'qqisida, kompaniya inglizlarning katta qismida va undan keyin mo'yna savdosini nazorat qildi Britaniya nazorati ostidagi Shimoliy Amerika. 19-asrning o'rtalariga kelib, kompaniya mo'ynadan to maygacha turli xil mahsulotlarni sotadigan savdo-sotiq biznesiga aylandi uy jihozlari Kanada bo'ylab oz sonli savdo do'konlarida (savdo postlaridan farqli o'laroq).^[11][12] Ushbu do'konlar bugungi kunda kompaniya egalik qilgan do'konlarga birinchi qadam edi.^[13]

2008 yilda HBC tomonidan sotib olingan NRDC Equity Partners, shuningdek, yuqori darajadagi Amerika universal do'koniga egalik qilgan Lord & Teylor.^[14] 2008 yildan 2012 yilgacha HBC NRDC xolding kompaniyasi tomonidan boshqarilgan, Hudson's Bay Trading Company, 2012 yil boshida tarqatib yuborilgan.^[15] HBC bosh ofisi hozirda joylashgan Brampton, Ontario.^[16] 2020 yil martigacha kompaniya ro'yxatiga kiritilgan Toronto fond birjasi "HBC.TO" belgisi ostida.

Tarix

17-asr

Hudson's Bay kompaniyasining bayrog'i 1801 yildan 1965 yilgacha

1707 yildan 1801 yilgacha bo'lgan kompaniya bayrog'i

1682 dan 1707 gacha bo'lgan kompaniya bayrog'i

17-asrning katta qismi uchun Frantsuz, ularning mustamlakasiga asoslangan Yangi Frantsiya, ishlagan a amalda monopoliya Shimoliy Amerikada mo'yna savdosi. Ikki Frantsuz savdogarlar, Per-Esprit Radisson va Medard des Groseilliers (Medard de Chouart, Sieur des Groseilliers), Radissonning qaynotasi, Kri eng yaxshi mo'ynali mamlakat shimol va g'arbda joylashgan Superior ko'li va shimolda yana "muzlagan dengiz" borligini.^[17] Buni Hudson ko'rfazi deb taxmin qilishdi, ular mo'ynalarni quruqlikka ko'chirish narxini pasaytirish uchun ko'rfazda savdo punktini tashkil etish rejasini qo'llab-quvvatlashni istashdi. Ga binoan Piter C. Nyuman, "Gudzon ko'rfazidagi marshrutni o'rganish mo'yna savdosi yo'nalishini boshqa yo'nalishga aylantirishi mumkinligidan xavotirda Sent-Lourens daryosi, frantsuz gubernatori ", Markiz d'Argenson (1658-61 idorasida), "berishdan bosh tortdi coureurs de bois uzoq hududni skaut qilishga ruxsat ".^[17] Ushbu rad etishga qaramay, 1659 yilda Radisson va Grosilliers yuqori Buyuk ko'llar havzasiga yo'l olishdi. Bir yil o'tgach, ular Hudson ko'rfazi mintaqasi salohiyatidan dalolat beruvchi mo'ynali kiyimlar bilan qaytishdi. Keyinchalik, ular hibsga olingan^{[kim tomonidan? ]} litsenziyasiz savdo qilganliklari va jarimaga tortilganliklari va ularning mo'ynalari hukumat tomonidan musodara qilingan.^[18]

Hudson ko'rfazi hududida savdo qilishni qaror qilgan Radisson va Grosilliers ingliz mustamlakachisi savdogarlar guruhiga murojaat qilishdi. Boston, Massachusets ularning tadqiqotlarini moliyalashtirishga yordam berish. Bostoniyaliklar ushbu rejaning mohiyati to'g'risida kelishib oldilar, ammo ularning kemasi duch kelib 1663 yilda spekulyativ sayohati muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi. muz to'plang yilda Gudzon bo'g'ozi. Bostonda joylashgan ingliz komissari polkovnik Jorj Kartritt ekspeditsiya to'g'risida bilib, ikkalasini ham moliyalashtirish uchun Angliyaga olib keldi.^[17] Radisson va Grosilliers 1665 yilda Londonga yetib kelishgan Buyuk vabo. Oxir oqibat, ikkalasi uchrashdi va homiylikni qo'lga kiritdi Shahzoda Rupert. Shahzoda Rupert ikkalasini amakivachchasi, amaldagi qirol bilan tanishtirdi - Charlz II.^[19] 1668 yilda ingliz ekspeditsiyasi ikkita kemani sotib oldi Nonsuch va Burgut, Hudson ko'rfazidagi mumkin bo'lgan savdo-sotiqni o'rganish. Grosilliers suzib ketdi Nonsuch, kapitan tomonidan boshqariladi Zakariyo Gillam, esa Burgut kapitan Uilyam Stannard tomonidan boshqarilgan va unga Radisson hamrohlik qilgan. 1668 yil 5 iyunda ikkala kema ham portni tark etishdi Deptford, Angliya, lekin Burgut Irlandiya qirg'og'idan orqaga qaytishga majbur bo'ldi.^[18][20]

The Nonsuch davom etdi Jeyms Bey, Gudson ko'rfazining janubiy qismi, uning tadqiqotchilari asos solgan, 1668 yilda Gudzon ko'rfazidagi birinchi Fort Charlz Fort^[21] og'zida Rupert daryosi. (Keyinchalik u "Rupert Xaus" nomi bilan tanilgan va hozirgi jamoat sifatida rivojlangan Vaskaganish, Kvebek.) Ikkala qal'a ham, daryo ham ekspeditsiya homiysi, yirik investorlardan biri bo'lgan va tez orada yangi kompaniyaning birinchi gubernatori bo'lish uchun Reyn shahzodasi Rupert nomi bilan atalgan. 1668–69 yillardagi qishdagi muvaffaqiyatli savdo-ekspeditsiyadan so'ng, Nonsuch 1669 yil 9-oktabrda Hudson ko'rfazidagi savdo natijasida paydo bo'lgan mo'ynaning birinchi yukini olib Angliyaga qaytib keldi.^[18] Mo'ynaning asosiy qismi - 1 233 funt sterlingga teng - Londonning eng taniqli mo'ynalaridan biri Tomas Gloverga sotilgan. Glover tomonidan ushbu va keyingi xaridlar Hudson ko'rfazidagi mo'yna savdosining hayotiyligini isbotladi.^[22]

Rupertning yerlari, drenaj havzasi Hudson ko'rfazi, kompaniyaning granti

Qirol Charlz II ning qirollik xartiyasida 1670 yil 2-mayda "Hudson ko'rfazida savdo qilayotgan Angliya gubernatori va avantyuristlar kompaniyasi" mavjud edi.^[9] Nizomda kompaniyaga hozirgi Kanadaning shimoliy qismidagi Gudzon ko'rfaziga oqib tushadigan barcha daryolar va soylar oqib o'tadigan mintaqa ustidan monopol huquq berilgan. Hudud "deb nomlanganRupertning yerlari "^[23]shahzoda Rupertdan keyin,^[24]qirol tomonidan tayinlangan kompaniyaning birinchi hokimi. Gudzon ko'rfazidagi ushbu drenaj havzasi 1,5 million kvadrat milni tashkil etadi (3.9.)×10^⁶ km²) zamonaviy Kanadaning uchdan bir qismidan iborat bo'lib, hozirgi shimoliy-markaziygacha cho'zilgan Qo'shma Shtatlar. O'sha paytda aniq chegaralar noma'lum bo'lib qoldi. Rupertning erlari oxir-oqibat Kanadaning eng katta eriga aylanadi "sotib olish" 19-asrda.^[25]

