Bruks-Baxter urushi - Brooks–Baxter War - Wikipedia

Bruks - Baxter urushi
Qismi Qayta qurish davri yilda Arkanzas
Ikkala uyingizdagi vabo (1874) C.S.R.jpg
"Ikkala uyingiz ham vabo!" tomonidan C.S.R. shoular "Arkanzas "ikki kishi o'rtasidagi janjal qurboni sifatida.
Sana1874 yil 15 aprel - 15 may (30 kun)
Manzil
Kichik tosh va Yangi Gascony, Arkanzas
NatijaBaxter ma'muriyati piretik g'alaba
Urushayotganlar
Baxter ma'muriyati[a]
Minstrellar		Respublika muxolifati[b]
Brindle quyruqlari
Qo'mondonlar va rahbarlar

Elisha Baxter

Jozef Bruks

Kuch
~ 2000 militsiya~ 1000 militsiya
Yo'qotishlar va yo'qotishlar
~ 200 o'lik[1]
Qismi bir qator ustida
Arkanzas tarixi
Arkanzas shtatining ajoyib muhri
Xronologiya
United States flags.svg Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari portali

The Bruks-Baxter urushi, deb ham tanilgan Bruks-Baxter ishi, muvaffaqiyatsiz gubernatorlikka nomzod tomonidan qilingan urinish edi Jozef Bruks Brindle Tails fraktsiyasining Arkanzasning respublikachilar partiyasi dan davlat boshqaruvini o'z qo'liga olish Elisha Baxter, respublikachi kim edi Arkanzas gubernatori. Oxirida g'olib, Baxst ma'muriyati, shuningdek Minstrels tomonidan tanilgan va uni 'gilam xaltachilari "Brindle Tails ustidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi"scalawags 'va'ozodlar.'

Kurash 1868 yil Arkanzas konstitutsiyasini tasdiqlash bilan boshlanib, Arkanzasga qayta qo'shilishga ruxsat berish uchun qayta yozilgan Ittifoq keyin Amerika fuqarolar urushi. The Qayta qurish to'g'risidagi aktlar talab qilingan isyonchi davlatlar qabul qilish 14-o'zgartirish - tashkil etish ozodlik uchun fuqarolik huquqlari - va ozodlikka chiquvchilarga vaqtincha saylov huquqini beruvchi yangi konstitutsiyalarni qabul qilish huquqni bekor qilish sobiq Konfederatlar. Ba'zi konservatorlar va Demokratlar konstitutsiyani yozishda ishtirok etishdan bosh tortdi va hukumatdagi ishtirokini to'xtatdi. Respublikachilar va Ittifoqchilar Arkanzasning Ittifoqqa qayta qo'shilishini istab, yangi konstitutsiyani yozish va qabul qilish uchun koalitsiya tuzdi va yangi shtat hukumatini tuzdi. Tomonidan reaktsion zo'ravonlik to'lqini ortidan Ku-kluks-klan va kambag'al iqtisodiyot, koalitsiya tez orada ikki guruhga bo'linib ketdi: Minstrellar,[2] asosan gilam sumkachilari va Brindle Tails,[2] asosan skalavaglar bo'lganlar. Bu gilamchiqchining respublika gubernatoriga qarshi impichment bo'yicha sud jarayoni muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi, Pauell Kleyton; u keyin saylandi AQSh senatori tomonidan Arkanzas Bosh assambleyasi.

1872 yilgi gubernatorlik saylovlari Minstrel Elisha Baxterning Brindle Tail Jozef Bruks ustidan firibgarlik va qo'rqitish bilan o'tgan saylovda tor g'alabasiga olib keldi. Bruks natijalarni qonuniy yo'llar bilan boshlagan, dastlab muvaffaqiyatga erishmagan, ammo Baxter sobiq Konfederatlarni qayta enfranchizatsiya qilish orqali o'z bazasining ko'p qismini chetlashtirgan va 1874 yilda Bruk saylovlar natijalarini firibgar deb e'lon qilgan okrug sudyasi tomonidan gubernator deb e'lon qilingan. Bruks hukumatni zo'rlik bilan o'z qo'liga oldi, ammo Baxter iste'fo berishdan bosh tortdi. Har bir tomon o'z tarafidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi militsiya bir necha yuz qora tanlilar. Ikki guruh o'rtasida bir nechta qonli janglar boshlandi. Va nihoyat, AQSh Prezidenti Uliss S. Grant istamay aralashdi va Baxterni qo'llab-quvvatladi, bu ishni oxiriga etkazdi.

To'qnashuvlar, so'ngra to'liq qayta qurish davlat hukumati ostida Arkanzasning 1874 yilgi konstitutsiyasi, ning oxiri belgilangan Qayta qurish Arkanzasda, natijada shtatda Respublikachilar partiyasi sezilarli darajada zaiflashdi, chunki demokratlar hokimiyatni egallab oldi va 90 yil davomida gubernatorlikni nazorat qildi.

Fon

1868 yildagi Arkanzas konstitutsiyasi

Amerika fuqarolar urushidan so'ng isyonchi davlatlar, shu jumladan Arkanzas, tartibsizlikka uchradi. Iqtisodiyoti va ijtimoiy tuzilishining asosiy omili bo'lgan qullik yo'q bo'lib ketdi. Janubliklar "gilam xalta" deb atagan shimolliklar mag'lubiyatga kelishdi Janubiy shtatlar qayta qurish jarayonida ishlash. 1866 yilda Kongressni isyon ko'targan davlatlardagi urushdan keyingi o'zgarishlar tobora ko'proq bezovta qila boshladi: Fuqarolar Urushigacha bo'lgan elita, shu jumladan plantatsiya egalari va Konfederatsiya armiyasi zobitlari yana hukumat lavozimlariga qayta saylandilar va janubiy qonun chiqaruvchilar sobiqlarning huquqlarini cheklovchi "Qora kodlar" ni qabul qildilar. qullar va qora tanlilarga qarshi zo'ravonlik odatiy hol edi. Ushbu masalani hal qilish uchun Kongress 1867 yildagi Qayta qurish to'g'risidagi aktlarni qabul qilib, isyonchi shtat hukumatlarini tarqatib yubordi va janubni harbiy okruglarga ajratdi. Qo'zg'olonchi davlatlar faqat "ozodlikka chiqqan" lar uchun fuqarolik huquqlarini ta'minlovchi yangi konstitutsiyalarni yozgan va ratifikatsiya qilgan va 14-tuzatishni qabul qilgan taqdirda Ittifoqqa qayta qabul qilinishi mumkin edi.[3]

1867 yil kuzida Arkansanlar yangi konstitutsiyaviy konvensiyani chaqirishga ovoz berishdi va 1868 yil yanvar oyida Little Rokda yig'ilgan delegatlarni tanladilar. Mahalliy oq ittifoqchilar, ozodlik va gilamcha respublikachilar koalitsiyasi eng muhim takliflarda ustun keldi. Taniqli rahbarlar kiritilgan Jeyms Xinds, Jozef Bruks, John McClure va Pauell Kleyton. Yangi konstitutsiya ozod qilingan kattalar erkaklar qullari uchun saylov huquqini (ovoz berish huquqini) talab qildi, endi ular ozod deb ataladi; ozodlik beruvchilarni aholining to'liq a'zolari deb hisoblab, fuqarolar sifatida yangi maqomini aks ettirish uchun qonun chiqaruvchi okruglarni qayta taqsimladi. U davlat hukumatiga keng vakolatlarni berib, birinchi marta (qora va oq tanlilar uchun) umumiy xalq ta'limi, shuningdek, urushdan keyin zarur bo'lgan avvalgi hukumat davrida mavjud bo'lmagan ijtimoiy yordam muassasalarini yaratdi. Gubernatorga qonunchilik tomonidan tasdiqlanmagan holda tayinlash bo'yicha keng vakolatlar berildi, shu jumladan, Oliy sud sudyalari singari yuqori darajadagi davlat amaldorlarini tayinlash huquqi. Shuningdek, gubernator deyarli barcha davlat tashkilotlarining prezidenti, shu jumladan shtatning yangi tashkil etilgan Texnika universiteti vasiylik kengashi, jamoat matbaasi kengashi va hattoki temir yo'l komissiyasining prezidenti bo'lgan. Shuningdek, Konfederatsiya armiyasining sobiq zobitlari va barcha erkaklarning fuqarolik va siyosiy tengligiga sodiqlik va'dasini berishdan bosh tortgan shaxslarni vaqtincha huquqsiz qoldirdi.

