Delvil Vud jangi - Battle of Delville Wood - Wikipedia

Delvil Vud jangi
Qismi Somme jangi ning Birinchi jahon urushi
Somme jangi xaritasi, 1916.svg
Sana1916 yil 14 iyul - 3 sentyabr
Manzil
Delvil Vud, Longueval, Somme, Frantsiya
50 ° 01′40 ″ N. 2 ° 48′36 ″ E / 50.0278 ° N 2.8099 ° E / 50.0278; 2.8099Koordinatalar: 50 ° 01′40 ″ N. 2 ° 48′36 ″ E / 50.0278 ° N 2.8099 ° E / 50.0278; 2.8099
NatijaBritaniya g'alabasi
Urushayotganlar

 Britaniya imperiyasi

 Germaniya imperiyasi
Qo'mondonlar va rahbarlar
Birlashgan Qirollik Duglas Xeyg
Birlashgan Qirollik Genri Ravlinson		Germaniya imperiyasi Quyida Fritz fon
Germaniya imperiyasi Maks fon Gallvits
Kuch
8 bo'lim, 1 brigada
Delville Vud Frantsiyada joylashgan
Delville Vud
Delville Vud
Somvilning bo'limi Delville Vudning joylashgan joyi

The Delvil Vud jangi (15 iyul - 1916 yil 3 sentyabr) 1916 yilgi bir qator kelishuvlar edi Somme jangi ichida Birinchi jahon urushi, qo'shinlari o'rtasida Germaniya imperiyasi va Britaniya imperiyasi. Delville Vud (Bois d'Elville), asosan daraxtlarning qalin chigalligi edi olxa va shoxli daraxt (Janubiy Afrika hukumati tomonidan o'rmon eman va qayin bilan qayta tiklangan), sharqda, o'tli sayrlar bilan kesilgan zich findiq chakalaklari bilan Longueval. 14 iyulda boshlangan umumiy hujumning bir qismi sifatida Bazentin tizmasi jangi (14-17 iyul), Umumiy Duglas Xeyg, Qo'mondoni Britaniya ekspeditsiya kuchlari, Delville Wood va Bazentin le Petit o'rtasidagi nemislarning ikkinchi pozitsiyasini egallashga mo'ljallangan.

Hujum ushbu maqsadga erishdi va juda qimmatga tushsa ham muvaffaqiyatga erishdi. Buyuk Britaniyaning hujumlari va nemislarning yog'ochga qarshi qarshi hujumlari keyingi etti hafta davom etdi Flers jangi - Kurset (15-17 sentyabr), Somme jangidagi uchinchi inglizlarning umumiy hujumi. The 1-Janubiy Afrika piyoda brigadasi qildi G'arbiy front début 9-chi (Shotlandiya) divizioni va 15 iyulda Delville Vudni qo'lga kiritdi. Janubiy Afrikaliklar 19 iyulgacha o'tinni ushlab turishdi, bu esa 1 iyuldagi ko'plab ingliz brigadalariga o'xshash yo'qotishlarga olib keldi. Qishloq va o'tin a taniqli, bu uch tomondan nemis artilleriyasi tomonidan o'qqa tutilishi mumkin edi. Bernafay va Tron o'rmonlaridan qishloqning o'rtasigacha ko'tarilgan balandlik edi, na biron bir qishloq ham, o'tin ham boshqasiga egalik qilmasdan ushlab turilishi mumkin edi.

Bazentin tizmasi jangidan so'ng, inglizlar Delvil Vuddagi taniqli shaxsni to'g'rilash, umumiy hujum uchun pozitsiyalardan sakrashga erishish uchun ikkala qanotda oldinga o'tishga harakat qilishdi. Nemislar taniqli odamni yo'q qilishga va Germaniya pozitsiyalarini ko'zdan himoya qiladigan zaminni saqlab qolishga harakat qildilar e'tibordan chetda Britaniya pozitsiyalari. Iyul va avgust oylarining qolgan qismida ikkala tomon ham o'tin va qishloqni boshqarish uchun kurashdilar, ammo operatsiyalar tezligini saqlab qolish uchun kurashdilar. Nam ob-havo ko'rinishni pasaytirdi va qo'shinlar va materiallarning harakatini ancha qiyinlashtirdi; o'q-dorilar etishmovchiligi va katta talofatlar ikkala tomonni ham qismlarga bo'linadigan hujumlarga va tor jabhalarda bo'lak-bo'lak mudofaaga aylantirdi, kam sonli katta va kengroq hujumlar bundan mustasno. Aksariyat hujumlar mudofaa yong'in kuchi va ob-havoning noqulay ta'siri bilan mag'lubiyatga uchradi, bu tez-tez jang maydonini loyga aylantirdi. Delvil Vud xandaklar qoldiqlari, muzey va Janubiy Afrika brigadasi yodgorligi bilan yaxshi saqlanib qolgan Delville Vud Janubiy Afrikadagi milliy yodgorlik.

Fon

Strategik ishlanmalar

Asosiy maqolalar: Verdun jangi va Brusilov hujumkor
Bassin de la Somme

1916 yilda frantsuz-inglizlar 1915 yildagi muvaffaqiyatsiz hujum hujumlarini o'zlashtirdilar va to'satdan hujumda Germaniya frontini sindirish urinishlaridan voz kechdilar, chunki nemis mudofaasi chuqurlashib borishi buni imkonsiz qildi. Hujumlarni cheklash, keng front bo'ylab olib borish, oldin artilleriya "tayyorgarligi" va yangi qo'shinlar tomonidan amalga oshirilishi kerak edi.[1] Grignotaj (nibbling) Germaniya mudofaasining "qulab tushishiga" olib kelishi kutilgan edi. Hujum inglizlar va o'rtasida bo'lindi Dominion shimoldagi kuchlar (dan.) Gommecourt ga Marikur ) va janubdagi frantsuzlar (dan Somme daryosi qishloqqa Frey ).[2] Ikki haftalik jangdan so'ng, nemis himoyachilari ingliz sektorining shimolida va markazida mustahkam turdilar, bu erda avans to'xtadi, faqatgina Ovillerlar va Contalmaison. Albert-Bapume yo'lidan janubga Antantaning katta yutuqlari bo'lgan.[3]

1 iyuldan keyin inglizlarning hujumlari va janubiy sohilda frantsuzlarning tez yurishi, 2 iyulda Falkenxaynga buyruq berishga undadi.

... pozitsiya urushidagi birinchi tamoyil - bir pog'ona ham er bermaslik va uni zudlik bilan qarshi hujum orqali qaytarib olish uchun yo'qolgan taqdirda, hatto oxirgi odamni ishlatishdan iborat bo'lishi kerak.

— Falkenxayn[4]

va keyingi kun, general Quyida Fritz fon ixtiyoriy ravishda pul olib qo'yishni taqiqlovchi kunning buyrug'ini chiqardi,

Urushning natijasi ikkinchi armiyaning Somme ustidan g'alaba qozonishiga bog'liq .... Dushman jasadlar ustidan oldinga boradigan yo'lni tanlashi kerak.

— Quyida[5]

uning shtab boshlig'i general Pol Grünert va korpus qo'mondoni general Gyunter fon Pannevits buyruq uchun ishdan bo'shatilgandan keyin XVII korpus uchinchi pozitsiyaga qaytish. Falkenxayn 12 iyulda Verdunda "qattiq mudofaa" qilishni va Somme frontiga ko'proq qo'shinlar va artilleriyani ko'chirishni buyurdi, bu Angliya-Frantsiya hujumining birinchi strategik muvaffaqiyati edi. Iyul oyi oxiriga kelib Germaniyaning Somme mudofaasi uchun zaxiralarni topishi Falkenxayn uchun jiddiy qiyinchiliklarni keltirib chiqardi, u Verdunga frantsuz qo'shinlarini mahkamlash uchun hujum qilishni buyurdi. Brusilov hujumi davom etdi va nemis sharqiy qo'shinlari Brody 28-iyul kuni Lembergni qamrab olish uchun avstro-vengerlardan ko'proq qismini egallab olishlari kerak edi. Rossiya bo'ylab hujumlar yaqinlashdi Stoxod daryosi va Avstriya-Vengriya armiyalari tartibsizlikda edi. Konrad fon Xotsendorf, Avstriya-Vengriya Bosh shtabi boshlig'i, Italiya armiyasi italyan armiyasi tayyorgarlik ko'rayotgan paytda Italiya frontidan qo'shin olishni istamadi. Isonzoning oltinchi jangi 6 avgustda boshlangan.[6]

Taktik ishlanmalar

Bosh shtab kiyimidagi harbiy ofitserlarning to'rtta monoxrom portret yuzlari kollaji. Mo'ylovi va bosh shtabi yopilgan yuqori chap zobit, qolgan uchta zobit esa bosh kiyimsiz. Germaniya Bosh shtabi formasidagi pastki ikkita portret, Buyuk Britaniya bosh shtabi formasidagi eng yaxshi ikkita portret.
Qo'mondonlar
(chap tomonda, soat yo'nalishi bo'yicha) general Duglas Xeyg, BEF qo'mondoni, general Ravlinson, to'rtinchi armiya qo'mondoni
General fon Below, Germaniya 2-armiyasi qo'mondoni, general fon Falkenxayn, Germaniya armiyasining Bosh shtabi boshlig'i.

19 iyulda Germaniyaning 2-armiyasi bo'linib, Sommaning shimolidagi nemis diviziyalariga qo'mondonlik qilish uchun yangi 1-armiya tashkil etildi. 2-armiya generalning qo'l ostida janubiy sohilni saqlab qoldi Maks fon Gallvits, shuningdek, qo'mondoni etib tayinlangan Verdundan ko'chirilgan Armeegruppe Gallvits-Somme Quyida va birinchi armiya ustidan hokimiyatga ega. Lossberg 1-armiya shtabi boshlig'i bo'lib qoldi va Bronsart fon Schellendorff 2-armiyani qabul qildi. Schellendorff janubiy sohilga qarshi hujumni qo'llab-quvvatladi, uni Falkenxayn rad etdi, chunki Verdun frontidan chiqarilgan kuchlar etarli emas edi, beshta diviziya iyul oyida Rossiya frontiga yuborildi. 21-iyul kuni Falkenxayn Somme uchun tinch bo'linishlarni tugatmaguncha, endi boshqa bo'linishlarni olib tashlash mumkin emas degan qarorga keldi va Sommega yuborilgan bo'linmalar o'rnini bosish uchun unga yetti "jangovar" bo'linma kerak edi. Gallvits artilleriyani qayta tashkil etishni boshladi va Angliya-Frantsiya hujumlari paytida mudofaa o'qi uchun o'q-dorilarni saqlash uchun ta'qib va ​​javob otishni chekladi. Kimdan 16 dan 22 iyulgacha, 32 og'ir Sommega qurol va haubitsa batareyalari etib keldi va beshta razvedka parvozi, uchta artilleriya parvozi, uchta bombardimon parvozi va ikkita qiruvchi otryadlar maydonga etib kelishdi. 1 iyuldan boshlab Somme shimoliy qirg'og'iga o'n uchta yangi diviziya keldi va yana uchtasi mudofaaga qo'shilishga tayyor edi.[7]