HBC 1668 yildan 1717 yilgacha oltita post tashkil qildi. Rupert Xaus^[26](1668, janubi-sharqda), Bug'doy fabrikasi^[27] (1673, janubda) va Albany Fort,^[28] Ontario (1679, g'arbiy) Jeyms ko'rfazida barpo etilgan; Hudson ko'rfazining g'arbiy qirg'og'ida yana uchta post tashkil etilgan: Fort Severn (1689), York fabrikasi (1684) va Cherchill Fort (1717). Ichki postlar qurilmagan 1774 yildan keyin. 1774 yildan keyin York fabrikasi suv havzalarining keng ichki tizimlariga qulay kirish imkoniyati tufayli asosiy postga aylandi. Saskaçevan va Qizil daryolar. Dastlab "fabrikalar" deb nomlangan, chunki "omil", ya'ni merkantil agenti sifatida ish yuritadigan kishi u erdan ish olib borgan, bu postlar Gollandiyalik mo'yna savdo operatsiyalari tarzida ishlagan. Yangi Gollandiya. XVIII asrda Savdo standartini qabul qilgan holda, HBC Rupertning butun erida narxlarning barqarorligini ta'minladi. "Asosida almashinish vositasi paydo bo'ldi.Beaver qildi "(MB); bir yil davomida kiyib yuradigan va qayta ishlashga tayyor bo'lgan asosiy pel:" barcha savdo tovarlari narxlari Made Beaver (MB) qiymatlarida boshqa hayvonlarning po'stlari bilan, masalan, ularda keltirilgan sincap, suvsar va geyik bilan belgilandi. MB (tayyorlangan qunduz) ekvivalentlari. Masalan, ikkita otter po'sti 1 MB ga teng bo'lishi mumkin.^[29]

Samuel Xirn va Genri Kelsining ekspeditsiyalari xaritasi

Kuz va qish paytida, Birinchi millatlar erkaklar va evropalik tuzoqchilar hayvonlarni tutib olish va paxta tayyorlashning aksariyat qismini bajardilar. Ular sayohat qildilar kanoe piyodalarini sotish uchun piyoda qal'alarga. Buning evaziga ular odatda pichoq, choynak, munchoq, igna va boshqalar kabi mashhur savdo mollarini olishgan Hudsonning ko'rfazidagi ko'rpacha. Birinchi millat tuzoqchilarining kelishi bu yilgi eng yuqori ko'rsatkichlardan biri bo'lib, dabdabali va vaziyat bilan kutib olindi. Ushbu voqea juda rasmiy tarzda bo'lib o'tdi, ularning savdosi bilan shug'ullanadigan mahalliy kontingentning bosh savdogari va kapitani o'rtasida deyarli ritualizatsiya qilingan "Savdo marosimi".^[30] Mo'ynali kiyim-kechak savdosining dastlabki yillarida buyumlar narxi har bir postdan boshqasiga o'zgarib turardi.^[31]

Eski mo'yna savdo qal'asidagi logotip

Inglizlarning dastlabki qirg'oq fabrikasi modeli frantsuzlar tizimiga qarama-qarshi bo'lib, ular mahalliy qishloqlarda ichki postlarning keng tizimini yaratgan va savdogarlarni mintaqadagi qabilalar orasida yashashga yuborgan, ularning tillarini o'rgangan va ko'pincha mahalliy aholi bilan nikoh orqali ittifoq tuzgan. ayollar. 1686 yil mart oyida frantsuzlar a reyd partiyasi ostida Chevalier des Troyes Jeyms ko'rfazi bo'ylab HBC postlarini egallash uchun 1300 km dan ortiq masofani bosib o'tdi. Frantsiya tayinlandi Per Le Moyne d'Iberville reydlar paytida buyuk qahramonlik ko'rsatgan, rota egallab olgan postlarning qo'mondoni sifatida. 1687 yilda inglizcha urinish Albany Fortini ko'chirish d'Iberville tomonidan amalga oshirilgan strategik aldovlar tufayli muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi. 1688 yildan keyin Angliya va Frantsiya rasmiy ravishda urushda bo'lganlar va mojaro Shimoliy Amerikada ham o'ynadi. D'Ibervil 1690 yilda Severn Fortiga bostirib kirgan, ammo York fabrikasidagi yaxshi himoyalangan mahalliy qarorgohiga bostirib kirishga urinmagan. 1693 yilda HBC Albany Fortini tikladi; d'Ibervill York fabrikasini qo'lga kiritdi 1694 yilda, lekin kompaniya uni keyingi yil tikladi.^{[32]:151–158}

1697 yilda d'Ibervil yana frantsuz dengiz flotining York fabrikasiga hujumini buyurdi. Qal'a tomon yo'lda u qirollik flotining uchta kemasini mag'lub etdi Gudzon ko'rfazidagi jang (1697 yil 5-sentyabr), Shimoliy Amerika Arktikasi tarixidagi eng yirik dengiz jangi. D'Ibervilning kuchsizlanib qolgan frantsuz kuchlari qal'ani qamal qilib, ancha katta qo'shin sifatida o'zini ko'rsatib, York fabrikasini egallab oldi. Frantsuzlar Olbani Fortidan tashqari barcha postlarni 1713 yilgacha saqlab qolishgan. (Kichik fransuz va hind kuchlari Albany Fortiga yana hujum qilishdi. 1709 yilda davomida Qirolicha Annaning urushi ammo muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'ldi. Frantsiya ushbu lavozimlarga egalik qilishining kompaniya uchun iqtisodiy oqibatlari katta edi; HBC 20 yildan ortiq vaqt davomida hech qanday dividend to'lamagan. Qarang Hudson ko'rfazidagi ingliz-frantsuz to'qnashuvlari.^{[32]:160–164}

18-asr

Hudson's Bay Company savdo punktida savdo qilish

Tugashi bilan To'qqiz yillik urush 1697 yilda va Ispaniya merosxo'rligi urushi imzosi bilan 1713 yilda Utrext shartnomasi, Frantsiya jiddiy imtiyozlarga ega edi. Shartnomaning ko'plab qoidalari qatorida, Frantsiyadan Buyuk Britaniyaga Gudzon ko'rfazidagi barcha da'volaridan voz kechishni talab qildi, bu esa yana Britaniya egalikiga aylandi.^[33] (The Buyuk Britaniya qirolligi 1707 yilda Shotlandiya va Angliya ittifoqidan keyin tashkil etilgan).

Shartnomadan keyin HBC qurildi Uels shahzodasi Fort, tosh yulduz qal'asi yaqin atrofdagi og'izda Cherchill daryosi.^{[32]:202–206}1782 yilda, davomida Amerika inqilobiy urushi, ostida frantsuz eskadrilyasi Jan-Fransua de Galaup, Lapérouse kometi qo'lga olingan va buzilgan Amerikalik isyonchilarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun York fabrikasi va Uels shahzodasi Fort.^{[32]:366–371}

Mahalliy xalqlar bilan savdo-sotiqda Hudson's Bay Company jun adyollarini almashtirdi Gudzon ko'rfazidagi ko'rpalar, mahalliy ovchilar tomonidan tuzoqqa tushgan qunduz po'stlog'i uchun. 1700 yilga kelib, savdo adyollari savdoning 60 foizidan ko'prog'ini tashkil etdi.^[34] Soni indigo choyshabga to'qilgan chiziqlar (a. a. punktlari) uning tayyor hajmini aniqladi. Uzoq vaqtdan beri qo'llanib kelinayotgan noto'g'ri tushuncha shundaki, chiziqlar soni uning qunduz po'stidagi qiymatiga bog'liq edi.^[35]

Savdo monopoliyasi va hukumat funktsiyalari bilan boshqariladigan HBC tomonidan Rupertning erini nazorat qilish o'rtasida parallellik bo'lishi mumkin. East India kompaniyasi taxminan shu davrda Hindiston ustidan. HBC 1732 yilda Ost-Hind kompaniyasiga 10 000 funt sarmoya kiritdi va uni asosiy raqib deb bildi.^[36]

Hudson's Bay Company kompaniyasining birinchi ichki savdo punkti tomonidan tashkil etilgan Shomuil Xirn 1774 yilda Cumberland uyi, Saskaçevan.^[37][38]

Aksincha, bir qator ichki HBC "uylari" 1774 yilda Cumberland uyini qurishni rejalashtirishgan. 1743 yilda Olbani va Kabinakagami daryolari quyilish joyidagi Gudzon ko'rfazidan ichki tomonga kelib qurilgan Henli uyi Olbani daryosiga bog'liq bo'lgan. Aloqa liniyalari uchun Albany Fort 1768 yilgacha "tugatilmagan".^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Keyinchalik, Split Leyk va Nelson uylarining ichki uylari 1740 va 1760 yillarda tashkil etilgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Ular York daryosiga - York fabrikasiga va Cherchill daryosiga bog'liq edi. Ichki hududda bo'lmasa ham, Richmond Fort 1749 yilda tashkil etilgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Bu Hudson ko'rfazidagi orolda edi. 1749 yilda "Yangi kashfiyot" deb nomlangan va 1750 yilga kelib Richmond ko'rfazi deb nomlangan. Ism Richmond Fortga o'zgartirildi va 1756 dan 59 gacha RF qisqartmasi berilgan, u asosan savdo mollari va oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini saqlash joyi sifatida xizmat qilgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Qo'shimcha ichki postlar taxminan 1750 yilda Capusco River va Chickney Creek edi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Xuddi shu tarzda, Brunsvik, Glouzester, Gudson, Rupert va Vapiskogami uylari 1770 yillarning o'n yilligida tashkil etilgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Ushbu tarixdan keyingi Cumberland uyi, hali 18-asrning so'nggi choragida HBC ning kengayib borayotgan ichki bosqini haqida gapirib beradi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Shu vaqt ichida kichik postlarga Mesackamy / Mesagami ko'li, Sturgeon ko'li, Beaver Leyk Posts kiradi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

