O.Kda otishma. Korral - Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
 1881 yilda qabr toshi | |
| Sana | 1881 yil 26 oktyabr |
|---|---|
| Manzil | Qabr toshi, Arizona hududi, BIZ. |
| Ishtirokchilar | Virgil, Morgan va Vayt Erp va Doc Holliday va boshqalar Tom va Frank McLaury, Billi va Ike Klanton va Billi Klaiborn |
| Natija | Virgil va Morgan yarador bo'lishdi, Holliday o'q bilan o'tlatdi; Tom va Frenk Makler va Billi Klantonlar o'ldirishdi |
| O'limlar | 3 |
| OK. Qurolli otishma |
|---|
| Asosiy tadbirlar |
| Huquqshunoslar |
| Qabul qilingan kovboylar |
The O.Kda otishma. Korral 30 soniya edi otishma o'rtasida qonunchilar boshchiligidagi Virjil Earp va erkin tashkil etilgan guruh a'zolari noqonuniy deb nomlangan Kovboylar shu jumladan Ike Klanton taxminan soat 15:00 da sodir bo'lgan. chorshanba, 1881 yil 26 oktyabr, yilda Qabr toshi, Arizona hududi, Qo'shma Shtatlar. Odatda bu tarixdagi eng taniqli otishma sifatida qaraladi Amerika yovvoyi g'arbiy.
Otishma Kovboylar bilan uzoq vaqt davom etgan janjalning natijasi edi Billi Klaiborn, Ike va Billi Klanton va Tom va Frank McLaury bir tomonda; va Town Marshal Virjil Earp, Maxsus politsiyachilar Morgan va Vayt Erp va vaqtinchalik politsiyachi Doc Holliday boshqa tomonda. Billi Klanton va ikkala aka-uka McLaury o'ldirilgan. Ikki Klanton, Billi Klaibern va Ues Fuller jangdan qochib ketishdi. Virjil, Morgan va Xolliday yarador bo'lishdi, ammo Vayt unga zarar etkazmadi. Uayt ko'pincha otishmada markaziy shaxs sifatida qaraladi, garchi uning ukasi Virgil Tombstone shahar marshali va o'rinbosari bo'lgan AQSh marshali o'sha kuni va jangda sherif, konstable, marshal va askar sifatida ancha tajribaga ega edi.[1]
Otishma Amerikaning Qadimgi G'arb davrini anglatadi, bu chegara deyarli noqonuniy odamlar uchun ochiq bo'lgan, keng hududlarga yupqa yoyilgan huquq-tartibot idoralari xodimlari tomonidan qarshilik ko'rsatilmagan. Bu 1931 yilgacha Amerika jamoatchiligiga yaxshi ma'lum emas edi Styuart ko'li dastlab yaxshi qabul qilingan tarjimai holini nashr etdi Vayt Erp: Chegara marshali Earp vafotidan ikki yil o'tgach.[2] Kitob 1946 yildagi film uchun asos bo'lgan Mening sevgilim Klementin, rejissor Jon Ford,[2] va 1957 yilgi film O.Kda otishma. Korral, shundan so'ng otishma shu nom bilan ma'lum bo'ldi. O'shandan beri ziddiyat turli darajadagi aniqlik bilan tasvirlangan G'arb filmlari va kitoblar qadimgi G'arb bilan bog'liq bo'lgan mashhur tasvirlarning aksariyatiga aylandi.
Nomiga qaramay, otishma uning ichida yoki yonida sodir bo'lmagan OK. Korral Allen ko'chasi oldidan o'tib, Fremont ko'chasida ot peshtaxtalari bilan o'ralgan orqa eshik bor edi. Otishma aslida tor tomonda bo'lib o'tdi C. S. Fly's Fremont ko'chasidagi fotografiya studiyasi, O.K.ning olti eshigi g'arbida. Corral-ning orqa eshigi. Ikki qarama-qarshi partiyaning ayrim a'zolari dastlab atigi 1,8 metr masofada edilar. 30 soniya ichida 30 ga yaqin o'q otildi.[3] Keyinchalik Ike Klanton Earps va Hollidayga qarshi qotillik ayblovlarini qo'zg'atdi. 30 kundan keyin dastlabki tinglash va qamoqdagi qisqa muddat, qonunchilar qonun doirasida harakat qilganliklari ko'rsatildi.
Qurol otish mojaroning oxiri emas edi. 1881 yil 28-dekabrda Virjil Earp kovboylar tomonidan qilingan qotillikda pistirmada va mayib bo'ldilar. 1882 yil 18 martda Kovboy qorong'u xiyobondan Campbell & Hatch salonining va bilyard zalining shisha eshigi orqali otib yubordi va Morgan Earpni o'ldirdi. Ikkala hodisada ham gumon qilinuvchilar jihozlangan alibis boshqa kovboylar tomonidan ta'minlangan va bo'lmagan ayblanmoqda. Uayt Erp, AQSh Marshalining o'rinbosari etib yangi tayinlangan Cochise County, keyin shaxsiy ishlarni o'z qo'liga oldi vendetta. Uni okrug sherifi ta'qib qilgan Johnny Behan, kimdan order olgan edi Tusson Uaytning o'ldirilishi uchun Frank Stilvel.
Fon
Qabr toshi, joylashgan Arizona hududi yaqinida Meksikalik chegara, 1879 yil mart oyida tashkil etilgan kumush hududida topilgan. Ko'pchilik singari chegara kon qazib olish bumtowns, Tombstone tez o'sdi. Uning tashkil etilishida uning aholisi atigi 100 kishidan iborat edi va faqat ikki yil o'tib, 1881 yil oxirida aholisi 7000 dan oshdi (bundan mustasno) Xitoy, Meksikaliklar, ayollar va bolalar), bu shaharni eng katta boomtownga aylantirdi Amerika janubi-g'arbiy. Kumush qazib olish va uning boyliklari o'z xotinlarini va oilalarini olib kelgan ko'plab mutaxassislar va savdogarlarni jalb qildilar. Ular bilan birga cherkovlar va vazirlar ham bor edi. 1881 yilga kelib shahar chiroyli restoranlar, bouling, to'rtta cherkov va boshqa joylar bilan maqtandi muzli uy, maktab, an Opera uyi, ikkita bank, uchta gazeta va muzqaymoq do'koni, 110 bilan birga salonlar, 14 qimor zallari,[4] va juda ko'p fohishaxonalar, barchasi bir qator iflos, qattiq minalar orasida joylashgan.[5]
Qishloqdan ot o'g'rilari va qaroqchilar ko'pincha shaharga kelishgan va otishmalar tez-tez sodir bo'lgan. 1880-yillarda noqonuniy kontrabanda qoramol, alkogol va tamaki kontrabandasi orqali o'g'irlik Meksika - AQSh chegarasi, Qabr toshidan 50 km uzoqlikda, keng tarqalgan. Meksika hukumati og'ir deb baholadi eksport soliqlari kontrabandachilar ularni Meksikada o'g'irlash va ularni chegara orqali sotish orqali katta daromad olishgan.[6][7]
Jeyms, Virgil va Vayt Erp Tombstonega 1879 yil 1-dekabrda kelgan, o'sha paytda kichik shahar asosan yashash joylari bo'lgan chodirlardan, bir nechta salonlardan va boshqa binolardan va ma'danlardan iborat bo'lgan. Virgil xuddi shunday yollangan edi AQSh Marshal o'rinbosari sharq uchun Pima okrugi, Tombstone-dagi ofislari bilan, kelishidan bir necha kun oldin. 1881 yil iyun oyida u Tombstone shaharchasi sifatida ham tayinlandi marshal (yoki politsiya boshlig'i).
Garchi shahar aholisi umuman yoqtirmasa ham, Earps shaharning biznes egalari va aholisi manfaatlarini himoya qilishga moyil edi; shunga qaramay, Vaytt Kovboyni himoya qilishga yordam berdi "Jingalak Bill" Brocius bo'lishdan linchlangan u tasodifan Tombstone shahar marshalini o'ldirganidan keyin Fred Uayt. Farqli o'laroq, Cochise County Sherif Johnny Behan umuman qishloq xo'jaligi chorvadorlari va erkin tashkil etilgan a'zolari manfaatlariga xayrixoh edi noqonuniy guruhi Cochise County kovboylari, yoki oddiygina Kovboylar. (O'sha davrda va mintaqada, atama kovboy odatda noqonuniy degani; qonuniy sigirlarni o'rniga chorvador yoki chorvador deb atashgan.[8]:194)
Hodisalarning qarama-qarshi versiyalari
Qurol otishigacha bo'lgan voqealarni tasvirlaydigan ko'plab manbalar va otishmaning tafsilotlari bir-biriga zid keladi. O'sha kunning gazetalari bir tomonga ustunlik bermagan va yangiliklar ko'pincha noshirning manfaatlarini aks ettirish uchun nashr etilgan.[9] John Clum, nashriyoti Qabr toshi epitafiyasi, "Xavfsizlik qo'mitasi" ni tashkil etishga yordam bergan (a hushyorlik qo'mitasi ) 1881 yil sentyabr oxirida Tombstone-da.[10] U Tombstone birinchi bo'lib saylangan shahar hokimi yangi ostida shahar nizomi 1881 yil. Klum va uning gazetasi mahalliy biznes egalarining manfaatlari tarafdori bo'lib, AQSh marshalining o'rinbosari Virjil Erpni qo'llab-quvvatladilar.