Sommda nemis himoyachilarining zo'riqishi avgust oyida kuchayib bordi va birliklar tarixida yuqori yo'qotishlarga va kompaniyalarning sakson kishiga kamaytirilishi haqida tez-tez murojaat qilishdi. Somme frontidagi bir davrdan ko'pgina nemis bo'linmalari hech bo'lmaganda chiqdi 4500 qurbonlar va ba'zi nemis qo'mondonlari chidamsiz mudofaa siyosatini o'zgartirishni taklif qilishdi. Old qator engil edi, zaxiralar mudofaa zonasida edi, ammo bu ingliz-frantsuz artilleriyasi tomonidan etkazilgan yo'qotishlarga ozgina ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Germaniya jabhasi ortida harakatlanish shunchalik xavfli ediki, polklar o'zlari bilan to'rt-besh kunlik sayohat uchun suv va suv tashiydilar. Qatorning orqasida, materiallar etishmovchiligiga va temir yo'l liniyalariga qo'shin poezdlari haddan tashqari yuklanganiga qaramay, yangi orqa chiziqlarda qurilish ishlari doimiy ravishda olib borildi. Ta'minot poezdlari kechiktirildi va front yaqinidagi stantsiyalar artilleriya va samolyotlar tomonidan bombardimon qilindi. Mahalliy yengil temir yo'llar etarli emas edi va yuk mashinalari va aravalar foydalanishga topshirildi, chunki ular asfaltlangan bo'lsa ham, doimiy ravishda texnik xizmat ko'rsatishga muhtoj bo'lgan yo'llar mavjud edi.[8]

Nemis artilleriyasi ko'plab yo'qotishlarga duch keldi va buzilgan qurollarning soni front ortidagi ustaxonalarni ta'mirlash qobiliyatidan oshib ketdi. Past darajadagi o'q-dorilar vaqtidan oldin portlab, qurol pog'onalarini yorib yubordi. 26 iyundan 28 avgustgacha bo'lgan vayronagarchilik, eskirish va eskirishga olib keldi 1,068 ning The 1,208 maydon qurol va 371 ning The 820 og'ir qurol Armeegruppe adashmoq Angliya-frantsuzlar havoda ustunlikni saqlab qolishdi, ammo nemis havo kuchlari iyul o'rtalariga kelib kela boshladi. Sommega ko'proq artilleriya jo'natildi, ammo artilleriya boshqaruvini qayta tashkil etish va markazlashtirish tugaguniga qadar batareyalarga qarshi yong'in, baraj-yong'in va samolyotlar bilan hamkorlik etarli darajada qolmadi. Gallvits yordam hujumi rejalarini ko'rib chiqdi, ammo qo'shinlar va o'q-dorilarning etishmasligi uni amaliy emasga aylantirdi, ayniqsa 15 iyuldan so'ng, Falkenxayn yangi bo'linmalardan voz kechdi va 1-armiya kuchaytirish uchun 2-armiyaga tayanishi kerak edi. Avgust oyining boshlarida foydalanishga urinish qilingan Landsturm o'zlari uchun xavfliligini isbotlagan va orqaga qaytarilgan 38 yoshdan katta erkaklar.[9]

Prelude

Britaniyaning hujumga tayyorgarligi

Asosiy maqolalar: Albert jangi, Trnes Vudni qo'lga olish va Bazentin tizmasi jangi
Gazeta qog'ozi qog'ozidagi monoxrom tasvir. Qurollarni orqaga ham, oldinga ham qaratib, o'ng pastki pastki qismidagi dubulg'ali ingliz askarlarining qalam va ko'mir eskizlari. Nemis figuralarini uzoqdan oldinga siljitish, vayron bo'lgan o'simliklar bo'ylab harakat qilish uchun yo'naltirilgan ba'zi raqamlar
Trones Vud uchun kurash, 8-14 iyul

O'rtadagi yo'lning janubida inglizlar hujum qilmoqda Albert va Bapaum frantsuzlarga etkazib berish yo'llarining tirbandligiga qaramay, 2 iyulda boshlandi XX korpus va inglizlar XIII, XV va III korpus. La Boisselle yo'l yaqinida 4 iyulda qo'lga olindi, Bernafay va Caterpillar o'rmonlari egallab olindi 3 dan 4 iyulgacha va keyin Trones Vudni qo'lga olish uchun kurashmoqda, Mametz Vud va Contalmaison 14 iyul boshigacha bo'lib o'tdi. Nemis qo'shinlari Somme frontiga etib borganlarida, ular qismlarga bo'linib jangga tashlandilar va ko'plab talafotlarga duch kelishdi. Ikkala tomon ham uydirma operatsiyalarga aylantirildi; zamin bilan tanish bo'lmagan qo'shinlarning razvedka uchun vaqti kam bo'lgan, ularning artilleriyasi piyoda qo'shinlar bilan yomon muvofiqlashtirilgan va ba'zan do'stona qo'shinlar egallab turgan erga o'q uzgan. Ushbu davrdagi inglizlarning hujumlari muvofiqlashtirilmagan, taktik jihatdan qo'pol va ishchi kuchini isrof qilgani kabi tanqid qilindi, bu esa nemislarga kam manbalarini tor jabhalarda to'plash imkoniyatini berdi.[10]

Bazentin tizmasidagi jang (14-17 iyul) XV va XIII korpuslarning qo'shma hujumi sifatida rejalashtirilgan edi, uning qo'shinlari zulmatda hech kimning eriga yig'ilmasdan va besh minutdan keyin tong otguncha hujum qilishadi. bo'ronli bombardimon. Xeyg bu rejaga shubha bilan qaradi, ammo oxir-oqibat Ravlinson va korpus qo'mondonlarining fikrlarini qabul qildi, General-leytenant Genri Xorn va general-leytenant Valter Kongrive. Tayyorgarlik bilan artilleriya bombardimonlari 11 iyulda va kechasi boshlandi 13/14 iyul, Ingliz qo'shinlari hech kimning eridan yashirincha ilgarilab ketishdi, bu qismlar kengligi 1200 yd (1100 m) bo'lib, Germaniya front chizig'idan 300-500 yd (270-460 m) gacha etib bordi va keyin oldinga siljidi. Da Soat 3:20, bo'ronli bombardimon boshlandi va inglizlar oldinga yugurishni boshladi. O'ng qanotda 18-chi (Sharqiy) divizion (General-mayor Ivor Maksse ), Trônes Woodni yordamchi operatsiya va 9-chi (Shotlandiya) bo'linmasida qo'lga kiritdi (General-mayor Uilyam Furs ) Waterlot Farm-dan qaytarilgan, ammo chap tomonda Delville Wood-ga tushgan. The 21-chi, 7-chi va 3-divizion chap (shimoliy) qanotda, ularning maqsadlarining aksariyatini oldi. Tong o'rtalariga qadar Germaniyaning ikkinchi pozitsiyasining 6000 yd (5500 m) egallab olindi, otliqlar oldinga jo'natildi va nemis himoyachilari betartiblikka tashlandilar.[11]

Longueval va Delvil Vud

Asosiy maqola: Longuevalni qo'lga olish
Buyuk Britaniya bosh shtabi formasidagi o'rta yoshli erkakning Sepiya portreti. Bosh shtabning yoqasi yorliqlari kabi ko'rinadigan sambrown. Rasm tagida aniqlovchi tavsifni o'z ichiga oladi
General-leytenant W. N. Congreve VC

Longueval qishlog'i janubi-g'arbiy Montaubanga, g'arbda ikkita Bazentinga, shimolga qarab o'tadigan yo'llarni yopib qo'ydi. Flers sharqdan Ginchiga.[12] Janubiy Afrika kuchlari inglizcha joy nomlarini Longueval va Delvil Vudda ishlatishgan, chunki ular frantsuzcha atamalarga qaraganda ancha mazmunli bo'lgan.[13] Pall Mall shimolga Montauban va Bernafay Vuddan, Sloan ko'chasi g'arbga tarvaqaylab ketgan qishloqning janubiy chekkasidagi kesishgan yo'llarga, Klarjes ko'chasi va Pont ko'chasi bilan tutashgan joyga olib bordi. Dover ko'chasi janubi-sharqqa olib bordi va Trônes Vuddan shimol tomon yugurgan yo'lni uchratdi. Asosiy maydonda joylashgan Pall Mall-da ikkita yo'l birlashdi; Shimoliy yo'l Flers va Xayt Vud o'rtasida, g'arb tomon Pont-stritga boradigan yo'l bilan High Woodga, ikkinchi yo'l esa janubi-sharqdan Gilyemontga qarab o'tdi. Klarjz ko'chasi qishloq maydonidan g'arbiy tomonga Bazentin-le-Grandga, Prins ko'chasi esa Delvil Vudning o'rtasidan sharqqa qarab yurgan.[14]

Delvil Vudda tashlab qo'yilgan nemis xandagi, 1916 yil sentyabr

Klarjes ko'chasiga parallel ravishda, taxminan shimoldan 300 yd (270 m) uzoqlikda Dyuk ko'chasi o'tdi, ikkalasi ham g'arbda Pont ko'chasi bilan va sharq tomonda Pikadli bilan chegaralangan. Pikdadilli va Shimoliy ko'chalar o'rtasida bog'lar yotar edi, uning ortidan Flers-Rud o'ngga burilib, Delvil Vudning shimoli-g'arbiy chekkasini etakladilar.[15] Yog'och D20 yo'lidan shimolga, Ginchidan g'arbga va shimoliy g'arbiy chekka D 197 Flers yo'liga tutashgan.[14] Delvil Vud janubiy chekkada janub tomoni bilan chegaradosh edi, u Prins ko'chasi bilan Buchanan ko'chasi bilan g'arbda, markazda Kempbell ko'chasi va sharqda King Street bilan shimol tomonga qarab uchta parallel sayr qilish yo'li bilan bog'langan. Buchanan ko'chasidan sharqqa va Prens ko'chasiga parallel ravishda Rotten Row yurgan. Prens ko'chasining shimoliy tomonida Strand, Regent ko'chasi va Bond ko'chasi o'tinning shimoliy chekkasiga uch marshrut bilan yugurdi.[16]

Britaniya hujum rejalari

Umumiy Janob Genri Ravlinson, komandiri To'rtinchi armiya Kongrevega Longuevalni qo'lga kiritish uchun XIII korpusdan foydalanishni buyurgan bo'lsa, XV korpus (general-leytenant Xorn) chap qanotni qoplashi kerak edi.[17] Rawlinson ajablanib bo'lish uchun tunda bo'ron bombardimonidan keyin tong otishi uchun hech kimning quruqligini kesib o'tmoqchi edi. Xeyg tajribasizligidan shubha qilgani uchun rejaga qarshi chiqdi Yangi armiya tunda jang maydonida yig'ilgan bo'linmalar, lekin oxir-oqibat ularning rejasiga o'zgartirish kiritilgandan so'ng, Ravlinson va korpus qo'mondonlariga qoldirildi. Longuevalga avtoulov Trons Vud Angliyada bo'lmaguncha boshlanishi mumkin emas edi, chunki u janubdan yondoshishda ustunlik qildi. Keyinchalik Longuevalni egallab olish uchun shaharning shimoliy-sharqiy chekkasida joylashgan Delvil Vudni bosib olish kerak bo'ladi. Agar Delvil Vud qo'lga olinmasa, nemis artilleriyasining kuzatuvchilari qishloqni e'tiborsiz qoldirishi mumkin edi va nemis piyoda askarlari Longuevalga hujum qilish uchun ideal sakrash nuqtasiga ega bo'lar edi.[17]