Demokratik partiya 1867-68 yillarda Arkanzasda ham tartibsiz edi. Demokratlarni birlashtiruvchi printsiplardan biri oq tanli ustunlik va qora saylov huquqiga qarshilik ko'rsatish edi. 1868 yil 27 yanvarda Demokratik davlatning Little Rokda bo'lib o'tgan qurultoyida demokratlar "negro saylov huquqi va hukmronligining muxoliflarini" birlashtirishning aniq maqsadini e'lon qilishdi. Ba'zi partiyalar rahbarlari qayta tiklanishga qarshi davom etayotgan harbiy boshqaruvni qo'llab-quvvatladilar, bu ular xohlagan narsadan uzoqroq edi, ammo erkin odamlarga oq tanli fuqarolarning barcha fuqarolik huquqlariga, shu jumladan saylov huquqiga ruxsat berishdan ko'ra yaxshiroq variant bo'lib tuyuldi. Partiyaning ko'proq konservativ qanotlari shunchaki yangi konstitutsiyaga qiziqish bildirmadi va Konfederatsiyada aks etgan g'oyalarga sodiq qoldi. Konstitutsiyaviy qurultoy paytida demokratlar o'zlarining partiya qurultoylarini chaqirdilar. Ko'pchilik yangi konstitutsiya noqonuniy deb saylovlarni boykot qilishni tanladilar, chunki ular o'zlarini past darajadagi irq deb ta'kidlagan erkinlarga saylov huquqini berish paytida ularni huquqsiz qoldirdilar. Ular, shuningdek, hozirda shtatdagi eng katta saylovchilar bloki bo'lgan ozodlik odamlarini ularga qarshi qarorlar qabul qilish orqali chetlashtirdilar: ularning konvensiyadagi birinchi qarori "Oq odam mamlakatida oq odam hukumati tarafdorimiz" degan qaror qabul qilindi.[4] 1868 yil aprelda bo'lib o'tgan saylovlarda shtatdagi ro'yxatdan o'tgan saylovchilarning atigi ½ qismi ovoz berdi va ovoz berganlarning yangi konstitutsiyasini ma'qulladi.[3]

Kleyton ma'muriyati

Sochlari yupqalashgan, uzun mo'ylovli va soqolli, egnida ko'ylagi va bo'yinbog'ini taqib olgan, jiddiy ko'rinishga ega o'rta yoshdagi odamning oq va qora fotosurati
Pauell Kleyton

Pauell Kleyton, 35 yoshli sobiq brigada generali Arkanzasdagi ayolga uylanganidan keyin Arkanzasda qolgan Ittifoq armiyasida, 1868 yil aprelda respublikachi sifatida gubernator etib saylandi. Saylov qonunbuzarliklar bilan tugadi. Masalan, ovozlarni qaytarish Pulaski okrugi ro'yxatdan o'tgan saylovchilar sonidan oshib ketdi. Shuningdek, ro'yxatga oluvchilar byulletenlarni tarqatilishini nazorat qilgan, agar ular haqiqiy ro'yxatdan o'tish guvohnomasini ko'rsatishlari mumkin bo'lsa, boshqa okruglardan kelgan saylovchilarga byulletenlarni berganliklarini tan olishdi. Ikkala tomon ham saylovlarda qalloblik va saylovchilarni qo'rqitishganini da'vo qilishdi: qurolli partiyalar saylovchilarni ovoz berish joylaridan uzoqlashtirish uchun yo'llarga joylashtirilgan edi. General Gillem, qo'mondoni Arkanzasni o'z ichiga olgan harbiy okrug, General Grantga qaysi tomon ko'proq saylov firibgarligini sodir etganini aniqlash uchun bir necha oy vaqt kerakligini yozgan.[3]

1868 yil iyulda Arkanzas yana Ittifoqga qo'shildi va Kleyton inauguratsiya qilingan gubernator bo'ldi. Yangi bosh assambleya allaqachon aprel oyida yig'ilishni boshlagan edi, ammo davlat qayta qabul qilingan vaqt uchun qonunchilikni tayyorlashdan boshqa hech narsa qila olmadi. Oldingi hokim, Ishoq Merfi kimning ma'muriyati Federal hukumat tomonidan tan olinmagan bo'lsa, shu vaqt ichida davlatning ijro etuvchi vazifasini bajarishda davom etdi. Kleyton ham, Merfi ham bir vaqtning o'zida gubernator sifatida maosh olishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi.[3] Kleyton ish boshlagach, respublikachi siyosatchilarning aksariyatini yangi shtat hukumati tarkibidagi lavozimlarga tayinladi; ammo, u Jozef Bruks uchun joy topolmadi.[5]

Bruks va Kleyton o'rtasidagi raqobat 1868 yilgi saylovlardan oldin sodir bo'lgan. Kleyton Bruksni afzalligi va ajralib turishi uchun eng kuchli raqobatchisi sifatida ko'rdi va uning partiya rahbariyati bilan o'ralashib qolishini istamadi. Bruks uning qobiliyati va partiyadagi xizmati tan olinmaganini yoki qadrlanmaganligini sezdi va u boshqa respublikachilarga, shu jumladan Kleytonga achchiqlanib, g'azablandi.[6]

Shtatdagi demokratlar o'zlarini radikal respublikachilardan ajratish uchun o'zlarini "konservatorlar" deb atashgan, ozod etilganlar - sobiq qullar nafaqat ozod qilingan, balki fuqarolar maqomi bilan, to'liq fuqarolik huquqlari bilan, 14-kunga kelib yopilgan. O'zgartirish. Eng yomoni, konservatorlar fikriga ko'ra, ozodlikka chiqqanlarga ovoz berishga ruxsat berildi. Konservatorlar tabiatan o'zini past deb bilgan erkinlarga ovoz berishga ruxsat berilgan bo'lsa ham, Konfederatsiyaning sobiq zobitlari bunday huquqqa ega emas edilar. Bu, ayniqsa g'azablantirdi, chunki ular yangi taklif qilingan infratuzilma o'zgarishlarini moliyalashtirish uchun soliq to'lashlari kerak edi, bunga qarshi ovoz berish imkoniyati yo'q edi.[3] Ular hatto buni radikallar tomonidan Xudoning irodasini chetlab o'tishga urinish sifatida ko'rishdi.[5]

Tez orada shtat bo'ylab zo'ravonlik avj oldi. Yaqin Memfis (Tennessi) da joylashgan Konfederatsiya armiyasining sobiq zobitlari yangi tartibga qarshi kurashish uchun Ku-Kluks-Klanni tuzdilar. Klan tezda Arkanzasga tarqaldi. Respublikachilar rasmiylari, jumladan kongressmenlar Jeyms Xindlar, yangi fuqarolik huquqlaridan foydalanmoqchi bo'lgan qora tanli fuqarolar ham hujumga uchradi. Monro okrugidagi yo'lda Xindlar va Brukslar qurolli shaxslar tomonidan siyosiy tadbirga sayohat qilayotgan paytda pistirmada bo'lishgan. Bruks og'ir jarohat oldi va hindlar o'ldirildi. Xindlar o'ldirilgan kongressning birinchi o'tirgan a'zosi edi va uning o'ldirilishi Janubda davom etayotgan siyosiy zo'ravonlik uchun milliy nafrat uyg'otdi. Koroner So'rov mahalliy demokrat amaldorni aniqladi va qotil sifatida Ku Kluks Klansmanni gumon qildi. Aksariyat zamondoshlar hindlarni o'ldirish bilan tahdid qilgan va boshqa respublikachilarni faol ravishda o'ldirayotgan va ularga hujum qilgan Klanni ayblashdi. Vaqtni aks ettirganda, hech qachon qotillik uchun hech kim hibsga olinmagan.[7] Ko'proq zo'ravonlik shtat bo'ylab tarqalib borar ekan, Kleyton e'lon qildi harbiy holat 14 ta okrugda.[8]

Ko'pgina demokratik gazetalar hanuzgacha zo'ravonliklar haqida xabar berayotganda yashirin Ku Kluks-Klanning mavjudligini rad etishdi. 20-asrdagi tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, hozirgi paytda shtatdagi zo'ravonliklarning aksariyati uchun Klan aybdor bo'lgan. Zo'ravonliklarga qarshi kurashish uchun davlat militsiyasi tashkil qilingan edi, garchi u yomon jihozlangan bo'lsa ham. Forma va tartibsiz qurol va moslamalar bo'lmagan holda, militsiya tez-tez talonchilar to'dalarida adashib, qisqa, ammo uzoq vaqtdan beri eslab kelinayotgan "Militsiya urushi" ni qo'zg'atdi va butun shtat bo'ylab dahshatga sabab bo'ldi.[3] Bu hozirgi paytda Shimoliy Karolinada sodir bo'lgan voqealarga o'xshardi Kirk-Xolden urushi.