Garri Vuds, boshqa yirik gazetaning noshiri, Daily Nugget, edi undersheriff Behanga. U va uning gazetasi Behan, Kovboylar (ularning ba'zilari yarim kunlik chorvadorlar va er egalari bo'lganlar) va chorvadorlarning qishloq manfaatlari tarafida bo'lishdi.[11]
Voqealar haqida ma'lum bo'lgan narsalarning aksariyati keyinchalik o'tkazilgan bir oylik dastlabki tinglovlarga asoslangan bo'lib, odatda " Spicer tinglovlari. Ikkala gazetaning muxbirlari tinglovlarni yoritib, u erda va erda ko'rsatuvlarni yozib olishdi sud tekshiruvi, lekin faqat muxbir Nugget bilar edi stenografiya. Sud yozuvchisi va ikkala gazeta tomonidan yozilgan ko'rsatuvlar juda xilma-xil edi.[12]
Voqealar Earps versiyasiga ko'ra, jang bo'lib o'tdi o'zini himoya qilish chunki buzgan holda qurollangan kovboylar mahalliy farmon, qurollarini topshirish to'g'risidagi qonuniy buyruqqa bo'ysunmadi va o'rniga to'pponchalarini tortib oldi. Kovboylar qo'llarini ko'tarib, qarshilik ko'rsatmasliklarini va Earps tomonidan sovuq qon bilan o'qqa tutilganlarini saqlab qolishdi. Haqiqatni kim aytayotganini saralash o'sha paytda qiyin bo'lgan va shu kungacha shunday bo'lib qolmoqda.[13]
Voqealar haqida xabar berishda odatda bir-biriga qarama-qarshi bo'lishiga qaramay, ikkalasi ham xabar berishadi Epitafiya va Nugget dastlab qonunchilarning voqealar versiyasini qo'llab-quvvatladi. Vuds, pro-kovboyning noshiri Nugget, tinglovlar paytida shahar tashqarisida bo'lgan va tajribali muxbir Richard Rule bu voqeani yozgan. The Nugget xodimlar Behan bilan yaqin aloqada bo'lgan, ammo Rulening hikoyasi Nugget otishmadan bir kun o'tib, voqealar Earps versiyasini qo'llab-quvvatladi. Bu Behan va Kovboylarning keyingi sud guvohliklaridan juda farq qiladi.[14][13][15][16]:183 Da chop etilgan otishma haqidagi keyingi hikoyalar Nugget o'sha kundan keyin Behan va Kovboylarning voqealarga bo'lgan qarashlarini qo'llab-quvvatladilar. Boshqa hikoyalar Epitafiya qarshi Nugget's keyinchalik butunlay ko'rib chiqildi va qonunchilarni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Bundan tashqari, Kovboylarni vafotidan keyin tekshirgan doktor Jorj Gudfello sudga Billi Klantonning bilagidagi jarohat burchagi uning qo'llari havoda bo'lishi mumkin emasligini ko'rsatdi,[17] yoki kovboylarga sodiq guvohlar guvohlik berishicha, paltolarini lapelda ochiq ushlab turishgan.[9]
Sirtqi gazeta muxbiri Xauell "Pat" Xayxurst 1930-yillarning boshlaridagi tinglovlardan olingan guvohlikni Federal Yozuvchilar Loyihasi ning bir qismi bo'lgan Ishni rivojlantirish boshqarmasi. Bir xabarga ko'ra, Xayxurst Behan oilasining do'sti bo'lgan. Transkripsiyasini tugatgandan so'ng, u hujjatning asl nusxasini uyida saqlab qo'ydi, u erda u uyning yong'inida yo'q qilindi.[18]
Mojaroning kelib chiqishi
Kovboylarga qarshi quloqchalar
Shaxslararo nizolar va janjallar otishma olib borish murakkab bo'lgan. Ikkala tomonning oilaviy aloqalari mustahkam edi. Birodarlar Jeyms, Virgil, Vayt, Morgan va Uorren Erp Birgalikda qonunchilar sifatida ishlaydigan, mahkam oila edi. sivilcilar va boshqa kasblar qatori bir nechta chegaraoldi shaharlaridagi salon egalari va birgalikda bir shahardan ikkinchisiga ko'chib ketishgan. Virgil xizmat qilgan Ittifoq armiyasi davomida Amerika fuqarolar urushi va 1877 yilda politsiya xodimi bo'ldi Preskott, Arizona hududi. U konsteblga aylanishidan oldin tungi qo'riqchi sifatida ish bilan shug'ullangan. Vaytt mollar haydaladigan shaharlarda politsiya xodimi sifatida ikki ishda ishlagan Vichita va Dodj Siti, Kanzas.
Jeyms, Virjil va Uayt Erp xotinlari bilan birgalikda 1879 yil 1-dekabrda, qazib olish bilan bog'liq bo'lgan tez o'sishning dastlabki davrida, atigi bir necha yuz aholisi bo'lgan paytda, Tombstonega kelishdi.[19] Virgil Tombstonega kelishidan bir oz oldin AQSh Marshalining o'rinbosari etib tayinlangan. 1880 yil yozida Morgan va Uorren Erp ham Tombstonega ko'chib o'tdilar. Uayt "qonunni" ortda qoldirishi mumkin deb umid qildi. U sotib oldi stagecoach, faqat biznesni topish uchun allaqachon juda raqobatbardosh edi. Earps bir nechta kon qazish bo'yicha da'volar va suv huquqlariga birgalikda sarmoya kiritdi.[9]:180[20] Quloqchalar edi Respublikachilar va Shimolliklar hech qachon sigir yoki chorvador sifatida ishlamagan.
Earps tezda ziddiyatga tushdi Frank va Tom McLaury, Billi va Ike Klanton, Jonni Ringo va Uilyam "Jingalak Bill" Brocius, Boshqalar orasida. Ular katta, bo'shashgan uyushmaning bir qismi edi mol kontrabandachilari va ot o'g'rilari Kovboylar deb nomlanuvchi, turli xil jinoyatlarga aloqador bo'lgan noqonuniy shaxslar. Ike Klanton ko'p ichkilikka moyil bo'lgan va Earp birodarlariga ko'p marta tahdid qilgan.
Mozor toshida yashovchi Jorj Parson o'zining kundaligida: "Kovboy ba'zan buzg'unchidir, rustler esa sinonimdir. desperado —qaroqchi, noqonuniy va ot o'g'ri. " San-Fransisko imtihonchisi tahririyatida shunday yozgan edi: "Kovboylar - o'sha yovvoyi mamlakatda qonunbuzarlarning eng beparvo sinfidir ... oddiy qaroqchidan ham cheksiz yomonroq".[19] O'sha paytda 1880-yillarda Cochise County-da qonuniy deb atash haqorat edi chorvador "Kovboy".[6] Kovboylar turli xil jinoyatlar uchun birlashdilar va bir-birlariga yordam berishdi. Virgil ba'zi kovboylar uchrashgan deb o'ylardi Charlston va "bizni o'ldirishlariga rahbar Jonni Ringoning qo'lidan olingan qonga qasamyod qildik".[13]
Earps qonunchilar sifatida
O.K.ga aloqador bo'lgan huquqshunoslar orasida. Corral shoot, faqat Virgil jangda haqiqiy tajribaga ega edi. Virgil shunday edi konstable yilda Preskott va edi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Marshalining o'rinbosari qabr toshida. Vayt shahar marshalining o'rinbosari bo'lgan Jodugar va Dodj Siti, shuningdek, Tombstone-da sherif muovini.[21]
Earpsning qonunchi sifatida ishi kovboylar tomonidan kutib olinmadi, ular Earpsni shaharning biznes manfaatlarini shafqatsizlarcha tatbiq etgan nishon taqadigan zolimlar deb hisoblashdi.[8] Earpsning qonunchi rollari bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ziddiyatda, Johnny Behan edi Cochise County Sherif.[22]
Virjil Earp uch yil davomida xizmat qilgan Fuqarolar urushi va politsiyaning o'q otishida ham qatnashgan Preskott, Arizona hududi. U AQSh Marshalining sharqiy Pima okrugi bo'yicha AQSh marshalining o'rinbosari etib tayinlandi Krouli Deyk, 1879 yil 27-noyabrda, Earps 1879 yil 1-dekabrda Tombstonega kelguniga qadar. U mashhur Tombstone shahar marshalidan keyin 1880 yil 30-sentyabrda Tombstone-ning amaldagi shahar marshali etib tayinlangan. Fred Uayt Brocius tomonidan otib o'ldirilgan.[23]
Faqat olti hafta o'tgach, Virgil 1880 yil 12-noyabrda ofis uchun yugurdi, ammo yutqazdi Ben Sippi. Biroq, 1881 yil 6-iyun kuni Sippi ikki haftalik ta'tilni so'radi. Tez orada shahar Sippy yozuvlarida 3 ming dollar (2019 yilda 79 ming dollarga teng) moliyaviy nopokliklarni aniqladi. Bir necha kundan so'ng Virgil uning o'rniga shahar marshali etib tayinlandi.[24][25][26] Otishma paytida Virgil ham AQSh Marshalining o'rinbosari, ham shahar marshalidir. Ike Klanton qotillikda ayblov e'lon qilgandan keyin shahar uni shahar marshali sifatida to'xtatib qo'ydi.[27]:238
Wyatt Earp birinchi marta Tombstone-ga kelganidan so'ng, uning biznes harakatlari ozgina foyda keltirdi va u stagecoach sifatida ish boshladi. ov miltig'i xabarchisi uchun Uells Fargo, kumush quyma yuklarni qo'riqlash. 1880 yil 28-iyulda Vayt tayinlandi Pima okrugi Sherif muovini. U bu lavozimni atigi uch oy davomida, 1880 yil 9-noyabr saylangandan so'ng, iste'foga chiqqunga qadar egallagan.[5] Virjilga suiqasd nogironi bo'lganida, Uaytt uning o'rniga AQSh marshalining o'rinbosari etib tayinlandi. U bu lavozimni 1882 yil aprelda Kochayz okrugidan ketguncha egallab turgan.
Uayt Erp ajoyib va kelishgan odam edi: bo'yi 6 fut (1,8 m), sariq sochlari, vazni 165 dan 170 funtgacha (75 dan 77 kg gacha), keng yelkali, uzun qo'lli va muskulli. U bokschi bo'lgan va to'pponchali mutaxassis sifatida tanilgan. Muallif Leo Silvaning so'zlariga ko'ra, Earp hech bir erkakdan qo'rqmasligini ko'rsatgan.[28]:83
Uayt politsiyachi bilan birga marshalning yordamchisi bo'lgan Jeyms Masterson, bir nechta boshqa fuqarolar bilan birga, teatrni otib tashlaganidan keyin shaharni tark etgan bir necha kovboylarga to'pponchalarini o'q uzdi. Guruh a'zosi Jorj Xoyt (ba'zida Hoy deb yozilgan) qo'lidan o'qqa tutilgan va bir oy o'tgach jarohati tufayli vafot etgan. Uayt har doim Hoytni otib o'ldirgan deb da'vo qilmoqda, garchi bu qonunchilar orasida kimdir bo'lishi mumkin edi.[29][30] Vayt safsatasiz, qattiqqo'l advokat sifatida obro'-e'tiborini oshirgan edi, ammo 1881 yil oktyabrda o'q otishidan oldin u faqat bitta otishmada qatnashgan edi. Dodj Siti, Kanzas 1878 yil yozida.[21]
1931 yilgi kitob Vayt Erp: Chegara marshali tomonidan eng ko'p sotilgan tarjimai hol edi Styuart N. ko'li.[31] U Uayt Earpning qo'rqmas qonunchi sifatida rolini belgilab berdi Amerikaning Old West va jamoat ongida "O.K. Corral-da otishma" afsonasi.[32]:36 Ammo Leyk va boshqa ommaviy axborot vositalarida Uaytning qurol otishidagi markaziy shaxs sifatida rolini haddan tashqari oshirib yuborishgan.[32][33] Bu faqat keyinroq aniqlandi Vayt Erp: Chegara marshali, Earp bilan sakkiz intervyusiga asoslanib, asosan xayoliy edi.[32][34] Kitob va keyinchalik Gollivuddagi obrazlar Uaytning obro'sini bezatdi va g'arbiy qonunchi sifatida uning tasavvufini oshirdi.[21]
Morgan Earp politsiya xodimi bo'lgan Montana, ammo Tombstone-ga kelguniga qadar o'q otish bilan bog'liq ma'lum tajribaga ega emas edi. Uayt 1880 yil 27-iyulda Pima okrugi sherifining muovini bo'lganida, Morgan Earp Uells Fargo uchun miltiq xabarchisi sifatida ishini boshladi. Morgan, shuningdek, vaqti-vaqti bilan Virgilga yordam berar edi va otishma paytida shahar marshalining o'rinbosari nishoni taqib yurgan va ish haqi to'lagan edi.