Britaniyaliklar avansi chuqurlashishiga olib keladi taniqli allaqachon Montaubanning shimoli-sharqida shakllangan, shuningdek, Ginchy va Guillemont va shimoliy-g'arbiy qismida High Woodga janubda inglizlarning hujumlariga yordam beradi. 9-Shotlandiya (Shotlandiya) diviziyasi Longuevalga, 18-chi (Sharqiy) Diviziya Tron Vudni ishg'ol qilishi kerak edi. Furse, Longueval hujumini boshqarishni buyurdi 26-brigada. 8-xizmat bataloni, Qora soat va 10-xizmat bataloni, Argil va Sutherland tog'lari 9-chi (xizmat) batalyoni bilan, Seaforth Highlanders qo'llab-quvvatlashda va 5-xizmat batalonida, Qirolichaning o'ziga tegishli Kemeron tog 'tog'lari zaxirada The 27-brigada o'tib ketgan har qanday nemis qo'shinlarini siljitish va etakchi batalonlarni kuchaytirish uchun, ular qishloqqa kirgandan keyin. Longueval xavfsizligi ta'minlangach, 27-brigada Delvil Vudni olish uchun 26-brigadadan o'tishi kerak edi. The 1-Janubiy Afrika brigadasi zaxirada saqlanishi kerak edi.[17]

Germaniyaning mudofaa tayyorgarligi

Nemis shtatlari ofitserlari o'rtasida juda ko'p bahs-munozaralarga qaramay, Falkenxayn 1916 yilda mudofaa taktikasini asosini yo'qotgan holda chidamsiz mudofaa va tezkor qarshi hujumlarga asoslangan edi.[a] Somme frontida Falkenxaynning 1915 yil yanvar oyidagi qurilish rejasi 1916 yil boshida tugatilgan edi. Tikanli simli to'siqlar kengligi 5-10 yd (4.6-9.1 m) dan ikki, 30 yd (27 m) va taxminan 15 gacha bo'lgan bir kamardan kattalashtirildi. yd (14 m) masofada. Ikki va uch marta qalinlikdagi sim ishlatilgan va 3-5 fut (0,91-1,52 m) balandlikda yotqizilgan. Old chiziq bir qatordan uchgacha, bir-biridan 150-200 yd (140-180 m) oralig'ida oshirildi, birinchi xandaqni qo'riqchilar guruhlari egallab oldilar, ikkinchisi (Vohngraben) oldingi xandaq garnizoni va mahalliy zaxiralar uchun uchinchi xandaq. Xandaklar edi bosib o'tgan parapetga o'rnatilgan beton chuqurlikdagi qorovul postlari bor edi. Dugouts bir-biridan 50 yd (46 m) masofada va 6-9 futdan (1.8-2.7 m) 20-30 futgacha (6.1-9.1 m) chuqurlashdi. 25 erkak. Qattiq nuqtalarning oraliq chizig'i (Shtutspunktlinie) oldingi chiziq orqasida taxminan 1000 yd (910 m) ham qurilgan. Aloqa xandaqlari zaxira chizig'iga qaytib, ikkinchi qatorni o'zgartirdi, u birinchi qatorda yaxshi qurilgan va simli qilingan. Ikkinchi satr hujumchini chiziqqa hujum qilishdan oldin to'xtab, dala artilleriyasini oldinga siljitishga majbur qilish uchun ittifoqchilarning dala artilleriyasi doirasidan tashqarida edi.[19]

Germaniyaning oldingi chizig'i bu erda Bazentin le Grandning janubiy chekkasidan Longuevalning janubiy chekkasiga o'tadigan va keyin Waterlot Farm va Guillemont janubi-sharqidan egilgan eski uchinchi pozitsiya bo'ylab yotar edi. O'rtacha chiziq Delville Vudning orqasida teskari yonbag'rda taxminan parallel ravishda o'tdi, o'tin qishloqdan sharqqa cho'zilgan engil tepalikda edi.[14] Longueval xandaklar, tunnellar, beton bunkerlar bilan mustahkamlangan va ikkita dala qurolga ega edi. Bo'linmalar tomonidan qishloq garnizon qilingan IV korpus (General Sixt von Armin ) va 3-gvardiya diviziyasi.[20] Shimoliy va shimoli-g'arbiy Turingiyaning 72-piyoda polkiga tegishli edi 8-divizion. Delville Vud va uning atrofida, taxminan 0,5 kvadrat mil (1,3 km)2Longuevalning sharqiy qismida joylashgan va Ginchidan 0,5 milya (0,80 km) gacha cho'zilgan, 26-piyoda polk edi. 7-bo'lim, Turingiya piyoda polk 153 va piyoda polk 107.[14][21] Britaniyaliklar hujumi janubda keng va shimolda Longueval tomon torayib, huni shakliga o'xshash er yuzi bo'ylab Bernafay va Tron o'rmonlaridan tepalikka ko'tarilishi kerak edi.[17] Armin hujum boshlanadi deb gumon qildi 13 yoki 14 iyul.[22]

Jang

Asosiy maqolalar: Bazentin tizmasi jangi va Delville Wood jang tartibi

Frantsiya o'ninchi va oltinchi qo'shinlari

Frantsiyaning oltinchi armiyasi Sommaning janubidagi Biyachlardan 14 iyulda nemislarning qarshi hujumi orqasiga qaytarilib, Bois Blez va La Maisonette bilan birgalikda qaytarib olindi. (Birinchi aytib o'tilganlardan keyin harbiy qismlar frantsuzcha. Belgilanmagan bo'lsa.) 20-iyul kuni I Korpus Barleuxga hujum qildi, u erda 16-diviziya Germaniyaning oldingi xandaqchasini olib, keyin ikkinchi maqsad oldida nemislarning ommaviy pulemyot o'qi bilan to'xtatildi. qarshi hujumga uchragan va start chizig'iga qaytarilgan 2000 qurbon. Buyruqlarni rad etish 2-mustamlaka bo'linmasida sodir bo'ldi, bu esa ikki askarni harbiy sudga va o'qqa tutilishiga olib keldi. Joffre urushni tezda tugatish ehtimoli kamaytirilishi to'g'risida buyruq chiqardi.[23] XXXV korpusi shimoliy qirg'oqdan ko'chirildi va ikkita bo'linma bilan kuchaytirildi va o'ninchi armiyaning Chilliydan oltinchi armiya chegarasigacha bo'lgan o'ninchi armiyaning hujumlariga tayyorgarlik sifatida Soyécourt, Vermandovillers va baland erlarga hujum qildi.[24]

XXXV korpusi Soyécourt va Bois Etoile shimoliy uchini egallab oldi, ammo keyin yonboshlangan pulemyotlarning o'qqa tutilishi va qarshi hujumlarga qarshi turdi. Iyul va avgust oylarining qolgan qismida janubiy sohilda Germaniya mudofaasi Frantsiyaning avansini o'z ichiga olgan. Sommning shimoliy qismida Oltinchi armiya taktik ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan nuqtalarga qarshi uslubiy hujumlar bilan ilgarilab, Kleridan Maurepasgacha bo'lgan nemislarning ikkinchi pozitsiyasini egallab oldi. VII korpuslar vodiydagi oraliq chiziq va kuchli nuqtalarning orqasida, tik jarlikning qarama-qarshi tomonida joylashgan Germaniyaning ikkinchi pozitsiyasiga hujum qilish uchun XX korpusning o'ng tomoniga keltirildi. 20 iyulda XX korpus 47 va 153 diviziyalar bilan hujum qildi; 47-chi divizion hujumi Monaku fermasi oldida pulemyot o'qi bilan to'xtatildi, chunki chap qanot 800-1200 m (870-1.310 yd) ilgarilab, Bois Sommet, Bois de l'Observatoire va g'arbiy uchini egallab oldi. Bois de la Pépinière. Britaniyaning 35-diviziyasi shimoldan Maltz Shox fermasidan haydab chiqarilganiga qaramay, 153-bo'lim o'z maqsadlarini qo'lga kiritdi.[25]

1-Janubiy Afrika brigadasi

14-16 iyul

Shaharning o'ng tomonida joylashgan shahar va yog'och tasvirlangan rangli xarita tasviri. 1916 yil 14-iyuldagi ittifoqchi va nemis kuchlarining asosiy kirish yo'llari va pozitsiyalarini ko'rsatadi
1-xarita: 14-iyuldagi pozitsiyalar

XIII va XV korpuslar bo'linmalari 14 iyul kuni tong otmasdan hujum qilishdi Soat 3:25, old tomondan 4 mil (6,4 km). Piyoda askarlar hech kimning eridan o'tib, Germaniya front chizig'idan 500 yd (460 m) uzoqlikda harakat qildilar va besh minutlik bo'ronli bombardimondan so'ng hujum qildilar va bu taktik ajablanib bo'ldi. Cheklangan jabhada to'satdan zarba bilan nemislarning ikkinchi qatoriga kirib borish nisbatan oson edi, ammo ogohlantiruvchi himoyachilarga qarshi buzilishlarni mustahkamlash va kengaytirish ancha qiyin edi. Longuevalga qilingan hujum dastlabki muvaffaqiyatga erishdi, ingichka Germaniya forposti tezda zabt etildi. Tong o'rtalarida ingliz qo'shinlari uyma-uy yurib, qishloq maydoniga etib kelishdi.[26] Britaniyalik artilleriya otishmalarining ta'siri pasayib ketdi, chunki qishloqning shimoliy uchi biroz shimol tomonga burilgan edi; Nemis qo'shinlari qishloqqa etib bordi; Delvil Vud va Longuevaldan artilleriya va pulemyotlardan otilgan otishma 26-brigadani zabt etdi.[12] Peshindan keyin qishloqning g'arbiy va janubi-g'arbiy qismlari ishg'ol qilindi. Delvil Vudga hujum uchun mo'ljallangan 27-brigada hujumni kuchaytirish uchun ishlatilgan. Da 13:00 Furse 1-Janubiy Afrika brigadasiga yog'ochga hujumni o'z zimmasiga olishni buyurdi.[26]

Gazeta qog'ozi qog'ozidagi monoxrom tasvir. Qolgan bitta devor va ko'rinadigan tom yog'ochlari bilan vayron qilingan uy. Buyuk Britaniyalik dubulg'a kiyib olgan askarning qiyofasi, yuqori palto va miltiq moyil bo'lib, xarobalar ustiga rasmning yuqori o'ng tomoniga qarab turibdi.
Longueval uchun jang

1-Janubiy Afrika brigadasining uchta batalyoni Delvil Vudga hujum qilishi kerak edi, 1-batalyon esa Longuevaldagi 26 va 27-brigadalarni mustahkamlash sifatida davom etdi.[27] Hujum 17:00 ga qoldirildi 19:00 va keyin 5:00 15-iyul kuni, qishloqdagi sust rivojlanish tufayli. Brigada general Genri Lukin buyurildi har qanday narxda yog'ochni oling va 26 va 27-brigadalar qishloqning shimoliy uchini egallamagan bo'lsa ham, uning avansi davom etishi kerak edi.[28] Lukin o'rmonning janubi-g'arbiy burchagidan batalon jabhasida hujum qilishni buyurdi, 2-batalyon oldinga, 3-batalon qo'llab-quvvatlanadi va 4-batalion zaxirada. Uchta batalyon birinchi nurdan oldin Montaubandan oldinga, 2-batalyon podpolkovnik-polkovnik V. E. C. Tanner qo'mondonligida oldinga siljishdi. Yaqinlashganda Tanner Longueval shahridagi 26-brigadaga ikkita kompaniyani ajratish bo'yicha ko'rsatma oldi va 4-batalyonning B va C kompaniyalarini yubordi.[29] 2-batalyon 5-kameronlar egallagan xandaqqa yetib bordi, u o'rmonga parallel ravishda yugurdi va uni hujum uchun sakrash chizig'i sifatida ishlatdi 6:00[28]