1779 yilda boshqa savdogarlar North West Company (NWC) in Monreal ko'proq kapital berish va HBC bilan raqobatni davom ettirish uchun mavsumiy sheriklik sifatida. Bu 1780 yilgi kiyim uchun operativ bo'lib qoldi va birinchi bo'ldi aksiyadorlik jamiyati Kanadada va ehtimol Shimoliy Amerikada. Shartnoma bir yil davom etdi. 1780 yilda tuzilgan ikkinchi kelishuv uch yillik muddatga ega edi. Kompaniya 1783 yilda doimiy tashkilotga aylandi.^[39] 1784 yilga kelib, NWC HBC foydasiga jiddiy kirishni boshladi.^[40]

19-asr

Hudson's Bay Company rasmiylari 1825 yil ko'ldan o'tib ketayotgan tezkor kanoeda

North West Company: shiddatli raqobat va birlashma

The North West Company (NWC) mo'yna savdosidagi asosiy raqib edi. Raqobat kichik narsalarga olib keldi Pemmik urush 1816 yilda Yetti Oaks jangi 1816 yil 19-iyunda uzoq tortishuvlarning avj nuqtasi bo'ldi.^[41] 1821 yilda Monrealning Shimoliy G'arbiy Kompaniyasi va Gudzonning Bay Kompaniyasi Angliya hukumatining aralashuvi bilan majburan birlashtirilib, tez-tez zo'ravonlik bilan olib boriladigan raqobatni to'xtatishdi. 175 ta post, ulardan 68 tasi HBC-lar, samaradorlik uchun 52 ga qisqartirildi va raqobat natijasida ko'pchilik ortiqcha bo'lib, tabiiy ravishda foydasiz edi.^[42] Ularning umumiy hududi litsenziya bilan kengaytirildi Shimoliy-G'arbiy hudud ga etib borgan Shimoliy Muz okeani shimolda va yaratilishi bilan Kolumbiya departamenti ichida Tinch okeanining shimoli-g'arbiy qismi, uchun tinch okeani g'arbda. NWC ning mintaqaviy shtab-kvartirasi Fort-Jorj (Fort Astoriya) ga ko'chirildi Vankuver Fort Kolumbiya daryosining shimoliy qirg'og'ida; u Tinch okeanidagi Nishabdagi operatsiyalarning HBC bazasiga aylandi.^{[43]:369–370}

Birlashishdan oldin, HBC xodimlari, North West Company kompaniyasidan farqli o'laroq, uning foydasida qatnashmagan. Birlashgandan so'ng, barcha operatsiyalarni boshqarish ostida Ser Jorj Simpson (1826–60), kompaniyada zobitlar korpusi mavjud edi: 25 asosiy omil va 28 bosh savdogar, ular monopoliya yillarida kompaniya foydasiga qo'shilishdi. Uning savdosi 7 million 770 ming km² (3.000.000 sqm) va unda 1500 nafar shartnoma bo'yicha ishchilar bor edi.^[44]

Ular, shuningdek, o'sha paytda sendvich orollari (Gavayi) deb nomlanuvchi do'konni boshqarib, 1828 va 1859 yillar oralig'ida orollarga savdo-sotiq tashish bilan shug'ullangan.^[45]

Ishga qabul qilish

Birgalikda Komissiya qilingan janoblar deb ataladigan ofitserlarning martaba o'sishi kompaniyaga mo'yna savdogari sifatida kirishi kerak edi. Odatda, ular savdo-sotiqni boshlashga sarmoya kiritish uchun sarmoyaga ega bo'lgan erkaklar edi. Ular bosh savdogar unvoniga ko'tarilishga intildilar. Bosh savdogar shaxsiy lavozimni boshqarishi kerak edi va kompaniya foydasining bitta ulushiga ega edi. Bosh omillar hokimlar bilan kengashda o'tirar va tumanlar boshliqlari edilar. Ular kompaniya foydasi yoki zararining ikki ulushiga ega bo'lishdi. Bosh savdogarning o'rtacha daromadi 360 funtni va bosh omilning daromadini 720 funtni tashkil etdi.^[46]

Hudson's Bay kompaniyasining posti Vinnipeg ko'li, v. 1884

Musobaqa

19-asrning boshidan o'rtalariga qadar HBC mo'yna savdosida monopoliyani saqlab qolgan bo'lsa-da, Jeyms Sinkler va Endryu MakDermot (Dermott), mustaqil treyderlar Red River mustamlakasi. Ular tomonidan mo'ynalar yuborilgan Qizil daryo yo'llari ga Norman Kittson^[47] Qo'shma Shtatlarda xaridor. Bundan tashqari, amerikaliklar Dengiz mo'yna savdosi 1830 yillarga qadar shimoli-g'arbiy sohilda.^[48]

1820 va 1830 yillar davomida HBC deyarli barcha savdo operatsiyalarini nazorat qildi Tinch okeanining shimoli-g'arbiy qismi, kompaniyaning shtab-kvartirasida joylashgan Vankuver Fort ustida Kolumbiya daryosi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}Garchi mintaqaga da'volar kelishuvga binoan bekor qilingan bo'lsa-da, tijorat operatsion huquqlari AQSh va Buyuk Britaniya tomonidan nominal ravishda taqsimlangan. 1818 yilgi Angliya-Amerika konvensiyasi, lekin kompaniyaning siyosati, bosh faktor orqali amalga oshiriladi Jon McLoughlin kompaniyaning Kolumbiya okrugi, AQShning ushbu hududni joylashishiga xalaqit berishi kerak edi. Kompaniyaning savdo-sotiq bo'yicha samarali monopoliyasi mintaqadagi har qanday aholi punktlarini deyarli taqiqlagan.^[43]:370 U tashkil etdi Boise Fort 1834 yilda (hozirgi Aydaho janubi-g'arbiy qismida) amerikalik bilan raqobatlashdi Fort Hall, Sharqqa 483 km (300 milya). 1837 yilda Fort Hallni, shuningdek, marshrut bo'ylab sotib oldi Oregon-Trail. Zavod direktori g'ildirak bo'ylab g'ildirak izlamoqchi bo'lganlarga ko'ngli qolgan ko'chirilgan vagonlarni namoyish qildi.^[49]

Hudson Bay Life eskizlari: Ularni yugurish, tomonidan Garri Bullok-Vebster

Kompaniyaning mintaqadagi bo'g'ib o'ldirilishi 1843 yilda Oregonga etib kelgan birinchi muvaffaqiyatli yirik vagon poyezdi, boshchiligida Markus Uitman. Keyingi yillarda minglab emigrantlar to'kilgan Willamette Valley Oregon shtati. 1846 yilda Qo'shma Shtatlar janubdan to'liq hokimiyatga ega bo'ldi 49-parallel; Oregon shtatining eng joylashtirilgan hududlari janubdan janubda joylashgan Kolumbiya daryosi hozirgi Oregon shtatidagi McLoughlin, bir vaqtlar ko'chib o'tadigan bo'lishni kompaniya direktori sifatida rad etgan, keyin ularni o'zlarining umumiy do'konida kutib oldi Oregon Siti. Keyinchalik u "Otasi" deb e'lon qilindi Oregon ".^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Kompaniya bugungi kunda Tinch okeanining shimoli-g'arbiy qismida AQSh tomonidan boshqariladigan qismida mavjud emas.

