Buna – Gona jangi - Battle of Buna–Gona - Wikipedia
| Buna – Gona jangi | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qismi Yangi Gvineya kampaniyasi ning Tinch okeani teatri (Ikkinchi jahon urushi ) | |||||||
 1942 yil 25-dekabrda, Buna yaqinida, Papuan tartibli Rafael Oimbari vafot etgan avstraliyalik harbiy "Jorj" Dik "Uittingtonga yordam beradi scrub typhus 1943 yil fevralda. (Surat muallifi Jorj Ipak, AWM 104028)[Izoh 1] | |||||||
| |||||||
| Urushayotganlar | |||||||
 Avstraliya Qo'shma Shtatlar |  Yaponiya | ||||||
| Qo'mondonlar va rahbarlar | |||||||
| Edmund Herring Jorj Vasey Edvin F. Xarding Robert L. Eyxelberger | Yosuke Yokoyama Yoshitatsu Yasuda 6 dekabrdan: Tsuyuo Yamagata | ||||||
| Jalb qilingan birliklar | |||||||
| Qarang Buna – Gona jangi: Ittifoqdosh kuchlar va jang tartibi | Qarang Buna – Gona jangi: Yaponiya kuchlari va jang tartibi | ||||||
| Kuch | |||||||
| 20,000+ (jami) [Izoh 2] | 5,500-6,500 (dastlab)[3-eslatma] 11000–12000 (jami) | ||||||
| Yo'qotishlar va yo'qotishlar | |||||||
| 1.991 o'ldirilgan, 12 300 dan ortiq kishi yaralangan yoki kasal[4-eslatma] | 7000 kishi halok bo'ldi (4000 kishi jangda, qolganlari kasallikdan)[1][5-eslatma] 1200 jarohat olgan (evakuatsiya qilingan), 250+ ushlangan | ||||||
The Buna – Gona jangi ning qismi edi Yangi Gvineya kampaniyasi ichida Tinch okeani teatri davomida Ikkinchi jahon urushi. Bu xulosadan keyin Kokoda Track aksiyasi 1942 yil 16-noyabrdan 1943-yil 22-yanvargacha davom etdi. Jang o'tkazildi Avstraliyalik va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari kuchlari qarshi Yapon plyaj boshlari da Bunga, Sanananda va Gona. Bulardan yaponlar quruqlikka hujum uyushtirishgan Port-Moresbi. Rivojlanishlarni hisobga olgan holda Solomon orollari kampaniyasi, Port-Moresbiga yaqinlashayotgan yapon kuchlariga shimoliy qirg'oqdagi ushbu bazalarga chekinish va xavfsizlikni ta'minlash buyurilgan. Yaponiya yaxshi tartibli ish tutgani uchun Avstraliya kuchlari aloqani saqlab qolishdi orqa qo'riqchi harakat. The Ittifoqdosh Maqsad Yaponiya kuchlarini ushbu pozitsiyalardan chiqarish va ulardan keyingi foydalanishlarini rad etish edi. Yaponiya kuchlari mohirona, yaxshi tayyorgarlik ko'rgan va mudofaada qat'iyatli edilar. Ular yaxshi yashirin himoyaning kuchli tarmog'ini ishlab chiqdilar.
Papua va Yangi Gvineyadagi operatsiyalarga relyef, o'simliklar, iqlim, kasalliklar va yo'qligi jiddiy to'sqinlik qildi infratuzilma; bular muhim ahamiyatga ega moddiy-texnik cheklovlar. Kokoda Track aktsiyasi davomida ushbu omillar ikkalasiga ham ozmi-ko'pmi teng ravishda taalluqli edi urushayotganlar ammo mustahkamlangan pozitsiyalarga qarshi hujumlarda himoyachiga ustunlik berdi. Jang maydoni va moddiy-texnik cheklovlar odatdagi Ittifoqdoshlarning qo'llanilishini chekladi ta'limot ning manevr va olov kuchi. Hujumning boshlang'ich bosqichida ittifoqchilar oziq-ovqat va o'q-dorilarning qattiq tanqisligiga duch kelishdi. Ushbu muammo hech qachon to'liq hal qilinmagan. Jang shuningdek, ittifoqdosh uskunalarning yaroqliligi va ishlashi bilan bog'liq juda muhim muammolarni keltirib chiqardi. AQSh kuchlarining jangovar samaradorligi, xususan AQSh 32-divizioni, qattiq tanqid qilindi. Bu omillar Generalning takroran talablari bilan murakkablashdi Duglas Makartur, Oliy qo'mondon ittifoqchi kuchlarning Janubi-g'arbiy Tinch okeani mintaqasi, jangni tezda yakunlash uchun. Talablar har qanday strategik ehtiyojdan ko'ra ko'proq MacArturning buyrug'ini ta'minlash edi. Natijada, qo'shinlar shoshilinch ravishda bir necha marotaba jang qilishga sodiq bo'lib, ittifoqchilarning yo'qotishlarini ko'paytirdilar va oxir-oqibat jangni cho'zdilar.
Ittifoqdosh havo kuchlari Yaponiya qirg'oqlarini mustahkamlash va to'ldirish imkoniyatlarini to'xtatdi Rabaul. Bu oxir-oqibat Yaponiyaning pozitsiyasini inkor etib bo'lmaydigan qildi. Yapon himoyachilarining keng tarqalgan dalillari mavjud edi yeyish o'liklar. Jangning yakuniy bosqichida ko'plab himoyachilar dengiz orqali olib ketilgan yoki quruqlikdan g'arbga va atrofdagi yapon bazasiga qochib ketgan. Salamaua va La. Qolgan garnizon deyarli odam bilan o'limgacha kurashdi.
Yaponlarning mudofaadagi qat'iyati va qat'iyati misli ko'rilmagan edi va ilgari ham duch kelmagan edi. Bu Tinch okeanidagi qolgan urushlar uchun xarakterli bo'lgan janglarning umidsiz xarakterini belgilash edi. Ittifoqchilar uchun bir qator qimmatli, ammo qimmat darslar mavjud edi o'rmon urushi. Jangdagi ittifoqchilarning yo'qotishlari avvalgidan yuqori bo'lgan Gvadalkanal. Amerika jamoatchiligi birinchi marta o'lgan Amerika qo'shinlari tasvirlari bilan to'qnash keldi.[2]
Fon
Yaponiyaning Ikkinchi jahon urushiga kirishi va Tinch okeanidagi urush Perl-Harborga hujum 1941 yil 7-dekabrda, bu hujumlar bir-biriga to'g'ri keladigan hujumlar bilan muvofiqlashtirildi Tailand, Filippinlar, Amerika bazalari Guam va Uyg'onish oroli va Britaniya mulklari Malaya, Singapur va Gonkong.[3] Yaponiya kuchlari Janubiy-Sharqiy Osiyo, Sharqiy Hindiston va Tinch okeanining Markaziy va Janubi-G'arbiy qismida tezlik bilan hududlarni xavfsizligini ta'minladilar. Avstraliyani Britaniyaning Malaya va tez orada qulab tushishi hayratga soldi Singapurning qulashi. Yiqilish bilan avstraliyalik 15000 ga yaqin askar 85000 (asosan ingliz va hind qo'shinlari) garnizonining qolgan qismi bilan birga harbiy asirga aylandi.[4]
AQSh prezidenti Franklin Ruzvelt 1942 yil mart oyida Filippindagi general Duglas Makarturga Tinch okeanining mudofaa rejasini Avstraliya bilan tuzishni buyurdi. Bosh Vazir, Jon Kurtin, Avstraliya kuchlarini Tinch okeanining janubi-g'arbiy qismida oliy qo'mondonga aylangan Makartur qo'mondonligi ostida joylashtirishga kelishib oldi. Makartur 1942 yil mart oyida shtab-kvartirasini (shtab-kvartirasini) Melburnga ko'chirdi.[5]
Yaponlar Rabaulga hujum qildi 1942 yil 23-yanvarda.[6] Rabaul Yaponiyaning Yangi Gvineya materikidagi yurishlari uchun oldinga aylandi. Avval Yaponiya kuchlari tushdi 1942 yil 8 martda Yangi Gvineya materikida[7] qachon ular Lae va Salamauaga bostirib kirdi Rabaulda rivojlanayotgan muhim bazani himoya qilish uchun tayanchlarni ta'minlash.[8]
The Yaponiya 17-armiyasi general-leytenant boshchiligida Harukichi Xyakutake Yangi Gvineyada ishtirok etgan korpus kattalikdagi buyruq edi, Gvadalkanal va Sulaymon orollari kampaniyalari.[9] Yaponlar 8-hudud armiyasi, general ostida Xitoshi Imomura, 1942 yil 16-noyabrdan boshlab hududlarda umumiy qo'mondonlikni qabul qilish uchun safarbar qilingan. Bu Yangi Gvineya va Sulaymon orollari kampaniyalari uchun ham javobgar edi. Imomura Rabaulda joylashgan edi. The Yaponiya 18-armiyasi, general-leytenant boshchiligida Xatazō Adachi, shuningdek, Yaponiyaning Yangi Gvineya materikidagi operatsiyalari uchun mas'uliyatni o'z zimmasiga olish uchun tuzilib, Solomon orollari uchun 17-armiyani javobgar qoldirdi.[10]
Avstraliyaliklar qo'rqishlariga qaramay, yaponlar hech qachon mo'ljallanmagan Avstraliya materikini bosib olish. Yaponlar tomonidan bosqinchilik ko'rib chiqilgan Imperatorning bosh shtabi 1942 yil fevral oyida, bu Yaponiya harbiylari qobiliyatidan tashqarida deb baholandi va hech qanday rejalashtirish yoki boshqa tayyorgarlik ko'rilmadi.[11] Buning o'rniga, 1942 yil mart oyida yaponlar Avstraliyani AQShdan ajratib olish strategiyasini qabul qildilar; Port Moresbini qo'lga olishni rejalashtirmoqda Papua hududi va Solomon orollari, Fidji, Samoa va Yangi Kaledoniya.[12] Kodning nomi berilgan ushbu rejaning birinchi qismi Mo operatsiyasi, Papua-Avstraliya hududining poytaxti Port Moresbini egallab olish uchun amfibiya qo'nish edi.[13] Bu Yaponiyaning mag'lubiyatidan xafa bo'ldi Marjon dengizi jangi va keyin noma'lum muddatga qoldirildi Midvey jangi.[14]
Keyin yaponlar shimoliy qirg'oqdan ilgarilab shaharni egallab olish uchun quruqlikdagi hujumni rejalashtirdilar. Ko'p qismini allaqachon qo'lga kiritgan Yangi Gvineya hududi o'sha yilning boshida ular 1942 yil 21-iyulda plyaj boshlarini tashkil etish uchun qo'ndilar Buna, Gona va Sanananda.[15] Bu boshlandi Kokoda Track aksiyasi. Qo'mondonligida Janubiy dengizlar bo'limi General-mayor Tomitarō Xori, yordamida rivojlangan Kokoda treki qo'pol yo'ldan o'tmoq Ouen Stenli tizmasi.[16]
Kokoda Track kampaniyasi bo'lib o'tayotgan paytda Yaponiyaning bosqinchi kuchlari tarkibiga kirgan Yaponiya maxsus dengiz-desant kuchlari birliklar strategik jihatdan qimmatli narsalarni qo'lga kiritishga urinishdi Milne ko'rfazi 1942 yil avgust oyida maydon Milne ko'rfazidagi jang, 1942 yil 25 avgustdan 7 sentyabrgacha jang qilgan,[17] Yaponiyaning mag'lubiyatiga olib keldi. Bu Yaponiyaning birinchi taniqli mag'lubiyati edi va Tinch okeani teatri bo'ylab ittifoqchilarning ruhiyatini ko'tardi.[18]
Ittifoq kuchlari Gvadalkanalda qurilayotgan Yaponiya aerodromini va 19000 ni aniqladi AQSh dengiz piyodalari aerodromni egallashga kirishdilar.[19] 7-avgust kuni amfibiya qo'nish amalga oshirildi.[20] Jang 1943 yil 9-fevralgacha davom etdi[21] va quruqlikda, dengizda va havoda qattiq tortishuvlarga duch keldi.[22]
16 sentyabrga qadar Xori kuchlari Port Moresbidan 32 km uzoqlikda joylashgan Ioribayvaga etib bordi va shaharning chiroqlarini ko'rish uchun etarlicha yaqin edi.[23] Gvadalkanaldagi teskari harakatlarni inobatga olgan holda general-leytenant Xarukichi Xyakutake ikkala jangni ham qo'llab-quvvatlay olmasligini va 23 sentyabrda,[24] Xoriga Gvadalkanaldagi masala hal bo'lguncha Kokoda yo'lidagi qo'shinlarini olib chiqib ketishni buyurdi. Xori kuchini etkazib berish uchun cheklangan ta'minot mavjud edi. Vaziyat inqirozga uchragan edi.[25] Shuningdek, Ittifoq kuchlari istalgan vaqtda Buna shahriga qo'nishi mumkin degan xavotirlar mavjud edi.[26]
26 sentyabrda yaponlar chekinishni boshladi.[27] Ular Avstraliyalik bilan birga Ouen Stenli tizmasi bo'ylab yaxshi buyurtma qilingan orqa qorovul harakatlariga qarshi kurashdilar 7-divizion yaqin ta'qibda.[28] AQShning 32-piyoda diviziyasi sentyabr oyida Yangi Gvineyaga jo'natilgan va unga yaqin Yaponiyaning sharqiy qanotiga qarshi aylanma harakat qilishni buyurgan. Vayropi.[29] Ushbu harakat 14 oktyabrda boshlandi.[30][6-eslatma] Ushbu rejalar Yaponiyani olib chiqish tezligi bilan samarasiz bo'lib qoldi, ammo bu bo'linishni janubi-g'arbiy tomondan yaqinlashayotgan avstraliyaliklar bilan dengiz qirg'og'ida harakatlanishini muvofiqlashtirish uchun yaxshi joylashtirdi.[32]
General-mayor Artur Allen munozarali ravishda buyruqdan ozod qilindi[33] 28-oktabr kuni bo'lib o'tgan 7-divizionning o'rniga general-mayor tayinlandi Jorj Vasey, ilgari 6-divizion.[34] Xorining kuchi ta'minotning etishmasligi tufayli juda zaiflashgan, ammo Oivida u to'ldirilgan va mustahkamlangan. 4-dan 11-noyabrgacha Oivi-Gorari atrofidagi jangda yaponlar katta yo'qotishlarga duch kelishdi. Rejalashtirilgan yaxshi buyurtma qilingan pul mablag'lari tezda parchalanib ketdi.[35] 7-diviziya Buna – Gona shahridan taxminan 65 mil uzoqlikda joylashgan edi.[36][7-eslatma] Tajriba ehtiyot bo'lishni talab qilsa ham,[39] ulardan oldingi yo'l Yaponiya kuchlaridan tozalandi.[40]
Geografiya
Iqlim va relyef
Kokoda kampaniyasi boshlangan yapon qirg'oqlari Yangi Gvineyaning shimoliy qirg'og'idan 16 milya (25 km) uzunlikdagi uchta asosiy pozitsiyada joylashgan edi: g'arbda Gona, sharqda Buna va markazda Sanananda-Giruva. .[41] Port-Moresbidan taxminan 100 milya (160 km) shimoli-sharqda, u erdan shimoliy qirg'oqqa eng to'g'ri yo'nalishga yaqinlashadi.[42][8-eslatma] Aholi punktlari dengizni mangrovlar, nipa va sagolarning to'lqinli o'rmon botqog'idan ajratib turadigan ingichka qirg'oq bo'yida joylashgan.[43] Ouen Stenli tizmasidan keng, tekis, qirg'oq bo'ylab tekislik bo'ylab oqayotgan daryolar botqoqlarda yo'qolib, ko'plab qirg'oq daryolari orqali dengizga oqib chiqadi.[44] Sohil bo'yidagi chiziq kamdan-kam hollarda eng kengligida bir necha yuz metrdan oshiqroq, botqoqni dengizdan ajratib turadigan oyoq yostig'idan ozroq. Botqoqlikdan o'tgan bir necha yo'llar kamdan-kam hollarda kengligi 3,7 metrdan oshgan.[45]
Hudud pasttekislik va harakatsiz - Buna havo chizig'i dengiz sathidan 1,5 metr balandlikda joylashgan.[46] Soputadagi balandlik atigi ikki baravar, 10 km ichkarida[46] va 280 fut (85 m) da Popondetta, 21 milya ichkarida (21 km).[47] Xabarlarga ko'ra, suv sathisi sayoz bo'lib, taxminan 0,9 metrga teng.[48][49] Bu qurol chuqurlarini qazishga va mudofaa pozitsiyalarini qurishga ta'sir qildi.[50]
Suvga botmagan joylar zich o'rmon yoki maydonlar bo'lgan kunai maysasi.[51] Hindiston yong'og'i plantatsiyalari qirg'oq bo'yidagi quruqlikdagi keng maydonlarni to'ldirgan, ammo qarovsiz qoldirilgan va o'sib chiqqan erlar erni qaytarib olgan.[52] Zich kunai o'tlari 6 metrgacha o'sishi mumkin edi (taxminan 2 m) va barglari keng va o'tkir edi.[43] Jang paytida harorat 72-89 ° F (22-32 ° C) oralig'ida bo'lgan, ammo namligi 82 foiz bo'lganida, bu zolim bo'lishi mumkin.[53] Nam sharoitda kunay maysasi issiqni ushlab turdi va harorat 122 ° F (50 ° C) ga yetishi odatiy hol emas edi.[52]
Jang tropik davrida o'tkazildi nam fasl.[54] Dekabr oyidagi o'rtacha yog'ingarchilik 14,5 dyuymni (370 mm) tashkil etdi,[55] garchi bu ko'rsatkich yomg'ir ta'sirini to'liq baholashga imkon bermasa ham. Odatda, tushdan keyin kuchli tropik bo'ronlar bilan ajralib turardi. Mussonning eng yomoni urush tugaguniga qadar ushlab turilgan bo'lsa-da,[55] yomg'ir, shunga qaramay, jangning keng tarqalgan xususiyati edi. General-leytenant Robert L. Eyxelberger "O'sha yili Buna shahrida taxminan 4300 mm yomg'ir yog'di. Men shundan beri 1942 yil dekabr va yanvar oylarida o'z ulushimizdan ko'proq narsani olganimizni bildim."[56] Kundalik yog'ingarchilik miqdori 8 dan 10 dyuymgacha (200 dan 250 mm gacha) kam bo'lmagan.[57] Bunday sharoitda, piyoda yo'llardan kamdan-kam hollarda bo'lgan bir nechta treklar tezda botqoqqa aylandi.[52]