Hujum ozgina qarshilikka duch keldi 7:00 Janubiy Afrikaliklar Prins ko'chasining janubidagi o'rmonni egallab olishdi. Tanner yog'ochni shimoliy atrofini mustahkamlash uchun ikkita kompaniyani yubordi. Keyinchalik ertalab, 3-batalyon o'tinning sharqiy va shimoliy-sharqiy tomoniga qarab harakatlandi 2:40 Tanner Lukinga Longuevalga tutash shimoli-g'arbiy burchakda kuchli Germaniya pozitsiyasini hisobga olmaganda, o'tinni himoya qilganligi haqida xabar berdi.[30] Janubiy Afrika brigadasi pulemyotlar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan kuchli nuqtalarni tashkil etgan holda, o'rmon chetini qazishni boshladi.[28] Brigada 26-brigada bilan faqat Longuevalga tutash o'rmonning janubi-g'arbiy qirg'og'i bo'ylab aloqada bo'lib, taniqli ishg'ol qildi.[31] Qo'shinlar belkuraklarni olib yurishdi, lekin daraxtlar tanasining ildizlari va qoldiqlarini qazishdi, to'g'ri xandaqlarni qazish mumkin emas edi va faqat sayoz edi qobiq qoldiqlari nemis qo'shinlari yog'ochga qarshi hujumni boshlashdan oldin tayyorlanishi mumkin edi.[32]

Shaharning o'ng tomonida joylashgan shahar va yog'och tasvirlangan rangli xarita tasviri. 1916 yil 15 iyuldagi ittifoqchi va nemis kuchlarining asosiy kirish yo'llari va pozitsiyalarini ko'rsatadi
2-xarita: 14:40 da pozitsiyalar. 1916 yil 15-iyulda

24-zaxira diviziyasining bataloni janubi-sharqdan qarshi hujumga o'tdi 11:30, Besh daqiqa oldin ogohlantirish berildi, ammo qazishga majbur bo'lgunga qadar faqat o'tinning 80 yd (73 m) oldiga borishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Ginchi-Flers yo'lidan ikkinchi batalyonning hujumi ham qaytarildi, batalonlar mag'lubiyatga uchradi 528 erkak. Tushdan keyin 8-diviziya bataloni o'tinning shimoliy-sharqiy yuziga hujum qildi va barcha ofitserlarini yo'qotib qo'ygandan keyin ham qaytarildi.[27] Da 15:00 15-iyul kuni 10-Bavariya diviziyasining 6-sonli Bavariya qo'riqxonasi piyoda polki sharqdan kuch bilan hujum qildi, ammo miltiq va avtomat o'qidan qisman orqaga qaytarildi. Da 16:40 Tanner Lukinga nemis kuchlari o'tinning shimolida to'planib kelayotgani haqida xabar berdi va u kuchlarni kuchaytirishga chaqirdi, chunki Janubiy Afrikaliklar allaqachon 2-(batal va erkin shtat) batalyonidagi bir kompaniyani yo'qotib qo'yishgan.[28]

Tanner Longuevaldan to'rtinchi (Shotlandiya) batalyondan bitta kompaniyani qabul qilib olgan va Lukin uchinchi (Transvaal va Rodeziya) batalyonni kuchaytirish uchun oldinga ikkinchi kompaniyani yuborgan. Lukin Tanner va batalyon komandirlarini charchoqdan qat'i nazar, chuqur qazishga chaqirgan xabarlarni yubordi, chunki tunda yoki ertasi kuni erta tongda og'ir artilleriya otilishi kutilgan edi.[28] Tunda Germaniyaning kuchli portlovchi va gazdan o'q otishi intensivligi oshib, yarim tunda o'tinni qaytarib olish buyrug'i bilan nemislarning qarshi hujumi boshlandi. har qanday narxda. Hujum 8-chi va 12-chi zaxiradagi bo'linmalarning uchta bataloni tomonidan amalga oshirildi va 50 yd (46 m) ga yaqinlashishga muvaffaq bo'ldi, oldin artilleriya va pulemyot o'qlari ostida yashiringan edi. O'sha kuni kechqurun to'rt nafar nemisdan Delvil Vudga o't ochildi Feldartillerie brigadalari, ko'rsatkichga erishdilar 400 ta snaryad daqiqada.[28]

Shaharning o'ng tomonida joylashgan shahar va yog'och tasvirlangan rangli xarita tasviri. 1916 yil 16-iyuldagi ittifoqchi va nemis kuchlarining asosiy kirish yo'llari va pozitsiyalarini ko'rsatadi
3-xarita: 1916 yil 16-iyulda shimoliy burchakdagi hujum rejasi

14-15 iyul kunlari 18-diviziya janubda Tron Vudni tozalab, Frantsiyaning 153-diviziyasiga tutash Maltz Xorn fermasiga qadar chiziq o'rnatdi.[b] Da 12:35 Lukinga Delvil Vudning shimoliy-g'arbiy qismini har qanday narxda qo'lga kiritishni va keyin Longueval orqali shimoliy va shimoliy-sharqiy tomon hujum qilganligi sababli 27-brigadani kutib olish uchun g'arbiy tomon harakat qilishni buyurdilar. Avans 16-iyul kuni boshlandi Soat 10:00 ammo janubiy afrikaliklarning yo'qotishlari nemis himoyachilari tomonidan qaytarilgan hujumning og'irligini kamaytirdi. 27-brigada avansi qishloqda Longuevalning shimoliy uchida joylashgan bog'dan pulemyot o'qi bilan qulab tushdi. Omon qolganlar, yana o'rmon o'rtasida o'z xandaqlariga tushib, kun bo'yi bombardimon qilindi. Vaziyat umidsizlikka tushib qoldi va Tyuringiya piyoda polkining 153-sonli hujumi tufayli yanada og'irlashdi.[34]

17-19 iyul

16-iyul kuni kechqurun Janubiy Afrikaliklar Prins ko'chasidan janubga va Strand ko'chadan sharqqa, o'tinning shimoli-g'arbiy burchagi va Longuevalning shimoliy uchida bombardimon qilish uchun chekinishdi. 17-iyul kuni 27-brigada Longueval va 2-Janubiy Afrika batalyoni va 1-batalionning ikkita rota-shimol tomoniga shimol tomon hujum qilib, o'rmonda g'arbga hujum qildi. Janubiy Afrikaning hujumi juda katta muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi va tirik qolganlar o'zlarining dastlabki joylariga qaytarildilar, bu esa tushdan keyin Germaniyaning artilleriya otishmalariga uchradi.[35] Kechqurun Tanner yarador bo'lib, uning o'rniga 3-batalyon podpolkovnik E. F. Takeray Delvil Vudda qo'mondon etib tayinlandi. 9-divizion chap qanotda va 3-divizionda (general-mayor) durang o'ynadi J. A. L. Haldane ), tunda Longuevalga g'arbdan hujum qilish buyurilgan. Yog'ochga juda ko'p snaryadlar otildi va Lukin bu odamlarga shimoliy-g'arbiy sektorga, Longuevalga hujumni qo'llab-quvvatlashni buyurdi. 3:45 Kecha davomida Germaniyaning 3-gvardiya diviziyasi sudralib kelayotgan to'sin ortidan ilgarilab ketdi 116 maydon qurol va ustidan 70 o'rta qurol. Nemislar, Janubiy Afrikaliklarni ko'plab qurbonlar bilan oldinga qarab o'qlaridan haydab, Buxenen va knyazlar ko'chalariga etib bordilar.[36]

Shahar va shaharchaning o'ng tomonida joylashgan yog'och tasvirlangan rangli xarita tasviri. 1916 yil 17-iyuldagi ittifoqchi va nemis kuchlarining asosiy kirish yo'llari va pozitsiyalarini ko'rsatadi
4-xarita: dispozitsiyalar, 17 iyul kechqurun

Nemislar o'rmonda qo'shinlar tuzilishini payqashdi va misli ko'rilmagan bombardimon qilishdi; hududning har bir qismi tintuv qilindi va snaryadlar bilan bo'g'ilib ketdi.[37] To'siq paytida nemis qo'shinlari hujum qilib, Janubiy Afrikaning chap qanotiga, o'rmonning shimoliy-g'arbiy burchagidan kirib kelishdi. By Soat 14:00, shimoliy-g'arbiy burchakni tozalash uchun ikkinchi urinish muvaffaqiyatsiz tugagandan so'ng, shimoliy, shimoli-g'arbiy va sharqdan nemislarning hujumlari tufayli Janubiy Afrika pozitsiyasi umidsizlikka tushib qoldi. Da 18:15, Janubiy Afrikaliklar 26-brigada tomonidan engillashtirilishi kerakligi haqida xabar keldi. Longuevalga qarshi 3-chi divizion qishloqning shimoliy uchini egallab oldi va Armin janubiy sharqdan Buchanan ko'chasi chizig'iga qarshi yangi 8-diviziya tomonidan hujum qilishni buyurdi va Takerayni o'rmonning janubiy g'arbiy burchagiga yopishishga majbur qildi. ikki kecha-kunduz, 9-divizionning qolgan qismiga so'nggi havola (4-xarita).[37]

18-iyul kuni ertalab Janubiy Afrikaliklar Longueval orqali o'tinning janubi-g'arbiy qismiga hujum qilgan, 3-divizionning nisbatan yangi 76-brigadasidan qo'llab-quvvatladilar, 2-Janubiy Afrika batalyonining A kompaniyasi bilan qo'shilish uchun, 76-brigada germaniyalik artilleriya tomonidan qaytarib berilgunga qadar. Janubda, janubiy afrikaliklar bir oz zaminni tikladilar, chunki nemislar boshqa hududlarda qarshi hujumlarga cheklangan miqdordagi chekinishni tayyorladilar.[38] Kecha davomida nemislar tomonidan uyushtirilgan bombardimon quyosh chiqqanda va v. 400 ta snaryad bir daqiqada Longuevalga va o'tinga qulab tushdi, kuchli yog'ingarchilik bilan birga qobiq kraterlarini to'ldirdi. Da 15:15, Nemis piyoda askarlari Longuevalga va o'tinlarga sharqdan, shimoldan va shimoli-sharqdan hujum qildilar. Zahiradagi piyoda askarlar polki 107 Ginchiga-Longueval yo'li bo'ylab g'arbga, Ginchiga buyruq bergan o'tinning sharqiy chekkasida qazilgan 3-Janubiy Afrika polkiga qarshi hujum qildi. Nemis piyoda qo'shinlari oldinga siljiy boshlashlari bilan qurol-yarog 'o'qi bilan kesilgan va oraliq chiziqdan o'tishga boshqa urinishlar qilinmagan.[39]

Gazeta qog'ozi qog'ozidagi monoxrom tasvir. Qurolli jangda miltiq va süngü yordamida bir nechta rasmlarning qalam va ko'mir eskizlari; oldingisida ko'plab yaradorlar va o'lganlar. Bir zobit tomoshabinni tomosha qilayotgan tomoniga qarab, orqasiga qarab turibdi
Delvil Vuddagi janglarning tasviri "Delvil Vudda bomba va süngü bilan qo'pol kurash"