Kaliforniya

1820 va 1830 yillarda HBC tuzoqchilari dastlabki razvedka va rivojlantirishda chuqur ishtirok etishdi Shimoliy Kaliforniya.Kompaniyani tuzoqqa olish brigadalari Vankuver Fortidan janubga jo'natildi Siskiyou izi, Shimoliy Kaliforniyaga qadar janubga qadar San-Frantsisko ko'rfazi hududi, bu erda kompaniya savdo punktini boshqargan Yerba Buena (San-Fransisko). Shimoliy Kaliforniyadagi ushbu tuzoqchi brigadalar jiddiy xavf-xatarlarga duch kelishdi va ko'pincha nisbiy bo'lmagan hududlarni birinchi bo'lib kashf etishdi. Ular kamroq tanilganlarni o'z ichiga olgan Piter Sken Ogden va Samuel Blek.^[50]

Rojdestvo uchun keladi (H. Bullok Vebster)

Hudson's Bay kompaniyasining pullari

1820 yildan 1870 yilgacha HBC o'z nashrini chiqardi qog'oz pul. Belgilangan yozuvlar funt sterling, Londonda bosilgan va York fabrikasida chiqarilgan, Garri Fort va Red River mustamlakasi.^[51] 1870 yildan boshlangan qirq yilga yaqin kompaniya ish bilan ta'minlandi g'ildirakli paroxodlar dasht daryolarida.

Monopoliyaning tugashi

The Giyom Sayer 1849 yildagi sud HBC monopoliyasining tugashiga hissa qo'shdi. Sayer, a Metis tuzoqchi va savdogar, mo'ynali kiyimlardan noqonuniy savdo qilishda ayblangan. Sud Assiniboia Sayerni HBC rasmiylari va tarafdorlari hakamlar hay'ati oldida sudga berdi. Sud jarayonida qurollangan Metis odamlari boshchiligida Louis Riel, Sr. sud zalining tashqarisida to'plandilar. Sayer HBC monopoliyasidan qochib, noqonuniy savdoda aybdor deb topilgan bo'lsa-da, sudya Adam Thom jarima yoki jazo undirmagan. Ba'zi akkauntlar buni sud binosi oldida to'plangan qo'rqituvchi qurolli olomon bilan bog'lashgan. Qichqiriq bilan, Le commerce est libre! Le commerce est libre! ("Savdo bepul! Savdo bepul!"), Metislar HBC ning Red River ko'chmanchilariga monopoliyasini tatbiq etgan sudlarni avvalgi nazoratini yumshatdi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Yana bir omil bu topilmalar edi Palliser ekspeditsiyasi kapitan boshchiligidagi 1857 yildan 1860 yilgacha Jon Palliser. U Superior ko'lidan Rokki tog'larining janubiy dovonlariga qadar bo'lgan dasht va cho'l hududlarini o'rganib chiqdi. Garchi u mintaqani tartibga solishni tavsiya qilmasa ham, hisobot munozaralarga sabab bo'ldi. Hudson's Bay Company tomonidan e'lon qilingan afsonani tugatdi: Kanada G'arbiy qishloq xo'jaligida yashash uchun yaroqsiz edi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

1863 yilda Xalqaro moliyaviy jamiyat kompaniyaning dunyoqarashi o'zgarganligidan dalolat beruvchi HBC-ga bo'lgan qiziqishni nazorat qilib sotib oldi: aksariyat yangi aksiyadorlar mo'yna savdosi bilan G'arbdagi ko'chmas mulk chayqovchiliklari va iqtisodiy rivojlanishdan kamroq manfaatdor edilar. Jamiyat go'yoki Gudzonning Bay kompaniyasining aktivi sifatida egalik qilmagan qarzdor bo'lmagan erlarda 2 million funt sterlinglik aktsiyalarni muomalaga kiritdi va ushbu mablag'ni garov evaziga ishlatdi. Ushbu mablag'lar Jamiyatning moliyaviy imkoniyatlarini 1866 yildagi moliyaviy tanazzulga duchor qilishga imkon berdi, bu ko'plab raqiblarni yo'q qildi va Shimoliy Amerikadagi temir yo'llarga sarmoya kiritdi.^[52]

A bilan qo'pol va yiqitish grizli (Garri Bullok-Vebster)

1869 yilda, Amerika hukumatining taklifini rad etgandan so'ng CA $ 10,000,000,^[53] kompaniya Rupertning Buyuk Britaniyaga qaytarilishini ma'qulladi. Hukumat uni Kanadaga berdi va yangi mamlakatga HBC-ning zararlarini qoplash uchun talab qilingan 300 ming funt sterlingni qarzga berdi.^[10] HBC, shuningdek, aholi uchun ochiladigan unumdor maydonlarning yigirmanchi qismini oldi va u savdo korxonalari qurgan erlarga egalik huquqini saqlab qoldi.^[54] Taslim bo'lish to'g'risidagi hujjat sifatida tanilgan bitim keyingi yil kuchga kirdi. Natijada paydo bo'lgan hudud, endi Shimoli-g'arbiy hududlar, shartlariga binoan Kanada yurisdiksiyasiga kiritilgan Rupertning Yer to'g'risidagi qonuni 1868 yil, Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti tomonidan qabul qilingan. Amal beshinchi viloyatni qabul qilishga imkon berdi, Manitoba, uchun Konfederatsiya 1870 yil 15-iyulda, xuddi shu hujjat kuchga kirgan kuni.^[10]

19-asrda Gudzon ko'rfazi kompaniyasi aholining ko'payishi va uning hududining bir qismida yangi aholi punktlari va Britaniyaning doimiy tazyiqi kabi omillarga javoban katta o'zgarishlarni boshdan kechirdi. G'arbning kelajagini boshqarishda davom etishi ehtimoldan yiroq edi.^[55]

20-asr

Simpson minorasi, kompaniyaning sobiq bosh qarorgohi

Do'konlar va diversifikatsiya

Bugungi kunda taniqli universal do'kon 19-asrning boshlarida, umumiy tovarlarga talab tez o'sib bora boshlagan paytdagi savdo punktlaridan rivojlandi. Tez orada HBC interyerni kengaytirdi va keyinchalik zamonaviy Vinnipeg shaharlarigacha rivojlangan daryo bo'yidagi aholi punktlari bo'ylab postlarni o'rnatdi, Kalgari va Edmonton. 1857 yilda birinchi savdo do'koni tashkil etildi Fort Langli. Buning ortidan boshqa savdo do'konlari paydo bo'ldi Viktoriya Fort (1859), Vinnipeg (1881), Kalgari (1884), Vankuver (1887), Vernon (1887), Edmonton (1890), Yorkton (1898) va Nelson (1902). Katta "original oltita" do'konlarning birinchisi 1913 yilda Kalgari shahrida qurilgan. Keyingi boshqa do'konlar Edmonton, Vankuver, Viktoriya, Saskatun va Winnipeg.^[12][56]

Birinchi Jahon urushi 1912 yilda rejalashtirilgan chakana savdo do'konlarini qayta qurish va qayta tiklash ishlarini to'xtatdi. Urushdan keyin kompaniya mo'yna savdosi va ko'chmas mulk faoliyatini qayta tikladi va neft biznesiga kirib, o'z faoliyatini diversifikatsiya qildi.^[11][57]Bugungi kunda universal do'konlar biznesi Hudson's Bay brendi ostidagi universal do'konlar ko'rinishidagi kompaniya faoliyatining yagona qolgan qismidir.^[13]

Neft va gaz operatsiyalari

Kompaniya 1926 yilda Hudson's Bay Oil and Gas Company (HBOG) kompaniyasiga asos solgan Marland Oil Company (bilan birlashtirilgan Konoko 1929 yilda). HBOG 1940-1950 yillarda kengayib ketdi va 1960 yilda Kanada xomashyosini Muzlik quvuriga yangi bog'lanish orqali va Montana shtatidagi Billingsdagi neftni qayta ishlash zavodiga etkazib berishni boshladi. Kompaniya 1967 yilda Kanadadagi oltinchi yirik neft qazib oluvchiga aylandi.^[58] 1973 yilda HBOG "Siebens Oil and Gas" ning 35 foiz ulushini sotib oldi va 1979 yilda bu qiziqishdan voz kechdi. 1980 yilda u Roxy Petroleum kompaniyasining nazorat paketini sotib oldi. 1980-yillarda sotuvlar va neft narxi pasayib ketdi, sotib olishdan olingan qarzlar ko'payib ketdi, bu Hudson's Bay Company kompaniyasining HBOGdagi 52,9 foiz ulushini sotishiga olib keldi. Dome Petroleum 1981 yilda.^[59]