Kasallik
Hudud eng ko'p maydonlardan biri edi bezgak dunyodagi mintaqalar.[58] Bezgak kasallikning eng katta tahdidi bo'lgan bo'lsa, boshqa tropik kasalliklar dang isitmasi, scrub typhus, tropik yaralar, dizenteriya bir qator sabablardan va qo'ziqorin infektsiyalari keng tarqalgan edi.[59][60] Kasallikning ta'siri va sezuvchanligi yomon va etarli bo'lmagan ovqatlanish tufayli kuchaygan.[61]
Avstraliya armiyasi Yaqin Sharqda bezgakka duch kelgan bo'lsa, militsiya bilan bir nechta shifokor bu kasallikni ilgari ko'rgan. Ta'minot xinin, hali ham qo'llaniladigan asosiy dori bo'lgan, ishonchsiz edi.[62] Atebrin faqat 1942 yil dekabr oyining oxirlarida Avstraliya kuchlari tomonidan qo'llaniladigan rasmiy bostiruvchi dori bo'ldi va uning ishlatilishiga o'zgartirish darhol kelmadi.[63] Bezgakka qarshi qat'iy dastur zarurligi to'liq tushunilmagan.[64]Ko'plab ofitserlar buni intizomga emas, balki tibbiyotga tegishli deb bilgan va o'z odamlarini dori olishga majburlamagan.[65] Zolim jaziramasiga javoban avstraliyalik askarlarning kalta shim va yenglarini kiyib yurishlari odatiy hol edi.[66] Chivin to'rlari va kovucular juda kam edi,[67] etkazib beriladigan dori samarasiz deb hisoblanar edi.[68]
Bergerudning ta'kidlashicha, ushbu hududdagi ittifoqdosh askarlarning 85-95 foizi jang paytida bezgak bilan kasallangan.[69][9-eslatma] Ittifoqdoshlarning jangovar qurbonlari uchun kasallik tufayli kasalxonaga yotqizilgan 4.8 kishi bor edi.[10-eslatma] 75 foiz holatlar bezgak kasalligiga chalingan.[63] Hardingni yengillashtirgandan so'ng, Eyxelberger frontga yaqin butun bir kompaniyaning haroratini o'lchashni buyurdi. Ushbu kompaniyaning har bir a'zosi isitmalab yurgan.[72] Zaruratga ko'ra, ko'p odamlar 104 ° F (40 ° C) gacha bo'lgan isitma bilan oldingi qatorda qolishdi.[73] Brienning xabar berishicha, "Yaponiyada kasallik tarqalishi haqidagi ma'lumotlar xuddi shunday hayratga soladi".[74]
Logistika
Ittifoqdosh kuchlar va yaponlar uchun Buna-Gona jangi asosan logistika va ta'minotning cheklanganligi bilan belgilandi. Plyaj boshlariga yaqinlashib, ittifoqchilar kuchlari havo tomchilariga ishonishlari kerak edi.[75][11-eslatma] Yo'qotish va sinishning yuqori darajasi, 50 foizgacha bo'lgan.[77][78] Jangning deyarli boshidanoq ittifoqchilar o'q-dorilar va oziq-ovqat tanqisligiga duch kelishdi.[79][80] Yaponiya pozitsiyalarida ittifoqchi kuchlar tashkil etilgandan so'ng, jalb etuvchi kuchlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun tezda qo'nish chiziqlari ishlab chiqildi.[81][82] Bu havo tushishi bilan bog'liq yo'qotishlarni bartaraf etdi, ammo etkazib berish holati doimiy ravishda havo yo'li yomon ob-havo va transport samolyotlarining etishmasligi tufayli buzilgan.[83]
Yaqin atrofga dengiz yo'li asta-sekin o'rganib chiqildi Oro ko'rfazi, ittifoqdosh operatsiyalarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun port sifatida ishlab chiqilishi kerak edi. Oro ko'rfaziga mol etkazib beradigan birinchi yirik kema bu edi SSKarsik 11 dekabrdan 12 dekabrga o'tar kechasi.[84] Buning ortidan muntazam konvoylar ostida Lilliput operatsiyasi boshlandi.[85] Lilliput Ittifoq kuchlariga etkazib beriladigan materialning tonajini sezilarli darajada oshirdi, ammo uning katta qismi kuch hajmining oshishi bilan sarflandi. Ta'minot darajasi hech qachon "favqulodda qiyin muammo" bo'lishni to'xtatadigan darajaga etgan emas.[77]
Kokoda yo'lida jang qilayotgan yaponlar avstraliyaliklar singari moddiy-texnik muammolarga duch kelishgan, ammo havo ta'minotining foydasi sezilarli darajada kam bo'lgan. Gona 8 dekabrda qo'lga kiritilganda aniqlangan guruch va boshqa oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari zaxiralari jang boshlanishida garnizon yaxshi ta'minlanganligini taxmin qilmoqda.[86] Yaponiya pozitsiyalari dengiz orqali Rabauldan ta'minlangan edi, ammo jang boshlanishida qo'shinlar va esminetsdan etkazib berish uchun urinishlar qisman muvaffaqiyatli bo'ldi.[87] Rabaulda va qirg'oq bo'ylab ittifoqdosh havo kuchlari etkazib berish uchun er usti kemalaridan foydalanishni chekladi. Buna-Gona tomon yo'naltirilgan ba'zi qo'shinlar va jihozlar Mambare daryosining og'ziga yaqinlashdi. U erdan plyaj boshlariga qo'shimcha kuch va materiallar etkazib berildi.[88] Ba'zi etkazib berish suv osti kemalaridan kelib tushdi, garchi ularning hajmi va sayohat vaqti ularning miqdori juda ozligini belgilab qo'ydi. 25-dekabrga o'tar kechasi Yaponiyaning suv osti kemasi Buna hukumat stantsiyasida yuk va o'q-dorilarni tushirdi, bu oxirgi marta yaponlarga materiallarni oldi.[89][12-eslatma] Buna-Gona shahrida yaponiyaliklar tomonidan havodan zaxiradan foydalanish cheklangan edi.[90]
Oddiy guruch ratsioni 28 oz edi (800 g yoki taxminan 600 ml).[91] Yapon ratsionining asosiy qismini guruch tashkil qilgan. Dekabr oyi oxirida har bir erkak kuniga 360 ml guruch oldi, ammo yanvar oyining boshida bu 40-80 ml gacha kamaytirildi. 8–12-yanvar kunlari ovqat yo'q edi.[92][13-eslatma] Jang 22-yanvar kuni tugaguniga qadar garnizon deyarli ochlikdan bosh tortdi va yaponlarning o'lganlarni kannibalizatsiya qilishga kirishgani haqida dalillar mavjud edi.[94][95][14-eslatma]
Yaponiya kuchlari
Yaponiyaning Buna-Gona hududidagi pozitsiyalarini dengiz va armiya bo'linmalari boshqargan. Dengiz kuchlari tarkibiga dengiz piyodalariga teng keladigan 5-maxsus desant partiyasi kiritilgan. Kokoda yo'lidan tushayotgan kuchlar dastlabki garnizonning kuchiga qo'shimcha kuch qo'shdi.[97] Kokoda kampaniyasidan omon qolganlarning ko'pi g'arbda, og'ziga yaqin joyda to'plandilar Kumusi daryosi va dekabr oyining boshlarida u erga kelib tushgan yapon qo'shinlari bilan bog'langan.[98] Ushbu kuch Avstraliyaning Gona shahridagi g'arbiy qanotini faol ravishda tahdid qildi.[99] Manbalar odatda yaponlarning jang boshlanishidagi samarali kuchini 5500 deb keltiradilar[100] yoki 18-noyabrga o'tar kechasi kuchaytirilgandan keyin 6500.[101][59] Milner: "Noyabr oyi o'rtalarida qirg'oq bo'yidagi yapon kuchlari uchun aniq bir raqam berib bo'lmaydi", deydi.[102] Manba ma'lumotlariga ko'ra Bunaga-Gona shahrida joylashgan yoki Kumusi va Membare daryolari yaqinida g'arbda faoliyat yuritayotgan 11000 dan 12000 gacha bo'lgan Yaponiya kuchlari.[103][104][15-eslatma]
17 va 18-noyabr kunlari, ittifoqchi kuchlar qirg'oq bo'yidagi pozitsiyalarga etib borishdan oldin, 1000 dan 1500 gacha bo'lgan qo'shinlar esminets tomonidan tushirildi.[105] Bullard 21-noyabr kuni kechqurun Janubiy dengiz kuchlari uchun 800 ta qo'shinlardan iborat Basabuaga (Gona sharqida) qo'nganligini qayd etdi. 29-noyabrda Kumusi daryosi bo'ylab chekingan va uning og'ziga yaqin joyda to'plangan qo'shinlarning 400-500 qismi Sanananda tomon tortib olindi.[106]
Bunadagi pozitsiya Girua daryosi 2000 dan 2500 gacha bo'lgan qo'shinlar tomonidan o'tkazilgan.[107][16-eslatma] Gona 800-900 himoyachilar tomonidan o'tkazilgan.[109] Manbalarda yozilishicha, Sanananda oldida Yaponiya kuchlari 4000 dan 5500 gacha bo'lgan, shu jumladan kasalxonadagi qo'shinlar.[110][17-eslatma] Sananada yo'lidagi himoyachilar Sanananda-Giruwa pozitsiyasining bir qismi sifatida kiritilgan. 1700 dan 1800 gacha trassada himoya qilingan.[111]
Dengiz qirg'oqlarini mustahkamlash uchun esminets konvoylari tomonidan yana to'rtta urinish amalga oshirildi.[112] 28-noyabr va 9-dekabrdagi konvoylar havo hujumlari bilan orqaga qaytarildi.[113] 2-dekabr kuni Basabuada bekor qilingan urinishdan so'ng konvoy 500 ga yaqin qo'shinni, asosan III / 170-batalyonni, Kumusi daryosining og'zi yaqiniga tushirdi.[114] 12-dekabr kuni 800 ta qo'shin, asosan I / 170-batalyon, Mambare daryosining og'ziga yaqinroq, qirg'oq bo'ylab tushdi.[115][18-eslatma] Ushbu kuchning bir qismi Gona shahridagi qanotga qarshi harakat qilayotgan III / 170-batalyonni kuchaytirish uchun harakatga keltirildi.[117] 700 dan 800 gacha Giruwa 26-31 dekabr kunlari etib keldi.[118]
Hujumni Kokoda yo'li bo'ylab olib borgan Xori 19-noyabr kuni dengizga g'arq bo'ldi[119] Kokodadan chekinish paytida Kumusi daryosidan tushganidan keyin. Polkovnik Yosuke Yokoyama Xori vafotidan so'ng Janubiy Dengiz kuchlari qo'mondonligini vaqtincha qabul qildi.[120] General-mayor Kensaku xona Janubiy dengiz kuchlarini boshqarishda Xorii o'rnini egalladi. General-mayor Tsuyuo Yamagata qo'mondonlik qildi 21-mustaqil aralash brigada[121] va Janubiy dengiz kuchlaridan boshqa hududdagi barcha 18-armiya bo'linmalariga buyruq berildi. U 2-dekabrda Kumusi daryosi yoniga kelib tushdi va 6-dekabrda Gona shahriga etib bordi, keyin unga jangda qatnashgan yapon bo'linmalariga buyruq berildi.[122]
Yaponiyaning Buna, Gona va Sanananda yo'l kesishmasidagi mudofaa pozitsiyalari ittifoqchi kuchlar kelishidan oldin juda rivojlangan edi. Ular urush paytida ittifoqchilar tomonidan duch kelgan eng kuchlilari deb ta'riflangan.[123] Hujumchilar uchun taktik imkoniyatlarni cheklaydigan va chuqur ishlab chiqilgan yuzlab bunkerlar va pulemyotlarning joylaridan iborat bo'lgan er maydonlaridan juda yaxshi foydalanganlar.[124][125] Shaxsiy pozitsiyalar o'zaro qo'llab-quvvatlandi va alternativ pozitsiyalar hujumchilarni chalg'itish uchun ishlatildi.[126]
Ittifoq kuchlari
Buna-Gona shahridagi Yaponiya pozitsiyalariga ittifoqchilar tomonidan ilgari surilgan 16-chi va 25-chi Avstraliya 7-diviziyasining brigadalari va AQSh 32-piyoda diviziyasining 126 va 128-piyoda polklari.[127] Jang paytida yana to'rtta piyoda askar brigadalar, ikkita piyoda askar polklar zirhli otryad 19 ning M3 Styuart tanklar joylashtirildi.[19-eslatma]
Avstraliya birliklari odatda tashkil etilganidan ancha past edi.[20-eslatma] Amerika kuchlari jang maydoniga tuzilishga ancha yaqin kuch bilan etib kelishdi.[21-eslatma] The Papuan piyoda batalyoni Kokoda Track Kampaniyasidan yaponiyalik sayg'oqlar uchun patrul qilingan, ammo to'g'ridan-to'g'ri jangda qatnashmagan.[132] Ishchi yoki yuk tashuvchi sifatida ish tutgan papualiklarning hissasi Ittifoqchilarning logistika harakatlarining muhim qismi edi.[133] 3000 dan ortiq papualiklar urush paytida ittifoqchilarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ishladilar.[134][22-eslatma]
AQSh qo'shinlarining jangovar samaradorligi, xususan 32-divizion, AQSh buyrug'i doirasida va keyingi tarixlarda.[136][137] Mashg'ulotlarning etishmasligi ko'pincha ularning faoliyatini himoya qilish uchun keltiriladi.[138][139] Bir nechta tarixchilar, shuningdek, jangda qatnashadigan Avstraliya militsiya bo'linmalarining tayyorgarligi yo'qligi haqida fikr bildirdilar[140][141][142] garchi ba'zilar ularga tajribali kichik ofitserlarni "qotib qolish" foydasiga ega bo'lishgan Avstraliya imperatorlik kuchlari (AIF).[143]
Ittifoq kuchlari Buna – Gona sohiliga etib kelishidan oldin, Richard K. Sutherland, o'sha paytda general-mayor va Makartur shtabining boshlig'i Yaponiyaning qirg'oqdagi istehkomlarini "shoshqaloqlik bilan" "shoshilinch dala kirish joylari" deb atagan edi.[48][49] Yaponiya himoyachilarining kuchi va jangovar samaradorligi juda kam baholandi.[144] Hudud xaritalari noto'g'ri va batafsil ma'lumotga ega emas edi.[145] Havodan suratga olish odatda qo'mondonlar uchun mavjud emas edi.[146]
Ittifoq qo'mondonligi artilleriya yoki tanklarni etkazib berishni samarali ta'minlay olmadi, chunki ularni havodan qo'llab-quvvatlash ularning o'rnini bosishi mumkin degan xato bilan.[147][148][23-eslatma] Dala ichidagi ittifoq qo'mondonlari piyoda askarlar ularni yopish va bosib olishlari uchun etarli bo'lgan yapon pozitsiyalarini bostirishga qodir bo'lgan yong'inni qo'llab-quvvatlay olmadilar. Logistika cheklovlari ushbu kamchiliklarni bartaraf etish harakatlarini cheklab qo'ydi.[149]
Kam va noaniq razvedka Makarturni Bunani nisbatan osonlik bilan olish mumkinligiga ishonishiga olib keldi.[48] Kampaniya davomida Makartur hech qachon frontga bormagan.[150] U o'z qo'mondonlari va qo'shinlari duch keladigan sharoitlarni bilmas edi,[151] baribir u aralashib, ularni real bo'lmagan natijalarga erishish uchun bosim o'tkazishda davom etdi.[152] Erning tezligi va shoshqaloqlik uchun doimiy bosim razvedka uchun vaqt oz bo'lsa ham borligini anglatardi.[153] Makarturning bosimi jangni cho'zish va qurbonlar sonini ko'paytirish deb ta'riflangan.[154][155]
Jang
Jang 16-noyabrda, Avstraliyaning 7-divizioni Kumusi daryosini kesib o'tganida boshlandi,[156] Yaponiya qo'shinlarini olib ketishni ta'qib qilib, qirg'oq boshlaridan taxminan 65 km uzoqlikda.[36] 19-noyabr arafasida 25-brigada Jumboradan yo'l bo'ylab Gona tomon, 16-brigada esa Soputadan Sanananda tomon ketayotgan edi.[157] Amerikalik 126-polk (1-batalyondan kam) o'zining sharqiy qanotini himoya qilish uchun 7-diviziya qo'mondonligiga topshirildi.[158] 32-sonli diviziya Simemidan qirg'oq bo'yidagi trassa va trek bo'ylab Bunga yaqinlashayotgan edi.[159] Harding qo'nish zonasi va plantatsiya yaqinidagi Buna mudofaasining sharqiy qismida joylashgan pozitsiyalarga hujum qilishga tayyor edi. 19-noyabr kuni 128-piyoda polkining 1-va 3-batalyonlaridan foydalangan holda hujumlar boshlandi.[158] Xuddi shu kuni, 25-brigada, Gona shahriga yaqinlashib, o'z safi bo'ylab joylashtirilgan himoyalangan pozitsiyalar bilan aloqa o'rnatdi. Sananandaga yaqinlashayotgan 16-brigada ertasi kuni aloqa o'rnatdi.[160]
O'sha vaqtga qadar avstraliyaliklar plyaj boshlariga yaqinlashganda yapon himoyachilari bilan faqat cheklangan va engil aloqa mavjud edi.[161] Bu 32-divizion uchun ham xuddi shunday edi.[162] Hujumkor kuchlar qattiq qarshilikka duch kelgani sababli bu holat tezda o'zgarib ketdi. Manevr va yong'inni qo'llab-quvvatlash bo'yicha an'anaviy doktrinani relyef, og'ir qurollarning etishmasligi va ta'minot etishmasligi inkor etdi.[163] Yaxshi tayyorlangan mudofaa pozitsiyalaridan yaponlarning jang qilishlari qat'iyat bilan qiyinlashdi. Keyingi ikki hafta davomida takroriy hujumlarga qaramay, ittifoqchilar ozgina oldinga siljishdi va ko'plab yo'qotishlarga duch kelishdi. Shartlar "oldingi urush davridagi xandaq urushi sharoitlarining tropik vinyetiga" o'xshatilgan.[164]