Doc Holliday qurolli shaxs sifatida obro'ga ega bo'lgan va xabarlarga ko'ra, u hayoti davomida to'qqizta otishmada bo'lgan, garchi u faqat uch kishini o'ldirgani tasdiqlangan.[35] Yaxshi hujjatlashtirilgan bitta epizod 1879 yil 19-iyulda, Xolliday va uning sherigi, sobiq marshal o'rinbosari sodir bo'lgan Jon Joshua Uebb, ularning saloniga o'tirishdi Las-Vegas, Nyu-Meksiko. Avvalgi AQSh armiyasi skaut Mayk Gordon o'zi bilan olib ketmoqchi bo'lgan salonchi qizlardan biri bilan qattiq tortishib qoldi. Gordon salondan bostirib kirib, revolverni binoga otishni boshladi. Gordon ikkinchi zarbasidan tushishidan oldin, Xolliday uni o'ldirdi. Holliday qotillik uchun sud qilingan, lekin asosan Uebbning ko'rsatmalariga asosan oqlangan.[36][37]
Holliday bir paytlar Uayt Erpning hayotini saqlab qolgan va yaqin do'stga aylangan edi. U Arizona o'lkasining Preskott shahrida yashagan va 1879 yil oxiridan beri qimor o'ynab kun kechirgan. U erda birinchi bo'lib qabr toshlari sherifi bilan uchrashgan. Johnny Behan, qachondir qimorboz va salon egasi. 1880 yil sentyabr oyi oxirida Xolliday "Earps to Tombstone" ga ergashdi.[38]
Qishloq kovboylari va qabr toshining qiziqishlari
The chorvachilik tegishli Nyumen Xeyns Klanton yaqin Charlston, Arizona Kovboylarning noqonuniy harakatlari uchun mahalliy markaz ekanligiga ishonishdi. Tom va Frank McLaury o'g'irlangan mollarni sotib olish va sotish bilan shug'ullanganlar.[19]
Qishloq aholisi chorvadorlar va Kovboylar shahar aholisining okrug siyosati va huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari ustidan kuchayib borayotgan ta'siridan norozi. Chorvachilar asosan Tombstone tashqarisidagi mamlakat ustidan nazoratni saqlab qolishdi, chunki ko'pchilik ularning hamdardlik ko'magi bilan Cochise County Sherif Johnny Behan, Kovboylar va qishloq xo'jaliklarining chorvadorlarini qo'llab-quvvatlagan,[22] va kim ham Earpni qattiq yoqtirmasdi. Behan Earlsning McLaurys va Clantons otlarini o'g'irlashi va qoramollarni ovlash haqidagi shikoyatlarini e'tiborsiz qoldirishga moyil edi. Eshituvchilar, agar ularga ta'sir qilsa, qonunni o'z foydalariga egishi ma'lum edi qimor va salon manfaatlari, bu ularni Kovboy fraktsiyasi bilan yanada ko'proq dushmanlikka olib keldi.[39]
Qabr toshidagi tegishli qonun
Qabr toshidagi jinoyatchilikni kamaytirish uchun 1881 yil 19 aprelda shahar kengashi qabul qildi farmoyish 9, a olib yuradigan har kimni talab qiladi bowie pichog'i, axloqsizlik, to'pponcha yoki miltiq[40][41] o'zlarining qurollarini a jigar yoki shaharga kirgandan so'ng salon.
O'lik qurollarni olib yurishga qarshi kurashish
1-bo'lim. Shu bilan ushbu qabriston shahri chegarasida qo'lda yoki shaxsda yoki boshqa usulda o'lik qurolni olib yurish, avval yozma ravishda ruxsatnoma olmasdan olib yurish noqonuniy deb e'lon qilindi.
2-bo'lim: Ushbu taqiq shaharga zudlik bilan chiqib ketadigan yoki unga kiradigan, vijdonan va maqsadga muvofiq muddat ichida depozitni topshirishga kirishadigan yoki bunday o'lik qurolni olib qo'yadigan shaxslarga taalluqli emas.
3-bo'lim: Har qanday tavsifdagi barcha qurol-yarog 'va bowie pichoqlari va dirkslari ushbu farmonda taqiqlangan.
— Tombstone City Farmoni 9-son, 1881 yil 19-apreldan kuchga kiradi, [42]
Ushbu farmon shahar marshali Virjil Erpning otishma kuni kovboylarga qarshi chiqish to'g'risidagi qaroriga qonuniy asos bo'ldi.[43]
Kontrabanda va aktsiyalarni o'g'irlash
Tombstone janubidagi chegara hududlarida faqat bitta o'tish yo'li bor edi Arizona va Meksika, Guadalupe Canyon nomi bilan tanilgan o'tish joyi.[7] 1881 yil avgustda 15 Meksikaliklar oltin, tanga va quyma ularning xaridlarini amalga oshirish uchun pistirma qilingan va o'ldirilgan Skelet kanyoni. Keyingi oy meksikalik Komendant Felipe Neri chegaraga qo'shin jo'natdi,[44]:110 qaerda ular beshta Kovboyni, shu jumladan, o'ldirdilar Old Clanton, yilda Guadalupe Kanyoni.[45][46] Graflar McLaurys va Clantonsning Skeleton Kanyonidagi talonchilik va qotillikda aralashganligi haqida tanilganligini bilar edi. Vayt Erp otishmadan keyin bergan ko'rsatmalarida: "Men, tabiiyki, ko'zlarimni ochiq saqladim va agar yordam bera olsam, biron bir to'da menga tomchi tushishini o'ylamagan edim" dedi.[47]
Earp Behanga sherif ofisidan mahrum bo'ldi
1880 yil 27-iyulda, Pima okrugi Sherif Charlz A. Shibell uning idoralari Tusson okrugida joylashgan bo'lib, Uayt Erpni tayinladi sherif muovini. 1880 yil 28 oktyabrda Tombstone Marshal Fred Uayt to'pponchalarini havoga otib tashlagan ba'zi tunda shov-shuv ko'taruvchilarni qurolsizlantirishga urindi. U jingalak Bill Brociusni zararsizlantirishga uringanda, qurol oqarib, Uaytning qorniga tegdi. Wyatt otishni o'rganish va avtomat bilan kaltaklangan Brocius uni hushidan ketkazib hibsga oldi. Keyinchalik Uayt o'zining biografiga aytib berdi Jon toshqini u o'sha paytda Brociusni hali ham qurollangan deb o'ylagan va Brociusning to'pponchasini yerda ko'rmagan.[48]
Brocius dastlabki sud majlisidan voz kechdi, shu sababli u va uning ishi darhol o'tkazilishi mumkin edi Tusson. Vaytt va uning o'rinbosari Brociusni ertasi kuni sudda qatnashish uchun vagonda Tucsonga olib borishdi, ehtimol uni uni bo'lishdan saqlab qolishdi linchlangan. Uaytning ta'kidlashicha, u otishni tasodifiy deb o'ylagan. Brociusning avtomatidan o'q uzilishi mumkinligi ham namoyish etildi yarim xo'roz. Fred Uayt ikki kundan keyin vafot etishidan oldin otishma qasddan qilinmaganligi to'g'risida bayonot qoldirgan.[49] Taqdim etilgan dalillarga asoslanib, Brocius Uaytning o'limida ayblanmagan.
Tombstone kengashi yig'ilib, 12-noyabr kuni saylovlar bo'lib o'tguniga qadar Uaytning o'rniga oyiga 100 dollar (2019 yilda 2600 dollarga teng) maosh olish uchun "shahar marshalining vaqtinchalik yordamchisi" etib Virgil Erpni tayinladi. Keyingi bir necha hafta davomida Virgil federal va mahalliy huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari va Vayt Pima okrugi vakili.[26]:122–123
1880 yil 2-noyabrda Pima okrugi sherifi uchun saylovda, Demokrat Shibell respublikachiga qarshi chiqdi Bob Pol, kim g'alaba qozonishi kutilgandi. Ovozlar 7-noyabrning o'zida etib keldi va Shibell kutilmaganda qayta saylandi. U darhol tayinladi Johnny Behan Vayt istagan ish sharqiy Pima okrugi bo'yicha sherifning yangi o'rinbosari sifatida. Pavlus ochib berganida janjal kelib chiqdi byulletenlarni to'ldirish Kovboylar tomonidan va u saylovni bekor qilish uchun sudga murojaat qildi. Tombstone sharqidagi San Simeon uchastkasida faqat 10 nafar saylovchi ro'yxatdan o'tgan bo'lsa, Shibell 103 ta ovoz bilan 1 ta saylov uchastkasida g'olib bo'ldi. O'sha uchastkada Ike Klanton yashagan. Johnny Ringo saylov uchun uchastka xodimi edi.