Saylov uchastkalarining yaxlitligini kafolatlay olmasligidan qo'rqib, Kleyton siyosiy zo'ravonlik boshlangan okruglarda kuzgi saylovlarni bekor qildi. Biroq, buni amalga oshirishda u Demokratik ovozlarni yanada pasaytirdi va shtat aholisi asosan Demokratik bo'lishiga qaramay, Respublikachilar partiyasidan nomzod bo'lgan Prezident Grantning saylovini qo'llab-quvvatladi.[9]

Yangi infratuzilma uchun to'lov

Kleyton shtatda zarur bo'lgan infratuzilma o'zgarishlarini to'lash uchun turli xil taktikalarni qo'llagan. Janubning aksariyat qismi infratuzilmaga juda muhtoj edi va bu jihatdan mamlakatning qolgan qismidan orqada edi. U soliqlarni oshirdi, davlatning yomon kreditini qarzlarni to'lash va chiqarish orqali tuzatishga urindi va davlatni qog'oz bilan to'ldirdi skript. Ushbu taktikalarning barchasi muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi va davlat qarzini oshirdi.

Yangi infratuzilmani to'lash uchun gubernator Pauell shtatni qog'oz skripti bilan suv bosishiga yo'l qo'ydi. Bu Arkanzas shtatidagi Fayettevildagi 1872 yilda chiqarilgan bir dollarlik kupyuraning namunasi chop etilgan kundan keyin besh yil davomida bir dollarga teng.

Ko'proq soliqlarni joriy etish ham demokratlar, ham respublikachilar orasida juda yoqimsiz bo'lib chiqdi va shtat aholisi shunchaki berish uchun juda ko'p pulga ega emas edi.[3] Obligatsiya masalalari qarama-qarshiliklarni keltirib chiqardi va ma'muriyatdagi janjallarga sabab bo'ldi. Barcha eski temir yo'l va infratuzilma zayomlari, shu jumladan bahsli Xolford obligatsiyalari Arkanzas Oliy sudi tomonidan allaqachon noqonuniy deb topilgan, mablag 'yig'ish va qonun chiqaruvchi tomonidan qabul qilingan.[10] Hech qachon qurilmagan yoki qurilgan, so'ngra yirtilib, boshqa yo'nalishda tiklangan yo'llar va temir yo'llar uchun ko'plab obligatsiyalar chiqarildi. Ba'zi loyihalar hattoki turli xil obligatsiyalardan bir xil miqdordagi mablag'ni olishgan, masalan, temir yo'llar uchun qurilgan yo'llar, boshqa bog'lanish yo'li bilan moliyalashtirilgan.[10] Sotib olish bilan bog'liq eng munozarali obligatsiyalardan biri shifer oxir-oqibat voqea uchun qamoq jazosini o'tagan respublikachi amaldor J.L.Hodjening qasrini qurish uchun yo'naltirilgan davlat jazoni ijro etish uyi uchun. Veksellar yoki skript pul yig'ish uchun chiqarilgan. Ushbu mablag 'qurilish loyihalariga sarflandi va davlat infratuzilmasiga sarmoya kiritildi. Yangi konstitutsiyaning VI-moddasi, 10-moddasi, davlatning krediti saylovchilarning roziligisiz berilishi mumkin emasligi va bu veksellarni noqonuniy qilishini ta'kidladi. Ularning kiritilishi, shuningdek, haqiqiy valyutaning muomaladan chiqishiga sabab bo'ldi.[5]

Radikal respublikachilar shtat ichida bir muncha yaxshilanishlarni amalga oshirdilar. Levezlar qurildi va temir yo'llar qurildi. Shuningdek, Arkanzasning birinchi umumta'lim maktablari tizimi yaratildi. Ma'muriyat va uning tarafdorlari kelajak uchun asos bo'lgan Arkanzas sanoat universitetini tashkil etishdi Arkanzas universiteti yilda Fayettevil; nima bo'ladi Arkanzas karlar uchun maktab; va Arkanzas ko'rlar uchun maktab dan ko'chib o'tgan Arkadelfiya ga Kichik tosh.[8] Biroq, davlat qarzi keskin oshdi. Kleyton ish boshlaganda shtat byudjet profitsitiga ega edi, ammo vakolat muddati oxiriga kelib davlat qarzi 5 million dollarga ko'tarildi.[3]

Minstrels va Brindle Taillar

"Skalawag" mahalliy konservativ respublikachilar va "gilam xaltachasi" migrant radikal respublikachilar 1868 yilda davlat ustidan to'liq nazoratni qo'lga kiritish uchun koalitsiya tuzishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Biroq, ular hokimiyatga ega bo'lgandan so'ng, gilam sumkachilarining ortiqcha sarf-xarajatlari xanjar masalasi bo'lib chiqdi. ikki guruh o'rtasida va partiyada rivojlangan fraksiyalar. Kleyton ma'muriyatining shubhali moliyaviy manevralariga ayniqsa kuchli qarshilik ko'rsatildi. 1869 yilda kelishuv taktikasiga qaramay, Arkanzas Respublikachilar partiyasi ikkiga bo'lindi, chunki "skalavaglar" gilam xaltachilarining beparvolik bilan sarflagan xarajatlarini qoralay boshladi.[5]

Skalawaglar anjumanda uchrashib, "Liberal respublikachilar" va a populist Umumiy amnistiya, umumiy saylov huquqi, iqtisodiy islohotlar va Kleyton diktaturasi deb ataladigan davlatni to'xtatish platformasi.[3] Ma'muriyatning isrofgarchiligidan norozi bo'lgan kichkina kleytonitlar guruhi ham ushbu guruh tomonga o'tdilar. Ular orasida Jozef Bruks ham bor edi, u o'zini Arkanzasdagi radikalizmning asoschisi deb da'vo qilgan va ularning tabiiy rahbariga aylangan. Bruks shimollik edi Metodist va'zgo'y va Ittifoq armiyasi uchun ruhoniy bo'lgan. U siyosiy va diniy mavzularni birlashtirgan otashin nutqlari bilan tanilgan edi. U 1868 yilgi Respublikachilar shtati s'ezdining raisi bo'lgan va o'sha paytda edi[qachon? ] shtat senatori Oq okrug va Pulaski okrugi. Garchi u gilam xaltachilari bilan boshidanoq shug'ullangan bo'lsa-da, Kleyton Brukni potentsial raqib sifatida ko'rib, unga hukumat lavozimini bermagan edi.[3]

Kleytonitlar yangi fraktsiyani Brindle Taillar deb atay boshladilar. Ushbu nomni Kleyton tarafdori Jek Ageridan topish mumkin, u shtatda ozodlik, pudratchi va notiq bo'lgan. U Pulaski okrugidagi Eagle Township-da qilgan nutqida, Bruks unga bolaligidanoq tanigan boshqa barcha qoramollarni qo'rqitgan "brindle tailed bull" ni eslatganini aytdi.[6] Keyin kleytonist Jozef Bruks va uning tarafdorlarini Brindle Taillar deb istehzo bilan aytishni boshladi va shu vaqtdan boshlab ularga shunday murojaat qilishdi. Brindle Tails platformasida sobiq Konfederatlarga qarshi yangi konstitutsiya taklifi kiritilgan bo'lib, u demokratlar va urush oldidan murojaat qilgan Whigs. Ular huquqdan mahrum bo'lganlar va liberal respublikachilar orasida qo'llab-quvvatlashni boshladilar.[3]

O'z navbatida, Brindle Tails gilam xaltachilari va kleytonist respublikachilarni masxara bilan Minstrellar deb atagan va bu ism ham yopishib qolgan. Ushbu monikerni, ehtimol Jon G. Prays, muharriri Little Rock respublikasi va Kleytonning qat'iy tarafdori. Narx yaxshi musiqachi va komediyachi ekanligi ma'lum bo'lgan va hatto bir marta kasal ijrochini to'ldirgan minstrel namoyishi bilan to'ldiring qora yuz.[6]