Mahalliy sog'liqni saqlash

Jekson va S. S. Beothic-ga banting, 1927 yil

1927 yilda Arktika safari paytida A. Y. Jekson, kashfiyotchisi insulin Frederik Banting ekipaj yoki yo'lovchilar HBC paddle Wheeler SS bortida ekanligini angladilar Distribyutor gripp virusini tarqalishi uchun javobgardilar Qullar daryosi va Makkenzi daryosi, yoz va kuz oylarida tarqalgan virus shimolning tub aholisini vayron qilgan holda butun hududga tarqaldi.^[60][61] Safardan qaytib, Banting Monrealda intervyu berdi a Toronto Star uning HBC haqidagi bayonotlari yozuvlardan tashqarida qolishi to'g'risida kelishuv bo'yicha muxbir.^[60] Suhbat baribir nashr etilgan Toronto Star va tezda Evropa va Avstraliya bo'ylab keng auditoriyaga etib bordi.^[60][62] Banting Ichki ishlar vazirligiga ularni tozalashdan oldin matbuotga hech qanday bayonot bermaslikka va'da berib, bu ma'lumotdan g'azablandi.^[62]

Maqolada Banting jurnalist C. R. Grinaveyga tulkilar mo'yna savdosi har doim kompaniyaga qanday foyda keltirishi haqida takrorlangan misollarni keltirganligi ta'kidlangan: "100000 dollardan ortiq tulki terisi uchun u eskimoslarga 5000 AQSh dollarlik mahsulot olmagan".^[62] U ushbu muolajani sog'liqni saqlashga qaratilgan bo'lib, avvalgi yillarda RCMP xodimlari tomonidan qilingan hisobotlarga muvofiq bo'lib, "natijada" un, pechene, choy va tamaki "dietasi paydo bo'ldi, chunki ilgari kiyim-kechak uchun ishlatilgan terilar shunchaki sotilgan edi" oq tanlilarning arzon mollari.^[62]

Hudson ko'rfazining javobi

HBC mo'yna savdosi bo'yicha komissari Bantingning so'zlarini "yolg'on va tuhmat" deb atadi va bir oy o'tgach, gubernator va bosh menejer Banting bilan uchrashdi King Edward Hotel bekor qilishni talab qilish.^[60][62] Banting muxbirning ishonchiga xiyonat qilganini aytdi, ammo o'z bayonotidan qaytmadi va HBC noto'g'ri oziq-ovqat etkazib berish va Arktikaga kasalliklarni kiritish orqali mahalliy aholining o'limida aybdor ekanligini tasdiqladi.^[60] Sifatida A. Y. Jekson uning xotirasida qayd etilganidek, na gubernator va na bosh menejer Arktikada bo'lmagan, uchrashuv ular bilan Bantingning HBC nima qilishi kerakligi to'g'risida maslahat so'rashi bilan yakunlandi: "U ularga yaxshi maslahat berdi va keyinchalik u Rojdestvoda kartani oldi gubernatorning eng yaxshi tilaklari. "^[60]

Banting Ichki ishlar vazirligiga bergan hisobotida ushbu pozitsiyani saqlab qoldi:^[62]

Uning ta'kidlashicha, "tug'ilishdan oldin onaning to'yib ovqatlanmasligi sababli bolalar o'limi yuqori bo'lgan"; bu "oq odamning ovqatlari mahalliy tishlarning chirishiga olib keladi"; "sil kasalligi boshlandi. Godhavn, Eta, Port Burwell, Arktik ko'rfazida bir nechta holatlarni ko'rdim"; "grippga o'xshash epidemiya Port Buruellda aholining katta qismini o'ldirgan"; va "Eskimoga irqiy ovchidan qaram tuzoqchiga o'tishda eng katta xavf tug'diradi. Oq un, dengiz pechenesi, choy va tamaki uni isitish va oziqlantirish uchun etarlicha yoqilg'i bermaydi". Bundan tashqari, u Arktika kasalxonasini tashkil etishdan voz kechdi. "Pangnirtungdagi taklif qilingan shifoxona pulni behuda sarflashi mumkin, chunki unga bir necha mahalliy aholi murojaat qilishi mumkin edi". Bantingning ma'ruzasida kema shifokori F. X. Stringer tomonidan berilgan muloyim tavsiflar keskin farq qilar edi.

Chakana savdoni kengaytirish

HBC gerbi logotipi (2009 yildan 2013 yilgacha ishlatilgan)^[2]

1960 yilda kompaniya sotib oldi Morganniki uni Monreal, Toronto, Xemilton va Ottavada kengaytirishga imkon beradi. 1965 yilda HBC o'zining katta do'konlarini The Bay deb nomladi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Morganning logotipi yangi vizual identifikatorga mos ravishda o'zgartirildi. 1972 yilga kelib Morganning so'nggi do'konlari Bay do'konlariga qayta tiklandi.^[63]

1970 yilda, kompaniyaning 300 yilligida, Britaniyaning yangi soliq qonunlarini jazolash natijasida, kompaniya Kanadaga ko'chib o'tdi va Kanada qonunchiligiga binoan Kanada biznes korporatsiyasi sifatida qayta tiklandi,^[64] Bosh ofis vazifalari Londondan Winnipegga o'tkazildi. 1974 yilga kelib, kompaniya sharqiy Kanadada kengayib borishi bilan bosh ofis vazifalari Torontoga ko'chirildi.

1972 yilda kompaniya to'rtta do'konni sotib oldi Shop-Rite zanjiri katalog do'konlari. Tarmoq tezda Ontario shahridagi 65 do'konga kengaytirildi, ammo 1982 yilda sotuvlar pasaygani sababli yopildi.^[65] Ushbu do'konlarda kichik mahsulotlar namoyish etildi; mijozlar o'z tanlovlarini kataloglardan amalga oshirdilar va xodimlar tovarlarni omborlardan olishdi. HBC ham sotib oldi Freimanlar do'konlari Ottava va ularni The Bay-ga o'zgartirdi.^[66]

1978 yilda Zellers chegirmali do'konlar tarmog'i HBC-ni sotib olishga taklif qildi, ammo HBC stollarni aylantirdi va Zellers-ni sotib oldi.^[67] 1978 yilda, Simpsonniki do'konlar Hudson's Bay Company tomonidan sotib olingan va 1991 yilda Bay do'konlariga aylantirilgan.^[68] (Simpsons-Sears bilan bog'liq zanjirni Bay sotib olmadi, lekin aylandi Sears Kanada 1978 yilda.) 1991 yilda Simpsons g'oyib bo'ldi, oxirgi Simpsons do'koni Bay banneriga aylantirilganda.^[69]

1979 yilda kanadalik milliarder Kennet Tomson bilan bo'lgan jangda kompaniya boshqaruvini qo'lga kiritdi Jorj Veston Limited va 75 foiz ulushini 400 million dollarga sotib oldi.^[70] Tomson kompaniyaning neft va gaz biznesi, moliyaviy xizmatlari, spirtli ichimliklar ishlab chiqarish korxonasi va boshqa manfaatlarini taxminan 550 million dollarga sotdi va kompaniyani yanada soddalashtirilgan faoliyatga aylantirdi. 1997 yilda Tomson oilasi qolgan aktsiyalarining oxirini sotdi.^[70]

Hudson's Bay Company, 1987 yilda ulgurji savdo bo'limi kabi strategik bo'lmagan aktivlarni to'kish va neft va gaz biznesidan butunlay chiqib ketish bilan katta qarz muammosini bartaraf etdi. HBC shuningdek Kanadadagi mo'yna-auksion biznesini Hudson's Bay Fur Sales Canada-ga (hozirda) sotdi Shimoliy Amerika mo'ynali savdolari ). Shimoliy do'konlar bo'limi o'sha yili investorlar va ishchilar guruhiga sotib yuborilgan The North West Company uch yildan keyin ism.^[71]

HBC sotib oldi Minoralar do'konlari 1990 yilda ularni. bilan birlashtirib Zellers zanjir va Vudvordniki 1993 yilda do'konlari, ularni Bay yoki Zellers do'konlariga aylantirgan. Kmart Kanada 1998 yilda sotib olingan va Zellers bilan birlashtirilgan.^[71]

1991 yilda Bay ko'rgazmasi chakana savdoni to'xtatishga rozi bo'ldi mo'yna shu maqsadda hayvonlarni o'ldirishga qarshi bo'lgan odamlarning shikoyatlariga javoban.^[72] 1997 yilda ko'rfaz iste'molchilar talabini qondirish uchun mo'yna salonlarini qayta ochdi.^[72]

21-asr

Monrealdagi Hudson's Bay Company binosi, dastlab Morganning asosiy do'konidir

2003 yil dekabr oyida Maple Leaf Heritage Investments, a Yangi Shotlandiya Hudson's Bay Company aktsiyalarini sotib olish uchun tashkil etilgan asosli kompaniya, Hudson's Bay Company kompaniyasining barcha oddiy yoki oddiy aksiyalarini sotib olish to'g'risida taklif qilish haqida o'ylayotganini e'lon qildi.^[73] Maple Leaf Heritage Investments - B-Bay Inc kompaniyasining sho'ba korxonasi, uning bosh direktori va raisi amerikalik ishbilarmon ayol Anita Tsuker, beva ayol Jerri Tsuker. Zuker ilgari boshliq bo'lgan Polimerlar guruhi boshqa Kanada muassasasini sotib olgan, Dominion Textile.