2-batalyon, 126-polk 22-noyabrda 32-diviziya qo'mondonligiga qaytarildi, 3-batalyonga 16-brigada oldida Soputa-Sanananda-Keyp Killerton yo'l birikmasini ta'minlash vazifasi topshirildi.[165] 30 noyabrda, buta bo'ylab qariyb bir hafta davom etgan noaniq to'qnashuvlardan so'ng, "Xagginsning to'sig'i" nomi bilan tanilgan pozitsiya, Keyp Killerton yo'lining ikkinchi janubida joylashgan Sanananda yo'lida o'rnatildi. Ushbu ishg'olchilar ushbu lavozimni 22-dekabrda 39-batalyon bo'shatmaguncha boshqargan. Yaponiya pozitsiyalari o'rtasida trekka o'ralgan holda, u oldinga yo'naltirilgan yapon pozitsiyalariga aloqa liniyasini buzdi; ammo, uning pozitsiyasi ham bir xil darajada yumshoq edi. Yaponiyaning oldinga pozitsiyalari o'ralgan, ammo muhrlanmagan.[166]
Qo'shimcha kuchlarni jamlab, Yaponiyaning Gona shahridagi mavqei nihoyat 9-dekabr kuni ertalab tozalandi. Kumusi daryosining og'ziga tushgan va Gona-Krikdan g'arbda bir muncha vaqt davom etgan janglar Yaponiya kuchlari tomonidan mavqega tahdid solmoqda.[167]
Buna hududiga ikkala tomondan hujum qilib, Amerika kuchlari 14-dekabr kuni Buna qishlog'iga kirib kelishdi[168] ammo sharqiy qanotda virtual tanglik rivojlandi. Bu Avstraliyaning 18-brigada va 2-chi zirhli polkning Styuart tanklari kelishi bilan tinchlandi. 18 dekabrdagi hujum bilan, keyinchalik barqaror taraqqiyot kuzatildi. 3 yanvarga qadar Buna hududi, Girua daryosigacha tozalangan.[169]
Avstraliyaning 7-divizioni Gonada jang qilgan qo'shinlarni kuchaytirishga va qayta joylashtirishga qaramay, Sanananda yo'lidan chetga o'tib, Yaponiyaning oldinga pozitsiyalarini qat'iy natijasiz bosim o'tkazishda davom etdi.[170] 7-shtab bo'limi tomonidan tayyorlangan raqamlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, 25-noyabrdan 23-dekabrigacha diviziya barcha sabablarga ko'ra o'z jabhasida yo'qotilgan 5905 kishining o'rnini to'ldirish uchun 4273 ta askar olgan. Shunday qilib, Vasining kuchi avvaliga qaraganda taxminan 1632 kuchsizroq edi.[171] Dekabr yopilgach, bo'linishni boshqa avstraliyalik birliklar tomonidan kuchaytirish istiqbollari yo'q edi, ammo 163-piyoda qo'shin AQSh 41-diviziyasi Yangi Gvineyaga buyurtma berilib, 7-diviziya qo'mondonligi uchun 27 dekabrda Port Moresbiga etib bordi. Buna qulaganidan so'ng, 32-bo'lim sharqdan Sanananda asosiy pozitsiyasiga o'tishi kerak edi.[172]
12 yanvarda Xuggins janubidagi yapon pozitsiyalari 18-brigada tomonidan muvaffaqiyatli hujumga uchradi.[173] Buning ortidan Vasey vaziyatni qadrladi. Ushbu kuzatishlar 12-chi hujumga javoban amalga oshirilgan bo'lsa-da, jang qanday sharoitda o'tkazilganligini misol qilib keltiradi.
12-yanvar, 43-yanvar kuni 18 Aust Inf Bde tomonidan uyushtirilgan hujum natijasida, hozirda ayon bo'ldiki, Yap tomonidan 20-noyabrdan 20-dan buyon davom etib kelayotgan pozitsiya ko'plab davolovchi qutilar mavjud bo'lgan bir qator perimetrik joylardan iborat. Buna hududida topilganlar bilan bir xil turdagi. Bularga o'z qurollaridan foydalangan holda piyoda askarlar bilan hujum qilish 1915-17 yillardagi qimmat xatolarni takrorlamoqda va hozirgi paytda ushbu sohada maydonga tushishi mumkin bo'lgan cheklangan resurslarni hisobga olgan holda, bunday hujumlar muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lishi mumkin.
Tuproqning tabiati tanklardan foydalanishga to'sqinlik qiladi, faqat asosiy Sanananda yo'lidan tashqari, dushman allaqachon M3 engil tankini urib tushirishga qodir A-Tk qurollariga ega ekanligini ko'rsatgan.
Ops maydonidagi zichlik tufayli, bu qutilar faqat juda qisqa masofada (har qanday holatda 100 yard (90 m) ostida) topiladi va shuning uchun ularni tortib olmagan holda ularni bombardimon qilish mumkin emas. o'z qo'shinlarimiz. Tajriba shuni ko'rsatadiki, bizning askarlarimiz bunday bombardimonga ruxsat berish uchun olib chiqilganda, Jap bo'shatilgan hududni egallab oladi, shunda bombardimon unga ozgina zarar etkazishidan tashqari, faqat yangi pozitsiyalarni keltirib chiqaradi, ulardan Jap haydalishi kerak. [Vasiyning minnatdorchiligi][174]
Asosiy yo'lda oldinga siljish muammosi yaponlarning keyingi ikki kechada (12 yanvardan boshlab) chekinishi bilan hal qilindi va 14-oqshom pozitsiyalar egallab olindi. 18-brigada tezda Keyp Killertonga, so'ngra Sanananda tomon yurdi. 21-yanvar kuni Jiruvadagi 32-divizion bilan aloqa o'rnatildi. Jang 22-yanvar kuni yakunlandi, ammo bu erda hali ham yaponlar ko'p edi.[175]
Yaponlar ushbu hududni evakuatsiya qilishni rejalashtirgan edilar, ammo bu ittifoqchilar avansi stavkasidan ustun keldi.[176] 13 dan 20 yanvargacha 1200 ga yaqin kasal va yarador dengiz orqali evakuatsiya qilindi.[177] 20-yanvar kuni Yamagata evakuatsiya qilishni buyurdi va 21-yanvarga o'tar kechasi ushbu hududda qolgan kuchlarning katta qismlari ularning buyrug'lariga binoan ajralib chiqa boshladilar. Gona g'arbidagi quruqlikdan taxminan 1000 kishi qochib ketdi[178] ammo yapon manbalari bu 1900 gacha bo'lishi mumkinligini taxmin qilmoqda.[103]
Bunga erishish - Warren Force
32-bo'lim tomonidan olinadigan Bona maydoni sharqda Duropa plantatsiyasidan g'arbda Girua daryosi og'zidagi Buna qishlog'igacha cho'zilgan. Ushbu qirg'oq bo'yi oxiridan oxirigacha 5,700 metrni (5200 m) tashkil etadi. Girua daryosi 7-bo'lim bilan operativ chegarani tashkil etdi.[179] Qattiqroq zamin va himoyalangan pozitsiyalar har ikki uchida ham kengroq bo'lib, sharqiy qismida taxminan 1600 yard (1500 m), boshqa uchida esa biroz kamroq edi.[180][24-eslatma] Orasida torroq chiziq bilan itning suyagiga o'xshashligi bor.[25-eslatma] Sharqiy uchining ichki tomoni ikkita qo'nish chizig'i bilan belgilanadi. Old Strip taxminan qirg'oqqa va chiziqning dengiz qirg'og'i bo'ylab oqadigan Simemi Creek bilan parallel ravishda o'tadi. Ushbu daryo qo'shinlarga hujum qilish uchun to'siq bo'lgan. Tarqalgan koylar Eski Ipning sharqiy uchida va dengiz qirg'og'i bo'ylab qurilgan.[183] Haqiqatan ham qo'shilmagan bo'lsa-da, ikkita chiziq keng burchak hosil qildi. The Simemi Creek passed between the two strips. A bridge on the track to Simemi crossed the Creek there. The bridge was 125 feet (38 m) long and had a section blown from one end.[184] The New Strip was actually a decoy strip.[45] The ground was unsuitable for developing as a landing strip. The Duropa coconut plantation occupied most of the ground around Cape Endaiadere north of the eastern end of the New Strip. A track approached Cape Endaiadere, along the coast from Hariko, to the south east.[185]
At the eastern end, the Japanese occupied the Duropa Plantation, from the New Strip, blocking the approach by the coastal route.[187] They also blocked the approach from Simemi, with positions forward of the bridge.[188] At the western end of the Buna area, a track led from Buna village and the Buna Government Station inland to Ango. The position that came to be known as the Triangle was a salient protruding from the Japanese defensive line. It straddled the track just inland of where the track branched to either the village or station.[189] The Government Station is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the Buna Mission.[190] Entrance Creek separated the Station from the village. On the track to the village, a foot bridge crossed Entrance Creek a short distance from the track junction.[191] The "Coconut Grove" lay along the track to Buna Village, after crossing Entrance Creek.[192] To the north east of the Triangle was the open area of the Government Gardens, which had formerly been cultivated.[193] The Government Plantation, a coconut grove, occupied the area around the Station and the thin coastal strip to the east, as far as the mouth of the Simemi Creek and the western end of the Old Strip. Giropa Point is about halfway between the Government Station and the mouth of Simemi Creek; Giropa Creek discharges to the sea on the western side of Giropa Point.[194]
On 18 November, the 32nd Division was approaching the Buna positions. The I/128th Battalion was nearing the Duropa Plantation along the coastal path. The I/126th Battalion, with the 2/6th Independent Company and a detached company of the 128th Battalion were well behind following the same route and arrived on 20 November.[195] The III/128th Battalion was approaching the strips on the track from Semime. The II/128th Battalion was close behind.[159] The remaining two battalions of the 126th Regiment were at Inoda, well inland and had been tasked to engage the western flank of the Buna position.[158] On 19 November, these two battalions were placed under command of the 7th Division, by order of Herring, GOC New Guinea Force, who was in immediate command of the two divisions. This was to concentrate maximum force against the main Japanese position around Sanananda.[158] The two Australian brigades had been substantially depleted by the fighting along the Kokoda Track and were approximately one-third of their establishment strength. Harding was put out by this decision. Not only did it alienate a large part of his command but it meant a major adjustment to his plans just as he was about to engage the Japanese.[158] The left flank task was reassigned to the II/128th Battalion. This left the I/126th Battalion, well to the rear, as the only reserve.[158] Movement between the two flanks entailed a two-day march.[196]
With only two mountain howitzers in support, Harding proceeded with the attack of 19 November on the eastern flank.[197] The attacks were met with intense fire from the Japanese defenders and quickly faltered with no gain.[198] The early movements of battalions blurred the assignment of tasks against the eastern and western flanks on the basis of regimental commands. The force attacking the Japanese western flank was designated Urbana Force. The concentration to the east, around Cape Endaiadere and the two strips, was called Warren Force.[199] The next day, a further attack was pressed with support from bombers and the mountain howitzers. About 100 yards (100 m) was gained on the coastal strip but the III/128th was still held up in front of the bridge.[200][26-eslatma]
An attack on the 21st was to be an "all-out"[203] harakat. The I/126th and 2/6th Independent Company had arrived and were committed to the attack between the coast and the eastern end of the New Strip, I/128th against the coast, I/126th in the centre and 2/6th Independent Company on the left at the eastern end of the strip. Three bombing missions had been ordered in support of the attack. The orders for the attack had not been received before the first mission in the morning. The second mission was cancelled due to weather. The attack proceeded with the third that arrived at 3:57 pm. Both bombing missions caused Allied casualties: 10 killed and 14 wounded in total.[204] The bombing failed to neutralise the Japanese positions and disrupted the attackers. The attack resulted in no appreciable gain by the forces at either end of the New Strip.[205]
By 26 November, artillery support for the division had increased from the two mountain howitzers to include six 25-pounders.[206][27-eslatma] Warren Force was to concentrate its efforts against the eastern end of the New Strip. On the 22nd, the III/128th was moved to there, leaving a company to guard the Simemi Track.[192] The front was adjusted, with III/128th taking the right, seaward flank. I/126th remained in the centre, with the 2/6th Independent Company to the left. Here, the coast ran south to north toward Cape Endaiadere so that the axis of advance toward the cape was north. The I/128th was positioned behind the I/126th. It was tasked to move through the I/128th, west, along the edge of the New Strip. The I/128th was to advance north-west and the III/128th on a northerly axis. This plan, with attacking troops moving on three different axes, was perhaps altogether too complex.[211]
The attack was preceded with strafing by P-40s va Beaufighters, esa A-20s bombed to the rear. Some fifty aircraft participated.[212] This was followed by half an hour of artillery bombardment. The massed fire failed to suppress the Japanese position and the attack was met with heavy fire. The advance of the I/126th was misdirected, opening a gap in the left flank. The I/126th was recalled to seal the flank. The attack ended without significant gain[213] as Japanese aircraft from Lae strafed the Americans.[207] An attack on 30 November was to coincide with one by Urbana Force. While the I/126th made some progress along the axis of the new strip, the day again ended without significant progress.[214] Through the course of these events, some small gains had been made by small attacks and infiltration.[215] Nevertheless, MacArthur became increasingly impatient with Harding's efforts and the lack of progress by the 32nd Division.[216]
Buna Station – Urbana Force
The II/128th, advancing along the track from Ango, made contact with the Japanese defenders around midday on 21 November. Reconnoitring the flanks, the Americans plunged into a mire of swamp. The II/126th was released by 7th Division on the 22nd and linked up with the II/128th on the morning of the 23rd. An attack on the 24th was pressed by these Battalions against the flanks and front of the Triangle. It was to be supported by artillery and aerial bombing but the latter did not eventuate. An Allied fighter strafed the force headquarters. The right flank emerged from the swamp and moved about 200 yards (200 m) across open kunai before being caught exposed and came under heavy fire. The left and centre fared little better and no gain was made.[217] Urbana Force concentrated its efforts against the left flank.