Brindle Tails Kleytonni gubernatorlik idorasidan chiqarib yuborishni juda xohladi. Qulay, Hokim leytenant Jeyms M. Jonson Brindle Tail edi, shuning uchun tabiiy harakat Kleytondan qutulishga urinish va Jonsonning o'rnini egallashiga imkon berish edi. Kleyton ularning rejalarini yaxshi bilar edi va shtatdan Xolford obligatsiyalariga oid ish bilan qisqa vaqt ichida Nyu-Yorkka jo'nab ketgach, bu haqda hech kimga xabar bermadi. Poytaxtdan bir oz uzoqlikda bo'lgan uyda bo'lgan Jonson, boshqaruvni o'z qo'liga olish va Kleytonni hibsga olish va impichment e'lon qilish uchun poytaxtga borishga harakat qilganini bilgach. U juda kech keldi. Keyinchalik, Jonson ma'muriyatni o'zgartirishni talab qilgan nutqidan so'ng, Minstrellar Jonsonni nishonga olishni boshladilar. 1871 yil 30-yanvarda ular Bosh assambleyada unga qarshi impichment moddalarini kiritdilar. Bosh ayblov shundaki, Jonson Senat Prezidenti vazifasini bajaruvchi bo'lib, yaqinda shtat senatori etib saylangan Jozef Bruksga qasamyod qildi va keyin uni qavatda tanidi. Bu qonuniy ravishda leytenant-gubernator sifatida uning vakolatiga kirgan bo'lsa-da, u faqat ikkita ovoz bilan impichmentdan qutulib qoldi. Jarayonni tekshirish uning obro'siga jiddiy zarar etkazdi, garchi u hech qanday yomon ish qilmagan bo'lsa ham va siyosiy faoliyati hech qachon tiklanmagan.[3]

1871 yilda Kleyton AQSh uylari o'rtasidagi saylov natijalarini ataylab buzganlikda ayblandi Tomas Boles va Jon Edvards ichida uchinchi kongress okrugi. Arkanzas qonuniga ko'ra, natijalar sertifikatlanib, davlat kotibiga berilishi kerak edi, keyin Robert J.T. Oq. Shundan so'ng, gubernator va davlat kotibi natijalarni "qabul qilib, tartibga soladi" va gubernator g'olib deb e'lon qilgan va davlat muhrini unga topshirgan. Kleyton Edvardsning yakuniy hisobiga yuzga yaqin ovoz qo'shgan va uni g'olib deb e'lon qilganlikda ayblangan. Boles saylovlarda muvaffaqiyatli ishtirok etdi va Kleytonga federal tuman sudi ayblov e'lon qildi. Garchi sud Kleyton haqiqatan ham o'zining e'lonini soxtalashtirgan va u g'olib bo'lmaganligini yaxshi bilgan holda muhrni Edvardsga topshirgan deb topgan bo'lsa ham, bu noqonuniy emas edi. Uning xatti-harakatlari hech qanday tarzda Kongress uchun majburiy bo'lmagan va o'sha paytdagi federal qonunchilikka ko'ra, shtat gubernatorlari saylovlar bo'yicha mansabdor shaxslar hisoblanmagan. Boles kongressmenga aylandi.[11]

Kleytonni shtatdagi ishlardan ajratib qo'yish uchun Brindllar va Demokratlar qila oladigan yagona narsa uni AQSh Senatiga saylash edi. Biroq, u bir ovozdan g'alaba qozongan bo'lsa ham, u o'z o'rnini egallashdan bosh tortdi, bu Jonsonning gubernator bo'lishiga yo'l qo'yishni anglatadi. 1871 yilda shtat Vakillar palatasi Kleytonga qarshi impichment moddalarini ishlab chiqdi va unga turli xil impichment harakatlarida aybladi, shu jumladan Jonson va boshqa bir qator davlat amaldorlarini ular adolatli saylangan lavozimlaridan mahrum etish, davlat amaldorlari va sudyalarni ishdan bo'shatish. ular adolatli saylangan, soxta saylovlarga yordam bergan, davlat temir yo'l zayomlari uchun pora olgan va boshqa turli xil og'ir jinoyatlar va huquqbuzarliklar. Shundan so'ng Palata a'zolari Kleytonni hokim tomonidan majburiy ravishda majburiy ravishda to'xtatib qo'yishga harakat qilishdi. Hatto ular uni kabinetiga qamab qo'yib, eshikni mixlab qo'yishga urinishgan. Biroq, Kleyton shtat konstitutsiyasi bilan uni o'z lavozimidan mahrum qilish huquqiga ega emasligini aytdi. Shu bilan birga, palata Bosh sudyaga qarshi impichment ayblovlarini ham e'lon qildi John McClure Jonsonga leytenant-gubernator lavozimidagi imtiyozlarni rad etishga urinishda.[12]

Ikki ketma-ket tergov Kleytonga qarshi dalil topa olmadi. Qonun chiqaruvchi organ davom etishni rad etdi, barcha ayblovlar bekor qilindi va Kleyton oqlandi. Darhaqiqat, u hokim sifatida hech qachon biron bir qonunbuzarlikda aybdor deb topilmadi. Nihoyat kelishuvga erishildi. Endilikda o'zining impichment sinovidan siyosiy jihatdan jiddiy zarar ko'rgan va har qanday lavozimni egallashga tayyor bo'lgan Jonson davlat kotibi etib tayinlandi va hokimiyat va obro'sini yo'qotgani uchun bir necha ming dollar tovon puli to'ladi, chunki u hokim bo'lmas edi. Kleytonning qat'iy tarafdori, O.A. Xadli, keyin leytenant-gubernator etib tayinlandi. Uch kundan so'ng, Kleyton AQSh Senatiga qo'shilish uchun shtatdan Vashingtonga jo'nab ketdi va Xadli uning o'rniga hokim bo'ldi.[3]

Demokratlarning gazetasi Arkanzas Daily Gazette qichqirgan:

Kecha zulmkor, despot va zulmkor, Kanzasning kechi, ammo yaqinda Arkanzas gubernatori ketishni boshlaganini bilish, Arkanzasning ezilgan va uzoq vaqt azob chekayotgan xalqiga cheksiz quvonch va mamnuniyat manbai bo'ladi. shahardan va uning bizning davlatdan tashqarida uning nafratli ishtiroki, abadiy va abadiy umid qilish kerak.[13]

Endi shtat amaldori bo'lmasada, Kleyton shtat respublikachilarining etakchisi bo'lib qoldi va endi nafaqat shtat ichidagi tayinlanishlarni, balki federal pullar va lavozimlar oqimini ham nazorat qilib turdi. U Brindlzni federal idoradan, shu jumladan Jozef Bruksdan tozalashni boshladi, u shu vaqtda ichki daromadlarni baholash bo'yicha mutaxassis edi.[3]

1872 gubernatorlik saylovi

Respublikachilar partiyasining nomzodlari

Minstrellar nominatsiyasi

1872 yildagi gubernatorlik saylovlarida Minstrels fraktsiyasi o'z nomzodi sifatida Elisha Baxterni ko'rsatdi. Baxter Shimoliy Karolinada joylashgan advokat, siyosatchi va savdogar edi Batesvill, va uzoq umr Whig. U 1853 yilda Batesvill meri etib saylandi va 1858 yilda shtat qonun chiqaruvchi organiga saylandi. Fuqarolar urushi boshlanganda u qaysi tomonni qo'llab-quvvatlashi to'g'risida ziddiyatli bo'lgan. Qachon umumiy Samuel Kurtis va 2-Ayova piyoda askarlari 1862 yil bahorida Batesvillni ishg'ol qildi, general Baxterni sodiq ittifoqchi deb tan oldi va unga "sodiq Arkansiyaliklar qo'riqchisi" unvonini berishga harakat qildi. Kertis Batesvilldan ketgach, Baxter qochishga majbur bo'ldi Missuri. U qo'lga olindi, Little Rokga qaytarildi va xoinlikda ayblandi, faqat sud jarayoni bo'lib o'tmasdan qochib qutuldi.[14] U o'z hayotidagi ushbu epizodni o'zining tarjimai holida quyidagicha tasvirlaydi:

Baxtli vaziyatlarni birlashtirgan holda, sud jarayoni boshlanishidan oldin men qamoqdan qochib qoldim va o'n sakkiz kun davomida Little Rock-ga yaqin maydonda va morsil (sic) oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarida bo'lmagan holda yashadim. mening yolg'iz yurishlarim. Mahbus bo'lganimda, men nafaqat janubiy guruhga sodiq bo'lish istagim, balki jasoratga bo'lgan ehtiyojim borasida ham matbuot va shaxslarning qattiq tanqidlari bilan menga beg'araz munosabatda bo'layotganimni his qildim. Shuning uchun Xudo menga najot berishni xohlasa, men darhol Federal armiyaga kiraman.[14]

Baxter Batesvillga qaytib kelgach, u uyushtirdi 4-Arkanzas piyoda piyoda askarlari Ittifoq uchun va u tomonidan Davlat Oliy sudining sudyasi etib tayinlanguniga qadar unga buyruq bergan Gubernator Merfi 1864 yil bahorida. sudya etib tayinlanganidan ko'p o'tmay, qonun chiqaruvchi organ tomonidan AQSh Senatiga saylandi. Ruhoniy Endryu Hunter, ammo ular senatda o'tirmadilar, chunki senat Merfi ma'muriyatini tan olmadi. 1867 yilda u gubernator Kleyton tomonidan 3-sud davrining sudyasi etib tayinlandi. 1868 yilda u Arkanzasning 1-Kongress okrugi etib tayinlandi. U 1872 yilda gubernatorlikka nomzod bo'lguniga qadar ushbu ikki lavozimda ishlagan.[14] Baxter deyarli noma'lum va janjallardan pok edi, aksariyat Minstrellardan farqli o'laroq. Ular uning asosiy bazasi, shuningdek, shtatning mahalliy aholisi bo'lgan Unionists va Northerners-ning ovozlarini jalb qilishi mumkinligiga ishonishdi.[3]