2006 yil 26 yanvarda HBC kengashi bir ovozdan taklifni qabul qildi KA 15,25 dollar/ asl taklifi bo'lgan Jerri Tsukerdan ulush KA $ 14,75/ almashish, HBC va Tsuker o'rtasidagi uzoq davom etgan kurashni tugatish. Janubiy Karolina shtatidagi milliarder moliyachi uzoq vaqt davomida HBC-ning minoritar aktsiyadori bo'lgan. 2006 yil 9 martdagi press-relizda,^[74] HBC Tsuker o'rnini bosishini e'lon qildi Iv Fortier hokim sifatida va Jorj Xeller bosh direktor sifatida kompaniyani boshqargan birinchi AQSh fuqarosi bo'ldi. Jerri Tsuker vafot etganidan so'ng, kengash uning bevasi Anita Tsukerni HBC hokimi va HBC-gubernator o'rinbosari Rob Jonstonni bosh direktor sifatida tayinladi.^[73]

Winnipeg shahridagi Hudson's Bay shahar markazidagi do'kon

2008 yil 16-iyulda kompaniya sotilgan NRDC Equity Partners, asoslangan xususiy kapital firmasi Xarid, Nyu-York allaqachon egalik qilgan Lord & Teylor, Qo'shma Shtatlardagi eng qadimiy hashamatli do'konlar tarmog'i.^[14][75] Kanada va AQSh xoldingi NRDC Equity Partners xolding kompaniyasiga o'tkazildi, Hudson's Bay Trading Company, 2008 yil oxiriga kelib.^[76]

2019 yil iyun oyida rais Richard Beykerni o'z ichiga olgan konsortsium, Rhône guruhi, WeWork, Hanover Investments (Lyuksemburg) va Abrams Capital Management kompaniyani xususiylashtirmoqchi ekanligini e'lon qildi.^[77] Keyinchalik, guruh HBC aktsiyalarining 50 foizidan sal ko'proq egalik qilgan. Avgust oyi o'rtalarida konsortsium HBC aktsiyalarining 57 foiziga egalik qilishini aytdi. 2019 yil 19-avgustga qadar Kanada sarmoyaviy firmasi Catalyst Capital Group Inc. rejani to'sish uchun etarlicha aktsiyalarni sotib olganligini aytdi. AQShning Land & Buildings Investment Management kompaniyasi, aksiyalarning 6 foizdan ortig'i egasi ham Beyker rejasini tanqid qilgan edi.^[78][79][80]

Zellers do'konlari

2011 yil sentyabr oyida HBC Zellers zanjirini qisqartirishni boshladi, chunki uning joylashgan joylari uchun ijaralarning aksariyat qismini AQShda joylashgan sotuvchiga sotadi Maqsadli korporatsiya va 2013 yil boshiga qadar ularning qolgan barcha joylarini yoping. Maqsad ushbu ko'chmas mulkni sotib olishni Kanada bozoriga kirishini ta'minlash vositasi sifatida ishlatgan. HBC used the proceeds to allow it to pay down debt and to invest in growing its Hudson's Bay and Lord & Taylor banners. In January 2013, it was confirmed that three former Zellers locations, re-purposed as liquidation centers for The Bay and Home Outfitters, would remain open under the banner name.^{[81][82][83][84]}

By September 2019, the re-purposed Toronto and Ottawa Zellers locations were still operating as liquidation centers but the company closed both in late January 2020.^[85]

Lord & Taylor stores

On 24 January 2012, the Moliyaviy post bu haqida xabar berdi Richard Beyker (owner of NDRC and governor of Hudson's Bay Company) had dissolved Hudson's Bay Trading Company and that the HBC would now also operate the Lord & Teylor zanjir. At the time, the company was run by president Bonni Bruks.^[86] Baker remained governor and CEO of the business, and Donald Watros stayed on as chief operating officer.^[15]

In 2018, HBC sold the building that housed its flagship Lord & Teylor store on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan to WeWork Property Advisors^[87] after pressure from Land & Buildings Investment Management.^[88] The deal also included the use of floors of certain HBC-owned department stores in New York, Toronto, Vancouver and Germany as WeWork's shared office workspaces.^[89][90]

In August 2019, HBC announced that it would sell their Lord & Taylor business to Le Tote Inc., which was to pay CA$99.5 million in cash when the deal closes (probably before year end 2019) and an additional CA$33.2 million ikki yildan keyin. HBC was to get a 25 per cent equity stake in Le Tote.^[91] The buyer would retain the stores' inventory, with an estimated value of CA$284.2 million. The deal, expected to close before year end, required HBC to pay the stores' rent for at least three years, leading one news report to describe it as "Not a clean exit". The liability to HBC for the rents was estimated at CA$77 million cash per year.^[92][93]

2012 initial public offering

In October 2012, the HBC announced a $1.6 billion birlamchi ommaviy taklif (IPO); Baker planned to use the IPO to allow Canadian ownership to return to the company, and to help pay off debts with other partners. Additionally, the company also announced that it would re-brand The Bay department store chain as "Hudson's Bay".^[84]

Hudson's Bay Queen Street store in downtown Toronto, the chain's flagship store

Other chains

From 2004 to 2008, the HBC owned and operated a small chain of off-price stores called Designer Depot. Ga o'xshash G'oliblar va HomeSense retail format, Designer Depot did not meet sales expectations, and its nine stores were sold.^[94] Another HBC chain, Maydonlar, was sold to a private firm in 2012.^[95] Established in 1950, Fields was acquired by Zellers 1976 yilda.

When Zellers was acquired by HBC in 1978, Fields became part of the HBC portfolio.^[96] Zellers was still owned by HBC but had been reduced to a chain of two liquidation stores following the sale of its lease portfolio to Maqsadli Kanada 2011 yilda.^[81][97][98] The Target Canada chain folded in 2015; the leases were subsequently returned to landlords or re-sold to other retailers.^[99]

In early 2019, HBC announced that it would close all 37 of the Home Outfitters stores by year end.^[100]

2013 re-branding

The new Hudson's Bay brand was launched in March 2013, incorporating a new logo with an updated rendition of the classic Hudson's Bay Company gerb, designed to be modern and better reflect the company's heritage. Following the IPO, HBC had also introduced a new corporate logo of its own (reviving a wordmark from the original HBC bayrog'i ), but the new logo was not intended to be a consumer-facing brand.^{[101][102][103]}

Purchase of Saks, Inc.

On 29 July 2013, Hudson's Bay Company announced that it would buy Saks, Inc., operator of the U.S. Saks Beshinchi avenyu brand, for AQSH$ 2.9 billion, or $16 per share.^[104][105] The merger was completed on 3 November 2013.^[106] The company also stated that as a result of the purchase, Canadian consumers would see Saks stores arriving in their country soon.^[107] After the purchase was finalized, HBC had a net loss of $124.2 million in the 2013 3Q due to the cost of the purchase and promotions.^[108]

In late February 2019, HBC announced that it would close 20 of the 133 Saks stores and that all of the remaining locations would be "subject to review".^[109]

Gilt Groupe

In January 2016, HBC announced it would expand deeper into digital space with the acquisition of an onlayn flash sales site, the Gilt Groupe, for US$250 million.^[110] In June 2018, HBC announced it would sell Gilt Groupe to online fashion store Rue La La for an undisclosed sum.^[111]

Considered purchases

In early 2017, the Hudson's Bay Company made an overture to Macy's for a potential takeover of the struggling department store. Later, HBC also considered a purchase of the struggling Neyman Markus Group Inc. It did not proceed with either deal.^[112]

Evropa operatsiyalari

As of November 2017, the company also had retail operations in Europe, including 20 Hudson's Bay stores in the Netherlands and five Saks Off Fifth stores in Germany, as well as the 135 stores of the Galeria Kaufhof department store chain in Germany.^[89] HBC had announced its expansion into the Netherlands in May 2016 with the takeover of 20 former Vroom & Dreesmann (V&D) sites by 2017. V&D, a historic Dutch department store chain, had gone bankrot and shut down in early 2016.^[113]