Pol nihoyat 1881 yil aprelda sherif bo'ldi, ammo Uayt Erpni qayta tayinlash juda kech edi sherif muovini chunki 1881 yil 1 fevralda Pima okrugining sharqiy qismi qabr toshini o'z ichiga olgan bo'lib, yangisiga bo'lingan edi Cochise County tumanning eng katta shahri Tombstone-da joylashgan o'z sherifiga muhtoj.[50] Ushbu lavozimni gubernator tomonidan siyosiy tayinlash amalga oshirdi va Vaytt va Behan ikkalasi ham ishni xohlashdi. Kochayz okrugi sherifining lavozimi yiliga 40 ming dollardan oshar edi (2019 yilda 1,1 million dollarga teng), chunki ofis egasi okrug va soliq yig'uvchisi ham bo'lgan va nazoratchilar kengashi unga to'langan summaning o'n foizini ushlab turishga ruxsat bergan.[51]:157
Behan o'zining mavjud mavqei va yuqori siyosiy aloqalaridan muvaffaqiyatli foydalangan lobbi lavozim uchun. U, shuningdek, Uaytga unga tegishli lavozimni va'da qildi undersheriff agar u Wayatt ustidan tayinlangan bo'lsa. Vaytt siyosiy musobaqadan chiqib ketdi va gubernator va qonun chiqaruvchi organ Behanni 1881 yil 10 fevralda Kochayz okrugi sherifi lavozimiga tayinladi.[17] Behan Earp bilan tuzilgan shartnomani bekor qildi va uning o'rniga Garri Vudsni kam sherif etib tayinladi. Behanning aytishicha, U Earpni tayinlash haqidagi va'dasini buzgan, chunki Uayt Erp Uayt Klantondan o'g'irlangan otini qaytarib olganida Ike Klantonga tahdid qilish uchun Behanning nomidan foydalangan.[52]
Kovboylar bilan Earp nizolari
Earp oilasi va ikkala Klanton va McLaury klanlari o'rtasidagi ziddiyatlar 1881 yilgacha kuchaygan. 1880 yil 25-iyulda kapitan Jozef X. Xest, 12-piyoda askar A kompaniyasidan va qo'mondon ofitser. Fort Bennett, AQSh marshalining o'rinbosari Virjil Earpdan oltitasini o'g'irlagan kovboylarni kuzatishda yordam berishini so'radi AQSh armiyasi dan xachirlar Kamp Rucker. Bu edi federal bu hayvonlar AQSh mulki bo'lganligi sababli. Xörst to'rt askarni olib keldi va Virgil Uayt va Morgan Erpni ham taklif qildi Uells Fargo agenti Marshal Uilyams. The posse Tombstone-dan shimoli-g'arbda joylashgan Babakomari darasida joylashgan McLaury's Ranch-da xachirlarni va shuningdek markali temir "AQSh" brendini "D8" ga o'zgartirish uchun ishlatilgan.[8]
Kovboy Frenk Patterson qon to'kilmasligi uchun Xerstga xachirlarni qaytarib berishlarini va'da qildi va Xerst posni orqaga qaytishga ishontirdi. Xest yaqin atrofga bordi Charlston, ammo Kovboylar ikki kundan keyin Xayr va Erpsga kulib, xachirsiz paydo bo'lishdi. Bunga javoban Xerst a-ni bosib chiqargan va tarqatgan qo'l varaqasi unda u xachirlarni yashirishda maxsus yordam sifatida Frenk McLaury deb nomlangan. U buni qayta nashr etdi Qabr toshi epitafiyasi 1880 yil 30-iyulda.[8] Keyinchalik Virgil, Makluri undan qo'l varaqalarini joylashtirganmisiz, deb so'raganini aytdi. Virgil u yo'qligini aytganida, Makluri, agar Virgil bukletlarni bosib chiqargan bo'lsa, bu Frankning Virgilni o'ldirish niyati ekanligini aytdi.[53] U Virgilni ogohlantirdi: "Agar siz yana bizni o'zimizga o'xshab kuzatib borsangiz, u holda baribir jang qilishingiz kerak bo'ladi."[8] Ushbu voqea Clantons va McLaurys va Earps o'rtasidagi birinchi yugurish edi.[53]
Mart oyi moshinalarini talon-taroj qilish va qotillik
1881 yil 15 mart oqshomida Kinnear & Company stagecoach 26000 dollar olib yurgan kumush quyma (2019 yildagi 690 ming dollarga teng) Tombstone-dan yo'nalishga ketayotgan edi Benson, Arizona, eng yaqin yuk terminali.[54]:180 Bob Pol, kim uchun qochgan edi Pima okrugi Sherif va saylovda qatnashgan va u tufayli yutqazgan byulletenlarni to'ldirish, vaqtincha yana bir bor ishlagan Uells Fargo ov miltig'i xabarchisi. U Contont City-da jilovni va haydovchi o'rindig'ini egallagan edi, chunki odatdagi haydovchi, Eli "Bud" Filpot ismli taniqli va mashhur odam kasal edi. Philpot edi ov miltig'ini minish.
Yaqin Drew's Station, faqat tashqarida Munozara shahri, bir kishi yo'lga chiqib, ularga "ushla!" deb buyurdi. Uch kovboy sahnani o'g'irlamoqchi bo'ldi. Pol haydovchi o'rindig'ida o'tirdi ov miltig'i va uni bo'shatdi revolver qaroqchilar tomonidan, keyinchalik kovboyda Bill Leonard deb tanilgan kovboyni yaralagan. Miltiqli miltiqda yurgan Philpot va yo'lovchi Piter Rerig, orqada dikey o'rindiq, ikkalasi ham otib o'ldirilgan.[55] Otlar buzilib ketishdi va Pol qaroqchilarni hech narsasiz qoldirib, sahnani deyarli bir milya (1,6 km) nazorat ostiga ololmadi. Odatda miltiqda yurgan Pol, keyinchalik Filpotni o'ldirgan birinchi o'q unga tegishli bo'lgan deb o'ylaganini aytdi.[56][57]
AQSh marshalining o'rinbosari Virjil Erp, vaqtinchalik federal deputatlar Uayt va Morgan Erp, Uells Fargo agenti Marshal Uilyams, sobiq Kanzas sherifi Halol Masterson (Sharqiy salonda faro bilan shug'ullanadigan) va Okrug sherifi Behan qaroqchilarni qidirib topishga kirishdi. Wells Fargo tomonidan chiqarilgan kerakli plakat o'lik yoki tirik uch qaroqchiga (har biri 1200 AQSh dollari) 3,600 dollar mukofot (2019 yilda 95 ming dollarga teng) taklif qilish. Pochta orqali olib yuriladigan stagecoachni talon-taroj qilish ham federal jinoyat, ham hududiy jinoyatlar edi va bu jinoyat ham okrug, ham federal hokimiyat va deputatlardan iborat edi. Pose qaroqchilarni ular topgan yaqin atrofdagi fermer xo'jaligiga olib bordi drifter Lyuter King deb nomlangan. Pse yolg'on gapirmaguncha va u unga aytmaguncha u o'zining konfederlari kimligini aytmadi Doc Holliday sevgilisi o'qqa tutilgan. Holliday obro'sidan qo'rqib, u qaroqchilar otlarining jilovini ushlab turganini tan oldi va qaroqchilar deb Bill Leonard, Garri "Kid" boshi va Jim Krenni aniqladi.[58]:181 Ularning barchasi taniqli kovboylar va rustlerlar edi. Behan va Uilyams Kingni qabr toshiga kuzatib borishdi.
Qandaydir tarzda King eshikning old eshigidan o'tdi qamoq va bir necha daqiqadan so'ng orqa tomondan. Shoh kelishib olgan Shefferf Garri Vuds (noshiri Nugget) minib kelgan otini Dexterdagi sherif Behanning sherigi Jon Dunbarga sotish uchun Liviya barqaror.[59] 19 mart kuni Dunbar va Vuds sotuvlar bo'yicha hisob-kitoblarni amalga oshirayotganda King qulay tarzda qochib ketdi. Vudsning aytishicha, kimdir qasddan qamoqxonaning xavfsiz eshiklarini ochgan.[8] Ears va shahar aholisi Kingning osonlikcha qochib ketishidan g'azablandilar.[56] Keyinchalik Uilyams bir necha yillar davomida kompaniyadan o'g'irlik qilgani aniqlangach, bir qator qarzlarini qoldirib, Uells Fargodan chetlashtirildi.[58]
Earps qolgan ikki erkakni 17 kun ta'qib qilib, 60 soat davomida ovqatsiz va 36 soat suvsiz yurishdi Bob Pol oti vafot etdi va Vaytt va Morganning otlari shu qadar zaiflashdiki, ikkala odam yangi otlarni olish uchun Tombstone tomon 29 km uzoqlikda yurishdi.[5] Kovboylarni 640 km uzoqlikda ta'qib qilgandan keyin ular yangi otlarni ololmadilar va quvishdan voz kechishga majbur bo'ldilar. Ular 1-aprel kuni Tombstone-ga qaytib kelishdi.[60]:123[61] Behan 796,84 dollarlik (2019 yilda 21 ming dollarga teng) hisob-kitobni okrugga posse xarajatlari uchun topshirgan, ammo u Earps-ning har qanday xarajatlarini qoplashdan bosh tortgan. Virjil g'azablandi. Oxir-oqibat ular Wells, Fargo & Co kompaniyalari tomonidan qoplandi, ammo voqea okrug va federal huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari va Behan va Earps o'rtasida ko'proq ishqalanishni keltirib chiqardi.[8]:38[53]
U o'tib ketganidan keyin Johnny Behan unferheff lavozimi uchun, Vayt uni keyingisida urishi mumkin deb o'yladi Cochise County 1882 yil oxiridagi saylov. U Bud Filpot va Piter Rerig qotillarini ushlash unga sherif lavozimini egallashga yordam beradi deb o'ylagan. Keyinchalik Uayt 1881 yil 2-iyunda Uells, Fargo va Co kompaniyalariga sahna qaroqchilarining qo'lga olinishi yoki o'limiga olib keladigan ma'lumotni taqdim etsa, Ike Klantonga pul mukofotlari va boshqalarni taklif qilganini aytdi.[62] Uaytning so'zlariga ko'ra, Ike dastlab qiziqish bildirgan, ammo uch gumondor - Leonard, Xed va Kren - aloqador bo'lmagan voqealarda o'ldirilganda reja buzilgan.[13]
Ike, Kovboylar orasidagi mavqeiga putur etkazish bilan tahdid qilib, uning mumkin bo'lgan hamkorligi haqidagi so'zlar tarqalib ketganidan qo'rqa boshladi. Yashirin Wells Fargo kompaniyasining agenti M. Uilyams bitimdan shubhalanib, boshqa kovboylar uning ikki marta xochini bilib qolishidan qo'rqqan Ikega bir narsa dedi.[13][45][63] Endi Ike Uayt va Do'k Xollaydi (bitim to'g'risida bilib olgan), ehtimol Ike do'stlarini hibsga olishga yordam berishga tayyorligini oshkor qilgani uchun tahdid qila boshladi.[47]
Kovboylarning Holliday va Earpsni talon-taroj qilishda ayblamoqchi bo'lgan urinishlari,[27]:544 Kingning qochib ketishida Behanning ishtiroki bilan bir qatorda Earp aka-ukalar va Kovboy guruhlari o'rtasida tobora yomon his-tuyg'ular paydo bo'lishining boshlanishi edi.[8]:38
Earp va Behan Jozefina Markusni o'ziga jalb qilishdi
Wyatt Earp va Cochise County sherif Johnny Behan xuddi shu sherifning mavqei bilan qiziqishgan va xuddi shu ayolga qiziqish bildirgan bo'lishi mumkin, Jozefina Markus, Sadie nomi bilan tanilgan. Tombstone fuqarolari Behan va Sadie turmush qurgan deb hisoblashgan, ammo Behan taniqli ayolni sevgan va fohishalar va boshqa ayollar bilan jinsiy aloqada bo'lgan. 1881 yil boshida, Sadi uyga qaytib, do'stini xotini bilan yotoqda Behanni topgandan keyin munosabatlarni tugatdi[64] va uni quvib chiqardi,[65] u yozning oxirigacha Behan familiyasini ishlatgan bo'lsa-da. U 1881 yil aprel oyidan oldin o'z uyini ijaraga oldi Doktor Jorj Gudfello.