The plan for 30 November was to attack on a wide front from the apex of the Triangle toward Buna village, having first paralleled the Japanese defences. Little real headway was made against the defenders but at the end of the day, E Company of the II/126th was short of the village by about 100 yards (100 m) and F Company of the II/128th had made a wide flanking move to reach Siwori Village, cutting land communication between Buna and Sanananda.[218] By this time, losses for the 32nd Division were 492 men.[219] The following day saw an attempt against the village with some minor success. Though the main attack faltered, G Company, II/126th advanced to Entrance Creek after clearing a command post and several bunkers.[220]
Harding replaced
Following the inspection of 2 December, Eichelberger relieved Harding, replacing him with the division's artillery commander, Brigadier General Waldron.[221] He also sacked the regimental commanders and most battalion commanders and ordered improvements in food and medical supplies.[222][223] Through the moves to the beachheads and during the fighting the division had become badly intermixed. Many companies had been separated from their parent battalions.[224] Eichelberger halted operations on the Buna front for two days to allow units to reorganise.[225]
Eichelberger set about restoring the flagging confidence of his men, conspicuously wearing the three stars on his collar among the front-line troops, ignoring the convention of removing insignia at the front so as to not attract the enemy.[226][227][228][229] He and his staff regularly came under fire,[230] once from only 15 yards (15 m) but he insisted on being present with his forward troops to quietly urge them in their efforts.[231] He expected the same leadership from his officers at every level.[232] Waldron was injured on 5 December, accompanying Eichelberger near the front and was replaced by Brigadier General Byers.[233] An article in Vaqt jurnal from September 1945 records that "some of the 32nd's officers privately denounced Eichelberger as ruthless, Prussian. The men of the 32nd...called their division cemetery 'Eichelberger Square.'"[234]
Breakthrough at Buna Village
On 5 December, Urbana Force pressed an attack on Buna village from the south with four companies. P-40 Kittyhawks supported by attacking the station, to disrupt any attempt to reinforce the village. The attacks by the flank companies faltered while the centre advanced with limited success.[235] On the centre right, Staff Sergeant Herman Bottcher, a platoon commander in H Company, 126th Infantry, leading 18 men, was able to drive to the sea. Bottcher and his troops fought off attacks for seven days during which he was wounded twice before he was relieved.[236] Australian war correspondent Jorj Jonston yozgan Vaqt magazine on 20 September 1943: "By a conservative count ... Bottcher and his twelve men ... killed more than 120 Japs."[237]
Bottcher had turned the tide of the battle at Buna. His platoon's efforts cut off the Japanese in Buna village from supply and reinforcements, being already isolated on the western flank. It provided the impetus for the ultimate capture of the village. Bottcher was awarded a battlefield commission darajasiga kapitan and the first of two Distinguished Service Crosses.[233] A plaque was later placed at the entrance to Buna Village in memory of his actions that day.[238]
On this same day, Bren carriers were to spearhead an unsuccessful attack on the Warren Force front.[239] Subsequent actions on the Urbana front were to consolidate the gain made by Bottcher. For the next week, activity on both flanks at Buna was mainly restricted to infiltration and harassing artillery fire.[240] On 11 December, the III/127th, having arrived at Dobodura two days earlier, took over forward positions occupied by II/126th.[241] In the morning of 14 December, after concentrated mortar fire, the III/127th advanced on the village but the defenders had already fled.[242] The only positions to the west of Entrance Creek that remained were at the Coconut Grove.[243] This was cleared by the II/128th, with attacks on 16 and 17 November.[244]
Sanananda Track
On the morning of 20 November, the 16th Brigade, having advanced from Soputa on the Sanananda track, was approaching the vicinity of two track junctions that left the main track for Cape Killerton. The 2/1st Battalion in the lead, came under small arms and artillery fire and the battalion deployed to the flanks.[245] Two companies under Captain Basil Catterns were tasked to make a broad left-flanking manoeuvre around the Japanese positions astride the road. The remainder of the brigade adjusted itself in support.[246] Catterns' force skirted the Japanese forward positions and attacked the main Japanese position astride the road as evening approached (after about 6:00 pm)[247]
Catterns' force fought a desperate action through the night and the day of 21 November while the rest of the battalion pressed forward against Japanese positions that were threatened by Catterns' manoeuvre. The defenders fell back through the night and into the morning. By 8:30 a.m. on 21 November, the 2/2 va 2/3rd Battalion moved through the forward companies of the 2/1st.[248] Catterns' force had made a small salient in the main Japanese defences. The 2/3rd pressed forward to relieve Catterns by the early evening, taking position immediately to Catterns' rear, while his force vacated the position it had been holding.[249] While this seemed prudent at the time, maintaining the position may have been advantageous for subsequent operations.[250] In Catterns' initial force of 91 all ranks, 5 officers and 26 other ranks had been killed and 2 officers and 34 other ranks had been wounded. The gun, the forward positions immediately delaying the brigade's advance and a further defensive position in between were secured by this action.[251]
The Japanese positions were now just north of the first track junction but denied the use of this track to Cape Killerton. To either flank was thick jungle and swamp; dispersed through the area were relatively open patches of kunai grass. One patch was immediately forward of the Japanese positions encountered by the 2/1st Battalion on 20 November.[252] After long fighting along the Kokoda Track, the effective strength of the Brigade had been reduced to less than the equivalent of a battalion.[253] The American III/126th Battalion (with two companies of the 1st Battalion) was brought forward on 22 November to make a similar left flank manoeuvre to Catterns'. It was tasked to secure the Soputa–Sanananda–Cape Killerton track junction, to the front of 16th Brigade. After a false start on 23 November, the American attack commenced the following day. On 30 November, after nearly a week of indecisive skirmishing through the bush, the position which was to become known as "Huggins' Roadblock" was established on the Sanananda Track, just south of the second Cape Killerton track junction.[254] The position had an initial strength of about 250 men.[255][28-eslatma]
Gona
On 19 November, the 25th Brigade approached Gona Village on the track from Jumbora. Just south of the village, the passage of a patrol of the 2/33rd through a large patch of kunai was being disputed by some Japanese riflemen. The 2/31 pushed through the kunai and then came under small arms fire from the direction of the village and deployed to the flanks. The Japanese defence was tenacious and running short of ammunition, the battalion broke contact just before midnight.[259] Having received supplies at Wariopa on 13 November, the brigade was on the last of its emergency rations and required ammunition.[260] Supplies arrived on 21 November and an attack was planned for the following day, where the 2/33rd Battalion was to advance on the village. Lieutenant Haddy's 2/16th Chaforce Company, was now under command of the 2/31st Battalion, having taken up a position just west of the village and Gona Creek.[261]
As the 2/33rd Battalion, advanced and met strong resistance, the 2/31st Battalion worked around to the east to the beach and attacked on a narrow front, confined by beach and swamp on either flank. At the forward Japanese positions, it was repulsed by heavy enfilad olov.[262] The 2/25-batalyon was to push through the 2/31st Battalion on 23 November to renew the attack from the east. The battalion made a small gain before being held and was forced to withdraw.[263] The village was bombed on 24 November and the 3-batalyon attacked on the afternoon of 25 November, from the southwest, with mortars and artillery in support. After a small advance, the battalion was held up by a Japanese defensive position.[264] The Japanese at Gona had been aggressive in their defence. In the evening of 26 November, the 2/33rd, astride the main track, was counterattacked by the defenders.[265] By these events, the offensive capacity of the 25th Brigade was exhausted.[266] The brigade had fought the Japanese the length of the Kokoda Track. It had been reinforced by the 3rd Battalion (AMF) and the three Chaforce companies. The four battalions totalled just over the strength of a battalion and the Chaforce companies about one-third of a battalion.[31-eslatma]
The 21-brigada, though barely 1,000 strong, was shortly to arrive and was assigned the task of capturing Gona Village with the 25th Brigade in support; recent reinforcements had remained in Port Moresby for further training.[269] An attack was ordered for 29 November, even though the last of the Brigade's battalions was not due until the following day, possibly because of intelligence indicating the imminent arrival of Japanese reinforcements.[270] The 2/14th Battalion was to form up at Point 'Y', on the eastern flank and attack along the coastal strip from 'Point X', just west of Small Creek, about 1,000 yards (900 m) from the village; the attack was to be preceded by an air raid. A clearing patrol failed to identify strong Japanese positions between Point 'Y' and Point 'X' and the 2/14th Battalion was heavily engaged as it proceeded to the line of departure.[271] The attack was modified, with the 2/27th Battalion to move directly to Point 'X' and take over the task against the village. The 2/14th Battalion was to concentrate on the force about Small Creek, having skirted a patch of kunai, it was to move easterly from Point 'Y', then to Point 'Z' on the coast, to attack from there. Both attacking battalions met determined resistance and made small gains that day.[272]
The 2/16th Battalion arrived to join the fighting the following day. It was deployed to protect the eastern flank and contributed two companies to a renewed attack against the village. The attacks were met with machine gun fire and while they failed to make any gain, the 2/14th Battalion was able to clear the beach positions.[273] A renewed attack followed on 1 December and the attackers were able to enter the village but in the face of counterattacks, were unable to consolidate their gains.[274] While the remaining force maintained pressure on the village, the 2/14th Battalion was tasked to press east toward Sanananda. It encountered no resistance except from the impenetrable swamp and an "over-zealous" member of the RAAF, who strafed the whole unit.[275] The 21st Brigade, in five days of fighting, had lost 340 casualties – over a third of its strength.[275]
The 30th Brigade was then moving to the beachheads and the 39th Battalion, which had been first to meet the advance of the Japanese across the Kokoda Track, was detached to the 21st Brigade.[276] Though then inexperienced, it had accounted for itself well and was ably led by Honner.[277] The 25th Brigade was relieved and moved to Port Moresby from 4 December.[278] The Chaforce companies remained. The 2/16th and 2/27th, so depleted by the recent fighting, were amalgamated into a composite battalion under Lieutenant Colonel Albert Caro. A fresh attack on 6 December, with the 39th Battalion from the south and the composite battalion along the coast quickly bogged down.[279]
An assault was planned for 8 December, with the main thrust to be provided by the 39th Battalion. This was Brigadier Ivan Dugherti 's "last throw" at taking Gona. If unsuccessful, Vasey had decided to contain Gona while concentrating on Sanananda.[280] Aerial bombardment mainly fell on the Australian positions by mistake and the attack was postponed until a 250-round artillery bombardment was fired with delay fuses. Honner committed his battalion to attack under the artillery barrage, calculating that his troops would maintain the attack under their own fire and that the barrage would give them an advantage to succeed.[281][32-eslatma] The delay fuses were more effective against the Japanese positions and less likely to inflict casualties in the attacking force, compared with instantaneous fuses. The day closed with the Japanese position reduced to a small enclave that was taken the following day, after which Honner sent Dougherty the message: "Gona's gone!"[283]
West of Gona – Haddy's Village
Haddy's 2/16th Chaforce company had been positioned on the west bank of Gona Creek since 21 November and had dwindled to a strength of 45 all ranks.[284] The company had been protecting the west flank and harassing the Japanese in the village. On 30 November, a Chaforce patrol, at "Haddy's" Village, a little east of the Amboga River, repulsed a Japanese force of between 150 and 200 men attempting to infiltrate east in support of the beachheads.[285] The Japanese maintained a strong presence in the area and there was an engagement on 7 December.[285] A Japanese force of 400–500 men was operating in the area.[280] Haddy, covering the withdrawal of his patrol from the village was killed.[280]
The 2/14th Battalion was tasked to protect this flank by patrolling to prevent the Japanese from reinforcing the beachheads.[286] On 10 December, the 39th Battalion patrolled by a slightly inland route toward Haddy's Village and met firm resistance from an outer perimeter of defenders to the south of the village.[287] They deployed and engaged the Japanese occupying the village while the 2/14th Battalion, which had been operating from a firm base about half-way between Gona and the village, moved along the coast to join the 39th Battalion. En route, on 11 December, it met stiff resistance from Japanese that had occupied a small cluster of huts and its advance toward Haddy's Village was slowed by a determined defence.[288] What remained of the 2/14th Battalion was placed under Honner's command and a concerted attack against the village was made on 16 December.[289] Fighting continued until the village was captured on the morning of 18 December.[290] There were 170 defenders buried after the attack but captured documents indicated a larger force had occupied the village and wounded had been evacuated prior to the final battle.[291] The occupiers were from the Japanese III/170th Infantry Regiment that had landed near the mouth of the Kumusi River in early December. After this, the Japanese forces west of the beachheads made no further serious push against the Allied western flank but Vasey maintained a force in and around Gona to secure this flank and to contain the Japanese defenders at the beachheads.[292]
Tanks at Buna
On 14 December, the 2/9th Battalion of the Australian 18th Brigade (Brigadier Jorj Votten ) arrived at Oro Bay.[293] The brigade was attached to the 32nd Division to take over the Warren Force area, with the American units, I/126th, I/128th and III/128th Battalions, placed under command.[294] The 2/9th Battalion attacked on 18 December, on a front extending from the eastern end of the New Strip to the coast, pivoting on its left flank. The attack was supported by seven M3 tanks of the 2/6th Armoured Regiment and an eighth in reserve. The first phase was the capture of the Duropa Plantation and the area beyond bordered by the Simemi Creek. At the end of the first day, the 2/9th Battalion had lost eleven officers and 160 other ranks, two tanks had been destroyed and one damaged[295] but the right flank had been advanced to about 400 yards (400 m) west of Cape Endaiadere and the front now ran north from the eastern end of the New Strip – a substantial gain and on 19 December, the brigade consolidated.[296]
It was a spectacular and dramatic assault, and a brave one [General Eichelberger wrote later]. From the New Strip to the sea was about half a mile. American troops wheeled to the west in support, and other Americans were assigned to mopping-up duties. But behind the tanks went the fresh and jaunty Aussie veterans, tall, mustached, erect, with their blazing Tommy-guns swinging before them. Concealed Japanese positions – which were even more formidable than our patrols had indicated – burst into flame. There was the greasy smell of tracer fire ... and heavy machine-gun fire from barricades and entrenchments. Steadily tanks and infantrymen advanced through the spare, high coconut trees, seemingly impervious to the heavy opposition.[297]