HBC had acquired the German department store chain Galeria Kaufhof and its Belgian subsidiary from Metro Group in September 2015 for US$3.2 billion.^[114][115]

On 1 November 2017, HBC received an unsolicited offer from Austrian firm Signa Holding for Kaufhof and other real estate.^[116] An unnamed source told CNBC that the value of the offer was approximately 3 billion euros.^[117] This information on the offer was also reiterated in a press release by activist shareholder Land & Buildings Investment Management, which urged HBC to accept the offer; the company replied that the offer was incomplete and did not provide indication of financing for the deal.^[118] In late 2018, Galeria Kaufhof and Karstadt merged as part of a spin off.^[119]

HBC announced its intent to sell the last 49.99 percent of Galeria Kaufhof shares it held to Austrian firm Signa Holding in June 2019. The sale of the real estate in Germany had gained US$1.5 billion (€1 billion) for HBC.^[120] At that time, HBC still had a retail operation in the Netherlands, using the Vroom & Dreesmann locations it had purchased in 2017. On 31 August 2019, the company announced that all 15 of those stores would close by year end, the final chapter of HBC's "ill-fated European venture", according to Bloomberg yangiliklari.^[121][122]

Hack of confidential data

On 1 April 2018, HBC disclosed that more than five million credit and debit cards used for in-store purchases had been recently breached by hackers. The compromised credit card transactions took place at Saks Fifth Avenue, Saks Off 5th, and Lord & Taylor stores. The hack had been discovered by Gemini Advisory, which called the breach "amongst the biggest and most damaging to ever hit retail companies".^[123]

A July 2019 hack of Capital One, which provides HBC Mastercards, did not impact the HBC credit cards or card applications, according to HBC.^[124]

Moving forward

By early September 2019, it was clear that HBC was downsizing its operations, with the planned sale of Lord & Taylor the most recent step. A feature article by Bloomberg yangiliklari mentioned that CEO Helena Foulkes, recruited in 2018, "had helped to turn around Hudson’s Bay". She was closing stores and selling assets "to put the company on more solid financial footing" and could then "focus on the two remaining 'crown jewels' in her portfolio: Saks Fifth Avenue and the Bay". On the other hand, Bloomberg suggested that millennial shoppers prefer to make purchases online, or direct from various brands' own stores, and that HBC "has yet to offer something they can't find somewhere else and risks drifting into irrelevance".^[125]

In February 2020, shareholders of the company voted in favour of a plan to become a private company at a special meeting of shareholders. Under the plan of arrangement, the company will be owned by a group of continuing shareholders led by HBC Governor and Executive Chairman Richard Baker.^[126] Effective March 3, 2020, the company was delisted from the Toronto fond birjasi, bilan Richard A. Baker replacing Foulkes as CEO.^[127][128]

Amaliyotlar

The HBC is diversified into joint ventures and other types of business products. The HBC has credit card, mortgage, and personal insurance branches. These other products and services are joint partnerships with other corporations. The HBC also has other HBC Rewards corporate partners such as: Imperial Oil /Esso, M&M Meat Shops, Boblar /Indigo Kitoblar, Kelsey's /Montana's Restaurants, Thrifty Car Rental, Cineplex ko'ngil ochish Theatres, etc.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} HBC Rewards points can be redeemed in house or into corporate partners' gift cards and certificates. Points can also be converted to Air Miles.

The HBC is involved in community and charity activities. The HBC Rewards Community Program raises funds for community causes. The HBC Foundation is a charity agency involved in social issues and service. The HBC used to sponsor the annual HBC Run for Canada, a series of public-participation runs and walks held across the country on Canada Day to raise funds for Canadian athletes. The company discontinued this event in 2009.^[129]

Olympic outfitter

The red Olympic mittens first sold for the 2010 yil Vankuver Olimpiadasi.

The HBC was the official outfitter of clothing for members of the Canadian Olympic team in 1936, 1960, 1964, 1968, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016. The sponsorship has been renewed through 2020. Since the late 2000s, HBC has used its status as the official Canadian Olympics team outfitter to gain global exposure, as part of a turnaround plan that included shedding under-performing brands and luring new high-end brands.^[130]

On 2 March 2005, the company was announced as the new clothing outfitter for the Canadian Olympic team, in a $100 million deal, providing apparel for the 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2012 Games, having outbid the existing Canadian Olympic wear-supplier, Roots Canada, which had supplied Canada's Olympic teams from 1998 to 2004.^[131][132] The Canadian Olympic collection is sold through Hudson's Bay (and Zellers until 2013 when the Zellers leases were sold to Maqsadli Kanada ).

HBC's 2006 yilgi qishki Olimpiya o'yinlari va 2008 yil yozgi Olimpiya o'yinlari uniforms and toques received a mixed reception for their multicoloured stripes (green, red, yellow, blue) which seemed to be not-so-subtle advertising for HBC rather than representing the Canadian Olympic team's traditional colours of red and white (with black as a secondary), in contrast to well-received Root's 1998 collection with its trendy red letter jackets and Poor Boy caps. HBC produced 80 per cent to 90 per cent of their Olympic clothes in China which was criticized, as Roots ensured that the Olympic clothes were made in Canada using Canadian material.^[133]

HBC's apparel for the 2010 yilgi qishki Olimpiya o'yinlari held in Vancouver proved to be extremely successful, in part because Canada was the host country and their athletes had a record medal haul. The "Red Mittens" (red-and-white mittens featuring a large maple leaf) that were sold for CA $ 10, with one-third of the proceeds going to the Kanada Olimpiya qo'mitasi, proved very popular, as were the "Canada" hoodies.^[134]

The HBC's 2010 yilgi qishki Olimpiya o'yinlari apparel was also controversial due to a knitted, machine-made sweater that looked like a Cowichan sweater.^[135] After a meeting between HBC representatives and Cowichan Tribes, a compromise was made between the parties; knitters would have an opportunity to sell their sweaters at the downtown Vancouver HBC store, alongside the HBC imitations.^[136]

Rabbim Sebastian Koe, raisi 2012 London Olympic Games Organizing Committee, kim ishtirok etgan Vancouver Olympics, noted that the Canadians were passionate in embracing the Games with their "Canada" hoodies and their red mittens (of which 2.6 million pairs sold that year).^[137][138] HBC has continued to produce these red mittens for subsequent Olympic Games.^[139]

Arxivlar

The legacy of the HBC has been maintained in part by the detailed record-keeping and archiving of material by the company. Before 1974, the records of the HBC were kept in the London office headquarters. The HBC opened an archives department to researchers in 1931. In 1974, Hudson's Bay Company Archives (HBCA) were transferred from London and placed on deposit with the Manitoba archives in Winnipeg. The company granted public access to the collection the following year.^[140]

On 27 January 1994, the company's archives were formally donated to the Archives of Manitoba.^[141]

At the time of the donation, the appraised value of the records was nearly $60 million. A foundation, Hudson's Bay Company History Foundation funded through the tax savings resulting from the donation, was established to support the operations of the HBC Archive as a division of the Archives of Manitoba, along with other activities and programs.^[142] More than two kilometres (1.2 mi) of filed documents and hundreds of microfilm reels are now stored in a special climate-controlled vault in the Manitoba Archives Building.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

In 2007, Hudson's Bay Company Archives became part of the United Nations "Memory of the World Programme " project, under YuNESKO. The records covered the HBC history from the founding of the company in 1670. The records contained business transactions, medical records, personal journals of officials, inventories, company reports, etc.^[143]

Korporativ boshqaruv

As of January 2018^[yangilash], the members of the board of directors of Hudson's Bay Company are:^[144]