Vayt Erp birga yashagan Matti Blaylok,[66]:159 1880 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olishda uning xotini sifatida ro'yxatga olingan. U osonlikcha topiladigan afyutga qaram bo'lib borgan laudanum.[67] Earp Blaylok bilan 1882 yil aprelda Tombstone-dan ketguncha qoldi. Sadi va Earp o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni ko'rsatadigan zamonaviy Tombstone yozuvlari mavjud emas, lekin Earp, albatta, uni tanigan, chunki Behan va Earpning Crystal Palace salonidan yuqorida idoralari bor edi.[68]
Sadie J.C. Earp xonim yoki Uayt Earp xonim sifatida sayohat qilib, 1882 yil 25 martda Los-Anjelesga jo'nab ketdi,[69] va keyin San-Frantsiskodagi oilasiga qaytdi. 1882 yil iyulda Uayt Koloradoni tark etib, San-Frantsiskoga bordi,[70] u erda Sadi va uning qo'lini davolashni qidirayotgan ukasi Virgilni qidirdi.[71]:29 1883 yil fevral yoki mart oylarida Sadi va Earp San-Frantsiskoga jo'nab ketishdi Gunnison, bu erda Earp Faro bankini boshqargan, u aprel oyida Dodj shahridagi Lyuk Shotdan yordam so'rab murojaat qilgan.[72]:275–298 Keyingi 46 yil ichida Sadie uning umumiy turmush o'rtog'i edi.[71]:29
Sentabr bosqichi
Earps va McLaurys o'rtasidagi keskinlik yana bir bor kuchaygan yo'lovchi bosqichi Tombstone hududida joylashgan "Sandy Bob Line" da Bisbi, 1881 yil 8 sentyabrda o'tkazilgan. Niqob kiygan qaroqchilar barcha yo'lovchilarning qimmatbaho buyumlarini talon-taroj qilishgan, chunki sahna strongbox. Qaroqchilik paytida haydovchi qaroqchilardan birining pulni "shakar" deb ta'riflaganini eshitgan, bu ibora uni ishlatgan Frank Stilvel. Stilvell bir oy oldin Sherif Behanning o'rinbosari bo'lib ishlagan, ammo "buxgalteriya qoidabuzarliklari" uchun ishdan bo'shatilgan.[61]
Vayt va Virjil Earp sherifning kiyimi bilan minib, Bisbee sahnasi qaroqchilarini ta'qib qildi. Virjil qabr toshiga tayinlangan edi shahar marshali (ya'ni, politsiya boshlig'i ) 1881 yil 6-iyun kuni Ben Sippi ishdan voz kechgandan keyin. Shu bilan birga, Virjil bir vaqtning o'zida AQSh marshalining o'rinbosari lavozimini egallashni davom ettirdi va aynan shu federal miqyosda Tombstone shahri chegaralaridan tashqarida sahna murabbiylarining qaroqchilarini ta'qib qilishni davom ettirdi. Vaytt ushlab turilgan joyda, maxsus ta'mirlangan etikni kiygan kishi qoldirgan g'ayrioddiy yuklash nashrini topdi.[61] Earps Bisbei-dagi poyabzallarni ta'mirlash ustaxonasini kengaytirilgan etiklar bilan ta'minlaganini tekshirdi va yuklamani Stilwell bilan bog'lashga muvaffaq bo'ldi.[61]
Stilvell va Spensni hibsga olish
Frank Stiluell yaqinda o'zining doimiy sherigi bilan Bisbiyga kelgan edi, Pit Spens, ikkalasi ushlab turish uchun AQSh Marshalining o'rinbosari Virjil Erp tomonidan hibsga olinganida. Ikkalasi ham Ike Klanton va McLaurys do'stlari edi. Dastlabki sud majlisida Stilvell va Spens o'zlarini qo'llab-quvvatlagan bir nechta guvohlarni taqdim etishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi alibis. Sudya Spayser xuddi shu yil boshida Doc Holliday uchun qilganidek, etarli dalillar uchun ayblovlarni bekor qildi.[73]
Garov evaziga qo'yib yuborilgan Spens va Stilvell 13-oktabr kuni marshal Virjil Erp tomonidan Bisbi-ni talon-taroj qilganlik uchun yangi federal ayblov bilan hibsga olingan. pochta tashuvchisi.[74] Biroq, gazetalar, ular 8 oktyabr kuni Contention City yaqinida sodir bo'lgan boshqa bosqichdagi talonchilik uchun hibsga olinganligini xabar qilishdi.
Ike va boshqa kovboylar yangi hibsga olish, Earpsning kovboylarni noqonuniy ta'qib qilayotganining yana bir dalili deb hisoblashdi.[75] Ular aytdilar Quloqchalar qasos kutishlari mumkin edi.[39] While Virgil and Wyatt were in Tucson for the federal hearing on the charges against Spence and Stilwell, Frank McLaury confronted Morgan Earp. He told him that the McLaurys would kill the Earps if they tried to arrest Spence, Stilwell, or the McLaurys again.[47] Qabr toshi epitafiyasi reported "that since the arrest of Spence and Stilwell, veiled threats [are] being made that the friends of the accused will 'get the Earps.'"[76]:137
Cowboys accuse Holliday of robbery
Milt Joyce, a county supervisor and owner of the Oriental Saloon, had a contentious relationship with Doc Holliday. In October 1880, Holliday had trouble with a qimorboz named Johnny Tyler in Milt Joyce's Oriental Saloon. Tyler had been hired by a competing gambling establishment to drive customers from Joyce's saloon.[38] Holliday challenged Tyler to a fight, but Tyler ran. Joyce did not like Holliday or the Earps and he continued to argue with Holliday. Joyce ordered Holliday removed from the saloon but would not return Holliday's revolver. But Holliday returned carrying a double-action revolver. Milt brandished a pistol and threatened Holliday, but Holliday shot Joyce in the palm, disarming him, and then shot Joyce's business partner William Parker in the big toe. Joyce then hit Holliday over the head with his revolver.[77] Holliday was arrested and pleaded guilty to assault and battery.[78]
Holliday and his on-again, off-again mistress Katta burun Kate had many fights. After a particularly nasty, drunken argument, Holliday kicked her out. Okrug sherifi John Behan and Milt Joyce saw an opportunity and exploited the situation. They plied Big Nose Kate with more booze and suggested to her a way to get even with Holliday. She signed an tasdiqnoma implicating Holliday in the attempted stagecoach robbery and murders. Holliday was a good friend of Bill Leonard, a former soatsoz dan Nyu York, one of three men implicated in the robbery.[58]:181 Hakam Uells Spayser chiqarilgan hibsga olish to'g'risida order for Holliday. The Earps found guvohlar who could attest to Holliday's location at the time of the murders and Kate sobered up, revealing that Behan and Joyce had influenced her to sign a document she didn't understand. With the Cowboy fitna revealed, Spicer freed Holliday. The tuman prokurori threw out the charges, labeling them "ridiculous." Doc gave Kate some money and put her on a bosqich out of town.[56]
Ike Clanton's conflict with Doc Holliday
Wyatt Earp testified after the gunfight that five or six weeks prior he had met Ike Clanton outside the Alhambra Hotel. Ike told Wyatt that Doc Holliday had told him he knew of Ike's meetings with Wyatt and about Ike providing information on Head, Leonard, and Crane, as well as their attempted robbery of the stage. Ike now accused Earp of telling Holliday about these conversations. Earp testified that he told Ike he had not told Holliday anything. Wyatt Earp offered to prove this when Holliday and the Clantons next returned to town.[47]
A month later, the weekend before the shootout, Morgan Earp was concerned about possible trouble with the Cowboys. He asked Doc Holliday to come back to Tombstone from a fiesta celebration in Tucson where Holliday had been gambling. Upon his return, Wyatt Earp asked Holliday about Ike's accusation.[47]
On the morning of Tuesday, October 25, 1881, the day before the gunfight, Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury drove 10 miles (16 km) in a bahorgi vagon from Chandler's Milk Ranch at the foot of the Dragoon tog'lari to Tombstone. They were in town to sell a large number of beef Aksiya, most of them owned by the McLaurys.[8] Fred Dodge, an undercover detective for Wells Fargo, heard from J.B. Ayers, another undercover Wells Fargo man in Contention, that Frank MacLaury, Billy Clanton, and Billy Claiborne were in town and planning to join Ike and Tom in Tombstone Wednesday afternoon. Dodge, who had been sick, got up and went looking for city marshal Virgil Earp. He found Tombstone Deputy City Marshal Morgan Earp at the Alhambra Saloon instead and told him the news.[79]:87
Near midnight, Holliday saw Clanton in the Alhambra Saloon and confronted Ike, accusing him of lying about their previous conversations. They got into a heated argument. Wyatt Earp (who was not wearing a badge) encouraged his brother Morgan to intervene. Morgan took Holliday out onto the street and Ike, who had been drinking steadily, followed them. City Marshal Virgil Earp arrived a few minutes later and threatened to arrest both Holliday and Clanton if they did not stop arguing. Wyatt Earp walked over to the Oriental Saloon and Ike followed him. They talked again, and Ike threatened to confront Holliday in the morning. Ike told Earp that the fighting talk had been going on for a long time and that he intended to put an end to it. Ike told Earp, "I will be ready for you in the morning." Wyatt told Ike to go home "because there was no money in it." Ike sat down near Wyatt, his revolver in plain sight, and told Earp "You must not think I won't be after you all in the morning." Virgil Earp went to the Occidental Saloon across the street.[47][79]:88
Morning of the gunfight
Events leading up to the Ike Clanton court hearing
After Holliday's confrontation with Ike Clanton, Wyatt Earp took Holliday back to his room at Camillus Sidney "Buck" Fly's Lodging House to sleep off his drinking, then went home and to bed. Qabr toshi Marshal Virgil Earp played poker with Ike Clanton, Tom McLaury, Cochise Okrug sherifi Johnny Behan and a fifth unnamed man in a back room of the Occidental Saloon until morning.[80]
At about dawn on October 26, the card game broke up and Behan and Virgil Earp went home to bed. Ike Clanton testified later he saw Virgil take his oltita otuvchi out of his lap and stick it in his pants when the game ended.[80] Not having rented a room, Tom McLaury and Ike Clanton had no place to go. Shortly after 8:00 am barkeeper E. F. Boyle spoke to Ike Clanton in front of the telegraf idora. Clanton had been drinking all night and Boyle encouraged him to get some sleep, but Ike insisted he would not go to bed. Boyle later testified he noticed Ike was armed and covered his gun for him.[81]
Boyle later said that Ike told him, "'As soon as the Earps and Doc Holliday showed themselves on the street, the ball would open—that they would have to fight' ... I went down to Wyatt Earp's house and told him that Ike Clanton had threatened that when Wyatt, his brothers, and Doc Holliday showed themselves on the street that the ball would open."[81][82] Ike said in his testimony afterward that he remembered neither meeting Boyle nor making any such statements that day.[80] Deputy Marshal Andy Bronk also heard the talk around town. He woke Virgil, who listened, and went back to sleep. Ike's ongoing threats were not worth losing sleep.[83]
Later in the morning, Ike picked up his miltiq va revolver from the West End Corral, where he had deposited his weapons and stabled his wagon and team after entering town. By noon that day, Ike was still drinking and once again armed, in violation of the city ordinance against carrying firearms in the city. He told anyone who would listen he was looking for Holliday or an Earp. At Fly's boarding house where Holliday and his common-law wife Mary Katharine Horony were sleeping, proprietor Mary Fly heard Clanton's threats and banged on Holliday's door. Fly told Horony, "Ike Clanton was here looking for [Holliday], and he had a rifle with him."[83] Horony woke Holliday and relayed the threat, who replied, "If God will let me live to get my clothes on, he will see me."[83]