Brindle Tails nominatsiyasi

Jozef Bruks Brindl Taillar vakili sifatida gubernatorlikka saylandi. Bruks sobiq qullar uchun fuqarolik huquqlarining ashaddiy tarafdori edi, ammo sobiq Konfederatlarga qayta huquq berish tarafdori edi. Liberal respublikachilar.[15] Demokratlar uchrashganda, ular nafaqat nomzodni ilgari surmaslikka, balki Jozef Bruksni ham qo'llab-quvvatlashga kelishib oldilar, chunki saylovlar adolatli va qonuniy o'tgan bo'lsa, chunki shtatdagi saylovlar besh yil davomida firibgarlik bilan olib borilgan edi. Konfederatlarni qayta enfranchisizatsiya qilish masalasi saylovda asosiy o'rinni egalladi.[16]

Umumiy saylov

1872 yildagi saylov Arkanzas tarixchisi Maykl B. Dougan tomonidan "chalkashliklarning durdonasi" deb ta'riflangan. "O'sha gilam sotuvchisi Bruks Demokratik qo'llab-quvvatlash bilan deyarli faqat gilam sumkachilaridan tashkil topgan partiya tomonidan nomzod qilingan skalavagga qarshi kurashgan. Aksariyat saylovchilarni va zamonaviy talabalarni hayratda qoldirish uchun etarli edi."[15]

Saylovdan bir necha kun oldin va undan keyingi kunlarda har kuni firibgarlik haqidagi bashorat va hisobotlar chop etilardi Gazeta. Aloqa nisbatan sustligi sababli, boshqa tumanlardan kelgan xabarlar ko'pincha bir haftagacha kechiktirildi. Davlat saylov uchastkalarida anomaliyalar, jumladan, saylovchilarni ro'yxatga olish ro'yxatlaridagi nomlar tushunarsiz ravishda olib tashlanganligi va ro'yxatdan o'tishni tasdiqlovchi hujjatsiz ovoz bergan shaxslar haqida ko'plab xabarlar mavjud edi. The Gazeta yozgan:

Kecha bo'lib o'tgan saylovda uni firibgarlikdan boshqacha qilib belgilash juda yaxshi farse edi. Bu shtatda amalga oshirilgan eng yomonlardan biri edi. Shahar sudyalari hech qanday eski yoki yangi ro'yxatdan o'tishga ahamiyat bermadilar, ammo barchaga ovoz berishga ruxsat berdilar va ko'p hollarda savolsiz. Erkaklar bir palatadan boshqasiga yurishgan va erta va tez-tez ovoz berishgan.[17]

1872 yil 6-noyabrda, umumiy saylovlardan bir kun o'tib, Gazeta xabar berishicha: "Saylov biz guvoh bo'lgan Little Rokdagi eng sokin saylovlardan biri bo'ldi.[18] O'sha kuni daromadlar juda kichik bo'lib, kim g'olib bo'lganligi to'g'risida xabar berish uchun juda oz edi va gazeta firibgarliklar haqida xabar berdi. Mish-mishlar ko'plab okruglarda saylov uchastkalarini nazorat qilganlarning ehtiyojlarini qondirish uchun qisqartirilgan yoki uzaytirilgan deb da'vo qilmoqda. Keyingi dushanba kuni Gazeta Baxter uchun ozgina ko'pchilikni ko'rsatib, turli okruglarning to'liq bo'lmagan hisob-kitoblarini nashr etdi. Shuningdek, ular firibgarlikka urinishning ko'proq shakllari haqida xabar berishdi. Aftidan, ba'zi norasmiy saylov uchastkalari tashkil etilgan, ammo oddiy saylov uchastkalarida berilgan ovozlargina tasdiqlangan.[19]

15-noyabrga qadar Gazeta Bruksning g'alabasini talab qildi.[17] Ertasi kuni, tartibsizliklar va chiqarilgan ovozlar sababli, Baxter g'olib bo'ldi, faqat 3000 ovoz bilan.[19] Bosh assambleya 6 yanvar kuni o'zlarining soni bo'yicha eng ko'p ovoz olgan Baxterni saylovning qonuniy g'olibi deb e'lon qilish uchun maxsus qo'shma majlisda yig'ildi. Qisqa murojaatdan so'ng u bosh sudya Jon Makklure tomonidan qasamyod qildi.[16] Keyin u Arkanzas shtati gubernatori vazifalarini o'z zimmasiga oldi.

Bruksning tarafdorlari darhol saylov adolatsiz o'tganini da'vo qilishdi. Demokratlar, Brindle Taillar va respublikaga qarashli bo'lmagan barcha gazetalar ochiq va ovozli ravishda saylovlarni firibgar deb tan olishdi va aslida Bruks eng ko'p ovoz olganligini ta'kidladilar. Biroq, har ikki tomonning umumiy fuqaroligi natijalarni qabul qildi. Bruks tarafdorlari saylovlar qalbakilashtirilgan deb hisoblab ozchilikni tashkil etdilar.[16]

Saylovga oid nizolar

ARKANSASDA ANARXI Baxterning odamlari Brooks kuchlariga hujum qilish uchun ketayotganlarida bug 'kemasiga yuklanishini ko'rsatib turibdi. Ushbu rasm o'sha paytdagi ko'plab yirik xabarlarda paydo bo'lgan Nyu-York Tayms.[20]

Bruksning huquqiy jangi

Bruks chiptasida bo'lgan sudya Uilyam M. Xarrison birinchi bo'lib saylovga da'vo arizasi bilan murojaat qildi. U bilan tenglik to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini taqdim etdi AQSh tuman sudi Little Rock-da, firibgar saylovlar tufayli Oliy sudda o'tirish huquqiga ega ekanligini da'vo qildi. Bruks Kampaniyasi xuddi shu voqeadan ko'p o'tmay, 1873 yil 7-yanvarda tuman sudiga da'vo arizasi bilan murojaat qildi. Sudya H.C. Kolduell Harrison ishini ko'rib chiqdi va Federal sudning bu masalada vakolatiga ega emasligi to'g'risida xulosa chiqardi va ishni rad etdi. Harrison qarori Bruks ishi ham bekor qilinishiga olib keldi.[16]

Shundan keyin Bruks Bosh Assambleyaga petitsiyani olib, qayta hisoblashni so'radi. Assambleya bu masalani 1873 yil 20-aprelda ko'rib chiqdi va 63-ga ovoz berdi, 9-ga Bruksning saylovda qatnashishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik to'g'risida ovoz berdi.[16] Bu Bruksni to'xtata olmadi va u Arkanzas Oliy sudiga a yozuv kvo kafolati va yana rad etildi. Ular, shuningdek, davlat sudlari bu masala bo'yicha vakolatiga ega emas degan qarorga kelishdi va ishni rad etishdi. Ular Bosh assambleyaning nima uchun Qo'shma Sessiyada bahsli gubernatorlik saylovlarini qaror qilishi kerakligi haqida uzoq tushuntirish berishdi, chunki ular xalqning bevosita saylangan vakillari.[21]

Ko'rinib turibdiki, Bruks hozirgi paytda barcha qonuniy yo'llarni tugatgan, ammo 1873 yil 16-iyun kuni u Baxterga qarshi yana bir marta da'vo arizasi bilan bu safar Pulaski okrug sudiga murojaat qilgan. Arkanzas Fuqarolik Kodeksi ostida sek. 525, agar biror kishi o'zi huquqiga ega bo'lmagan idorani yoki franshizani zo'rlik bilan ishlatsa, unga nisbatan davlat tomonidan yoki ushbu idoraga haqli ravishda tegishli tomon tomonidan qonunda ayblov qo'zg'atilishi mumkin. 1873 yil 8-oktabrda Baxter yurisdiksiyaga oid bo'lmaganligi to'g'risida iltimosnoma bilan murojaat qildi, ammo sud unga qarshi qaror qabul qilishi mumkinligiga ishondi. U chiqargan telegram Prezident Grantga Arkanzasdagi asosiy vaziyat to'g'risida xabar berib, tinchlikni saqlashda yordam berish uchun federal qo'shinlarni so'radi. Grant uning iltimosini rad etdi.[22]