Corporate hierarchy

In the 18th and 19th Centuries, Hudson's Bay Company operated with a very rigid hierarchy when it came to its employees. This hierarchy essentially broke down into two levels; the officers and the servants.Comprising the officers were the factors, masters and chief traders, clerks and surgeons. The servants were the tradesmen, boatmen, and labourers. The officers essentially ran the fur trading posts.They had many duties which included supervising the workers in their trade posts, valuing the furs, and keeping trade and post records.In 1821, when Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company merged, the hierarchy became even stricter and the lines between officers and servants became virtually impossible to cross. Officers in charge of individual trading posts had much responsibility because they were directly in charge of enforcing the policies made by the governor and committee (the board) of the company. One of these policies was the price of particular furs and trade goods.These prices were called the Official and Comparative Standards. Made-Beaver, the quality measurement of the pelt, was the means of exchange used by Hudson's Bay Company to define the Official and Comparative Standards. Because the governor was stationed in London, England, they needed to have reliable officers managing the trade posts halfway around the world. Because the fur trade was a very dynamic market, HBC needed to have some form of flexibility when dealing with prices and traders. Price fluctuation was deferred to the officers in charge of the trade posts, and the head office recorded any difference between the company's standard and that set by the individual officers. Overplus, or any excess revenue gained by officers was strictly documented to insure that it wasn't being pocketed and taken from the company. This strict yet flexible hierarchy exemplifies how Hudson's Bay Company was able to be so successful while still having its central management and trade posts located so far apart.^[145][146]

Hierarchichal order pre-1821^[146]

Hierarchical order 1821–1871^[146][147]

Hokimlar

Chronological list of Governors of the Hudson's Bay Company:^[148]

Turli xil

Rent obligation under charter

Under the charter establishing Hudson's Bay Company, the company was required to give two elk skins and two black qunduz pelts to the English king, then Charles II, or his heirs, whenever the monarch visited Rupert's Land. The exact text from the 1670 Charter reads:

...Yielding and paying yearly to us and our heirs and successors for the same two Elks and two Black beavers whensoever and as often as We, our heirs and successors shall happen to enter into the said Countries, Territories and Regions hereby granted.^[9]

The ceremony was first conducted with the Uels shahzodasi (the future Edward VIII) in 1927, then with King Jorj VI in 1939, and last with his daughter, Queen Yelizaveta II in 1959 and 1970. On the last such visit, the pelts were given in the form of two live beavers, which the Queen donated to the Winnipeg Zoo in Assiniboine Park. However, when the company permanently moved its headquarters to Canada, the Charter was amended to remove the rent obligation. Each of the four "rent ceremonies" took place in or around Winnipeg.^[178]

HBC explorers, builders, and associates

• Jeyms Nayt (c. 1640 – c. 1721) was a director of Hudson's Bay Company and an explorer who died in an expedition to the Northwest Passage.^{[179][180][181]}
• Henry Kelsey (c. 1667 – 1 November 1724), a.k.a. the Boy Kelsey, was an English fur trader, explorer, and sailor who played an important role in establishing Hudson's Bay Company in Canada. In 1690, Henry Kelsey embarked on a 2-year exploration journey that made him the first white man to see buffalo.^[182]
• Thanadelthur (c. 1697 – 5 February 1717) was a woman of the Chipewyan nation who served as a guide and interpreter for Hudson's Bay Company.^[183]
• Samuel Hearne (1745–92) was an English explorer, fur-trader, author, and naturalist. In 1774, Hearne built Cumberland House for the Hudson's Bay Company, its first interior trading post and the first permanent settlement in present Saskatchewan.^[37][38]
• Devid Tompson (30 April 1770 – 10 February 1857) was a British-Canadian fur trader that worked for both the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Trading Company. He is best known for his extensive explorations and map-making activities. He mapped almost half of North America between the 46th and 60th parallels, from the St.Lawrence and Great Lakes all the way to the Pacific.^[184]
• Thomas Douglas, Lord Selkirk (20 June 1771 – 8 April 1820) was a Scottish peer. He was a Scottish philanthropist who, as HBC's majority shareholder, arranged to purchase land at Red River to establish a colony for dispossessed Scottish immigrants.^[185]
• Isobel Gunn or Isabella Gunn (c. 1780 – 7 November 1861), also known as John Fubbister or Mary Fubbister, was a Scottish labourer employed by Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), noted for having passed herself as a man, thereby becoming the first European woman to travel to Rupert's Land, now part of Western Canada.^[186]
• George Simpson (1787 – 7 September 1860) was the Canadian governor of Hudson's Bay Company during the period of its greatest power, a period which began in 1821 following the company's merger with the North West Trading Company.^[187][188]
• Jon Maklin (c. 1799 – 8 September 1890), a Scoto-Canadian trapper and trader who successfully crossed the entire Labrador Peninsula, opening up an overland route between Fort Smit kuni Melvil ko'li va Fort Chimo kuni Ungava Bay; first European to discover Churchill Falls ustida Cherchill daryosi.^[189]
• Donald Smit, 1-baron Strathcona va Royal Royal (6 August 1820 – 21 January 1914), at various times Chief Factor of the Labrador district, Commissioner of the Montreal district, and President of the Council of the Northern Department, who pacified Lui Riel davomida Qizil daryo isyoni of 1870, thus enabling the transfer of Rupertning yerlari from the HBC to the fledgling government of Canada. Later, he became Governor of the HBC.^[190]
• Dr. John Rae (Inuktitut Aglooka ᐊᒡᓘᑲ English: "long strider") (30 September 1813 – 22 July 1893) was a Scottish doctor who explored Northern Canada, surveyed parts of the Northwest Passage and reported the fate of the Franklin Expedition.^[191][192]
• Uilyam Kesvik (15 April 1834 – 9 March 1912) and grandson Sir William Johnstone Keswick (1903–90) served at HBC; the former as a director and later as governor from 1952 to 1965. The Keswick family are the Scottish business dynasty that controls Gonkong asoslangan Jardine Matheson, one of the original British trading houses or Hongs in Britaniya Gonkong.

HBC sternwheelers and steamships

• Qunduz (1835–74)
• Otter (1852–95)^[193]
• Anson Northup (1859–60)^[194]
• Kaledoniya (1891–98) – She ran aground on rocks at Port Simpson during a storm and her hull was destroyed. Her engines were put into the Caledonia 2
• Caledonia (2) (1898–1909) – Her machinery was from the Caledonia 1
• Royal tog'i (1902–07)
• Malika Luiza (1878–83)
• Strathcona (1900)
• Port Simpson (1907–12)
• Hazelton (1907–12)
• Distribyutor (1920–48)^[195]

Raqiblar

The HBC is the only European trading company to have survived and outlived all its rivals.^[196]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

• Galbrayt, Jon S. (1957). Gudzon ko'rfazi kompaniyasi imperatorlik omili sifatida 1821–1869. Berkli va Los-Anjeles: Kaliforniya universiteti matbuoti. Olingan 6 oktyabr 2015.
• Nyuman, Piter C. (1985). Adventurers kompaniyasi, jild. Men. Markham, Ontario: Kanadaning Viking, Penguen kitoblari. ISBN  978-0-6708-0379-8.
• Boy, Edvin Ernest (1958). 1670 - 1870 yillar - Gudzon ko'rfazi kompaniyasining tarixi. I jild: 1670–1763. Hudson's Bay Record Society.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

Tashqi havolalar

• Rasmiy veb-sayt
• HBC Heritage veb-sayti
• Hudson's Bay Company Archives - Manitoba hukumati tomonidan saqlanadi
• Hudson's Bay Company tomonidan ishlaydi da Gutenberg loyihasi
• Hudson's Bay Company tomonidan yoki u haqida ishlaydi da Internet arxivi
• John Work Papers. 1823-62. 0,42 kub fut (1 quti). Da Vashington mehnat arxivlari, Vashington universiteti kutubxonalari Maxsus to'plamlar. Vankuver, Fort Kolvile, Spokane Xaus, Fort Simpson, Fort Nisqually va Viktoriya Fort kabi turli xil aholi punktlarida Hudson Bay kompaniyasining ofitseri sifatida Work xizmatining yozuvlarini o'z ichiga oladi.
• Oregon Universitetidagi Hudson's Bay Company hujjatlari
• Kitobning boshqa tomoni: Hudson ko'rfazi kompaniyasining hind ko'rinishi
• Kanada entsiklopediyasi, Gudsonning ko'rfazi kompaniyasi
• H. Bullok-Vebster fondlari - UBC kutubxonasining raqamli to'plamlaridan Kanadadagi mo'yna savdosining badiiy namoyishi, XIX asrdagi Gudsonning Bay kompaniyasining postlaridagi ijtimoiy hayot, faoliyat va urf-odatlarni aks ettiradi.
• Elizabeth F. Washburn Journal Gudson's Bay kompaniyasining "Rupertsland" etkazib berish kemasida bo'lgan tajribasi haqida Dartmut kolleji kutubxonasida
• Hudson's Bay Company haqidagi hujjatlar va qirqimlar ichida 20-asr matbuot arxivi ning ZBW