The Japanese had abandoned their positions along the New Strip and forward of the bridge, which the I/128th and I/126th (respectively) were able to occupy.[295] In an attack on 20 December, the 2/9th Battalion was strengthened by a company of the 2/10th Battalion.[298] This battalion had embarked at Porlock Harbour on 17 December.[294] On 20 December, the I/126th and then a detachment of the 114th Engineer Battalion, tried to force the Creek at the bridge but failed.[299] On the following day, the 2/10th Battalion and the two battalions of the 128th Infantry Regiment were tasked with making a crossing of the creek.[300] The 2/10th Battalion, which had concentrated at the western end of the New Strip, achieved this on 22 December about 500 yards (500 m) west of the bridge, close to where the creek returned from making a sharp 'U' toward the cape. Having made the crossing in force on the 23rd, the 2/10th Battalion then swung left back toward the bridge to occupy the bridgehead by midday with few casualties.[301] The American engineers quickly set about making repairs[302] while the I/126th Battalion crossed the creek to take up the left flank.[303] By the end of the day, the 2/10th Battalion had advanced about 400 yards (400 m) along the northern side of the Old Strip from where it had crossed the Creek. From there, the front swept back and along the fringe of the swamp toward the bridge. Phase one of Wootten's plan had concluded after six days of hard fighting.[304]
On 24 December, the 2/10th Battalion with the I/126th Battalion were to attack up the Old Strip.[305] Despite the four tanks allocated to support the attack being destroyed by a concealed anti-aircraft gun at the outset,[306] the right flank was able to advance about 600 yards (500 m), having approached the fringe of the coconut plantation that extended around the coast from the western end of the Old Strip.[307] The I/128th Battalion had also joined the fighting along the Old Strip that day.[308] The Australians were being employed as "shok qo'shinlari " and relied on the Americans to clear behind them as they advanced.[309] The III/128th Battalion had similarly supported the 2/9th Battalion.[310] On 25 December, an advance by infiltration was attempted but two anti-aircraft guns and their supporting defences were encountered.[311] On 26 December, the first fell silent, out of ammunition and was over-run by the Americans.[312] The second gun and supporting positions only fell after a bitter struggle. The impetus for the advance that day had been held by strongly contested positions which ultimately yielded to the tenacity of the attackers, who suffered heavily without the benefit of supporting tanks.[313] On 27 December the attackers consolidated the position at the end of the Old Strip.[314] By 28 December, most of the Japanese were contained in the coastal strip of coconut plantation from the Simemi Creek at the end of the Old Strip to Giropa Creek, about half a mile from the coast. A plan for 28 December to squeeze the Japanese with a pivot from each flank was a costly failure and during the evening, the right flank was counter-attacked with many casualties, while the Japanese raided American positions in depth.[315] An attack was planned for 29 December, with newly arrived tanks.[316] The 2/10th Battalion was strengthened by a company of the 2/9th Battalion but the attack became a fiasco, when the tanks attacked their own troops.[317]
The 2/12-batalyon was arriving and was tasked to clear the strip of coconut plantation in an attack on 1 January, with six tanks supporting and three in reserve.[318] By this time, the III/128th Battalion had been relieved by the I/126th Battalion.[319] The fighting continued through the day.[320] The last post was reduced by 9:55 a.m. on 2 January and sporadic fighting continued into the afternoon as the position was cleared.[321] The 2/12th Battalion lost twelve officers and 179 other ranks in these two days of fighting.[322] The 18th Brigade lost 55 officers and 808 other ranks since being committed on 18 December.[322]
Huggins' roadblock
The bulk of the force occupying the roadblock on the Sanananda Track consisted of I Company, III/126th Battalion and the Regimental Anti-tank Company, with Captain John Shirley in command.[323] The forward Japanese positions had been enveloped but not isolated by Allied positions which resembled a horseshoe with the ends pointing northward and the roadblock between the two ends. Cannon Company and K Company, at the western end of the horseshoe, were about 1,400 yards (1,000 m) west of the roadblock.[324] Initially, this provided a base from which to supply the roadblock position.[255] Huggins was leading a ration party to the roadblock on 1 December when, shortly after his arrival, Shirley was killed. Huggins then took command of the force but was wounded and evacuated from the position on 8 December.[325]
The Americans mounted an attack against the enveloped Japanese positions on 5 December without success.[326] It became apparent that reinforcements were needed and the Australian 30th Brigade (less the 39th Battalion) was assigned this task for 7 December.[327] The 49th Battalion was allocated the right side of the track and was to attack in the morning, while the 55th/53rd, allocated the left side, were to attack in the afternoon. Both attacks made little gain for heavy casualties, though, the 49th Battalion did link with parts of the 2/2nd Battalion in positions near the far right end of the horseshoe of positions.[328] Until mid-December and the arrival of the 2/7th Cavalry Regiment and the 36th Battalion, the forces deployed on the track adopted a policy of patrolling and infiltrating the Japanese positions.[329]
James' roadblock
The 36th Battalion took over positions astride the track on 18 December, with the 55th/53rd and 49th Battalions shuffling left and right respectively. Attacks were to be made by these two battalions the following day against the forward Japanese positions, with the 36th in reserve.[330] The 2/7th Cavalry Regiment had circled left to advance to Huggins' that night, to launch an attack in the morning along the track and press on to Sanananda.[331] Having lost many of its junior leaders, the attack by the 55th/53rd Battalion was soon held.[332] The 49th Battalion was able to push forward, mainly along the Japanese flank, to the vicinity of the roadblock position.[333] Renewed attacks by the 49th Battalion with support from part of the 36th Battalion were held up.[334] An attempt by the 36th Battalion on 21 December to push through from positions gained by the 49th Battalion made little progress.[335]
The 2/7th Cavalry Regiment was able to advance about 450 yards (400 m) before meeting strong resistance, which also threatened the flanks of its advance. By nightfall, Captain James, with about 100 men was able to establish a perimeter about 400 yards (400 m) from Huggins'.[336] Most of the remaining force was able to fall back to Huggins'.[337] The attacking forces continued to patrol vigorously on 20 and 21 December. While the attacks failed to capture the forward position or achieve a breakthrough along the track, they isolated a further cluster of Japanese posts between Huggins' and the fresh roadblock position occupied by James.[338] There was now also a line of posts along the eastern flank to Huggins', manned by the 49th Battalion. This then became the line of communication and supply for the roadblock positions.[339] It was clear that the reinforcements were insufficient to force a decision on the Sanananda Track. There were no more Australian forces available for the beachheads unless the defences elsewhere in New Guinea were stripped. The US 163rd Infantry Regiment (41st Infantry Division) was en route to the beachheads and the 18th Brigade, with the tanks of the 2/6th Armoured Regiment, would be released from the 32nd Division when Buna fell. This would not relieve the situation on the Sanananda Track until early in the new year and patrolling continued during this lull.[340]
Buna Government Station falls
After the fall of Buna Village on 14 December, the II/128th Battalion cleared the Coconut Grove by noon on 17 December, having attacked the day before.[341] On 18 December, an attempt was made by the III/128th Battalion to advance on the Government Station by crossing to Musita Island. The advance across the Island was unopposed but was driven back off the island by heavy fire as it attempted to cross the bridge at the eastern end.[342] An attempt by the II/126th Battalion was made on the Triangle on 19 December from near the bridge over Entrance Creek, driving south but was a costly failure.[343] On 20 December, the II/127th Battalion crossed the creek at the Coconut Grove under cover of smoke but the attack became confused and "fizzled out"; Urbana Force had made no progress in three days.[344]
A bridgehead was to be made across Entrance Creek, about half-way between the Island and the Triangle, with the attack pressing through the Government Gardens and bypassing the Triangle. A crossing was made by the III/127th Battalion in assault boats on the night of 21 December and a bridge was built by which five companies were able to cross on 24 December.[345] A bridge at the south-west end of Musita Island was repaired and the occupation of the Island by midday on 23 December was uneventful.[346] An advance across the Government Gardens along an axis slightly north of east on 24 December was planned and the attack became a small unit action by companies without a clear distinction between battalions. On 24 December, the right and centre attacks bogged down. However, on the left, a platoon advanced to the sea but when it found itself isolated, out of contact and under fire from its own guns, it was forced to withdraw.[347] A renewed effort was joined by parts of the I/127th Battalion which was just arriving. The attack on 25 December produced a similar result to the previous day but this time, two companies were able to establish a perimeter about 300 yards (300 m) from the sea and 600 yards (500 m) from the Government Station.[348] The position was isolated and strongly contested by the Japanese. By 28 December, the position had been consolidated and progress had been made in the centre and on the right.[349] By this time, it had been found that the Japanese had abandoned the Triangle.[350] Also on 28 December, the III/128th Battalion tried to force a bridgehead from Musita Island in assault boats but this failed when the artillery cover lifted while the boats were in midstream.[351]
On the night of 29 December, it was discovered that the Japanese were no longer contesting an approach to the Government Station across the spit seaward of Musita Island.[352] Plans were made to exploit this with an attack early on 31 December, approaching from the spit and from the bridge on Musita Island. Irresponsible firing alerted the Japanese of the approach along the spit and the inexperienced company of the II/127th Battalion broke under fire after the company commander was wounded. Disaster was averted by the intervention of the regimental commander, Colonel Grose, who rallied the troops. The second of the companies committed along this axis was "more resolute" and a beachhead was secured.[353] On 1 January 1943, Urban Force attacked the Government Station and by 2 January, some Japanese troops were breaking to the sea. By mid-afternoon, the advances from the coast and the bridge had met. Final positions were captured later that afternoon and a link was made with the Australians on the right flank.[354]
Realignment of Allied forces
With the fall of Buna, the 32nd Division was to press on against the Japanese at Sanananda–Giruwa from the east while the 18th Brigade and tanks of the 2/6th Armoured Regiment were to join the 7th Division at the Sanananda Track, with the US 163rd infantry Regiment was also joining at the Track. On 22 December, the headquarters of the 21st Brigade and the 39th Battalion moved from Gona to the Sanananda Track, where the 49th Battalion and 2/7th Cavalry Regiment came under command and the 39th Battalion relieved the Americans occupying Huggins' Roadblock.[355] The AIF battalions properly belonging to the brigade remained in the Gona area, to be known as Goforce, under command of Lieutenant Colonel Challen. The Americans of the 126th Infantry Regiment that remained were under command of the 30th Brigade but were returned to the 32nd Division at Buna on 9 January.[356]
Brigadier Porter, commanding the 30th Brigade wrote to Eichelberger:
I am taking the opportunity offered by Major Boerem's return to you to express my appreciation of what the men of your division who have been under my command have done to assist our efforts on the Sanananda Road. Hozirga kelib, bu erda kutilganidan kattaroq qiyinchiliklar yuzaga kelganligi anglandi va sizning bo'linishingizdagi erkaklar ularning aksariyatini ko'targan bo'lishlari mumkin ... Sizning erkaklaringiz munosib o'rtoqlar va dadil yuraklardir. Yaqin kelajakda ular yo'q bo'lib ketgan saflarini tiklash imkoniyatiga ega bo'lishlariga ishonaman. Hozirgi tajriba fondi bilan ular ulkan kuchga aylanadi ...[357]
2-dan 3-yanvarga o'tar kechasi, 163-polk kelishi bilan umumiy o'zgarish yuz berdi. Amerikaliklar keyinchalik 21-brigada boshchiligidagi avstraliyaliklar egallab turgan lavozimlarni egallab olishdi. Keyinchalik bu avstraliyalik bo'linmalar 30-brigada qo'mondonligi ostiga o'tdilar va yangi kelgan shtab qo'mondonligi ostidagi 36 va 55/53-batalyonlarni bo'shatdilar. 14-brigada Goforce mas'uliyatini o'z zimmasiga olgan.[358] Shunday qilib, yengil tortib, 21-brigada va uning AIF batalyonlari Port Moresbiga qaytib kelishdi.[359] 10-yanvar kuni ertalab 18-brigada 2/7 otliqlar polkini qo'mondonlik ostiga oldi va 30-brigadaning 39 va 49-batalyonlari egallagan pozitsiyalarni egallab oldi, 12-yanvar kuni hujumga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun.[360]
Rankin yo'l to'sig'i
Bunga etaklagan polkovnik Dou 163-piyoda polkiga qo'mondonlik qilib, ikkala to'siq orasidagi yapon pozitsiyalarini majburlashga urindi. 8-yanvar kuni I / 163-chi batalyon tomonidan qilingan hujumni himoyachilar qattiq kutib olishdi va orqaga qaytarishdi.[361] 9 yanvarda II / 163-chi batalyon Xuggins (163 piyoda polki tomonidan Musket nomi bilan tanilgan) orqali Killerton yo'lidagi pozitsiyaga joylashtirildi.[362] Batalyon janubdagi Yaponiya pozitsiyalari bilan yaqin aloqada to'siq o'rnatdi. Ushbu pozitsiya Xagginsning g'arbiy qismidan bir oz janubroq bo'lgan va batalon qo'mondoni nomi bilan "Rankin" nomi bilan tanilgan.[363]
Sanananda Trekdagi tanklar
12-yanvar kuni 2/9-chi va 2-chi 12-batalyonlar, har biri 2-chi 10-batalyondan birlashma bilan mustahkamlanib, Sanananda trek bo'ylab Yaponiyaning oldinga pozitsiyalariga hujum qildi. Zaxiradagi bittasi bilan hujumni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun uchta tank ajratildi. Manevr qila olmagan tanklar yashirin qurol bilan tezda nokaut qilindi va hujum, ayniqsa chapdagi yaponlar tomonidan 2/12 batalyon oldida qaytarildi, ammo yaponlar Keypgacha yo'lni to'sib qo'ygan oldinga pozitsiyalaridan voz kechishdi. Killerton. Xaggins janubidagi pozitsiyalar 12 va 13 yanvar tunlari davomida tark etildi.[364]
Tarakena
127-polk sohil bo'ylab Bundan Sanananda-Giruva tomon yurish vazifasini olgan edi va Siwori-da plyaj boshi tashkil etilgan edi, ammo 4-yanvar kuni kechqurun yaponlar yaponlarning ilg'or amerikalik pozitsiyasiga hujum qilib, ularni qaytarib oldilar.[365] Ikki kompaniya 5-yanvar kuni ertalab Siwori Creek-dan o'tib, Yaponiyaning kechiktirilgan harakatiga qarshi Tarakena tomon yo'l oldi va 8-yanvar kuni kechqurun qishloqqa etib bordi.[366][367] Qishloqning g'arbiy qismida tez oqayotgan Konombi daryosi o't bilan qoplangan va har qanday oldinga siljish uchun katta to'siq bo'lgan.[368] 10-yanvarga qadar plyaj xavfsizligi ta'minlandi, ammo mamlakat tashqarisida o'tish qiyin edi, chunki baland dengiz oqimida okean va botqoq birlashdi.[369] 32-bo'lim tomonidan avans 15 yanvargacha to'xtatildi.[362][Izoh 33]
Keyp Killerton, Sanananda va Giruva
18-brigada 15-yanvar kuni ertalab Keyp Killerton tomonga yo'l oldi, 2/10-chi etakchi, ammo yo'l botqoqqa botganligi sababli juda og'irlashdi. Ertasi kuni plyajga etib bordi va o'sha kuni kechqurun Vay-Poytnda batalon kuchli pozitsiyaning tashqi himoyasiga duch keldi.[373] II / 163rd, Rankinni tark etib, 18-brigadaning orqasidan ergashdi. Ikkinchi, sharqiy Killerton yo'lini topish uchun Killerton trassasini kokos yong'og'ida qoldirdi (Keyp Killertonning yarim yo'lidan bir oz kamroq).[374] 16 yanvarda u polkning qolgan qismini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ikkinchi yo'l bo'ylab janubga qarab harakatlandi. U orqadan Jeyms (163-piyoda polki tomonidan Fisk yoki Kano nomi bilan tanilgan) yaqinidagi yapon pozitsiyalariga yaqinlashdi va I / 163-batalyon bilan bog'landi.[375][Izoh 34] 2 / 12th Sanananda yo'lini bosib o'tish uchun asosiy Sanananda trassasi uchun Killerton yo'lidagi kokos daraxtidan sharqqa urildi. Bunga 17-yanvar kuni soat 11:30 ga erishildi. 2 / 9th Kilerton trassasidan sharqqa, qishloq bo'ylab urilgan. Vay-punktdan sharqda Yaponiya qirg'oq mudofaasini chetlab o'tib, Sanananda tomon shimoli-sharqqa urilishidan oldin qirg'oqqa parallel bo'lgan.[378] Kechasi Sanananda qishlog'idagi mavzelardan bir oz oldin to'xtadi.[379]