Baxter va Bruks pozitsiyalarni almashtiradi

O'z lavozimiga qasamyod qilgan bosh sudya Jozef Makkleyr Baxterni hibsga olishni yoki o'ldirishni, go'yo Baxter minstrelli V. V. Uilshirni o'rniga qo'yganligi sababli mish-mishlar tarqaldi. Robert C. Nyuton, sobiq Konfederat, davlat militsiyasining rahbari sifatida. AQSh Bosh prokurori Uilyams Baxter bilan bog'lanib, unga yana federal qo'shinlarni himoya qilish uchun murojaat qilishni taklif qildi. Prezident Grantning xati himoyani taklif qildi. Grant ma'muriyati odatda Arkanzas masalalari bilan bog'liq bo'lgan Pauell Kleytonning etakchiligiga ergashdi, shuning uchun sobiq gubernator hali ham Baxterni qo'llab-quvvatlagan degan xulosaga kelish mumkin.[23] Hali ham Minstrel fraktsiyasi tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan Arkanzas Respublikachilar partiyasi, Bruksning saylovlarda qatnashishga urinishini qoralagan bayonot chiqardi. Little Rock respublikasi 1873 yil 8-oktabrda va partiyaning barcha yirik a'zolari, shu jumladan Kleyton tomonidan imzolangan.[16] Biroq, minstrellar tez orada partiya chizig'iga rioya qilmagani uchun Baxterga murojaat qilishadi.

Baxter endi bir yil gubernator bo'lib ishlagan va mustaqil kursga o'tayotgan edi. U Minstrellar tomonidan o'rnatilgan tizimlarni demontaj qilishni boshladi. U saylov komissiyasiga halol demokratlar va respublikachilarni tayinladi, militsiyani gubernatorga emas, balki shtat nazorati ostiga o'tqazish orqali qayta tashkil etdi va shtat konstitutsiyasiga sobiq konfederatlarni qayta enfranchizatsiya qilish uchun o'zgartirish kiritishga undadi.[24]

1873 yil 3 martda shtat qonun chiqaruvchisi shtat aholisining katta qismini va Minstrellar tashvishini quvontirgan holda sobiq Konfederatlarni qayta enfranchizatsiya qilish to'g'risida qonun loyihasini qabul qildi. Qonun chiqaruvchi organ Baxter hukumatida patronaj ishlariga ketgan 33 a'zo, asosan Minstrellar o'rniga maxsus saylovlar o'tkazdi. Baxter Minstrellar saylovlarini manipulyatsiya qilishiga yo'l qo'ymasdan, uning muddati davomida erkin, halol saylovlar o'tkazilishini e'lon qildi.[16] With the help of the newly re-enfranchised voters, conservative Democrats swept the election and gained a small majority in the legislature.[24] Baxter was about to erode his Republican base out from under him.

In March 1874, Baxter vetoed the Railroad Steel Bill, the centerpiece of the Radical Republican Reconstruction plan. The bill would have released the railroad companies from their debts to the state and created a tax to pay the interest on the bonds.[25] This was clearly not legal and the veto called into question the legality of the 1868 railroad bonds, which created a public bonded debt.[15] It is likely the Minstrels struck a deal with Brooks to support the railroad bonds, and within a month the political backers of Brooks and Baxter began to switch. Senator Clayton issued a statement saying that "Brooks was fairly elected in 1872; and kept out of office by fraud."[3] Governor Baxter was now being supported by the Brindle Tails, re-enfranchisers, and the Democrats; whereas Brooks was finding support among the Claytonists, Northerners, Unionists, the Minstrels.

Brooks was assigned three prominent Minstrel attorneys, and after a year of sitting on the docket, at about 11 AM on April 15, 1874, Baxter's demurrer to Brook's complaint was suddenly called up. Neither of Baxter's lawyers were present in the court room, and the demurrer had been submitted without their knowledge. Without giving Baxter any time to testify, Judge Whytock overruled the demurrer and awarded Brooks $2,000 in damages and the office of Governor of Arkansas. Neither Brooks nor the court notified the legislature or Governor Baxter. Judge Wytock then swore in Joseph Brooks as the new governor of Arkansas, despite having no authority to do so.[16][24]

Brindle Tails seizure of power

An artist's interpretation of Brooks and Baxter troops on the Davlat uyi lawn, based on a photograph dating to the American Civil War. By the time of the Brooks-Baxter War, the split rail fence had been replaced by the wrought iron that is there now.

With the aid of General Robert F. Catterson and state militia, Brooks, accompanied by about 20 armed men, marched to the Arkansas Capitol building (now known as "the Old Statehouse"), located at Markham and Center streets in downtown Kichik tosh. They ordered Baxter to abdicate his office, but Baxter refused to do so unless physically forced. The mob obliged and dragged Baxter out of the Capitol building and onto the street.[15]

By the end of the afternoon, nearly 300 armed men had converged on the lawn of the State Capitol. Brooks' men seized the davlat arsenali and began turning the Statehouse into an armed camp. Telegrams covered in signatures were sent to President Uliss S. Grant supporting Brooks as the legal governor. Three out of the five Supreme Court justices also telegraphed the President in support of Brooks. Brooks telegraphed the President himself asking for access to weapons housed at the federal arsenal. He also issued a statement to the press proclaiming himself governor. The senators from the state, Clayton and Steven Dorsey, met with President Grant, and they sent a message to Brooks giving their support.[24]

Unusually for someone physically removed from power, Baxter was allowed to remain free in Pulaski County. He first retired to the Anthony House, three blocks away from the State Capitol. Ads placed in the Gazeta indicate that the Anthony House continued to function as an upscale hotel during the entirety of the crisis. Fighting occurred outside the hotel, and at least one man, David Fulton Shall, a prominent real estate dealer, was shot dead while standing in a window of the building.[6]

Baxter then moved his headquarters to St. Johns College, a Mason institution on the southeastern edge of the state. Baxter issued two proclamations to the press from his temporary office, asserting his rights to the governorship by vote of the people and the decision of the legislature; both were printed in the Gazeta. He received support from many prominent Democrats in the city, all of whom had initially voted for Brooks. He then issued a dispatch to President Grant explaining the situation, calling Brooks and his band "revolutionaries", and stating that he would do everything up to and including armed conflict to regain control of the state organs. He asked for the support of the Federal Government.[16]

Brooks issued a proclamation to the people of Arkansas asking them for their support. Baxter answered with proclamation to the people of Arkansas declaring martial law in Pulaski County. A company was then issued from the young men of Little Rock. On the evening of April 16, the assembled army, now being referred to as the "Hallie Riflers", escorted Baxter back to the Anthony House, where he set up his headquarters, and from there he began trying to do the state's business once more.[3]

There were now two militias marching and singing through Little Rock as the city became a battle ground. Commanding both forces were ex-Confederate soldiers. Sobiq brigada generali Jeyms F. Fagan commanded the Brooks men, and Robert C. Newton, a former Colonel, commanded the Hallie Riflers, or Baxter's forces. Baxter's men occupied the downstairs billiard area of the Anthony House, and patrolled the cross streets outside. Down the street, the Brooks men patrolled the front of the state house. The front line was Main Street. The post-master handled the situation by only delivering mail addressed to Brooks or Baxter, and holding all mail simply addressed to "Governor of Arkansas." [26]

The Lady Baxter, a cannon on permanent display in front of the Old State House, is the most prominent artifact remaining from the Brook-Baxter war. The cannon is a Confederate copy of a United States Model 1848 64-pounder siege gun 8 in (200 mm) Naval columbiad, designed to fire explosive shells. Originally from a foundry in New Orleans, it was brought to Arkansas in the summer of 1862 by the steamboat "Ponchatrain", and saw action on the Mississippi, White, and Arkansas rivers, until it was transferred to Fort Hindman at Arkanzas Post. Union forces captured the fort in 1863 but left the cannon behind. It was then brought to Little Rock by Confederates and placed on Hanger Hill overlooking the river to ward off any ships coming up stream, but in this position at least it was never fired. Little Rock was captured in September 1863. Confederates tried to burst the cannon and then, failing that, drove a nail into the touch hole and abandoned it on the shore. It sat there half embedded in the ground until 1874. The Baxter men pulled the cannon out of the soil, repaired it, rechristened it the "Lady Baxter", and made it ready to fire. It was placed in the rear of the Odd Fellows hall, now the Metropolitan Hotel, on the corner of Main and Markham streets to hit any boats bringing supplies for Brooks up the river. The cannon however was only fired once, a celebratory blast, when Baxter finally returned to the governor's seat. The war's final casualty was the result of the cannon firing, as the operator was badly injured. It has since been in its current place on brick pedestals in front of the then-state capitol, only briefly threatened by World War II scrap drives.[27][28][29][30][31][32]