At about 1:00 pm, Marshal Virgil and his Deputy Morgan Earp found Ike on 4th Street, still armed, and Virgil avtomat kaltaklandi him from behind. Disarming him, the Earps took Ike to appear before Justice of the Peace A.O. Wallace for violating the ordinance. Wyatt waited with Clanton while Virgil went to find Justice Wallace so a court hearing could be held.[47]
Ike Clanton court hearing
While Wyatt waited for Virgil to return with Justice Wallace, witnesses overheard Wyatt tell Clanton, "You cattle thieving son-of-a-bitch, and you know that I know you are a cattle thieving son-of-a-bitch, you've threatened my life enough, and you've got to fight!", Ike Clanton was hear to reply, "Fight is my racket, and all I want is four feet of ground!"[84]
Ike reported in his testimony afterward that Wyatt Earp cursed him. He said Wyatt, Virgil and Morgan offered him his rifle and to fight him right there in the courthouse, which Ike declined. Ike also denied ever threatening the Earps.[80] Justice Wallace fined Ike $25 (equivalent to $660 in 2019) plus court costs. Ike paid the fine and Virgil told Ike he could pick up his confiscated rifle and revolver at the Grand Hotel, which was favored by Cowboys when in town. Ike testified that he picked up the weapons from William Soule, the jailer, a couple of days later.[80]
Tom McLaury's concealed weapon
Outside the court house where Ike was being fined, Tombstone Deputy Marshal Wyatt almost walked into 28 year-old Tom McLaury as the two men were brought up short nose-to-nose. Tom, who had arrived in town the day before, was required by the well-known city ordinance to deposit his pistol when he first arrived in town. When Wyatt demanded, "Are you heeled or not?", McLaury said he was not armed. Wyatt testified that he saw a revolver in plain sight on the right hip of Tom's pants.[85] As an unpaid deputat marshal for Virgil, Wyatt habitually carried a pistol in his waistband, as was the custom of that time. Witnesses reported that Wyatt drew his revolver from his coat pocket and avtomat kaltaklandi Tom McLaury with it twice, leaving him prostrate and bleeding on the street. Saloon-keeper Andrew Mehan testified at the Spicer hearing afterward that he saw McLaury deposit a revolver at the Capital Saloon sometime between 1:00–2:00 pm, after the confrontation with Wyatt, which Mehan also witnessed.[13]
Wyatt said in his deposition afterward that he had been temporarily acting as city marshal for Virgil the week before while Virgil was in Tucson for the Pit Spens va Frank Stilvel sud jarayoni. Wyatt said that he still considered himself a deputy city marshal, which Virgil later confirmed. Since Wyatt was an off-duty officer, he could not legally search or arrest Tom for carrying a revolver within the city limits—a jinoyat jinoyat. Only Virgil or one of his city police deputies, including Morgan Earp and possibly Uorren Erp, could search him and take any required action. Wyatt, who was portrayed as a non-drinker, testified at the Spicer hearing that he went to Haffords and bought a cigar and went outside to watch the Cowboys. At the time of the gunfight about two hours later, Wyatt could not know if Tom was still armed.[47]
It was early afternoon by the time Ike and Tom had seen doctors for their head wounds. The day was chilly, with snow still on the ground in some places. Tom ham, Ike ham tunni qimor o'ynab, ichkilikbozlik va uyqusiz o'tkazishgan. Now they were both out-of-doors, both wounded from head beatings, and at least Ike was still drunk.[5][76]:138
More Cowboys enter town
At around 1:30–2:00 pm, after Tom had been avtomat bilan kaltaklangan by Wyatt, Ike's 19-year-old younger brother Billy Clanton and Tom's older brother Frank McLaury arrived in town. They had heard from their neighbor, Ed "Old Man" Frink, that Ike had been stirring up trouble in town overnight, and they had ridden into town on horseback to back up their brothers. They arrived from Antelope Springs, 13 miles (21 km) east of Qabr toshi, where they had been rounding up Aksiya and had breakfasted with Ike and Tom the day before. Both Frank and Billy were armed with a revolver and a rifle, as was the custom for riders in the country outside Tombstone. Apache warriors had engaged the U.S. Army near Tombstone just three weeks before the O.K. Corral gunfight, so the need for weapons outside of town was well established and accepted.[86]
Billy and Frank stopped first at the Grand Hotel on Allen Street, and were greeted by Doc Holliday. They learned immediately after of their brothers' beatings by the Earps within the previous two hours. The incidents had generated a lot of talk in town. Angrily, Frank said he would not drink, and he and Billy left the saloon immediately to seek Tom. By law, both Frank and Billy should have left their firearms at the Grand Hotel. Instead, they remained fully armed.[8]:49[27]:190
Virgil and Wyatt Earp's reactions
Wyatt said that he saw Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury in Spangenberger's gun and hardware store on 4th Street filling their gun belts bilan patronlar.[47] Ike testified afterward that Tom was not there and that he had tried to buy a new revolver but the owner saw Ike's bandaged head and refused to sell him one.[80] Ike apparently had not heard Virgil tell him that his confiscated weapons were at the Grand Hotel around the corner from Spangenberger's shop.[80][87]
When Virgil Earp learned that Wyatt was talking to the Cowboys at Spangenberg's gun shop, he went there himself. Virgil testified afterward that he thought he saw all four men, Ike Clanton, Billy Clanton, Frank McLaury, and Tom McLaury, buying cartridges.[87] Virgil went around the corner on Allen Street to the Uells Fargo office, where he picked up a 10-gauge or 12-gauge, kalta, ikki o'qli miltiq. Bu kun Tombstone-da odatiy bo'lmagan sovuq va shamolli kun edi va Virjil a uzun palto. Tombstone jamoatchiligini xavotirga solmaslik uchun, Virgil Haffordning Saloniga qaytib kelganida, qurolni paltosining ostiga yashirgan.[8]:4
From Spangenberg's, the Cowboys moved to the O.K. Corral where witnesses overheard them threatening to kill the Earps. For unknown reasons the Cowboys then walked out the back of the O.K. Corral and then west, stopping in a narrow, empty lot next to C. S. Fly's boarding house.[8]:4
Virgil initially avoided a confrontation with the newly arrived Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton, who had not yet deposited their weapons at a hotel or stable as the law required. The statute was not specific about how far a recently arrived visitor might "with good faith, and within reasonable time" travel into town while carrying a firearm. This permitted a traveler to keep his firearms if he was proceeding directly to a livery, hotel or saloon. The three main Tombstone corrals were all west of 4th street between Allen and Fremont, a block or two from where Wyatt saw the Cowboys buying cartridges. Miner Ruben F. Coleman later told Qabr toshi epitafiyasi:[87][88][89]
I was in the O.K. Corral at 2:30 p.m. when I saw the two Clantons and the two McLaurys in an earnest conversation across the street at Dunbar's corral. I went up the street and notified Sheriff Behan and told them it was my opinion that they meant trouble, and it was his duty, as sheriff, to go and disarm them. I told him they had gone to the West End Corral. I then went and saw Marshal Virgil Earp and notified him to the same effect.[89]
Behan attempts to disarm Cowboys
Cochise County Sherif Johnny Behan, a friend of the Cowboys,[10] later testified that he woke up about 1:30 pm after the late-night card game, and went to get a shave at a barbershop. That's where he first learned that the Cowboys were armed. Behan stated he quickly finished his shave and went to locate the Cowboys. At about 2:30 pm he found Frank McLaury holding a horse and talking to someone on Fourth Street near the corner of Fremont. When he saw Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury near C. S. Fly's photography studio, he walked there with Frank. He told the Cowboys that they must give up their arms. Ike Clanton said he was not armed, and Tom McLaury pulled his coat open to show he was not carrying a weapon.[90]
The Cowboys were located in a narrow 15–20 feet (4.6–6.1 m) lot[91] between the Harwood house and Fly's 12-room boarding house and photography studio at 312 Fremont Street,[92] where Doc Holliday roomed.
Behan later said he attempted to persuade Frank McLaury to give up his weapons, but Frank insisted that he would give up his guns only after City Marshal Virgil Earp and his brothers were first disarmed.[93]
The Cowboys were about a block and a half from the West End Corral at 2nd Street and Fremont, where Ike and Tom's wagon and team were stabled. Virgil Earp later testified that he thought Ike and Tom were stabled at the OK. Korral on Allen between 3rd and 4th, from which he thought they would be departing if they were leaving town.
While Ike Clanton later said he was planning to leave town, Frank McLaury reported that he had decided to remain behind to take care of some business. Will McLaury, Tom and Frank's brother and a judge in Fort-Uort, Texas, claimed in a letter he wrote during the preliminary hearing after the shootout that Tom and Frank were still armed because they were planning to conduct business before leaving town to visit him in Texas. He wrote that Billy Clanton, who had arrived on horseback with Frank, intended to go with the McLaurys to Fort Worth. Will McLaury came to Tombstone after the gun fight and joined the prosecution team in an attempt to convict the Earps and Holliday for his brothers' murder.[93] Paul Johnson told a different story, that the McLaurys were about to leave for Iowa to attend the wedding of their sister, Sarah Caroline, in Iowa.[94] Tom and Frank were especially close to Sarah, one of their 14 siblings and half-siblings.[95] Caroline married James Reed in Richland, Iowa o'sha yilning noyabr oyi oxirida.[41]
Virgil decides to disarm Cowboys
Citizens reported to Virgil on the Cowboys' movements and their threats told him that Ike and Tom had left their livery stable and entered town while armed, in violation of the city ordinance. Virgil Earp was told by several citizens that the McLaurys and the Clantons had gathered on Fremont Street. Virgil decided he had to disarm the Cowboys.[87][88] His decision to take action may have been influenced by the Cowboy's repeated threats to the Earps, their proximity to Holliday's room in Fly's boarding house, and their location on the route the Earps usually took to their homes two blocks further west on Fremont Street.[82]:27
Several members of the citizen's vigilance committee offered to support him with arms, but Virgil refused.[5] He had during the prior month appointed Morgan as a Special Policeman. He had also appointed Wyatt as a Special Policeman while Virgil had been in Prescott on business. He had also called on Doc Holliday that morning for help with disarming the Clantons and McLaurys.[87] Wyatt spoke of his brothers Virgil and Morgan as the "marshals" while he acted as "deputy."