Xaggins va Jeyms orasidagi pozitsiyalar 16-yanvar kuni 163-piyoda polki tomonidan qisqartirildi.[380] Shuningdek, u yapon pozitsiyalarini Jeymsning old tomoniga o'rab oldi. Bu avstraliyaliklarning yo'l bo'ylab harakatlanishini ta'minlagan klasterning so'nggi qismi edi. II / 163-chi, polkning qolgan qismi bilan uchrashish uchun ikkinchi Killerton trassasi bo'ylab qaytib kelib, sharqdan asosiy Sanananda trekka o'tib, bu yo'l bilan 2/12-batalyon bilan bog'languncha oldinga siljiydi.[381] Yo'lni aniq topgach, u 22 yanvargacha vazifasi bilan hibsga olingan polkga qaytdi.[382]
18-yanvar kuni ertalab 2/9-batalyon Sanananda qishlog'iga janubi-g'arbiy tomondan botqoqlik orqali yaqinlashdi. Ushbu mumkin bo'lmagan yondashuv kuchli himoya qilinmadi va qishloq tungi soat 13:00 ga qadar qulab tushdi. Keyin batalon Sanananda punktini va sharqdan Giruwa daryosigacha tundan oldin tozalashdi.[383] 127-piyoda polk, Konombi-Krikda to'xtab, 16-yanvar kuni oldinga o'tishni tavsiya qildi va barqaror rivojlanib, 21-yanvar kuni Giruvani oldi va allaqachon Giruwa daryosida bo'lgan avstraliyaliklar bilan bog'landi.[384][35-eslatma]
17-yanvar kuni kechqurun 2/12-batalyon Sanananda trekidan o'tib ketdi va oldinroq Killerton qishlog'idan trekka patrul qilish uchun yo'naltirilgan 2/10-batalyonning "A" kompaniyasi bilan bog'landi.[378] 18 yanvar kuni u shimoldan Sanananda tomon yurdi, ammo batalyon uchta hujumga qaramay o'sha kuni engib bo'lmaydigan qat'iy qarshilikka duch keldi.[387] 19 yanvar kuni trekning g'arbiy qismida pozitsiyani 2/10-batalyonning 'A' kompaniyasi egallab oldi, ular vaqtincha 2/12-batalyonga ajralishdi. Podpolkovnik Artur Arnold, 2/12 batalyonga qo'mondonlik qilib, bu jasoratni "kampaniyaning ushbu bosqichining ajoyib xususiyatlaridan biri" deb ta'rifladi.[387] Batalyon trekning shimoliy qismidan yordam berib kelgan 2/9-batalyonning bir kompaniyasi bilan bog'lana oldi. Yo'lning sharqiy tomonidagi mudofaa hujumchilarning o'sha kuni va ertasiga qilgan harakatlariga qarshilik ko'rsatdi, ammo 21 yanvar kuni ertalab faqatgina kasallar va yaradorlar pozitsiyani egallab olishdi va ozgina qarshilik ko'rsatishdi.[388]
2/10-batalyon Vye Pointdan o'ta qarshilik ko'rsatib, juda qiyin er bilan murakkablashdi.[392] Dengizni botqoqdan ajratib turadigan chiziq balandligi bir necha metr kenglikda, pastroq oqimida esa unchalik ko'p emas edi.[393] Rivojlanish juda sekin edi, faqat minomyotlardan yong'inni samarali qo'llab-quvvatlash va bu o'q-dorilarni oldinga to'ldirish kerak bo'lganligi sababli cheklangan edi.[394] Sananandani tozalab, 2/9-chi batalyon dastlab bitta kompaniya bilan 2/10-batalyonni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun g'arbga surildi.[394] 20 yanvarga qadar 300 metr (300 m) ikki batalonni ajratib turdi, ammo soat 13.15 ga qadar. 22 yanvarda kuchlar birlashgani va uyushtirilgan qarshilik tugaganligi haqida xabar berilgan edi.[395]
Natijada
Garchi asosiy janglar tugagan bo'lsa-da, yaponlarning katta qismi qirg'oq boshlarida ozodlikda qolishdi va keyingi kunlarda ular bilan kurashish kerak edi.[396] Amboga daryosi hududida 14-brigada qochqinlar guruhi bilan keskin to'qnashdi.[396] AQSh 41-diviziyasining qolgan polklari kuchsizlanib qolgan Ittifoq kuchlarini tinchlantirish uchun oldinga siljishdi va Kumusi daryosi atrofidagi yapon kuchlarining qoldiqlari bilan kurashishdi.[397] Dobodura Oro ko'rfazidagi yaxshilangan bandargohlar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan asosiy yo'naltirilgan havo bazasi sifatida ishlab chiqilgan.[398]
Avstraliyadagi jangovar talofatlar 3471 kishini tashkil etdi, ulardan 1204 nafari jangda halok bo'lgan yoki jarohatlardan vafot etgan va 66 kishi bedarak yo'qolgan deb taxmin qilingan. Bu kasal evakuatsiya qilinganlarni o'z ichiga olmaydi.[399] Jami 13645 kuchga ega bo'lgan Amerika quruqlik kuchlari 671 jangda halok bo'lgan, 116 boshqa o'lim, 2172 jangda yaralangan va 7920 kasal bo'lib jami 10 879 ta. 163-piyoda polk 88 ta jangda o'ldirilgan va 238 ta jarohat olgan.[400] Umuman olganda, 60000 ga yaqin amerikaliklar Guadalkanalda jang qildilar, ular 5845 talafot ko'rdilar, shu jumladan 1600 jangda o'ldirildi. Papuada 33 mingdan ziyod amerikaliklar va avstraliyaliklar jang qildilar va ular 8546 ta talafot ko'rdilar, ulardan 3095 nafari o'ldirildi. Gvadalkanalda har 37 kishidan biri vafot etgan, Yangi Gvineyadagi qo'shinlarda o'lish ehtimoli har 11 kishidan bittasi bo'lgan.[401]
Uning kitobida, Tokioga boradigan o'rmon yo'limiz, 1950 yilda yozilgan, Eyxelberger shunday deb yozgan edi: "Bunga ... o'lim, yaralar, kasalliklar, umidsizlik va odamlarning azob-uqubatlari uchun juda katta narxga sotib olingan. U erda jang qilgan hech kim, qancha urinmasin, uni hech qachon unutmaydi". Halok bo'lganlar, "u bizning fuqarolik urushimizdagi eng og'ir yo'qotishlarga, yondashishga, foizga qarab yondoshing" degan xulosaga keldi. U yana shunday izoh berdi: "Men aqlga sig'maydigan odamman, lekin Buna hanuzgacha men uchun, orqaga qarab, dahshatli tush. Bu oradan ancha vaqt o'tgach, men har kuni va kechalarning aksariyatini eslayman".[404]
Tarixchi Stenli Falk bunga rozi bo'lib, "Papua kampaniyasi ittifoqchilarning Tinch okeanidagi urushda har bir qo'shin uchun yo'qotishlar bo'yicha eng qimmat g'alabalaridan biri bo'lgan" deb yozgan.[89] Ayniqsa, 2/126-chi zarba juda og'ir edi. Sanananda yo'lidagi janglar ularning kuchini 1300 dan 158 gacha kamaytirdi.[405][37-eslatma]
Kokoda paytida Xoriga Bullardning so'zlariga ko'ra orqaga chekinish yoki evfemik tarzda "boshqa yo'nalishda harakat qilish" buyurilgan edi.[407] Gorari-da, buyurtma qilingan chekinish 7-bo'lim tomonidan qo'llaniladigan bosim ostida qulab tushdi.[35] Vasi bu haqda shunday yozgan edi: "... biz unga boshqa tomondan hujum qilishni yoqtirmasligini isbotladik ... [Gorari] Japni mutlaqo tor-mor etdi."[408] Bunani himoya qilish uchun yaponlar tomonidan buyruqlar berildi: "Buna hududini ta'minlash kelajakdagi operatsiyalarni bajarish uchun juda muhimdir".[409] U erda Vasiy shunday deydi: "Jap men o'ylagandan ko'ra o'jarroq va charchamoqda va men bu jabhada eskirgan urush bo'lib ketayotganidan qo'rqaman. Yapon o'ldirilgunga qadar ketmaydi va bu jarayonda u ko'plab odamlarga zarar etkazadi. biz tomonda. "[410] U shunday deb yozdi: "Men yaponlar yoki boshqa biron kimsa u o'zini isbotlaganidek o'jar va qaysar bo'lishi mumkinligini bilmagan edim. Men hozirgi holatimizni solishtirdim. Krit teskari, lekin afsuski yaponlar bizning qoidalarimiz bilan o'ynashmayapti. "[411][38-eslatma] Yapon himoyachilarining qat'iyati va matonati G'arbning fikriga ko'ra misli ko'rilmagan darajada "fanatik" bo'lib qoldi,[413] va ilgari duch kelmagan edi. Bu butun urush davomida keyingi janglarning o'tkazilishini belgilash edi.[414][39-eslatma]
Yaponiya yo'qotishlarini taxmin qilish ularning kuchi kuchini aniqlash kabi qiyin. Yapon manbalari o'zlarining yo'qotishlarini taxminan 8000 ga teng deb hisoblashadi.[104][40-eslatma] Gona va Sanananda 200 dan ortiq mahbuslar, shu jumladan 159 yapon olib ketilgan.[417] Buna-da faqat 50 nafar mahbus, asosan yapon bo'lmagan mardikorlar olib ketilgan.[418][41-eslatma] Biroq, g'alaba "istalgancha to'liq bo'lmadi", chunki mehnatga layoqatli yapon qo'shinlarining ko'plari qochib ketishdi.[417]
Mualliflar, shu jumladan Makkarti[420] va Makuley[421] Yaponlarni qimmatbaho jangga jalb qilish zarurmi yoki ular ochlikdan tiyilib, kamayib ketishi mumkinmi degan savol tug'dirdi. Ikkalasi ham jang kerak va g'alaba faqat Makartur uchun emas, ittifoqchilar uchun zarur degan xulosaga kelishdi. Kondon-Rall va Kovdri o'xshash pozitsiyaga ega, ammo boshqacha asosga ega bo'lib, Eyxelbergerning yozishicha, u "bu kasallik biz uchun dushman nishonga olishdan ko'ra dahshatli va o'lik xavfli edi. Biz bezgak pashshasi bizni qamchilamasdan oldin yaponlarni qamchilashimiz kerak edi".[422][423][42-eslatma] Biroq, ushbu g'alabani yo'qotilgan zararsiz qo'lga kiritish mumkinmi, degan savol tug'dirmasligi qiyin.[425] Shoshqaloqlik uchun ortiqcha bosim ittifoqchilarning yo'qotishlarini yanada kuchaytirgani aniq.[154][153] Bundan tashqari, Yaponiyaning mudofaasini siqib chiqarish yoki ularga kirib borish jarayoni takroran hujumlar foyda keltira olmagan natijalarni keltirib chiqarishi aniq.[426][43-eslatma] Avstraliya kuchlari tomonidan berilgan yo'qotishlar jangdan keyingi "oylar davomida" ularning hujum qobiliyatini chekladi.[430][431]
Aksiya davomida ko'plab qimmatli, ammo qimmatli darslar mavjud edi.[432] Bu ittifoqchilar uchun katta o'quv tajribasi ekanligi isbotlandi.[433] Ushbu darslar butun urush davomida Avstraliya armiyasi tomonidan qo'llanilgan doktrinalar va taktikalarning asosini tashkil etdi.[434]
Tan olish va yodgorliklar
Muvaffaqiyatli avstraliyalik birliklar uchun "Buna-Gona" jang sharafi[435] hadya etildi. Yordamchi mukofotlar, shuningdek, "Gona",[436] "Sanananda yo'li",[437] "Amboga daryosi",[438] "Cape Endaiadere – Sinemi Creek"[439] va "Sanananda - Keyp Killerton".[440][44-eslatma]
Birinchi serjant Elmer J. Burr[443] va serjant Kennet E. Gruennert[444] vafotidan keyin mukofotlandi "Shuhrat" medali Buna-Gona jangidagi harakatlari uchun. Herman Bottcher ikki marotaba "Xizmat ko'rsatgan Xoch" mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi.[445]
Urushdan keyin Xagginsning to'sig'i bo'lgan joyda misdan yasalgan yodgorlik lavhasi qo'yildi.
3-batalyon, 126-piyoda polki,
32-bo'lim "Xaggins yo'l to'sig'i"
1941 yil noyabr - 1942 yil dekabr
Minnatdorchilik bilan Amerika legioni kapitan Meredit Xugginsni eslaydi. Milliy qo'mondon Aprel tomonidan Amerika legioni nomidan qurilgan[446]
Yaponlar o'z askarlari kurashini yodga oladigan yodgorlik ham o'rnatdilar.
Kochi-kendan o'lgan urush shu erda. 1974 yil, Kochining gubernatori, Kochi-ken, Ma'sumi Mizobuchi, yaqinlaridan ayrilgan Yangi Gvineya jamiyatining vakili.[447][448]
Avstraliya bo'linmalari halok bo'lgan o'rtoqlari xotirasiga yodgorlik plakatini qo'yishdi.
53, 55, 55/53-avstraliyalik piyoda batalyonining 161 a'zosi xotirasiga (A.I.F.)[45-eslatma] 1942–1945 yillarda Papua Yangi Gvineyada jon berganlar.[447]
Izohlar
- ^ Avstraliya urush yodgorligi (AWM) to'plam ma'lumotnomasi.
- ^ Qarang Jang tartibi tafsilotlar uchun.
- ^ Bu jangovar samarali qo'shinlarning soni. Dastlab umumiy quvvat 9000–10000 gacha baholangan. Qarang Yapon kuchi tafsilotlar uchun.
- ^ O'limlar orasida 1204 avstraliyalik va 671 AQSh jangda halok bo'lgan yoki jarohatlardan vafot etgan. Tropik kasalliklar bilan kasallanish Ittifoqchi qo'shinlarning 50 foizidan oshdi. Ushbu ko'rsatkich sakkiz mingga yaqin kasalni evakuatsiya qilgan amerikaliklarni o'z ichiga oladi, ammo kasal evakuatsiya qilingan avstraliyalik harbiylarni o'z ichiga olmaydi ("Oqibatlar" bo'limiga qarang).
- ^ 4000 ittifoqchilar tomonidan ko'milgan. Qarang Halok bo'lgan yaponlar soni tafsilotlar uchun.
- ^ Kapitan Medendorp boshchiligidagi oldingi partiya 6 oktyabrda jo'nab ketdi.[31]
- ^ Anderson bu masofani 25 mil (40 km) deb hisoblaydi.[37] Bu boshqa manbalardagi xaritalarda ko'rsatilgan to'g'ri chiziq masofasiga mos keladi.[38]
- ^ Yordamida o'lchov bilan tasdiqlangan Google Earth.
- ^ Brigadir Xarold Disher 1942 yil noyabr oyining oxiridan Yangi Gvineya Kuchlari Tibbiy xizmatlar direktorining o'rinbosari edi. Dekabr oyi oxirida u o'zining kundaligida "Milne ko'rfazidagi va Buna atrofidagi odamlarning 100 foizi yuqtirgan deb o'ylardi".[70] 1943 yil yanvar oyining oxiriga kelib, operatsion hududlar uchun bezgak darajasi yiliga 1000 kishiga 2,496 ga teng bo'lgan eng yuqori darajaga ko'tarildi,[71] yoki 250 foizga yaqin. Bunga odam boshiga o'rtacha ikkitadan relapslar kiradi. 163-piyoda polk yanvar oyining boshidan Sananandaga etib keldi. Dekabr oyi oxirida u Avstraliyadan bezgak xavfi bo'lmagan joyda joylashtirilgan edi.
- ^ Bu raqamlar Yangi-Gvineyaning nafaqat Buna-Gona atrofidagi operatsiyalarga asoslanganligini ko'rsatmoqda.
- ^ AQShning 32-diviziyasiga qo'mondonlik qilgan Harding Oro ko'rfazidan yuklarni etkazib berishda bir qator kichik qirg'oq kemalari va barjalaridan foydalanishni niyat qilgan. 16 va 17 noyabr kunlari o'tkazilgan havo reydlari u foydalanmoqchi bo'lgan kemalarga zarar etkazdi yoki yo'q qildi.[76]
- ^ Bullard Mambare ko'rfaziga yaqin joyda suv osti kemalari bilan yuklarni qo'nish haqida xabar beradi. U to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Buna-Gona-ni to'ldirayotgan suvosti kemalarini yozib qo'ymaydi.[90]
- ^ 1942 yil sentyabr oyida Yaponiyaning kundalik ratsioni 800 g (28 oz) guruch va konservalangan go'shtdan iborat edi; dekabrgacha bu 50 g (1,8 oz) ga tushdi.[93]
- ^ Bartolomey,[95] odamxo'rlikning boshqa dalillari qatorida, go'shtsiz qo'llar bo'lgan oziq-ovqat qoldiqlari ko'rsatilgan. AWM yozuvlari "yaponlarning odati o'lgan do'stining qo'lini kesib, terisini terish, go'shti va suyaklarini charxlash va esdaliklarni o'lgan odamning oilasiga yuborish edi".[96]
- ^ Qarang Yapon kuchi va Xabar qilingan kuchli tomonlarni yarashtirish tafsilotlar uchun.
- ^ Sandler kuchni 3,450 ga teng qiladi.[108] Qarang Asosiy pozitsiyalarda kuch batafsil ma'lumot uchun.
- ^ Qarang Asosiy pozitsiyalarda kuch tafsilotlar uchun.
- ^ Bullardning ta'kidlashicha, kuch 591 ga tushgan.[116]
- ^ Qarang Jang tartibi tafsilotlar uchun.
- ^ Bu vaqtda avstraliyalik batalyonning tashkil etilish kuchi 910 barcha darajalarni tashkil etdi.[128] 2/12-batalyon 18-brigadadagi batalonlarning eng kuchlisi edi.[129] U umumiy kuchi 615 kishidan iborat bo'lgan.[130] Boshqa avstraliyalik batalyonlar odatda bu kuchning yarmiga yoki undan kamroqiga ega edilar.
- ^ 14-noyabr kuni 126 va 128 polk jangovar jamoalari va bo'linma shtab-kvartirasining old эшalonidan iborat 32-chi divizionlarning oldinga kuchi 6,951 deb e'lon qilindi.[131]
- ^ Nelsonning xabar berishicha, 1942 yil oxiriga kelib ANGAU tomonidan 5500 kishi Buna hududida ish bilan ta'minlangan.[135]
- ^ Tarixchi Adrian Threlfall va boshqalar shuni ta'kidlaydiki, o'rmon sharoitida havodan taktik qo'llab-quvvatlash boshlang'ich bosqichida bo'lgan va ko'rsatiladigan yordam miqdori etarli emas.[149]
- ^ Sandler Buna hududini to'rtdan uch chaqirim chuqurlikda (taxminan 1300 m) deb ta'riflagan.[181]
- ^ Qo'mondonning fotosurat xaritasida ko'rsatilgan yapon mudofaasi[182] Bunadagi qat'iy zaminni ko'rsatadi. Fotosurat xaritasi uchun "Intelligence" bo'limiga qarang.
- ^ Milner[201] daromadni "bir necha yuz yard" deb hisoblaydi. Mayorning razvedkasi Garri Xarkurt, 2/6-chi mustaqil kompaniyani qo'mondonlik qilgan ofitser, 20-chi daromad I / 128-batalyonga qo'mondonlik qilgan podpolkovnik Robert Makkoy ishonganidek deyarli katta emasligini aniqladi.[202]
- ^ Keltirilgan ma'lumotnoma (Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 32), qo'shimcha ravishda bitta 105 millimetrli gubitsa va uchinchi tog 'gubitsa ro'yxati berilgan. Makkarti 105 millimetrli гаubitsa 29-noyabrgacha etib kelmaganligini yozadi, Milner uni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[207][208] Gillison 26 noyabrgacha qo'nishmaganligini yozmoqda.[209] Allan & Cuttsning ta'kidlashicha, uchinchi tog'li gubitsa 5-dekabrgacha 32-diviziyani qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun jangga qo'shilmagan va 26 noyabrda ham Kokoda yaqinida joylashgan.[210]
- ^ Milner[256] Kapitan Meredit Xuggins 5-dekabr kuni kuchini 225 deb e'lon qildi.[257]
- ^ Gona an Anglikan urush oldidan topshiriq.
- ^ Belgilangan punktlarning joylashuvi taxminiy. Ular Makkartida paydo bo'lgan eskizdan havodagi fotosuratga ko'chirilgan.[258]
- ^ Uch batalonning umumiy kuchi 35 ta ofitser va 701 ta boshqa darajani tashkil etdi.[265] 3-batalyon 179 ta kuch bilan jangga kirdi.[267] Uchta Chaforce kompaniyasi jangga 18 zobit va 311 boshqa darajadagi umumiy kuch bilan kirishdi.[268] Bu vaqtda batalon tashkil etilishi 910 barcha darajalarni tashkil etgan.[128]
- ^ Brune Xonnerning qaroriga "jur'at etdi" deb aytdi.[282]
- ^ Makkartining ta'kidlashicha, pauza 16 yanvargacha davom etgan.[370] Milner 127-piyoda polk 15 yanvarda oldinga o'tishga harakat qilganda qattiq qarshilikka duch kelganini aytadi.[371] Avans 16-yanvar kuni kuchliroq boshlandi. Harbiy Tarix Markazining yozishicha, ushbu jabhada 16 yanvarga qadar hujumgacha faol patrul xizmatida bo'lgan.[372]
- ^ Harbiy tarix markazi nashri[376] II / 163-batalyon ko'ndalang trassa orqali ikkinchi Killerton yo'lidagi tutashgan joydan asosiy Sanananda yo'ligacha harakatlanganligini ta'kidlamoqda. U erdan janubga borib, polkni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Milner II / 163-batalyonning ikkinchi izlari yo'qolib ketganiga qaramay, ikkinchi Killerton yo'lidan janubga qarab yurganini yozadi.[377]
- ^ Makkarti[385] Giruvadagi daryoga ishora qiladi, ammo asosiy manbalardagi xaritalarning hech biri[386] bu erda suv oqimini ko'rsatadigan ko'rinadi. Ular lagunani ko'rsatadi.