Overtones of the Civil War and racial conflict were evident. Brooks' men numbered 600 by this time, and were all freedmen who supported Republicans as their emancipators. Baxter's forces, all white Democrats, continued to grow steadily during the conflict until they reached nearly 2,000.[24] Several bloody skirmishes occurred. Known as the Battle of Palarm, a small naval battle erupted on the Arkansas River near Tabiiy qadamlar, where Brooks' men attacked a qayiq known as the "Hallie", thought to be bringing supplies. The shooting lasted around ten to fifteen minutes before the pilot ran up a white flag signaling a surrender. One stray bullet pierced the vessel's supply pipe between the boiler and engine, cutting off its power, and the boat drifted downriver, out of gun range, and lodged on the Southern (Western) shore. Sources vary as to the actual casualties of the incident. The boat's captain, a pilot, and one rifleman were killed; the other pilot and three or four riflemen were wounded. One source stated that the Brooks polk suffered one man killed and three wounded; another report was that five men were killed and "quite a number" wounded.[33]

Casualty reports vary widely depending on the source; New York Times of May 30, 1874, gave the following for casualties and fatalities:

ArmiyaO'likYaralangan
Baxter militia813
Brooks militia"about 30""upwards of 40"

Brooks loses favor

On May 3, men claiming to be acting on behalf of Baxter supporters hijacked a train from Memfis, Tennesi, and arrested federal Court Justices Jon E. Bennet va Elhanan John Searle,[34] thinking that the Court would be unable to rule without a kvorum of Judges. Baxter denied that they were acting under his direction. The Judges were taken to Benton, Arkanzas. For several days, their whereabouts were unknown to the public and federal officials began a search for the Justices. Justice Bennett was able to send a letter to Captain Rose demanding to know why they were being held by the Governor of Arkansas. Upon receipt of the letter, troops were sent to Benton to retrieve the two Justices, but they had escaped by May 6 and made their way to Little Rock.[15][35]

In Washington, Brooks was supported politically, but Baxter also had support because of the undemocratic way he had been removed from office. President Grant had already dealt with the outcome of the contested election for Governor of Louisiana, the Kolfaks qirg'ini, where federal troops had to be sent to restore order. As Brooks and Baxter scrambled for support in Washington, D.C., Grant pushed for the dispute to be settled in Arkansas. Baxter demanded the General Assembly be called into session. He knew he had their support, but so did Brooks, so he and his men would not allow anyone to enter the capitol building. Brooks, on the other hand, had the support of the district court.[24] He enlisted Little Rock's premiere lawyer, U. M. Rose, head of the still-prominent Rose Law Firm.[15] However, Grant's decision would soon set in motion the demise of Brooks' governorship.

It was becoming clear that federal intervention was required to settle the dispute, despite the general policy of the Grant administration to stay out of the affairs of Southern states. The President often expressed annoyance with Southern governors who requested help from federal troops to combat regular waves of election year violence, with little compassion for the issues they faced. Grant and the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Bosh prokurori, Jorj Genri Uilyams, issued a joint communique supporting Baxter and ordering Brooks to vacate the capitol. They also referred the dispute back to the State Legislature.[23][36]

Tarixchi Allan Nevins believes Grant had been hoodwinked. When Baxter refused to sign two million dollars' worth of fraudulent railroad bonds, Boss Shepherd and Senator Dorsey turned against him and convinced Grant to do the same.

President Grant on May 15, 1874, had declared Baxter to be governor, denouncing Brooks and his party; now on February 8, 1875, he declared that Brooks had been elected and denounced Baxter and his followers! Senator Dorsey, later a principal in the Star Route frauds, was a neighbor and close friend of Boss Shepherd's, living in a house owned by him.... "I believe," commented [Secretary of State] Fish, "that there is a large steal in the Arkansas matter, and fear that the President has been led into a grievous error."[37]

On May 11, Governor Baxter asked the Bosh assambleya to meet in special session, which they did. Apparently, they met "behind Baxter lines" although where that was isn't exactly clear. Beri Spiker ning Uy va Prezident pro tempore ning Senat were both absent, being that they were both Brooks supporters, they were replaced. J.G. Frierson was elected President pro tempore of the Senate and James H. Berry Speaker of the House. They then passed an act calling for a constitutional convention, which Governor Baxter approved on May 18. The act scheduled an election for the last day of June and appointed delegates from the counties of Arkansas.[27] Two days later, Generals Newton and Fagan negotiated an armistice. At the same time, the Arkansas Supreme Court had finally decided to hear the Brooks case, and voted three to one in favor of Baxter's election, further solidifying the Grant proclamation and Baxter as governor.[23] The bar of the Pulaski County Circuit court also met and issued a resolution that stated that Judge Wytock had acted independently, and his decision did not represent the court. The trial had been deliberately unfair for the defendant Baxter, and the Supreme Court had already ruled that, under the state constitution, the court had no jurisdiction. They rendered Judge Wytock's decision null and void.[3]

On May 19, General Newton and his troops reoccupied the State House grounds, which had just been evacuated by Brooks' forces, and on the 20th, he reinstated Governor Baxter.[38]

Natijada

Yam-yashil maysazorda o'tirgan, oldida to'p to'plari to'plami bo'lgan 19-asrning uzun to'pi.
The "Lady Baxter" now sits on the lawn of the Old State House as a monument to the Brooks–Baxter War

In June 1874, Clayton announced that he could no longer control matters in Arkansas and that he and his friends would be willing to enter into any arrangement whereby they could at least be safe from persecution and prosecution. However, the Democrats retaliated by impeaching many Minstrels, including Supreme Court Justice John McClure. Clayton finished his Senate term but was not re-elected.[3]

On September 7, 1874, the new constitution was completed and signed by a majority of delegates. The entire electorate, including the disenfranchised Confederates and the freedmen, voted. The election not only was for ratification of the new constitution but also for state officials that would be elected if the constitution was indeed ratified. The Republicans actually took the same position that the Democrats had taken earlier, believing that the election was illegal they nominated no candidates.[27] Conservative Democrats and allied harbiylashtirilgan groups suppressed black voting, using a combination of intimidation, blocking blacks from the polls, and outright assassinations. The new constitution was ratified on October 13, 1874 and Democratic officials elected almost unanimously, including new Democratic Governor Augustus H. Garland who was inaugurated November 12, 1874, and Baxter left office after only serving two years of a four-year term.[3]

It was a long time after the Brooks–Baxter War that people of Arkansas allowed another Republican to become governor. The following 35 governors of Arkansas, ruling for a total of 90 years, were all Democrats, until Republican Uintrop Rokfeller became governor in 1966 defeating James D. Johnson.[39] Winthrop became governor while his brother Nelson was governor of New York, while the defeat of Johnson in Arkansas and Uilyam M. Rainach in Louisiana ended the once mighty hold of segregation over politics.

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

  1. ^ "It is well known that there are three parties in this State: The State Administration, party called 'Minstrels;' part of the Republican party opposed to the Minstrels, popularly called the 'Brindle Tails,' and the Democratic party." (Harrell 1893, p. 96).
  2. ^ "It is well known that there are three parties in this State: The State Administration, party called 'Minstrels;' part of the Republican party opposed to the Minstrels, popularly called the 'Brindle Tails,' and the Democratic party." (Harrell 1893, p. 96).