Germaniyaning asosiy hujumini 8-diviziya va 5-diviziyaning bir qismi shimol va shimoli-sharqdan amalga oshirdi. To'qqiz batalonning elementlari hujum qildi 6000 kishi. 153 piyoda polk Deller Vudni qaytarib olib, o'tinning janubiy qirg'og'i bo'ylab ikkinchi pozitsiyaga etib borishi uchun Flers janubidan yurishi kerak edi, Longueval-Gilyemont yo'lidan ikkinchi batalyon bo'lgan Vaterlot fermasigacha bo'lgan dastlabki ikkinchi qatorni egallagan batalon. o'rmonning janubiy qirg'og'ida qazish va uchinchi batalyon bilan o'rmonning o'rtasi bo'ylab Shahzoda ko'chasini egallash. Dastlab avans o'rmonning shimoliy qirg'og'i bo'ylab 2-Janubiy Afrika polkiga duch kelgan yog'ochdan 150 yd (140 m) shimolda, cho'kib ketgan Flers yo'li bo'ylab harakatlandi.[39] Kunning ikkinchi yarmiga kelib, shimoliy perimetr nemislarning hujumlari bilan janubga surildi. Qo'lma-qo'l kurash butun o'tin bo'ylab sodir bo'ldi, chunki Janubiy Afrikaliklar endi birlashtirilgan va uzluksiz chiziqni ushlab turolmaydilar, ularning aksariyati o'zaro yordamisiz kichik guruhlarga bo'lingan.[20] 18-iyul kuni tushdan keyin yangi Branderberger polki ham qatnashdi. Nemis zobiti yozgan

... Delvil Vud parchalanib ketgan daraxtlar, qirg'in qilingan va yonib turgan stumbalar, loy va qon bilan to'lib toshgan kraterlar va hamma joyda jasadlar, jasadlar vayronaga aylandi. Joylarda ular to'rtta chuqurlikda to'plangan. Eng yomoni, yaradorlarning pastga tushishi edi. Bu bahor yarmarkasida qoramol uzuklariga o'xshardi ....

— Nemis zobiti[40]

va 19-iyulga qadar Janubiy Afrikadan omon qolganlar juda yaqin masofadan o'qqa tutildi va o'ldirildi.[37]

5-xarita: 18-20 iyuldagi vaziyat

Erta tongda, 153-sonli piyoda askarlar polki va 52-piyoda polkning ikkita rota, shimoldan o'tinga kirib, orqa tarafdan 3-Janubiy Afrika batalyoniga hujum qilish uchun g'ildirakda o'tirib, olti zobitni va 185 erkak Transvaal batalyonidan; qolganlari o'ldirilgan.[41] Ertalabgacha Longuevaldagi Black Watch, Seaforth va Cameron Highlanders o'tinni zabt etishga urinishdi, ammo daraxtning shimoliy-g'arbiy burchagidan nemislarning otishma qurollari bilan qaytarildi. Brigadaga suv yetishmadi, oziq-ovqatsiz va yaradorlarni evakuatsiya qila olmadi; qurol-yarog 'tugagandan so'ng, ko'plab izolyatsiya qilingan guruhlar taslim bo'lishdi. Kunning ikkinchi yarmida, 53-brigada taniqli kishining bazasidan Janubiy Afrikaning shtab-kvartirasida Takerayga etib bordi, ammo Janubiy Afrika brigadasining oldingi elementlariga etib borolmadi. Ushbu holat kechasi bilan hukmronlik qildi 19/20 iyul.[42]

20 iyul

20-iyulda 3-diviziyaning 76-brigadasi yana 1-Janubiy Afrika brigadasini ozod qilish uchun oldinga surildi. The Qirollik Welsh Fusiliers Janubiy Afrikaliklarga qarshi hujum qildi, ammo Soat 13:00, Takeray Lukinga uning odamlari charchaganini, suvdan juda umidlari borligini va boshqa hujumni qaytarishga qodir emasliklari haqida xabar bergan edi.[43] Qo'shinlari Suffolk polki va 6-chi qirollik Berkshirlari yorib o'tib, Janubiy Afrikaning qolgan so'nggi qo'shinlari bilan, Janubiy Afrikaning nazorati ostida bo'lgan o'tin qismida.[37] Takkeray ikki yarador ofitserni va Boshqa 140 kishi saflari, Janubiy Afrika brigadasining so'nggi qoldig'i. Tog'lar brigadasi tarkibida Janubiy Afrika buralariga qarshi jang qilgan Qora soat xodimi Piper Sendi Griv. Magersfontein jangi 1899 yilda va yonoqlaridan yaralangan, Janubiy Afrikaliklarni o'ynatgan.[44] Omon qolganlar tunni Talus Boisada o'tkazdilar va ertasi kuni qaytib ketishdi Baxtli vodiy Longueval janubida.[45]

21 iyul - 20 avgust

Ob-havo
1916 yil iyul[46]
SanaYomg'ir
mm		° F
1 iyul0.075°–54°tuman
2 iyul0.075°–54°yaxshi
3 iyul2.068°–55°yaxshi
4 iyul17.070°–55°yomg'ir
5 iyul0.072–52°xira
6 iyul2.070°–54°yomg'ir
7 iyul13.070°–59°yomg'ir
8 iyul8.073°–52°yomg'ir
9 iyul0.070°–53°xira
10 iyul0.082°–48°xira
11 iyul0.068°–52°xira
12 iyul0.168°–?xira
13 iyul0.170°–54°xira
14 iyul0.070°–?xira
15 iyul0.072°–47°yaxshi
16 iyul4.073°–55°xira
17 iyul0.070°–59°tuman
18 iyul0.072°–52°xira
19 iyul0.070°–50°xira
20 iyul0.075°–52°yaxshi
21 iyul0.072°–52°yaxshi
22 iyul0.177°–55°xira
23 iyul0.068°–54°xira
24 iyul0.070°–55°xira
issiq
25 iyul0.066°–50°xira
26 iyul0.066°–50°xira
27 iyul8.081°–61°tuman
28 iyul0.077°–59°xira
issiq
29 iyul0.081°–57°xira
30 iyul0.082°–57°yaxshi
31 iyul0.082°–59°issiq

Kechasi rejalashtirilgan hujumga tayyorgarlik ko'rayotgan Britaniya bombardimoni 22/23 iyul, da boshlandi 19:00 22 iyulda. The 3rd Division attacked Delville Wood and the north end of Longueval, from the west with the 9th Brigade from Pont Street, as the 95th Brigade of the 5th Division attacked German strong-points in the orchards to the north. The two battalions of the 3rd Division had only recently arrived and had received their orders at the last minute. The bombardment was considered poor but the attack began at 3:40 a.m. and the troops were quickly engaged by German machine-guns from the front and left flank. The advance covered a considerable distance but was forced back to Piccadilly and then Pont Street, where the survivors were bombarded by German artillery. The two 95th Brigade battalions also had early success and threatened the German right flank. The Flers road was crossed and a strong point captured and consolidated but then a German counter-attack pushed both battalions back to Pont Street; a second attack was planned and then cancelled.[47] Relief of the 3rd Division began on the night of 25 July by the 2nd Division, ready for another attack on most of Delville Wood, when the west end of Longueval and the rest of the wood were attacked by the 5th Division, in a larger operation by XIII Corps and XV Corps due on 27 July.[48]

German artillery fired on the routes into Longueval and sent alarm signals aloft from the front line several times each day. On 27 July, every British gun in range, fired on the wood and village from 6:10 –7:10 a.m., as infantry patrols went forward through a German counter-bombardment, to study the effect of the British fire. The patrols found "a horrible scene of chaos and destruction".[49][c] When the bombardment began, about sixty German soldiers surrendered to the 2nd Division and at zero hour, two battalions of the 99th Brigade advanced, with trench-mortar and machine-gun sections in support. The infantry found a shambles of shell-craters, shattered trees and débris. After a ten-minute advance, the troops reached a trench along Prince's Street, full of dead and wounded German infantry and took several prisoners. The advance was continued when the barrage lifted by the supporting companies, which moved to the final objective about 50 yd (46 m) inside the northern fringe of the wood around 9:00 A third battalion moved forward to mop up and guard the flanks but avoided the east end of the wood. As consolidation began, German artillery fired along Prince's Street and caused far more casualties than those suffered during the attack.[49]

On the left flank, the 15th Brigade of the 5th Division, attacked with one battalion forward and one in support. German artillery-fire before zero hour was so extensive, that most of a company of the forward battalion was buried and the Stokes mortars knocked out. The support battalion was pushed forward and both advanced on time into the west end of the wood, where they linked with the 99th Brigade. The attack on Longueval was hampered by the German barrage to the south, which cut communications and by several machine-guns firing from the village. An attempt by the Germans to reinforce the garrison from Flers failed, when British artillery-fire fell between the villages but the German infantry held out at the north end of Longueval. A British line was eventually established from the north-west of Delville Wood, south-west into the village, below the orchards at Duke Street and Piccadilly. A German counter-attack began at 9:30 a.m., from the east end of Delville Wood against the 99th Brigade.[51]

The German attack eventually penetrated behind Prince's Street and pushed the British line back to face north-east. Communications with the rear were cut several times and when the Brigade commander contradicted a rumour that the wood had been lost, the 2nd Division headquarters assumed that the wood was empty of Germans. Skirmishing continued and during the night, two battalions of the 6th Brigade took over from the 99th Brigade.[52] The 15th Brigade was relieved by the 95th Brigade that night and next morning Duke Street was occupied unopposed. On 29 July, the XV Corps artillery fired a bombardment for thirty minutes and at 3:30 p.m., a battalion advanced on the left flank, to a line 500 yd (460 m) north of Duke Street; a battalion on the right managed a small advance.[53]

On 30 July, subsidiary attacks were made at Delville Wood and Longueval, in support of a bigger attack to the south by XIII Corps and XX Corps. The 5th Division attacked with the 13th Brigade, to capture German strong-points north of the village and the south-eastern end of Wood Lane. A preliminary bombardment began at 16:45 but failed to suppress the German artillery, which fired on the village and the wood. British communications were cut again, as two battalions advanced at 6:10 p.m.; the right-hand battalion was caught by German artillery-fire, at the north-west fringe of the wood but a company pushed on and dug in beyond. The left-hand battalion crawled forward under the British barrage but as soon as it attacked, massed German small-arms fire forced the troops under cover in shell-holes. A battalion on the right with only 175 erkak was so badly shelled, that a battalion was sent forward and a reserve battalion of the 15th Brigade was also sent forward. Attempts were made to reorganise the line in Longueval, where many units were mixed up; German artillery-fire was continuous and after dark the 15th Brigade took over.[54] After representations by Major-General R. B. Stephens it was agreed that the 5th Division would be relieved during 1 August.[55]

A lull occurred in early August, as the 17th Division took over from the 5th Division; the 52nd Brigade was ordered to attack Orchard Trench, which ran from Wood Lane to North Street and the Flers Road into Delville Wood. A slow bombardment by heavy artillery and then a five-minute hurricane bombardment was followed by the attack at 12:40 a.m. 4 avgustda. Both battalions were stopped by German artillery and machine-gun fire; communications were cut and news of the costly failure was not reported until 4:35 The 17th Division took over from the 2nd Division on the right and attacked again on 7 August, after a methodical bombardment, assisted by a special reconnaissance and photographic sortie by the RFC. The 51st Brigade attacked at 16:30, to establish posts beyond the wood but the British were stopped by German artillery-fire while still inside. After midnight, a fresh battalion managed to establish posts north of Longueval. German defensive positions in the area appeared much improved and the 17th Division was restricted to obtaining vantage points, before it was relieved by the 14th Division on 12 August.[56]