- ^ Qo'shimcha rasm uchun qarang "Ikkinchi jahon urushida g'olib bo'lgan surat:" Buna sohilida o'lik amerikaliklar, 1943 ". TIME. 19 oktyabr 2013. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2015 yil 18 mayda. Olingan 10 may 2015.
- ^ Makkarti[356] davlatlar, "jangovar talofatlar, kasalliklar va polk shtabining Buna jabhasiga ko'chirilishi, ularning dastlabki 1400 kishini shunchaki 165 kishiga kamaytirdi".[406]
- ^ Makkarti shunday deydi: "Shubhasiz yaponlar yapon askarlari edilar, ularga qochish vositasi yo'q edi, faqat o'lim qabul qilinadigan yengillikni keltirishi mumkin edi".[412]
- ^ Bergerud[415] va vakolatlar[416] aqidaparastlikdan kelib chiqadigan ushbu aqidaparastlik manbasini muhokama qiling. Pauers boshqa omillarni o'rganadi. The Tarava jangi kelajakdagi tajribalarning namunasidir. 4836 kishilik yapon garnizonidan 17 yapon askari va 129 koreyalik mardikor asirga olingan. Garnizon balansi jang paytida o'ldirilgan.
- ^ Qarang Halok bo'lgan yaponlar soni batafsil ma'lumot uchun.
- ^ Milnerning ta'kidlashicha, Papuadagi jang paytida 350 nafar mahbus olib ketilgan, bu shuni ko'rsatadiki, Kokoda trassasi bo'ylab, Milne ko'rfazida va Gudenu orolida bo'lgan janglar.[419]
- ^ McAuley, shuningdek, "tarix kasallik bilan mag'lub bo'lgan qurshovchilarning misollari bilan boyitilishini" ta'kidlaydi.[424]
- ^ Porter buni "Tinchlik bilan kirib borish ".[427] Ushbu ibora dastlab avstraliyalik kuchlar tomonidan ishlatilgan tajovuzkor patrul va infiltratsiya siyosatiga ishora qildi Armiyenlar birinchi jahon urushida nemisga ergashgan holda Spring Offensive 1918 yil[428] Buna-Gona-da, bu "ta'qib qilish va mustahkamlash" va "yumshoq nuqta" taktikasi deb ham yuritilgan.[429]
- ^ AWM "Buna Village" ning oltinchi yordamchi sha'niga tegishli.[435] Buyuk Britaniyaga va Hamdo'stlikka nisbatan janglar va kelishuvlarning rasmiy nomlarini aniqlash uchun mas'ul bo'lgan Battlefields Nomenklatura qo'mitasi, shuningdek, oltita yordamchi janglarni sanab o'tdi.[441] Jangovar sharaflar Qo'mita tomonidan belgilab qo'yilgan unvonlardan foydalanadi, ammo bunday emas, o'z-o'zidan, jang sharaflari. "Bunga Qishloq" bu kelishuvning rasmiy nomi bo'lsa-da, aslida unga yordamchi jang sharafi sifatida biron bir birlik berilmagan. Maitland faqat beshta yordamchi mukofotni ro'yxatlaydi.[442]
- ^ "A.I.F." yozuvi to'g'ri.[449] 75 foizdan ortiq ko'ngillilarga ega militsiya bo'linmalari AIF bo'linmalari deb aniqlanishi mumkin.[450]
Iqtiboslar
- ^ MacArtur 1994b, p. 188.
- ^ Cosgrove, Ben. "Ikkinchi jahon urushida g'olib bo'lgan surat:" Buna sohilida o'lik amerikaliklar, 1943 ". Vaqt. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2017 yil 20 sentyabrda. Olingan 30 iyul 2017.
- ^ Kostello 1982 yil; Liddel Xart 1971 yil; Uilyams 2004 yil.
- ^ Wigmore 1957 yil, p. 382 & 511.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 17-23 betlar.
- ^ Bullard 2007 yil, 20-21 bet.
- ^ Bullard 2007 yil, p. 40.
- ^ Keogh 1965 yil, p. 134.
- ^ Smit 2000 yil, p. 25.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 146.
- ^ Stenli 2007 yil, p. 29.
- ^ Horner 1993 yil, 4-5 bet.
- ^ Bullard 2007 yil, 57-61 bet.
- ^ Horner 1993 yil, p. 10.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 122-125 betlar; Bullard 2007 yil, 106-107 betlar.
- ^ Bullard 2007 yil, 94–176 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, 54-121 betlar; Makkarti 1959 yil, 108-146, 193-28 betlar.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 81, 87-betlar.
- ^ Coates 2006 yil, p. 232.
- ^ Xou 1958 yil, p. 252.
- ^ Dod 1966 yil, p. 172; Xou 1958 yil, p. 254.
- ^ Dod 1966 yil, p. 209; Xou 1958 yil, p. 371.
- ^ Xou 1958 yil, 254-374 betlar; Xopkins 2008 yil, p. 135.
- ^ Smit 2000 yil, 162–193-betlar.
- ^ Bullard 2007 yil, p. 159.
- ^ Bullard 2007 yil, 159, 166-betlar.
- ^ Bullard 2007 yil, p. 158; Milner 1957 yil, 54-121-betlar.
- ^ Bullard 2007 yil, p. 160.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 98-104-betlar.
- ^ Fitzsimons 2004 yil, p. 400; Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 5.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 112.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 111.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 352-353 betlar.
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- ^ a b Milner 1957 yil, p. 121 2.
- ^ a b Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 418; Jeyms 2008 yil, p. trek xaritasi; Milner 1957 yil, p. 147.
- ^ Anderson 1992 yil, p. 7.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 127; Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 385.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 385-386-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 384-387, 418-419-betlar. Makkarti Vayropi uchrashuvidan 7-divizion oldinga siljiganini, asosiy Buna-Gona mudofaasi yaqiniga yaqinlashguncha hech qanday jiddiy qarshilik ko'rsatmadi.
- ^ Anderson 1992 yil, p. 11.
- ^ "Sarlavha yo'q". Evi. Amazon. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2015 yil 8 dekabrda. Olingan 11 noyabr 2014. Cite umumiy sarlavhadan foydalanadi (Yordam bering)
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- ^ Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, 9-10 betlar; MacArtur 1994 yil, p. 87.
- ^ a b Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 11.
- ^ a b Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 9.
- ^ "Popondetta". Sinflarni jalb qilish uchun innovatsion texnologiyalar. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2015 yil 8 dekabrda. Olingan 13 noyabr 2014.
- ^ a b v "Ikkinchi Jahon urushi: Bunga topshiriq". Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2008 yil 23 oktyabrda. Olingan 4 fevral 2009.
- ^ a b Edvards 2010 yil, p. 153.
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- ^ Brien 2013 yil, 3-4 bet.
- ^ a b v Brien 2013 yil, p. 4.
- ^ Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 12; Brien 2013 yil, p. 4.
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- ^ a b Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 12.
- ^ Eyxelberger 1950 yil, p. 37.
- ^ Drea 1993 yil, 3-4 bet.
- ^ Bullard 2004 yil, p. 203.
- ^ a b "Bunga qadar avans - Ikkinchi Jahon urushidagi 32-chi" Qizil o'q "piyoda diviziyasining 2-qismi". 32-chi "Qizil o'q" faxriylar assotsiatsiyasi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2010 yil 8 sentyabrda. Olingan 6 yanvar 2010.
- ^ Bergerud 1996 yil, p. 75.
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- ^ Walker 1957 yil, 70-71 betlar.
- ^ a b Walker 1957 yil, p. 122.
- ^ Walker 1957 yil, p. 47.
- ^ Walker 1957 yil, p. 114; Sandler 2001 yil, p. 613.
- ^ Walker 1957 yil, p. 49; Sandler 2001 yil, p. 613.
- ^ Walker 1957 yil, p. 70.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 157-158 betlar.
- ^ Bergerud 1996 yil, p. 94.
- ^ Walker 1957 yil, p. 121 2.
- ^ Walker 1957 yil, p. 123.
- ^ Geyli 2000 yil, p. 165.
- ^ Walker 1957 yil, p. 86.
- ^ Brien 2013 yil, p. 6.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 354, 385, 419-betlar; Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 22.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 354-355-betlar.
- ^ a b Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 20.
- ^ Watson & Rohfleisch 1950 yil, 116–117-betlar, tafsilotlar haqida umumiy ma'lumot beradi.
- ^ Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 24.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 419; Milner 1957 yil, p. 151.
- ^ McAuley 1992 yil, p. 57; Dod 1966 yil, p. 198.
- ^ Gillison 1962 yil, 659, 661-betlar.
- ^ McAuley 1992 yil, 8-9 betlar; MacArtur 1994 yil, p. 89.
- ^ May 1968 yil, p. 82; Milner 1957 yil, p. 257.
- ^ Masterson 1949 yil, 588-589 betlar; Gill 1968 yil, 262, 268 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 442; McAuley 1992 yil, p. 116.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 415-416 betlar.
- ^ Bullard 2007 yil, p. 197.
- ^ a b Kempbell 2007 yil.
- ^ a b Bullard 2007 yil, p. 182.
- ^ "Yaponiya qurolli kuchlarining standart ratsionlari". Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2015 yil 15 martda. Olingan 1 noyabr 2014.
- ^ Bullard 2007 yil, p. 197; Bruney 2003 yil, p. 542.
- ^ Happell 2008 yil, p. 78.
- ^ Brien 2013 yil, p. 26; Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 523; Makuley 1992 yil, p. 290; Milner 1957 yil, 340, 363-betlar.
- ^ a b Bartolomew, Frank (1945 yil 24-aprel). "Yangi Gvineyadagi yapon kannibalizmi". Sidney Morning Herald. Avstraliya Associated Press. p. 3. Olingan 27 noyabr 2014.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
- ^ "P02443.017". Avstraliya urush yodgorligi. Olingan 27 noyabr 2014.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
- ^ MacArtur 1994 yil, p. 85; Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 14.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 444; Milner 1957 yil, p. 214.
- ^ Makuley 1992 yil, p. 110.
- ^ Makuley 1992 yil, p. 12; Milner 1957 yil, p. 144 va 48-eslatma.
- ^ Anderson 1992 yil, p. 22; Milner 1957 yil, p. 146.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 144, 48-eslatma.
- ^ a b Bullard 2007 yil, p. 205.
- ^ a b Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 531.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 146; McAuley 1992 yil, 24-25 betlar; Bullard 2007 yil, p. 177.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 416; Milner 1957 yil, p. 213.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 383; Milner 1957 yil, p. 146; Edvards 2010 yil, p. 151.
- ^ Sandler 2001 yil, p. 201.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 441; Milner 1957 yil, 145, 148-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 415; Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 64; Bullard 2007 yil, p. 197; Milner 1957 yil, p. 346.
- ^ McAuley 1992 yil, p. 127; Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 415; Milner 1957 yil, p. 145.
- ^ McAuley 1992 yil, p. 40.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 415-416 betlar; Bullard 2007 yil, 181, 185-186 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, 213, 217-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 415-416 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, p. 214; Bullard 2007 yil.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 416; Milner 1957 yil, p. 218; Bullard 2007 yil, p. 187.
- ^ Bullard 2007 yil, p. 187.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 447.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 232–233 betlar; Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 527.
- ^ Bullard 2007 yil, p. 173.
- ^ Bullard 2007 yil, p. 177.
- ^ McAuley 1992 yil, p. 40; Bullard 2007 yil, p. 181.
- ^ Bullard 2007 yil, 181, 185-betlar.
- ^ Brien 2013 yil, p. 8.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 141.
- ^ MacArtur 1994 yil, p. 88.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 359; Brien 2013 yil, p. 9; Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 14.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 127-132-betlar.
- ^ a b Palazzo 2004 yil, p. 94.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 454, 463, 480-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 480.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 131-132-betlar va 13-eslatma.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 331, 446-betlar.
- ^ Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 22; Dod 1966 yil, 198, 203-betlar; HBC 1943 yil, 94-95 betlar.
- ^ Kienzle 2011 yil, p. 191.
- ^ Nelson 2007 yil, p. 80.
- ^ Makuley 1992 yil, p. 66.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 374.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 132-137 betlar.
- ^ Bruney 2003 yil, p. 491.
- ^ Dekan 2013 yil, p. 230.
- ^ Bruney 2003 yil, 56, 565-betlar.
- ^ Brien 2013 yil, p. 12.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 405-406 betlar.
- ^ Anderson 1992 yil, p. 22.
- ^ Dod 1966 yil, 189,195–196-betlar.
- ^ Watson 1944 yil, 88-89 betlar.
- ^ Geyli 2000 yil, p. 139.
- ^ "Papua kampaniyasi - Buna jangi". Ikkinchi jahon urushidagi 32D piyoda diviziyasi "Qizil o'q". Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2012 yil 6 avgustda. Olingan 1 noyabr 2014.
- ^ a b Threlfall 2014 yil, p. 149.
- ^ Brien 2013 yil, p. 10; McAuley 1992 yil, 237, 276-betlar.
- ^ McAuley 1992 yil, p. 33.
- ^ Brien 2013 yil, p. 10.
- ^ a b "Suriyadan Gona va Kokoda o'rtasida - 2/27-batalyon kapitani Garri Katekar M.I.D.". 2010 yil 30-noyabr. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2013 yil 29 oktyabrda. Olingan 23 oktyabr 2013.
- ^ a b Milner 1957 yil, 369-370-betlar.
- ^ Bruney 2003 yil, 552-553 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 355.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 418, 385-betlar.
- ^ a b v d e f Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 358.
- ^ a b Milner 1957 yil, p. 140.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 418–419, 386-betlar.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 147–149, 151-betlar; Makkarti 1959 yil, 384-386-betlar; McAuley 1992 yil, 16-29 betlar.
- ^ McAuley 1992 yil, 18, 29-betlar.
- ^ Brien 2013 yil, p. 18.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 434.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 394-395 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 402, 501-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 423-424, 442-446-betlar.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 251-252 betlar; Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 382.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 260-281, 304-309 betlar; Makkarti 1959 yil, 455-485-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 403-413, 498-508 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 508.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 328-330, 332-333-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 513-517 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, 333, 343-346 betlar; Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 73.
- ^ Iqtibos qilingan Makkarti 1959 yil, 516-517 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 517-526 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, 350-364 betlar.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil; Bullard 2004 yil, p. 201.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 527.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 527, 530-betlar.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 147; Anderson 1992 yil, p. 11.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 370 xaritaga qarang.
- ^ Sandler 2001 yil, 200–201 betlar.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 175.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 455.
- ^ Dod 1966 yil, p. 200.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 140, 175, 190 betlar; Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 370; Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 26. Xaritalarni ko'ring.
- ^ Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 42; Makuley 1992 yil, p. 179.
- ^ Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 31.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 142; Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 52.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 361; Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 30.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 356.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 366; Milner 1957 yil, p. 185.
- ^ a b Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 361.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 488-489 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, p. 182.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 356; Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 370.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 355, 357-360 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, p. 157.
- ^ Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 13.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 356, 358-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 358; Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 27; Milner 1957 yil, 174–176 betlar.
- ^ Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 29.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 359.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 176.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 360.
- ^ Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 28.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 177–178 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 360-361 betlar; Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 28; Milner 1957 yil, 177–178 betlar.
- ^ Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 32.
- ^ a b Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 367.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 193.
- ^ Gillison 1962 yil, p. 662.
- ^ Allan & Cutts 1994 yil, 47, 64-betlar.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 366-367 betlar; Makkarti 1959 yil, 180-182 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 366.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 367; Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, 30-33 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 369-370 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, 194-195 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 364.
- ^ McAuley 1992 yil, 68-71-betlar.
- ^ Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, 29-30 betlar; Makkarti 1959 yil, 364-3365-betlar.
- ^ Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 32; Makkarti 1959 yil, 370-371 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, 189-192 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 372.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 373; Milner 1957 yil, p. 193.
- ^ Huber 1995 yil, p. 124; Milner 1957 yil, 211-212 betlar; Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 37.
- ^ Huber 1995 yil, p. 124; Milner 1957 yil, p. 212; Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 37.
- ^ McAuley 1992 yil, p. 179; Huber 1995 yil, p. 124.
- ^ Huber 1995 yil, p. 124; Milner 1957 yil, p. 234.
- ^ Geyli 2000 yil, p. 167; Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 374.
- ^ Huber 1995 yil, p. 124.
- ^ Uitni 1956 yil, p. 83.
- ^ Fath 2004 yil, p. 46.
- ^ McAuley 1992 yil, p. 185; Huber 1995 yil, p. 124.