Virgil Earp picked up the shotgun he had retrieved from the Wells Fargo office earlier.[58]:185 He gave the shotgun to Doc Holliday who hid it under his overcoat. He took Holliday's tayoq evaziga.[96]:89
As usual, the Earps carried their revolvers in their coat pockets or in their waistbands. Wyatt Earp was carrying a .44 caliber American 1869 Smith & Wesson revolver.[97] Virgil was known to favor the Smit va Vesson №3 yangi modeli, in .44 Russian, but it is not known if that was what he was armed with that day.[iqtibos kerak ] Holliday was carrying a nickel-plated pistol in a holster, but this was concealed by his long coat, as was the shotgun. The Earps and Holliday walked west, down the south side of Fremont Street past the rear entrance to the O.K. Corral, but out of visual range of the Cowboys' last reported location.[47] Near the corner of Fourth St. and Fremont St., the Earps ran into Sheriff Behan. He had left the Cowboys and came toward the Earps, though he looked nervously backward several times. Virgil testified afterward that Behan told them, "For God's sake, don't go down there or they will murder you!"[87] Wyatt said Behan told him and Morgan, "I have disarmed them."[47] Behan testified afterward that he'd only said he'd gone down to the Cowboys "for the purpose of disarming them," not that he'd actually disarmed them.[93] One eyewitness, laundryman Peter H. Fallehy, testified afterward that Virgil Earp told Behan, "those men have made their threats and I will not arrest them but I will kill them on sight."[98]
When Behan said he had disarmed them, Virgil attempted to avoid a fight. "I had a walking stick in my left hand and my hand was on my six-shooter in my waist pants, and when he said he had disarmed them, I shoved it clean around to my left hip and changed my walking stick to my right hand."[87] Wyatt said I "took my pistol, which I had in my hand, under my coat, and put it in my overcoat pocket." The Earps walked further down Fremont street and came into full view of the Cowboys in the lot.[47]
Wyatt testified he saw "Frank McLaury, Tom McLaury, and Billy Clanton standing in a row against the east side of the building on the opposite side of the vacant space west of Fly's photograph gallery. Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne and a man I don't know [Wes Fuller] were standing in the vacant space about halfway between the photograph gallery and the next building west."[47] Addie Bourland corroborated Wyatt's testimony, stating that she saw "five men opposite my house, leaning against a small house west of Fly's Gallery and one man was holding a horse, standing a little out from the house."[99]
The Gunfight
Martha J. King was in Bauer's butcher shop located on Fremont Street.[85] She testified that when the Earp party passed by her location, one of the Earps on the outside of the group looked across and said to Doc Holliday nearest the store, "... let them have it!" to which Holliday replied, "All right."[82]:66–68[100]
Physical proximity
When the Earps approached the lot, the four law men initially faced six Cowboys: Frank McLaury, Tom McLaury, Billy Clanton, Billy Claiborne, Wes Fuller, and Ike Clanton.[101][79]:88 When the Cowboys saw the officers, they stepped away from the Harwood house.
In testimony given by witnesses afterward, they disagreed about the precise location of the men before, during and after the gunfight.[102] The coroner's inquest and the Spicer hearing produced a sketch showing the Cowboys standing, from left to right facing Fremont Street, with Billy Clanton and then Frank McLaury near the Harwood house and Tom McLaury and Ike Clanton roughly in the middle of the lot. Opposite them and initially only about 6 to 10 feet (1.8 to 3.0 m) away, Virgil Earp was on the left end of the Earp party, standing a few feet inside the vacant lot and nearest Ike Clanton. Behind him a few feet near the corner of C. S. Fly 's boarding house was Wyatt. Morgan Earp was standing on Fremont Street to Wyatt's right, and Doc Holliday anchored the end of their line in Fremont Street, a few feet to Morgan's right.[102]
Wyatt Earp drew a sketch in 1924 and another with Jon toshqini on September 15, 1926 that depicted Billi Klanton near the middle of the lot, close to the Harwood house. Tom and Frank McLaury stood deeper in the lot. Frank was in the center between the two buildings, holding the reins of his horse. Tom was closer to C. S. Fly's boarding house. According to Wyatt's sketches, Morgan was on the right of the lawmen, close to the Harwood house, opposite Billy Clanton near the Harwood house and close to Fremont St. Virgil was deeper in the lot, opposite Frank and Ike Clanton. Wyatt was to Virgil's left, opposite Tom. Doc Holliday hung back a step or two on Fremont Street.[82]:145 [103] Neither of Wyatt's sketches included Ike Clanton or Billy Claiborne, who ran from the fight.[8]
Gun battle begins
Virgil Earp was not expecting a fight. Once Behan said that he'd disarmed the Cowboys, Virgil moved Doc's cane to his right hand and shifted the pistol in his waistband from the right side to his left.[87] Holliday still concealed the short shotgun under his long jacket. Wyatt too was not expecting a fight and put his pistol in his overcoat pocket.[47]
Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury wore revolvers in g'iloflar on their belts and stood alongside their saddled horses with rifles in their qoralar, possibly in violation of the city ordinance prohibiting carrying weapons in town.[13][103]
When Virgil saw the Cowboys, he testified, he immediately commanded the Cowboys to "Throw up your hands, I want your guns!"[87] Wyatt said Virgil told the Cowboys, "Throw up your hands; I have come to disarm you!"[47] Virgil and Wyatt both testified they saw Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton draw and cock their single action six shot revolvers.[87] Virgil yelled: "Hold! I don't mean that!"[82]:172–173 or "Hold on, I don't want that!"[87]
Jeff Morey, who served as the historical consultant on the film Qabr toshi, compared testimony by partisan and neutral witnesses and came to the conclusion that the Earps described the situation accurately.[102][104]
Who started shooting first is not certain; accounts by both participants and eyewitnesses are contradictory.[105] The smoke from the qora kukun used in the weapons added to the confusion of the gunfight in the narrow space.[88] Those loyal to one side or the other told conflicting stories, and independent eyewitnesses who did not know the participants by sight were unable to say for certain who shot first. The six or seven men with guns fired about 30 shots in around 30 seconds.[3][26]:230
- First two shots
Virgil Earp reported afterward, "Two shots went off right together. Billy Clanton's was one of them."[87] Wyatt testified, "Billy Clanton leveled his pistol at me, but I did not aim at him. I knew that Frank McLaury had the reputation of being a good shot and a dangerous man, and I aimed at Frank McLaury." He said he shot Frank McLaury after both he and Billy Clanton went for their revolvers: "The first two shots were fired by Billy Clanton and myself, he shooting at me, and I shooting at Frank McLaury."[47] Morey agreed that Billy Clanton and Wyatt Earp fired first. Clanton missed, but Earp shot Frank McLaury in the stomach.[104]
All witnesses generally agreed that the first two shots were almost indistinguishable from each other. General firing immediately broke out. Virgil and Wyatt thought Tom was armed. When the shooting started, the horse that Tom McLaury held jumped to one side. Wyatt said he also saw Tom throw his hand to his right hip. Virgil said Tom followed the horse's movement, hiding behind it, and fired once or twice over the horse's back.[87]
- Holliday shoots Tom
According to one witness, Holliday drew a "large bronze pistol" (interpreted by some as Virgil's coach gun ) from under his long coat, stepped around Tom McLaury's horse,[105] and shot him with the double-barreled shotgun in the chest at close range.[106]:185
Witness C. H. "Ham" Light saw Tom running or stumbling westward on Fremont Street towards Third Street, away from the gunfight, while Frank and Billy were still standing and shooting. Light testified that Tom fell at the foot of a telegraph pole on the corner of Fremont and 3rd Street and lay there, without moving, through the duration of the fight.[107] Fallehy also saw Tom stagger across the street until he fell on his back.[98] After shooting Tom, Holliday tossed the empty shotgun aside, pulled out his nickel-plated revolver, and continued to fire at Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton.[93]
- Cowboys run
Ike Klanton had been publicly threatening to kill the Earps for several months, including very loud threats on the day before.[8] Wyatt told the court afterward that Clanton had bragged that he would kill the Earps or Doc Holliday at his first opportunity. But when the gunfight broke out, Clanton ran forward and grabbed Wyatt, exclaiming that he was unarmed and did not want a fight. To this protest Wyatt said he responded, "Go to fighting or get away!"[82]:164 Clanton ran through the front door of Fly's boarding house and escaped, unwounded. Other accounts say that Ike drew a hidden pistol and fired at the Earps before disappearing.[108] Like Ike, Billi Klaiborn was unarmed. He and Cowboy Wes Fuller, who had been at the rear of the lot, also ran from the fight as soon as the shooting began.[8][79]:88
- Billy Clanton shot
Ga binoan Qabr toshi epitafiyasi, "Wyatt Earp stood up and fired in rapid succession, as cool as a cucumber, and was not hit." Morgan Earp fired almost immediately, as Billi Klanton drew his gun right-handed. Morgan's shot hit Billy in the right wrist, disabling his hand. Forced to shift the revolver to his left hand, Clanton continued shooting until he emptied the gun.[82]:154 Virgil and Wyatt were now firing. Morgan Earp tripped and fell over a newly buried waterline and fired from the ground.[13] Wyatt shot Frank McLaury in the abdomen, and Frank took his horse by its reins and struggled across Fremont Street. He tried and failed to grab his rifle from the scabbard but lost control of the horse. Frank crossed Fremont Street firing his revolver instead. Frank and Holliday exchanged shots as Frank moved across Fremont Street, and Frank hit Holliday in his pistol pocket, grazing him. Holliday followed him, exclaiming, "That son of a bitch has shot me and I am going to kill him." Morgan Earp picked himself up and also fired at Frank.[109] Frank fell to the sidewalk on the east side of Fremont Street.
A number of witnesses observed a man leading a horse into the street and firing near it and Wyatt in his testimony thought this was Tom McLaury. Claiborne said only one man had a horse in the fight, and that this man was Frank, holding his own horse by the reins, then losing it and its cover, in the middle of the street.[110] Wes Fuller also identified Frank as the man in the street leading the horse.[111]
- Morgan Earp wounded
Though wounded, Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury kept shooting. One of them, perhaps Billy, shot Morgan Earp across the back in a wound that struck both shoulder blades and a vertebra. Morgan went down for a minute before picking himself up. Either Frank or Billy shot Virgil Earp in the calf (Virgil thought it was Billy). Virgil, though hit, fired his next shot at Billy Clanton.[109]
Frank, now entirely across Fremont street and still walking at a good pace according to Claiborne's testimony, fired twice more before he was shot in the head under his right ear. Both Morgan and Holliday apparently thought they had fired the shot that killed Frank, but since neither of them testified at the hearing, this information is only from second-hand accounts. A passerby testified to having stopped to help Frank, and saw Frank try to speak, but he died where he fell, before he could be moved.[112]
Billy Clanton was shot in the wrist, chest and abdomen, and after a minute or two slumped to a sitting position near his original position at the corner of the Harwood house in the lot between the house and Fly's Lodging House. Claiborne said Clanton was supported by a window initially after he was shot, and fired some shots after sitting, with the pistol supported on his leg. After he ran out of ammunition, he called for more cartridges, but C. S. Fly took his pistol at about the time the general shooting ended.[82]:174
A few moments later, Tom McLaury was carried from the corner of Fremont and Third into the Harwood house on that corner, where he died without speaking.[45]:234[17] Passersby carried Billy Clanton to the Harwood house, where Tom had been taken. Billy was in considerable pain and asked for a doctor and some morfin. He told those near him, "They have murdered me. I have been murdered. Chase the crowd away and from the door and give me air." Billy gasped for air, and someone else heard him say, "Go away and let me die."[45]:234 Ike Clanton, who had repeatedly threatened the Earps with death, was still running. William Cuddy testified that Ike passed him on Allen Street and Johnny Behan saw him a few minutes later on Toughnut Street.[45]:236
Outcome of the battle
Both Wyatt and Virgil believed Tom McLaury was armed and testified that he had fired at least one shot over the back of a horse.[47][87] Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury exchanged gunfire with the lawmen. During the gunfight, Doc Holliday was bruised by a bullet fired by Frank that struck his holster and grazed his hip. Virgil Earp was shot through the calf, he thought by Billy Clanton. Morgan Earp was struck across both shoulder blades by a bullet that Morgan thought Frank McLaury had fired. Wyatt Earp was unhurt. Tom McLaury, his brother Frank va Billi Klanton o'ldirilgan.