XV Corps attacked again on 18 August; in Delville Wood, the 43rd Brigade of the 14th Division, attacked the north end of ZZ Trench, Beer Trench up to Ale Alley, Edge Trench and a sap along Prince's Street, which had been found on reconnaissance photographs. The right-hand battalion advanced close behind a creeping barrage at 14:45, reached the objective with few losses where the defenders surrendered. The south of Beer Trench was obliterated but the left-hand battalion was swept by artillery and machine-gun fire before the advance and reduced to remnants. The battalion took Edge Trench and bombed along Prince's Street, when German supports bombed down Edge Trench and retook it. In hand-to-hand fighting, the British held on to Hop Alley and blocked Beer Trench; two German attacks from Pint Trench were stopped by small-arms fire. During the British attack, the German line from Prince's Street to the Flers road was bombarded by trench-mortars. On the left, two battalions of the 41st Brigade attacked Orchard Trench and the south end of Wood Lane; keeping touch with an attack by the 33rd Division on High Wood. The battalion on the right advanced close up to the creeping barrage, found Orchard Trench nearly empty and dug in beyond, with the right flank on the Flers road. The left-hand battalion was enfiladed from the left flank, after the 98th Brigade of the 33rd Division was repulsed but took part of Wood Lane.[57]

21 August – 3 September

On 21 August, a battalion of the 41st Brigade attacked the German defences in the wood, obscured by smoke discharges on the flanks but the German defenders inflicted nearly 200 casualties by small-arms fire. At midnight, an attack by the 100th Brigade of the 33rd Division, from the Flers road to Wood Lane began but the right-hand battalion was informed too late and the left-hand battalion attacked alone and was repulsed.[58] In a combined attack with the French from the Somme north to the XIV Corps and III Corps areas, XV Corps attacked to complete the capture of Delville Wood and consolidate from Beer Trench to Hop Alley and Wood Lane. The 14th Division operation was conducted by a battalion of the 41st Brigade and three from the 42nd Brigade.[59]

The right hand battalion was repulsed at Ale Alley but the other battalions, behind a creeping barrage moving in lifts of only 25 yd (23 m), advanced through the wood until their right flank was exposed, which prevented most of Beer Trench from being occupied. On the left flank, the westernmost battalion dug in on the final objective and gained touch with the 33rd Division on the Flers road. The new line ran south, from the right of the battalion near the Flers road, into the wood and then south-east along the edge to Prince's Street. Flares were lit for contact-aeroplanes, which were able to report the new line promptly. Ustida 200 mahbus and more than twelve machine-guns were captured.[59]

Early next day, a battalion of the 42nd Brigade captured Edge Trench, to a point close to the junction with Ale Alley. Amidst rain delays, the 7th Division relieved the right-hand brigade of the 14th Division on the night of 26/27 avgust and later a battalion of the 43rd Brigade made a surprise attack, took the rest of Edge Trench and barricaded Ale Alley, taking about 60 mahbus from Infantry Regiment 118 of the 56th Division, which eliminated the last German foothold in Delville Wood. An attack on the evening of 28 August, by a battalion on the right flank and a battalion of the 7th Division to the right, from the east end of the wood, against Ale Alley to the junction with Beer Trench failed. The 14th and 33rd divisions were relieved by the 24th Division by the morning of 31 August, after the 42nd Brigade had built posts along the wreckage of Beer Trench as far as the south-east of Cocoa Lane and dug a sap from the end of Prince's Street. The last week of August had been very wet, which made patrolling even more difficult but XV Corps detected the arrival of German reinforcements. The activity of the German artillery around Delville Wood suggested another counter-attack was imminent, as the 24th Division took over the defence of the wood and Longueval. German aircraft flew low over the British front positions and then a much more intense bombardment began.[60]

The German attack began at 13:00 and the 7th Division on the right of the corps, was attacked along Ale Alley and Hop Alley and replied with rapid fire. The German infantry were repulsed but a second attack at 14:00 was only held after hand-to-hand fighting just east of the wood. More German aircraft reconnoitred the area and German artillery-fire greatly increased around 16:30, followed by a third attack at 19:00, which pushed the British back into the wood, except on the left at Edge Trench. On the right flank, the Ginchy–Longueval road was held against the German attacks and some reinforcements arrived after dark, at the east end of the wood. At the north-east side, the right-hand battalion of the 72nd Brigade had moved forward, to dig in beyond the German bombardment and was not attacked; the left-hand battalion withdrew its right flank to Inner Trench to evade the bombardment and a strong point on Cocoa Lane was captured.[61]

The left flank of the battalion and the neighbouring right-hand battalion of the 73rd Brigade, were attacked at 13:00 and repulsed the German infantry and Stoßtruppen with small-arms and artillery-fire. To the west, the left-hand battalion was caught in the German bombardment and lost nearly 400 men. German infantry advanced from Wood Lane and bombed along Tea Trench almost as far as North Street. Other German troops attacked south-east into Orchard Trench, before British reinforcements arrived and contained the German advance, with the help of flanking fire from the 1-divizion beyond the III Corps boundary. It was not until long after dark, that the extent of the German success was communicated to the XV Corps headquarters, where plans were made to recapture the ground next day.[62]

A battalion from the 73rd Brigade of the 24th Division counter-attacked at dawn by bombing along Orchard Trench but was repulsed by the German defenders. More bombers attacked around Pear Street at 9:50 a.m. but were also repulsed. A costly frontal attack by a battalion of the 17th Brigade at 18:30, overran Orchard Trench and Wood Lane up to Tea Trench. On the east side of the wood, two platoons from the 91st Brigade attacked at 5:00 but were forced back by small arms fire and at 15:00 a battalion of the 24th Division managed to bomb a short way down Edge Trench, which was almost invisible after the recent bombardments. On 1 September, the battalion attacked again but made little progress against German bombers and snipers.[63]

The 7th Division was due to attack Ginchy on 3 September but the Germans in Ale Alley, Hop Alley and the east end of Delville Wood commanded the ground over which the attack was to cross. A preliminary attack was arranged with the 24th Division, to begin five minutes before the main attack to recapture the ground. The 7th Division bombers used "fumite" grenades but these were too easy to see and alerted the German defenders and the 24th Division battalion received such contradictory orders that its attack north of Ale Alley failed.[64] Attacks on 4 September by two companies at the east end of the wood also failed and next day two companies managed to reach the edge of the wood close to Hop Alley and dig in. On the night of 5 September, the 24th Division was relieved by the 55th Division and the 166th Brigade dug in beyond the north-east fringe of the wood unopposed.[65]

Havo operatsiyalari

The first attack on Longueval and Delville Wood from 14 to 15 July, was conducted under the observation of 9 otryad, which directed counter-battery artillery-fire, photographed the area and flew contact-patrols to report the positions of infantry. During the morning a patrol of F.E. 2bs dan 22 otryad escorted the corps aircraft but no German aeroplanes were seen.[d] The British aircraft carried new "Buckingham" iz qoldiruvchi o'q-dorilar, which made aiming easier and began to attack German targets on the ground. The crews machine-gunned German infantry near Flers, cavalry sheltering under trees and other parties of German troops to the south-west.[67] During the XV Corps attacks on 24 August, 3 Squadron aircraft brought back detailed information about the progress of the infantry, who had lit many red flares when called on by contact-aircraft. Fourteen flares were seen by an observer at 18:40. to the north of the wood, which showed that the troops had overrun their objective and were under shrapnel fire from British artillery. The information was taken back and dropped by message-bag, which got the barrage lifted by 100 yd (91 m). The crew returned to the wood, completed the contact-patrol and reported to the XV Corps headquarters by 20:00, showing that the 14th Division was held up on the east side of the wood. A further attack the following morning captured the area, which was closely observed by British aircraft.[68]

Germaniya 2-armiyasi

14–19 July

Ob-havo
August–September 1916[69]
SanaYomg'ir
mm		° F
10.082°–59°issiq
20.088°–57°issiq
30.084°–57°issiq
40.079°–52°—
50.068°–48°yaxshi
60.075°–52°—
70.073°–50°—
80.077°–52°—
90.084°–54°—
104.070°–55°xira
110.077°–59°yomg'ir
121.082°–63°—
130.081°–59°shamol
142.077°–59°yomg'ir
150.075°–55°yomg'ir
162.075°–55°—
174.072°–54°yomg'ir
181.070°–55°xira
192.070°–50°xira
200.072°–54°xira
210.072°–48°—
220.072°–52°—
230.072°–54°—
240.078°–55°—
258.081°–61°xira
267.075°–59°—
274.073°–59°—
280.173°–59°yomg'ir
29?82°–59°yomg'ir
308.063°–48°loy
310.070°–52°yaxshi
10.072°–52°—
20.075°–52°shamol
3472°–50°—
42566°–52°yomg'ir
50.063°–54°xira
60.070°–52°xira

According to the German official history, Der Weltkrieg and regimental accounts, some units were not surprised. The British attack succeeded at a few points, from which the troops worked sideways to roll up the German defenders, a tactic not used on 1 July. Bavarian Infantry Regiment 16 lost v. 2300 kishi and the headquarters of Infantry Regiment Lehr, Bavarian Infantry Regiment 16, I Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment 91 and II Battalion, Bavarian Infantry Regiment 16 were captured. Armin, who had taken over from Longueval to the Ancre that morning, ordered troops to hold their positions. The 7th Division had been relieving the 183rd Division and part was sent to Longueval and the second line further back, along with resting units from the 185th, 17th Reserve, 26th Reserve, 3rd Guard divisions and troops of the 55th Landwehr Regiment (7th Landwehr Division ), equivalent to fourteen battalions. After alarmist reports of British cavalry in High Wood and the fall of Flers and Martinpuich, Below ordered the 5th, 8th, 8th Bavarian Reserve and 24th Reserve divisions to counter-attack to stop the British advance. When the true situation was discovered, the counter-stroke was cancelled and the 5th and 8th divisions returned to reserve.[70]

On 15 July, II Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment 107 of the 24-o'rin attacked from the south-east of Delville Wood at about 11:30 but was stopped by small-arms and artillery-fire 80 yd (73 m) short of the wood and driven under cover. An attack by the III Battalion from the Flers–Ginchy road soon after, was also stopped short and the battalions lost 528 men. I Battalion, Infantry Regiment 72 from the 8th Division attacked the north-eastern face of the wood and was also repulsed. Armin ordered another attack after dark by the 8th Division and 12-o'rin, to take back the wood at all costs. The preparations were rushed and no postponement was allowed; a bombardment began at 21:00, before the advance began around midnight by I and II battalions of Infantry Regiment 153 from the 8th Division and II Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment 107 of the 12th Reserve Division, on the east, north-east and northern faces of the wood, which also failed against artillery and machine-gun fire, 50 yd (46 m) short of the wood, after which German artillery bombarded the wood all night. Further attempts to regain the wood on 16 July were also costly failures.[71]

The 8th Division planned to recapture Delville Wood on 18 July and the most advanced troops were withdrawn late on 17 July, for a bombardment which began at 11:45 p.m., using the heavy guns of groups Von Gossler va Von Armin, the field artillery of the 8th Division and three batteries of the 12th Reserve Division, about 116 field qurol va 70 medium guns, heavy guns and howitzers.[72] The German bombardment turned Delville Wood into an "inferno", before slackening at around 3:45 a.m. during a British attack. Keyin 3:30 p.m., German troops from I Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment 104 and II and III battalions, Reserve Infantry Regiment 107, attacked the wood in several waves from the north-east, as eight companies of Infantry Regiment 153 of the 8th Division attacked from the north, to reach a line from Longueval to Waterlot Farm road. Another attack from the north and north-west by five companies of Infantry Regiment 26 of the 7th Division, reached the southern edge of the village.[73]