Iqtiboslar

  1. ^ Moneyhon, Carl. "Bruks-Baxter urushi". ensiklopediyaofarkansas.net. encyclopedia of arkansas. Olingan 10 yanvar, 2019.
  2. ^ a b Johnson, Nicholas (2014). Negroes and The Gun: the black tradition of arms. Amherst, New York: Prometheus. p. 93. ISBN  978-1-61614-839-3.
  3. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n o p q r s t Driggs, Orval Truman, Jr. (1947). The issues of the Clayton regime (1868-1871). (Thesis: M.A.).
  4. ^ Joseph Starr Dunham ed. Van Buren Press. Van Buren, Arkansas. Joseph Starr Dunham, ed. (February 18, 1868). "Van Buren Press February 18, 1868". Van Buren Press. Van Buren.
  5. ^ a b v d Harrell, Jon (1893). Bruks va Baxter urushi. St. Louis, Missouri: Slawson Printing Company. Olingan 13 iyul, 2009.
  6. ^ a b v d House, Joseph W. (1917). "Constitutional Convention of 1874 – Reminiscences". Arkanzas tarixiy kvartali. Arkanzas tarixiy assotsiatsiyasi. 4: 210–268. Olingan 19 iyul, 2009.
  7. ^ Marion, Nancy E.; Oliver, Willard M. (2014). Kongressni o'ldirish: Kongress a'zolariga nisbatan suiqasdlar, suiqasdlar va boshqa zo'ravonliklar. Leksington kitoblari. 8-12 betlar. ISBN  9780739183595.
  8. ^ a b Moneyhon, Karl H. "Powell Clayton (1833–1914)". Arkanzas entsiklopediyasi. Olingan 16 may, 2008.
  9. ^ Old Statehouse Museum. Little Rock, Arkansas ([?2009]). Powell Clayton: Martial Law and Machiavelli Arxivlandi 2007-10-23 da Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. In Exhibition: Biographies of Arkansas's Governors onlayn Arxivlandi 2010-07-11 da Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. 2009 yil 6 oktyabrda olingan.
  10. ^ a b Lafayette, Franklin (1909). The South in the building of the nation. Richmond Virginia: The Southern Historical publication Society. 322-330 betlar. Olingan 7 iyun, 2009.
  11. ^ Green, Nicholas (1876). Criminal Law Reports. Cambridge, England: Hurd and Houghton. pp. 434–439. Olingan 14 iyul, 2009.
  12. ^ Foster, Roger (1895). Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States. Boston, Massachusetts: Boston Book Company. pp. 685–688. Olingan 6 oktyabr, 2009.
  13. ^ The Daily Arkansas Gazette. Little Rok, Arkanzas. #101. March 19, 1871.
  14. ^ a b v Worley, Ted R. (Summer 1955). "Elisha Baxter's Autobiography". Arkanzas tarixiy kvartali. 14 (2): 172–175. doi:10.2307/40025473. JSTOR  40025473.
  15. ^ a b v d e f Zuczek, Richard (2006). Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era. Westport: Greenwood Press. 103-104 betlar. ISBN  0-313-33073-5.
  16. ^ a b v d e f g h men Johnson, Benjamin S. (1908). "The Brooks–Baxter War". The Arkansas Historical Association. 2: 122–173. Olingan 8 iyun, 2009.
  17. ^ a b The Daily Arkansas Gazette. Little Rok, Arkanzas. #299. 1872 yil 15-noyabr
  18. ^ The Daily Arkansas Gazette. Little Rok, Arkanzas. # 291. November 7, 1872
  19. ^ a b The Daily Arkansas Gazette. Little Rok, Arkanzas. #300. 1872 yil 16-noyabr
  20. ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1874/05/10/archives/anarchy-in-arkansas-more-fighting-in-the-streets-of-little-rock-a.html
  21. ^ The Daily Arkansas Gazette #837. Little Rok, Arkanzas. April 29, 1874
  22. ^ Corbin, Henry (1903). Federal Aid in Domestic Disturbances 1787–1903. Vashington, Kolumbiya okrugi: Hukumatning bosmaxonasi. pp. 164–181. Olingan 6 oktyabr, 2009.
  23. ^ a b v Old Statehouse Museum. Little Rock, Arkansas ([?2009]). Elisha Baxter: Reconstruction Unravels Arxivlandi 2011-06-11 da Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. In Exhibition: Biographies of Arkansas's Governors onlayn Arxivlandi 2010-07-11 da Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. 2009 yil 6 oktyabrda olingan.
  24. ^ a b v d e f Owings, Robert ([?2009]). The Brooks-Baxter War Arxivlandi 2008 yil 17-may, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. Little Rock, Arkansas: Old State House Museum. Reprint of Owings, Robert. "The Brooks-Baxter War" The Arkansas Times. [?1998].
  25. ^ Shinn, Josiah (1903). Arkanzas tarixi. Little Rock, Arkansas: Wilson and Webb Book and Stationery Company. Olingan 6 oktyabr, 2009.
  26. ^ Dougan, Michael B. (1994). Arkansas Odyssey: The Saga of Arkansas from Prehistoric Times to Present: A History. Little Rock, Arkansas: Rose Publishing Company (Ar). 259-264 betlar.
  27. ^ a b v Herndon, Dallas (1922). Centennial History of Arkansas. Easley, South Carolina: Southern Historical Press. pp. 307–314. ISBN  978-0-89308-068-6. Olingan 15 iyul, 2009.
  28. ^ "The poet laureate of Freemasonry". arkansasonline.com. 2018 yil 11-fevral.
  29. ^ "Military Relics Disappearing Faster Than Decorum". 2018 yil 14-iyul. Olingan 25 iyul, 2018.
  30. ^ "Bull and Bottaken." Arkansas Daily Gazette, May 30, 1874, p. 4.
  31. ^ "Items in Brief." Arkansas Daily Gazette, May 17, 1874, p. 4.
  32. ^ Sherwood, Diana. "Shall 'Lady Baxter' Be Junked?" Arkansas Gazette Magazine, October 4, 1942, pp. 9, 15.
  33. ^ Meriwether, Robert W. (Fall–Winter 1995). "The Battle at Palarm". Faulkner Facts and Fiddlings (Volume XXXVII, Nos. 3–4 ed.). Faulkner County Historical Society: 70–73. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2008 yil 2 fevralda. Olingan 11 oktyabr, 2009.
  34. ^ Spears, Jim (Spring 2008). "Elhanan John Searle". Arkanzas advokati. Vol. 43 yo'q. 2. Little Rock, Arkansas: Arkanzas advokatlar uyushmasi. p. 28. Olingan 8 oktyabr, 2020.
  35. ^ "Correspondence, Assistant Justice". The American annual cyclopedia and register of important events. 14. D. Appleton & Co. 1875. p. 43.
  36. ^ John, Reynolds (1917). "Western Boundary of Arkansas". Publications of the Arkansas Historical Association. Arkanzas tarixiy assotsiatsiyasi. 2: 227.
  37. ^ Allan Nevins, Xemilton Baliq: Grant ma'muriyatining ichki tarixi (1936) Vol. 2 p 758-59
  38. ^ Uilson, Jeyms Grant; Fiske, John, eds. (1888). "John Thomas Newton". Appletonning Amerika biografiyasining tsiklopediyasi. D Appleton Co. p. 509.
  39. ^ "Arkansas: Squealing at the Lick Log". Vaqt. 1966-11-04.

Manbalar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • American Annual Cyclopedia...for 1873 (1879) pp 34–36 onlayn
  • Atkinson, James H. "The Brooks-Baxter Contest", Arkanzas tarixiy kvartali 4 (1945): 124-49.JSTOR-da
  • Corbin, Henry (1903). Federal Aid in Domestic Disturbances 1787–1903. Vashington, Kolumbiya okrugi: Hukumatning bosmaxonasi. 164-181 betlar. ProQuest  301856914.
  • DeBlack, Tomas A. With Fire and Sword, Arkansas, 1861-1874 (University of Arkansas Press, 2003)
  • Driggs, Orval Truman, Jr. (1947). The issues of the Clayton regime (1868-1871) (M.A. tezis). Arkanzas universiteti. ProQuest  301856914.
  • Gillette, William. Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869-1879 (LSU Press, 1982). pp 146–50.
  • House, Joseph W. (1917). "Constitutional convention of 1874 – Reminiscences". Arkanzas tarixiy kvartali. Arkanzas tarixiy assotsiatsiyasi. 4: 210–268. Olingan 19 iyul, 2009.
  • Johnson, Benjamin S. (1908). "The Brooks—Baxter War". The Arkansas Historical Association. 2: 122–173. Olingan 8 iyun, 2009.
  • Kraemer, Michael William. "Divisions Between Arkansans in the Brooks-Baxter War." (U of Kentucky Graduate Thesis, 2012). onlayn
  • Meriwether, Robert W. (1995). "Faulkner Facts and Fiddlings" (Volume XXXVII, Nos. 3–4 ed.). Faulkner County Historical Society. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2008 yil 2 fevralda. Olingan 11 oktyabr, 2009. Iqtibos jurnali talab qiladi | jurnal = (Yordam bering)
  • Moneyhon, Carl H. "Powell Clayton (1833–1914)" in Arkanzas entsiklopediyasi onlayn
  • Moneyhon, Carl H. "Baxter, Elisha" in Amerika milliy tarjimai holi onlayn 2000 yil fevral
  • Staples, Thomas S. Reconstruction in Arkansas (New York: Longmans, Green & Co,1923)
  • Tompson, Jorj H. Arkanzas va qayta qurish: geografiya, iqtisod va shaxsning ta'siri (1976),
  • Woodward, Earl F. "The Brooks and Baxter War in Arkansas, 1872-1874", Arkanzas tarixiy kvartali 1971 30(4): 315-336 JSTOR-da
  • Worley, Ted R. (Summer 1955). "Elisha Baxter's Autobiography". Arkanzas tarixiy kvartali. 14 (2): 172–175. doi:10.2307/40025473. JSTOR  40025473.
  • Zuczek, Richard (2006). Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era. Westport: Greenwood Press. 103-104 betlar. ISBN  0-313-33073-5.

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