- ^ Fath 2004 yil, p. 44.
- ^ Makuley 1992 yil, p. 185; Fath 2004 yil, p. 46.
- ^ Fath 2004 yil, 42-44 betlar.
- ^ a b Milner 1957 yil, p. 244.
- ^ "Bob amaki". Time jurnali. 1945 yil 10-sentyabr. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2010 yil 8 mayda. Olingan 4 fevral 2009.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 378-380 betlar; Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, 39-42 betlar.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 243-250-betlar.
- ^ Johnston, George H. (1943 yil 20 sentyabr). "Dunyodagi eng qattiq kurash". TIME jurnali. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2011 yil 24 noyabrda. Olingan 30 oktyabr 2007.
- ^ Uilyams 2012 yil.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 374-378 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, 234-240 betlar.
- ^ Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 42; Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 380.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 381.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 252; Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 382.
- ^ Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 43; Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 382.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 382; Milner 1957 yil, 252-254 betlar.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 151; Makkarti 1959 yil, 386-387 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 388.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 389.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 392.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 390-393 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 393.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 393-394-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 386.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 394.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 394-402 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, 155-164-betlar.
- ^ a b Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 403.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 163.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 224.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 423.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 418–419-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 419.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 149.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 419-421 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, p. 149.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 421; Milner 1957 yil, p. 149.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 421-422 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, p. 150.
- ^ a b Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 422.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 422; Milner 1957 yil, p. 150.
- ^ McAuley 1992 yil, p. 36.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 425, 427, 437-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 434, 427-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 424.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 425-427 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, p. 424.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 427-430 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, 214-215 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 430-431 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, p. 215.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 431-432 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, p. 215.
- ^ a b Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 343.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 126–126-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 434; Milner 1957 yil, p. 60.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 435.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 436-437 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, p. 216.
- ^ a b v Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 439.
- ^ Brien 2013 yil, p. 21.
- ^ Bruney 2003 yil, p. 476.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 442.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 437.
- ^ a b Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 438.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 439 va 443-444.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 442-443 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 444.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 444-445-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 444-446 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 446.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 505, 518-519, 526, 530-betlar; Milner 1957 yil, 217, 219-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 452; Milner 1957 yil, p. 258.
- ^ a b Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 454.
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- ^ Eyxelberger 1950 yil, 44-45 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 463-464 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, 266-267 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 464; Milner 1957 yil, 267–268-betlar.
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- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 273; Makkarti 1959 yil, 469-470 betlar.
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- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 471; Milner 1957 yil, 274–277 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 471-472-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 472-bet.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 473; Milner 1957 yil, p. 278.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 475-477 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, 279–280-betlar.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 304-305 betlar; Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 477.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 479.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 481; Milner 1957 yil, p. 306.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 480-481 betlar.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 307-309 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 481-448 betlar.
- ^ a b Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 484.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 164.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 402.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 403, 413-betlar.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 222; Makkarti 1959 yil, 403-405 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 405.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 408-411 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, p. 223.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 412-413 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, p. 223.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 498-500 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 501.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 499-500 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 499; Milner 1957 yil, p. 226.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 500.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 500-501 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, p. 227.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 226.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 501-504 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 504-505 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 505.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 508-511 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, 328–333-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 382-383 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, 252-254 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 487; Milner 1957 yil, 283-284-betlar.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 284-285 betlar; Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 487.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 487; Milner 1957 yil, 285-287 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 488; Milner 1957 yil, 289–291, 293-betlar.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 291-293 betlar; Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 488.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 488-490 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, 293–298 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 490; Milner 1957 yil, p. 298.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 298-301 betlar; Makkarti 1959 yil, 490–492 betlar.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 301-302 betlar; Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 492.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 492; Milner 1957 yil, 310-311-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 493; Milner 1957 yil, p. 312.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 493-494 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, 312-314-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 494–495 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, 316-319-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 501, 505-betlar.
- ^ a b Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 513.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 334-335 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 512.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 519.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 513-514 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, p. 333.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 513; Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 70; Milner 1957 yil, 339-341-betlar.
- ^ a b Milner 1957 yil, p. 339.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 342; Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 513; Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 72.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 513-517 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, 333 & 343-346-betlar; Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 73.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 324-325-betlar.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 336; Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 511.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 336-337 betlar; Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 511.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 511; Milner 1957 yil, p. 338.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 338; Makkarti 1959 yil, 511-512-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 522.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 351-354-betlar.
- ^ Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 75.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 517-519 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, 350, 354-betlar.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 350; Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 524; Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 74.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 350; Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 524.
- ^ Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 74.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 357.
- ^ a b Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 520; Milner 1957 yil, p. 355.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 520; Milner 1957 yil, 355-356 betlar.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, 356-357 betlar; Makkarti 1959 yil, 524-525-betlar.
- ^ Milner 1957 yil, p. 357; Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 525; Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, p. 77.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 525-526 betlar; Milner 1957 yil; Harbiy tarix markazi 1990 yil, 357-361, 363-364-betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, 520-521 betlar; Milner 1957 yil, 355-356 betlar.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, pp. 522–523; Milner 1957, pp. 358, 361, 363; Center of Military History 1990, pp. 77–80.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 520.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil; Milner 1957; Center of Military History 1990.
- ^ a b Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 521.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, pp. 521–522; Milner 1957, pp. 359, 362.
- ^ "WW II Buna Beach Photo of 1942". Arxivlandi from the original on 10 November 2014.
Casualties were from the Companies E and F, 128th IR, 32nd ID.
- ^ Thompson, Mark (27 March 2013). "Cal Whipple, 1918–2013". Vaqt. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2013 yil 22 oktyabrda. Olingan 19 oktyabr 2013.
- ^ "World War II: The Photos We Remember". HAYOT. 19 May 2013. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi on 22 October 2013. Olingan 19 oktyabr 2013.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 523; Milner 1957, pp. 355, 358, 362.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 524.
- ^ a b Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 523.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 524; Milner 1957, pp. 362–363.
- ^ a b Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 526.
- ^ Milner 1957, p. 368.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 532.
- ^ "List of casualties for Kokoda, Milne Bay and Buna–Gona". kokoda.commemoration.gov.au. Department of Veterans Affairs', Australia. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2015 yil 8 mayda. Olingan 1 noyabr 2014.
- ^ Center of Military History 1990, p. 82.
- ^ Larrabee 2004, p. 329.
- ^ "Cape Endaiadere (Maggot Beach)". PacificWrecks.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2013 yil 29 oktyabrda. Olingan 22 oktyabr 2013.
- ^ "Near half submerged hulk of a small landing craft lie the bo..." Getty Images. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2013 yil 29 oktyabrda. Olingan 22 oktyabr 2013.
- ^ Larrabee 2004, p. 327.
- ^ "126th Infantry in the Australian Zone during the Battle of Buna". The 32D Infantry Division in World War II The 'Red Arrow'. The 32D 'Red Arrow' Veteran Association. Arxivlandi from the original on 28 March 2015. Olingan 16 noyabr 2014.
- ^ Stockman 1947, p. 73.
- ^ Bullard 2007 yil, pp. v & 157–160.
- ^ McAuley 1992, p. 14.
- ^ Bullard 2007 yil, p. 178.
- ^ Horner 1992, p. 253.
- ^ McAuley 1992, p. 89.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 443.
- ^ Bergerud 2008, p. 100; Anderson 1992, p. 13.
- ^ Bergerud 2008, 100-101 betlar.
- ^ Bergerud 2008, pp. 96–103.
- ^ Powers 2011.
- ^ a b Milner 1957, p. 366.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 496.
- ^ Milner 1957, p. 372-374.
- ^ Makkarti 1959 yil, p. 533.
- ^ McAuley 1992, 303-304 betlar.
- ^ Eichelberger 1950, p. 43.
- ^ Condon-Rall & Cowdrey 1998, p. 132.
- ^ McAuley 1992, p. 304.
- ^ Milner 1957, p. 375.
- ^ Malkasian 2002, 73-80-betlar.
- ^ Quoted in Malkasian 2002, p. 73.
- ^ Malkasian 2002, pp. 73–74; Fasol 1942 yil, 32-60 betlar.
- ^ Malkasian 2002, pp. 73 & 79.
- ^ McAuley 1992, p. 303.
- ^ Blamey to F. Shedden, quoted in Horner 1978, p. 247.
- ^ Milner 1957, pp. 376–377; Sandler 2001, p. 202.
- ^ Anderson 1992, 20-22 betlar.
- ^ Brien 2013, 27-28 betlar; Threlfall 2008; Threlfall 2014.
- ^ a b "Buna–Gona". Avstraliya urush yodgorligi. Arxivlandi from the original on 21 October 2014. Olingan 11 noyabr 2014.
- ^ "Gona". Avstraliya urush yodgorligi. Arxivlandi from the original on 21 October 2014. Olingan 11 noyabr 2014.
- ^ "Sanananda Road". Avstraliya urush yodgorligi. Arxivlandi from the original on 16 June 2014. Olingan 11 noyabr 2014.
- ^ "Amboga River". Avstraliya urush yodgorligi. Arxivlandi from the original on 28 December 2013. Olingan 11 noyabr 2014.
- ^ "Cape Endaiadere–Sinemi Creek". Avstraliya urush yodgorligi. Arxivlandi from the original on 25 December 2013. Olingan 11 noyabr 2014.
- ^ "Sanananda–Cape Killerton". Avstraliya urush yodgorligi. Arxivlandi from the original on 25 December 2013. Olingan 11 noyabr 2014.
- ^ BNF 1958.
- ^ Maitland 1999 yil, p. 142.
- ^ "Medal of Honor recipients – World War II (A – F)". "Faxriy yorliq" medali. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining harbiy tarix markazi. 2009 yil 3-avgust. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2008 yil 16 iyunda. Olingan 10 avgust 2009.
- ^ "Medal of Honor recipients – World War II (G – L)". "Faxriy yorliq" medali. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining harbiy tarix markazi. 2009 yil 3-avgust. Arxivlandi from the original on 30 April 2008. Olingan 10 avgust 2009.
- ^ "Distinguished Service Cross Recipients". The 32D Infantry Division in World War II: The 'Red Arrow'. The 32D 'Red Arrow' Veteran Association. Arxivlandi from the original on 8 November 2014. Olingan 16 noyabr 2014.
- ^ "2/7 Australian Divisional Cavalry Regiment". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2011 yil 7-iyulda. Olingan 8 sentyabr 2010.
- ^ a b "Sanananda (Sanananda Point)". Pacific Wrecks Incorporated. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2015 yil 15 aprelda. Olingan 16 noyabr 2014.
- ^ "Japanese memorial at Higgins Road Block". Pacific Wrecks Incorporated. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 15 aprelda. Olingan 16 noyabr 2014.
- ^ "World War II Battle Honours Awarded to Australian Infantry Units" (PDF). Avstraliya armiyasi. Australian Army History Unit. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2015 yil 1 aprelda. Olingan 24-noyabr 2014.
- ^ Uzoq 1963 yil, p. 20.
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Jurnallar
- Bullard, Steven (2004). "The Great Enemy of Humanity: Malaria and the Japanese Medical Corps in Papua, 1942–1943". Tinch okeani tarixi jurnali. London. 39 (2): 203–220. doi:10.1080/0022334042000250733. ISSN 1469-9605. S2CID 160490887.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
- Nelson, Hank (2007). "Kokoda: And Two National Histories" (PDF). Tinch okeani tarixi jurnali. London. 42 (1): 73–88. doi:10.1080/00223340701286859. ISSN 1469-9605. S2CID 162458682. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2015 yil 23 sentyabrda. Olingan 7 dekabr 2014.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
- Stanley, Peter (2007). "What is the Battle for Australia?" (PDF). Australian Army Journal. Kanberra, Avstraliyaning poytaxt hududi. 4 (2, Winter 2007): 17–34. ISSN 1448-2843.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
Tezislar
- Fath, Matthew (2004). Intrepidity, Iron Will, and Intellect: General Robert L. Eichelberger and Military Genius (PDF) (MMAS). Fort Leavenworth, KS: Command and General Staff College. OCLC 834274802. Olingan 6 dekabr 2014.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
- Threlfall, Adrian (2008). The Development of Australian Army Jungle Warfare (PDF) (PhD). Viktoriya universiteti. OCLC 428961444. Olingan 1 noyabr 2014.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
Veb-saytlar
- Brien, James (2013). "The Bloody Beachheads: Buna, Gona and Sanananda, 1942–43" (PDF). Avstraliya urush yodgorligi.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
- Powers, David (17 February 2011). "Japan: No Surrender in World War Two". BBC. Olingan 30 noyabr 2014.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
Qo'shimcha o'qish
Kitoblar
- Casey, Hugh J., ed. (1951). Airfield and Base Development. Engineers of the Southwest Pacific. Vashington, DC: Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumatining bosmaxonasi. OCLC 220327037.
- Kolli, Kreyg; Marutani, Xajime (2009). Cheksiz qayg'u yo'li: Kokoda yo'lidagi yaponlar. Crow's Nest: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74175-839-9. LCCN 2010294738.
- FM 3-09 Field Artillery Operations and Fire Support (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. 2014. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi (PDF) 2016 yil 4 martda. Olingan 6 oktyabr 2014.
- Franzwa, Gregory M.; Ely, William J. (1980). Leif Sverdrup: Engineer Soldier at His Best. Gerald, Missouri: The Patrice Press. ISBN 978-0-935284-12-6. LCCN 80000361.
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- Gerber, Dan (2005) [1990]. A Voice From The River: A Novel. East Lansing: Michigan shtati universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 978-0-87013-755-6.
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- Kahn, E. J. (1943). G. I. Jungle: An American Soldier in Australia and New Guinea. Nyu-York: Simon va Shuster. OCLC 1330561.
- Lunney, Bill; Finch, Frank (1995). Forgotten Fleet: A History of the part Played by Australian Men and Ships in the U.S. Army Small Ships Section in New Guinea, 1942–1945. Medowie, New South Wales: Forfleet. ISBN 978-0-646-26048-8. LCCN 96150459.
- Manchester, William (1978). American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur, 1880–1964. Boston: Kichkina, jigarrang. OCLC 3844481.
- Mayo, Lida (1974). Bloody Buna. New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-385-06268-8.
- McKenney, Janice E. (2007). The Organizational History of Field Artillery, 1775–2003 (PDF). Vashington, DC: Harbiy tarix markazi, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi. OCLC 217152972. Olingan 24-noyabr 2014.
- Morton, Louis (1962). Strategy and Command: The First Two Years. United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Vashington, DC: Harbiy tarix markazi, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi. OCLC 1355622.
- Rottman, Gordon L. (2005). Anderson, Duncan (ed.). Japanese Army in World War II: The South Pacific and New Guinea, 1942–43. Oxford and New York: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-870-0.
- Russell, William (1948). The Second Fourteenth Battalion: A History of an Australian Infantry Battalion in the Second World War. Sydney, New South Wales: Angus and Robertson. OCLC 12884515.
- Tanaka (1996). Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II. Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-2718-1.
- Trigellis-Smith, Syd (1992). The Purple Devils: The 2/6 Australian Commando Squadron. Melbourne: 2/6 Commando Squadron Association. ISBN 978-0-646-07125-1.
- Winters, Harold A.; Galloway, Jr., Gerald E.; Reynolds, William J.; Rhyne, David W. (2001). Battling the Elements: Weather and Terrain in the Conduct of War (illus. ed.). JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6648-7. Olingan 19 yanvar 2017.
Jurnallar
- Brockschmidt, Kelli (2005). "The New Guinea Campaign: A New Perspective Through the Use of Oral Histories". McNair Scholars Journal. 9 (1): 25–34. OCLC 65221796.
- Strock, George (22 February 1943). "Booty at Buna". New York: LIFE. Olingan 5 iyun 2010. Iqtibos jurnali talab qiladi
| jurnal =(Yordam bering) - Strock, George (15 February 1943). "The Battle for Buna". New York: LIFE. Olingan 5 iyun 2010. Iqtibos jurnali talab qiladi
| jurnal =(Yordam bering) - Edgar, W. J. (2002). "Potts, Arnold William (1896–1968)". Avstraliya biografiya lug'ati. Melburn universiteti matbuoti. 16: 22–23. ISBN 978-0-522-84997-4.
Veb-saytlar
- Blakeley, Herbert W., Major General, Retired (1956). "The 32d Infantry Division in World War II (General Orders Number 21, War Department)". OCLC 220454668. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009 yil 11 yanvarda. Olingan 14 noyabr 2008.
- James, Karl (2009). ""The Track": A Historical Desktop Study of the Kokoda Track" (PDF). Commonwealth Department of the Environment. Olingan 29 noyabr 2014.
Tashqi havolalar
- 2/7th Australian Cavalry Regiment
- Battle of Buna Australian Military Units Avstraliya urush yodgorligi
- Battle of Buna, 19 November 1942 – 2 January 1943
- Karsik and Tramsik: Operation Lilliput Allies in Adversity: Australia and the Dutch in the Pacific War. Avstraliya urush yodgorligi
- The 32nd Red Arrow Infantry Division in World War II, 32nd Division Veterans Association website
- Photos by George Strock
- Janubiy xoch, a Japanese account of the New Guinea campaigns by the Chief of Staff of the 18th Army, Lieutenant Colonel Yoshiharu Kane