The attacks were not co-ordinated but were led by companies of Stoßtruppen (Storm Troop) and flammenwefer (Flametrower ) detachments, which fell into confusion in the wood; after dark parts of II Battalion, Infantry Regiment 52 of the 5th Division reinforced the troops in the wood and the village. On 19 July, the Germans in the wood endured massed British artillery-fire; Infantry Regiment 52 and part of Grenadier Regiment 12 were sent into the wood and the village, where Infantry Regiment 26 had appealed for relief before it collapsed. A British attack early on 20 July reached the village, where two companies were overwhelmed and 82 prisoners olingan. By 20 July, Infantry Regiment 26, which had been at full strength on 13 July, was reduced to 360 erkak and with Infantry Regiment 153, was relieved by Grenadier Regiment 12, which held Delville Wood and Longueval with Infantry Regiment 52, under the command of the 5th Division.[74]

German 1st Army

20 July – 3 September

The German defence of the Somme was reorganised in July and the troops of the Second Army north of the Somme were transferred to the command of a re-established 1st Army under the command of Below, overseen by General von Gallwitz the new commander of the 2nd Army and armeegruppe Gallwitz-Somme.[75] During a British attack on 23 July the 5th Division had to engage nearly all of its troops to resist the attack, which threw the defence into confusion. In anticipation of more British attacks a box-barrage was fired around the village and wood. 163 prisoners of Grenadier Regiment 8 were taken in a British attack on 27 July, one prisoner calling it the worst shelling he had endured. Da 9:30 a.m., German troops were seen massing for a counter-attack and managed to advance through a British protective artillery barrage, to engage the British infantry in a bombing fight. The German attack took part of the east end of the wood but the exhaustion of the 5th Division, which had been reduced to a "pitiable state", required reinforcement by three battalions, mainly from the 12th Division, from 27 to 29 July.[53]

On 30 July, British artillery-fire caused many casualties and the right flank of the 5th Division was hurriedly reinforced by I Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment 163 of the 17th Reserve Division, sent from Ytres, which was spotted by British aircrews at Beaulencourt and shelled. During the night II Battalion, Infantry Regiment 23 of the 12th Division was relieved by the I Battalion.[54] On 4 August, a British attack began as the Fusilier Battalion of Grenadier Regiment 12 was being relieved by I Battalion, Infantry Regiment 121 of the 26th Division, which was taking over from the 5th Division, Grenadier Regiment 119 coming into line to the east. A general relief of the German troops on the Somme front was conducted, as the British artillery kept up a steady bombardment of Delville Wood and German observation balloons began to operate between Ginchy and the wood.[76]

On 18 August, Infantry Regiment 125 of the 27th Division was surprised by an attack from the east end of Delville Wood, after its trenches were almost obliterated by British artillery. The British infantry arrived as soon as the barrage lifted and Grenadier Regiment 119 to the north, was almost rolled up from its left flank but two companies of III Battalion counter-attacked through I Battalion, which had lost too many men to participate. At the north-west side of the wood, Infantry Regiment 121 of the 26th Division found that the British artillery had made Orchard Trench almost untenable. II Battalion had to advance through the shell-fire and dig a new line behind Orchard Trench, to maintain touch with the flanks, before being relieved by I Battalion overnight.[77] The trench was occupied by Infantry Regiment 104 of the 40th Division, from North Street to the west and by Infantry Regiment 121 north of Longueval, which repulsed an attack on 21 August.[58]

Another British attack came on 24 August, as Infantry Regiment 88 from the 56th Division began to relieve Infantry Regiment 121 and Grenadier Regiment 119. Every man left in the regiment was needed to withstand the attack, which caused the loss of more than 200 mahbus and twelve machine-guns. After the attack, Fusilier Regiment 35 of the 56th Division relieved Infantry Regiment 125, which called the days on the Somme "the worst in the war". II Battalion, Infantry Regiment 181 was sent as a reinforcement and one of its companies was annihilated. An attempted counter-attack by the battalion and part of Infantry Regiment 104, was smashed by British artillery-fire and a German counter-bombardment hampered British consolidation.[78] On 27 August, the German garrison in Edge Trench, the last foothold in Delville Wood, was driven out and Infantry Regiment 118 lost 60 prisoners.[58] A counter-attack to recover the wood was made possible by the arrival of a wave of fresh German divisions on the Somme and in late August, German artillery preparation began for an attack on 31 August.[58]

The 4th Bavarian and 56th divisions were to make a pincer attack at 14:15. on the east and north sides of the wood, with I Battalion, Bavarian Infantry Regiment 5, III Battalion, Fusilier Regiment 35 and II Battalion, Infantry Regiment 88. Each battalion attacked with two companies forward and two in support. Jäger Battalion 3, was one of the first to be trained and equipped as a specialist assault unit; training had begun in mid-June, after large numbers of unfit men had been transferred to other units. Fitness training and familiarisation with light mortars and flame-throwers had been provided and the unit arrived on the Somme on 20 August. Parts of the unit began demonstrations and training courses in the new tactics and the 1st and 2nd companies were attached to the Bavarian and Fusilier battalions, which were to retake Delville Wood.[79] The attack began after a bombardment from Soat 10:00, which had little effect on the British defences.[80]

At the east end of the wood, Fusilier Regiment 35 attacked with the support of flame-thrower detachments but the mud was so bad that six became unusable, the artillery preparation was inadequate and the first two attacks failed. The third attempt, after a more extensive bombardment, was called "a wonderful victory". The attack from the north came from three companies of Infantry Regiment 88 and Stormtroops either side of Tea Lane. British return fire caused many casualties and forced the attackers to move from shell-hole to shell-hole, eventually being pinned down in no man's land. The survivors withdrew after dark, rallying at Flers. I Battalion, Bavarian Infantry Regiment 5, with a company of Jäger Battalion 3, attached flame-thrower and bombing detachments, attacked eastwards towards the 56th Division, along Tea and Orchard trenches, where a bomber killed a British machine-gun crew, by throwing a grenade 60 m (66 yd). A second artillery bombardment was fired at Soat 17:00, va Jäger managed to take 300 prisoners and gain a foothold. The position in the wood was abandoned by the Jäger, because the repulse of the 56th Division units, left them isolated and under increasing artillery-fire.[81]

Natijada

Tahlil

Kepkali va forma kiygan ofitserning bitta rangli portreti. Qopqoqning oq qopqog'i bor. Bayroqchining medali lentalari va yelkalari ko'rinadi.
Brigadier-General Henry Lukin, commander of the 1st South African Brigade.

Lukin had wanted to defend Delville Wood with machine-guns and small detachments of infantry but prompt German counter-attacks prevented this; Tanner had needed every man for the defence.[82] The British had eventually secured Longueval and Delville Wood in time for the formations to their north to advance and capture Yuqori yog'och uchun tayyor Flers – Kurset and the later Somme battles. Over the southern part of the British front, there had been v. 23,000 qurbonlar for a small "tongue" of ground a few miles deep.[83] The Allies and Germans suffered many casualties in continuous piecemeal attacks and counter-attacks. Gallwitz recorded that from 26 June to 28 August, 1,068 field guns of the 1,208 on the Somme had been destroyed, captured or made unserviceable, along with 371 ning The 820 og'ir qurol.[8]

In 2005, Prior and Wilson wrote that an obvious British remedy to the salient at Delville Wood was to move the right flank forward, yet only twenty attacks were made in this area, against 21 at the wood and 29 further Chapga. The writers held that British commanders had failed to command and had neglected the troops who were frittered away, such that the attrition of British forces was worse than the effect on the Germans. It was speculated that this was perhaps a consequence of the inexperience of Haig and Rawlinson in handling forces vastly larger than the British peacetime army. Prior and Wilson also wrote that 32 British divisions engaged 28 German divisions, most of which suffered casualties greater than 50 per cent, due uchun 7,800,000 shells fired by the British from 15 July to 12 September, despite shell-shortages and problems in transporting ammunition when rain had soaked the ground. German failings were also evident, particularly in counter-attacking to regain all lost ground, even when of little tactical value, which demonstrated that commanders on both sides had failed to control the battle.[84]

In 2009, J. P. Harris wrote that during the seven weeks' battle for control of Delville Wood, the infantry on both sides endured what appeared to be a bloody and frustrating stalemate, which was even worse for the Germans. The greater amount of British artillery and ammunition was directed by RFC artillery-observers in aircraft and balloons, which increased the accuracy of fire despite the frequent rain and mist. German counter-attacks were tactically unwise and exposed German infantry to British fire power regardless of the value of the ground being attacked. In the Fourth Army sector, the Germans counter-attacked seventy times from 15 July to 14 September against ninety British attacks, many in the vicinity of Delville Wood. The British superiority in artillery was often enough to make costly failures of the German efforts and since German troops were relieved less frequently, the constant British bombardments and loss of initiative depressed German morale.[85]

By the end of July, the German defence north of the Somme had reached a point of almost permanent collapse; on 23 July, the defence of Guillemont, Delville Wood and Longueval almost failed and from 27 to 28 July, contact with the defenders of the wood was lost; on 30 July another crisis occurred between Guillemont and Longueval. Inside the flanks of the German first position, troops occupied shell-holes to evade bombardment by the British artillery, which vastly increased the strain on the health and morale of the troops, isolated them from command, made it difficult to provide supplies and to remove wounded. Corpses strewed the landscape, fouled the air and reduced men's appetites even when cooked food could be brought from the rear; troops in the most advanced positions lived on tinned food and went thirsty. From 15 to 27 July, the 7th and 8th divisions of IV Corps, from Delville Wood to Bazentin le Petit suffered 9,494 casualties.[86]

The Battle for Longueval and Delville Wood, had started with a charge by the 2-hind otliq diviziyasi between Longueval and High Wood and two weeks after the wood was cleared, tanks went into action for the first time. A number of important tactical lessons were learned from the battle for the village and wood. Night assembly and advances, dawn attacks after short, concentrated artillery barrages for tactical surprise nd building defensive lines on the fringes of wooded areas, to avoid tree roots in preventing digging and to keep clear of shells which were detonated by branches, showering troops with wood splinters. Troops were relieved after two days, as longer periods exhausted them and consumed their ammunition, bombs and rations.[87] The persistence of the British attacks during July and August helped to preserve Franco-British relations, although Joffre criticised the large number of small attacks on 11 August and tried to cajole Haig into agreeing to a big combined attack. On 18 August, a larger British attack by three corps was spoilt by several days of heavy rain, which reduced artillery observation and no ground was gained at Delville Wood.[88]

Zarar ko'rgan narsalar

Another forty-two German divisions fought on the Somme front in July and by the end of the month German losses had increased to v. 160,000 erkaklar; the number of Anglo-French casualties was more than 200,000.[89] The battle for Delville Wood was costly for both sides and the 9th (Scottish) Division had 7,517 casualties from 1 to 20 July, of which the 1st (South African) Infantry Brigade lost 2,536 men.[90] [e] Kimdan 11 to 27 July the 3rd Division had 6,102 casualties.[48] The 5th Division lost v. 5,620 casualties dan 19 July to 2 August and the 17th Division had 1,573 casualties dan 1 to 13 August.[56] The 8th Division lost 2,726 casualties dan 14 to 21 July.[74] The 14th Division lost 3,615 casualties and the 33rd Division lost 3,846 men in August and from the end of August to 5 September, the 24th Division had v. 2,000 casualties.[94]

Details of German losses are incomplete, particularly for Prussian divisions, due to the loss of records to Allied bombing in the Ikkinchi jahon urushi.[95] Kimdan 15 to 27 July the 7th and 8th divisions of IV Corps held the line from Delville Wood to Bazentin le Petit and suffered 9,494 casualties. The 5th Division was not relieved from Delville Wood until 3 August and lost v. 5000 qurbon a greater loss than at Verdun in May.[86] Infantry Regiment 26, which had been at full strength on 13 July was reduced 260 men 20 iyulda.[90] The British official historian, Wilfrid Miles, wrote that many German divisions returned from a period on the Somme with losses greater than v. 4,500 men.[8] Bavarian Infantry Regiment 5 of the 4th Bavarian Division recorded "the loss of many good, irreplaceable men".[96]

Keyingi operatsiyalar

Asosiy maqolalar: Flers jangi - Kurset, Maykl operatsiyasi va Sommening ikkinchi jangi (1918)

The Battle of Flers–Courcelette (15–22 September) was the third British general offensive during the Battle of the Somme and continued the advance from Delville Wood and Longueval. The battle was notable for the first use of tanks and the capture of the villages of Kurset, Martinpuich and Flers. In the XV Corps area, the 14th (Light) Division on the right advanced to the area of Bull's Road between Flers and Lesbœufs, in the centre the 41st Division, the newest division in the BEF, captured Flers with the help of tank D-17 and the New Zealand Division, between Delville Wood and High Wood on the left, took the Switch Line, linking with the 41st Division in Flers, after two tanks arrived and the German defenders were overrun. The Fourth Army made a substantial advance of 2,500–3,500 yd (1.4–2.0 mi; 2.3–3.2 km) but failed to reach the final objectives.[97]

The Allies held the Wood until 24 March 1918, when the 47th Division received orders to retire with the rest of V Corps, after German troops broke through the junction of V Corps and VII Corps. British and German soldiers sometimes found themselves marching parallel, as the British troops fell back and formed a new line facing south between High Wood and Bazentin le Grand.[98] On 29 August 1918, the 38-chi (Uels) divizioni hujum qildi 5:30, to take the high ground east of Ginchy and then capture Delville Wood and Longueval from the south. The 113th Brigade was virtually unopposed and reached the objective by 9:00 and the 115th Brigade advanced north of the wood, which was mopped up by the 114th Brigade. Later in the day, the advance reached the vicinity of Morval.[99] The Germaniya bilan sulh ended hostilities three months later.[100]

Shuningdek qarang

Viktoriya xochi


Izohlar

  1. ^ Falkenhayn implied after the war that the psychology of German soldiers, shortage of manpower and lack of reserves made the policy inescapable, since the troops necessary to seal off breakthroughs did not exist. High losses incurred in holding ground by a policy of no retreat, were preferable to higher losses, voluntary withdrawals and the effect of a belief that soldiers had discretion to avoid battle. When a more flexible policy was substituted later, discretion was still reserved to army commanders.[18]
  2. ^ Known as Maltzhorn Farm to the Germans and locals, but listed on the British 1:10,000 map for Longueval (Ed 2.E 15 August 1916) as Warterlot Farm. The farm contained a large sugar mill which provided good cover for sniping and artillery observation and was thus considered to be of tactical importance, joining up with the 9th Division which was holding the southern half of Longueval.[33]
  3. ^ Each corps was expected to have 100 × field guns va 100 × medium and heavy artillery pieces. German positions on the flanks were to be engaged by the French XX Corps and the 35th Division from Guillemont to Ginchy and Flers, as the 9,2 dyuym va 12 dyuym guns of III Corps bombarded German-occupied villages further back. The one-hour bombardment was to become intense for the last seven minutes before zero hour and before each lift; the barrage was to move forward through the wood and village in three lifts, with intervals of one hour and then thirty minutes. The artillery was then to form a standing barrage beyond the final objective, for as long as necessary and the field gunners were to use as much Yuqori portlovchi (H.E.) shell as possible. The two British corps amassed 369 guns and howitzers for the bombardment, excluding counter-battery artillery.[50]
  4. ^ From 30 January 1916, each British army had a Royal Flying Corps brigada attached, which was divided into qanotlar, the "corps wing" with squadrons responsible for close reconnaissance, photography and artillery observation on the front of each army corps and an "army wing" which conducted longer-range reconnaissance and bombing, using the aircraft types with the highest performance.[66]
  5. ^ South African Brigade losses in Delville Wood have been exaggerated by mistakenly adding casualties at Bernafay Wood and Maricourt suffered before 14 July and those of the 1st and 4th Battalions in Longueval on 14 July.[91] Of the three officers and 140 men who left Delville Wood on 20 July, fewer than half had entered the wood on 14/15 July and rest were the survivors of 199 replacements who had arrived from 16 to 20 July.[92] The Brigade headquarters and staff had not entered the wood and more troops reported to Happy Valley, for the muster parade of 21 July along with Brigade and Machine Gun Company staff.[93]

Izohlar

  1. ^ Buchan 1996, p. 82.
  2. ^ Buchan 1992, p. 49.
  3. ^ Buchan 1992, 52-54 betlar.
  4. ^ Miles 1992, p. 27.
  5. ^ Sheldon 2005, p. 179.
  6. ^ Miles 1992, p. 173.
  7. ^ Miles 1992, p. 118.
  8. ^ a b v Miles 1992, p. 229.
  9. ^ Miles 1992, p. 230.
  10. ^ Miles 1992, pp. 4–61.
  11. ^ Sheffild 2003 yil, pp. 79–84.
  12. ^ a b Gliddon 1987, p. 276.
  13. ^ Uys 1986, p. 49.
  14. ^ a b v d Gliddon 1987, p. 125.
  15. ^ Ewing 2001, p. 102.
  16. ^ Ewing 2001, p. 103.
  17. ^ a b v d Buchan 1992, pp. 52–58.
  18. ^ Sheldon 2005, p. 223.
  19. ^ Vayn 1976 yil, 100-101 betlar.
  20. ^ a b Nasson 2007, p. 133.
  21. ^ Uys 1991 yil, p. 96.
  22. ^ Miles 1992, p. 89.
  23. ^ Philpott 2009, p. 256.
  24. ^ Philpott 2009, 255-256 betlar.
  25. ^ Philpott 2009, 259-260 betlar.
  26. ^ a b Digby 1993, p. 123.
  27. ^ a b Miles 1992, p. 92.
  28. ^ a b v d e f Buchan 1992, 59-63 betlar.
  29. ^ Uys 1983, p. 71.
  30. ^ Uys 1983, p. 72.
  31. ^ Nasson 2007, p. 131.
  32. ^ Uys 1983a, p. 103.
  33. ^ Buchan 1992, 64-65-betlar.
  34. ^ Uys 1983, 103-104 betlar.
  35. ^ Buchan 1992, pp. 64–69.
  36. ^ Uys 1983, p. 135.
  37. ^ a b v d Buchan 1992, 70-75 betlar.
  38. ^ Uys 1983, p. 204.
  39. ^ a b Rojers 2010 yil, p. 111.
  40. ^ Uys 1983 yil, p. 205.
  41. ^ Uys 1991 yil, p. 102.
  42. ^ Nasson 2007 yil, 134-135-betlar.
  43. ^ Uys 1991 yil, p. 113.
  44. ^ Uys 1991 yil, p. 117.
  45. ^ Buchan 1992 yil, p. 72.
  46. ^ Gliddon 1987 yil, 415–417-betlar.
  47. ^ Millar 1992 yil, p. 141.
  48. ^ a b Millar 1992 yil, p. 157.
  49. ^ a b Millar 1992 yil, p. 158.
  50. ^ Millar 1992 yil, 157-158 betlar.
  51. ^ Millar 1992 yil, 158-159 betlar.
  52. ^ Millar 1992 yil, 158-160-betlar.
  53. ^ a b v Millar 1992 yil, p. 160.
  54. ^ a b Millar 1992 yil, p. 167.
  55. ^ Millar 1992 yil, p. 170.
  56. ^ a b Millar 1992 yil, 185-186 betlar.
  57. ^ Millar 1992 yil, 193-194 betlar.
  58. ^ a b v d Millar 1992 yil, p. 199.
  59. ^ a b Millar 1992 yil, 201-202-betlar.
  60. ^ Millar 1992 yil, 201-205-betlar.
  61. ^ Millar 1992 yil, 205–206 betlar.
  62. ^ Millar 1992 yil, 206–207-betlar.
  63. ^ Millar 1992 yil, 250-251 betlar.
  64. ^ Millar 1992 yil, 262-263 betlar.
  65. ^ Millar 1992 yil, 265–269 betlar.
  66. ^ Jons 2002 yil, 147–148 betlar.
  67. ^ Jons 2002 yil, 230-231 betlar.
  68. ^ Jons 2002 yil, 245-246 betlar.
  69. ^ Gliddon 1987 yil, 417-419 betlar.
  70. ^ Millar 1992 yil, 88-89 betlar.
  71. ^ Millar 1992 yil, 92-93 betlar.
  72. ^ Millar 1992 yil, p. 94.
  73. ^ Millar 1992 yil, p. 105.
  74. ^ a b Millar 1992 yil, p. 106.
  75. ^ Millar 1992 yil, 117-118 betlar.
  76. ^ Millar 1992 yil, 186-187 betlar.
  77. ^ Millar 1992 yil, p. 194.
  78. ^ Millar 1992 yil, 199, 202-betlar.
  79. ^ Sheldon 2005 yil, p. 258.
  80. ^ Sheldon 2005 yil, 257-258 betlar.
  81. ^ Sheldon 2005 yil, 259-260 betlar.
  82. ^ Ewing 2001 yil, p. 121 2.
  83. ^ Liddel Xart 1970 yil, p. 326.
  84. ^ Oldin va Wilson 2005, 188-190 betlar.
  85. ^ Xarris 2009 yil, p. 256.
  86. ^ a b Millar 1992 yil, p. 172.
  87. ^ Uys 1991 yil, 159-165-betlar.
  88. ^ Xarris 2009 yil, p. 257.
  89. ^ Keegan 1998 yil, p. 319.
  90. ^ a b v d e f Millar 1992 yil, p. 108.
  91. ^ Uys 1991 yil, 192-194, 274-betlar.
  92. ^ Uys 1991 yil, p. 187.
  93. ^ Uys 1991 yil, 194-198 betlar.
  94. ^ Millar 1992 yil, p. 205.
  95. ^ Sheldon 2005 yil, p. 407.
  96. ^ Millar 1992 yil, p. 277.
  97. ^ Sheffild 2003 yil, 117-120-betlar.
  98. ^ Devies, Edmonds va Maksvell-Xislop 1995 yil, 427-433 betlar.
  99. ^ Edmonds 1993 yil, 343-344 betlar.
  100. ^ Uys 1991 yil, p. 122.

Adabiyotlar

Kitoblar

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Jurnallar

Veb-saytlar

  • Uys, I. (1983a). "Delvil Vudning darslari". Janubiy Afrika harbiy tarixi jurnali. Janubiy Afrika harbiy tarixi jamiyati / Die Suid-Afrikaanse Krygshistoriese Vereniging. ISSN  0026-4016. Olingan 5 avgust 2013.

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