Behan attempts arrest
As the wounded lawmen were carried to their homes, they passed in front of the Sheriff's Office, and Johnny Behan told Wyatt Earp, "I will have to arrest you." Wyatt paused two or three seconds and replied very forcibly: "I won't be arrested today. I am right here and am not going away. You have deceived me. You told me these men were disarmed; I went to disarm them."[113]:27 Doktor Jorj Gudfello treated the Earps' wounds.
Cowboy wounds
Dr. Henry M. Mathews examined the dead Cowboys late that night. He found Frank McLaury had two wounds: a gunshot beneath the right ear that horizontally penetrated his head, and a second entering his abdomen one inch (2.5 cm) to the left of his navel. Mathews stated that the wound beneath the ear was at the base of the brain and caused instant death.[112] Sheriff Behan testified that he had heard Morgan Earp yell "I got him" after Frank was shot.[93] However, during the gunfight, Frank moved across Fremont street, putting Holliday on Frank's right and Morgan on his left. This makes it much more likely that Holliday shot the fatal round that killed Frank.[112][114]
When he examined Tom McLaury's body, Mathews found twelve buloq wounds from a single shotgun blast on the right side under his arm, between the third and fifth ribs. The wound was about four inches (10 cm) across. The nature and location of the wound indicated that it could not have been received if Tom's hands were on his coat lapels as the Cowboys later testified.[115] Both Virgil and Wyatt stated that Holliday had shot Tom, which the coroner's exam supported.
Dr. George Goodfellow testified about Billy Clanton's wounds at the Spicer hearing. He stated that the angle of the wrist wound indicated that Billy's hand could not have been raised over his head as claimed by Cowboy witnesses.[17] In his coroner's report, Mathews did not mention Billy's arm wound, but witness Keefe, who examined the arm closely, testified later that Clanton was shot through the right arm, close to the wrist joint and "the bullet passed through the arm from "inside to outside," entering the arm close to the base of the thumb, and exiting "on the back of the wrist diagonally" with the latter wound larger. This indicated to the judge that Billy could not have been holding his coat's lapels open, his arms raised, as the Cowboys testified.[9] Dr. Mathews found two other wounds on Billy's body. The first was two inches (5 cm) from Clanton's left nipple, penetrated his lung. The other was in the abdomen beneath the twelfth rib, six inches (20 cm) to the right of the navel. Both were fired from the front. Neither passed completely through his body.[112] The wound to Billy Clanton's right wrist may have been inflicted by Morgan Earp or Doc Holliday immediately at the outset of the fight as Billy was drawing his gun.
Weapons carried by the Cowboys
- Billi Klanton
Billy Clanton was armed with a Colt Frontier 1873 revolver in .44-40 caliber, which were identified by their serial numbers at the Spicer hearing. C.S. Fly found Billy Clanton's empty revolver in his hand where he lay and took it from him.[102]
- Frank McLaury
Frank McLaury was also armed with a Colt Frontier 1873 revolver in .44-40 caliber, which was recovered by laundryman Fallehy on the street about 5 feet (1.5 m) from his body with two turlar remaining in it. Fallehy placed it next to Frank's body before he was moved to the Harwood house. Dr. Mathews laid Frank's revolver on the floor while he examined Billy and Tom. Cowboy witness Wes Fuller said he saw Frank in the middle of the street shooting a revolver and trying to remove a Vinchester miltig'i dan qin on his horse. The two Model 1873 rifles were still in the scabbards on Frank and Tom McLaury's horses when they were found after the gunfight.[13] If, as was customary, Frank carried only five rounds, then he had fired only three shots.[61]
- Tom McLaury
Witnesses differed about whether Tom McLaury was carrying a weapon during the shootout or not. No revolver or rifle was found near his body and he was not wearing a cartridge belt. Wyatt testified that he had arrested Tom earlier that day when he found him carrying a weapon earlier in violation of a city ordinance. U avtomat bilan kaltaklangan him and took him to the courthouse where he was fined. Salon qo'riqchisi Mehanning guvohlik berishicha, Tom hibsga olingandan keyin va janjaldan oldin, soat 13:00 dan 14:00 gacha bo'lgan vaqt oralig'ida avtomatni 4-chi ko'chada va Fremontda joylashgan poytaxt saloniga qo'ygan.[13] Kovboyning bir nechta guvohlari Tom qurolsiz ekanliklarini va Earps himoyasiz odamni o'ldirganligini da'vo qilishdi.
Behanning so'zlariga ko'ra, u o'q otishdan oldin Tom McLaury-dan qurol qidirganida, u puxta bo'lmagan va Tom belida to'pponcha yashiringan bo'lishi mumkin.[82]:164 Behanning guvohligi muhim edi, chunki u prokuratura uchun asosiy guvoh bo'lgan, ammo shu masalada bir fikrda edi. Behanning hamdardligi Kovboylar yaxshi tanilgan edi va sud jarayonida u Ikega o'zining mudofaa xarajatlari uchun yordam berish uchun pul qo'shganligini qat'iyan rad etdi.[116] Biroq, 1997 yilda Behanning xizmat qilganligini ko'rsatadigan hujjatlar joylashgan edi kafil Spayserni eshitish paytida Ike Klantonga qarz uchun.[13] Uayt County Sherif uchun Behanga qarshi kurashishni rejalashtirganligi sababli, Behan sudlangan Uaytga yordam berish uchun rag'batlantirgan.
Kovboy do'sti gazetasida Richard Rulening hikoyasi, Nugget, voqeani atributsiz, kun tartibida aytib berdi. Rule shunday deb yozgan edi: "Sherif tashqariga chiqdi va [Earpsga]:" O'g'il bolalarni ushlang, u erga tushmang, aks holda muammo bo'ladi; men ularni qurolsizlantirish uchun shu erga tushdim ".[15] O'zining ko'rsatmalarida Behan bir necha bor u Earpsga faqat kovboylarni qurolsizlantirish niyati borligini aytgan, ammo u aslida bunday qilmagan. Maqolada Behan "musobaqa qatnashchilariga o'q otishni to'xtatish to'g'risida buyruq berib turgan, ammo uni oldini olishga ojizlik qilgan" deyilgan. The Nugget Behan bilan yaqin aloqada bo'lgan; u Garri Vudsga tegishli edi, u ham Behanga yuborilgan edi, ammo Vuds o'sha kuni Texas shtatidagi El Paso shahrida mahbuslarni yig'ayotgan edi. Shunday qilib, Rule Behan bilan suhbatlashishi ehtimoldan yiroq emas. Virjil ham, Uilyams ham Guvohning aytishicha, Behan o'sha kuni kechqurun Virjil Earpga tashrif buyurgan va "Men sizning do'stingizman va siz juda yaxshi ish qildingiz", deb aytgan. Bu boshlang'ichni tasdiqladi Nugget hisobot, Vudning qaytishi bilan kovboylarga ma'qul bo'lgan versiyaga o'zgartirilgan va keyinchalik Behan sud majlisidagi ko'rsatmalarida qo'llab-quvvatlangan.[13]
Salonni qo'riqchisi Endryu Mexan Tomni Earp tomonidan kaltaklangandan keyin va o'q otishidan oldin uning to'pponchasini qo'yganini ko'rgan bo'lsa ham, Earpsning hech biri Tomning o'z revolverini salonda qoldirganligini bilmagan. Otasi Charlz Cosmopolitan mehmonxonasiga egalik qilgan mehmonxona posboni Albert "Kris" Billikki Tom Maklerni Bauerning qassob do'koniga soat 14:00 ga yaqin kirib kelganini ko'rgan. U Tomning ichkarisiga kirganida o'ng qo'l shimining cho'ntagi tekis edi, lekin u chiqib ketganda, xuddi to'pponcha bor ekan (shunday deb o'ylardi), oldinga chiqib ketganini aytdi.[117] Iste'fodagi armiya jarrohi doktor J. V. Gardiner ham Tomning shimidagi bo'rtiqni ko'rganiga guvohlik berdi.[61] Biroq, Tomning shimining cho'ntagida uning tanasidan topilgan naqd pul va tushumlar, ehtimol qassob tomonidan sotib olingan o'g'irlangan meksikalik mol go'shti uchun to'lov sifatida qariyb 3300 dollar (2019 yilda 87000 dollarga teng) bo'lishi mumkin.[16]:182
Vaytt va Virjil Erp va Dok Xolliday Tom o'q otish paytida revolverga ega deb ishonishgan. Uayt Tom otning bo'yniga revolver otdi deb o'yladi va o'lgunicha Tomning revolverini Uesli Fuller voqea joyidan olib tashlaganiga ishondi.[118] Guvoh Fallehy Morgan Earp va Doc Holliday otni to'sib qo'yishda foydalanayotgan odamga qarata o'q uzayotganini ko'rganini va bir marta otib o'tirgan odam qulab tushganini yozgan. Fallehy o'z bayonotida erkak hali ham to'pponchasini qo'lida ushlab turganini yozgan. U otib tashlaganini ko'rmagan bo'lsa-da, Tom Makler qurollangan deb o'ylardi.[98][119]
Keyinchalik Ruben F. Koulman Tomni qurollangan deb o'ylaganini aytdi, garchi keyinchalik bu masalada bir fikrga kelsa. Uning 27 oktyabrdagi sonida keltirilgan Qabr toshi epitafiyasi unda u "Tom McLaury birinchi bo'lib yiqildi, lekin o'limidan oldin yana ko'tarib o'q uzdi" dedi. Koulman ham bir kundan keyin sudning tergovida guvohlik berdi. Sirtqi gazeta muxbiri Xauell "Pat" Xayxurst 1930-yillarning boshlarida sud majlisidagi barcha guvohliklarni ko'chirgan. Federal Yozuvchilar Loyihasi, ichida Ishni rivojlantirish boshqarmasi. U Colemanning ikkinchi guvohligini yozib olganida, u Colemanning so'zlarini keltiradi: "Tom McLaury, dastlabki ikkita o'q otilgandan so'ng, Fremont ko'chasida yugurib yiqilib tushdi ... Menimcha, men bergan hisobot Epitafiya Ma'lumki, Xayxurst o'zboshimchalik bilan o'zi qaror qilgan matnni o'chirib tashlagan. Styuart N. ko'li Keyinchalik Xayxurst transkripsiyani "buzgan".[12] Keyinchalik hujjatlar yo'qolgan va hanuzgacha hisob-kitob qilinmagan.[120]:269
Tom revolver bilan qurollanmagan bo'lsa ham, Virjil Earp guvohlik berdi Tom o'ldirilishidan oldin uning oldida ot ustida turgan qindan miltiqni tortib olishga urindi. Sudya Spayser keyinchalik "agar Tomas McLaury shu tariqa qurollangan va hibsga olishga jiddiy qarshilik ko'rsatadigan partiyalardan biri bo'lgan bo'lsa, va keyingi jangda otib tashlangan bo'lsa, uning qurolsizligi, agar bu haqiqat bo'lsa, sudlanuvchilarni [Earps] jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish emas, agar ular boshqacha jinoiy jazoga tortilmagan bo'lsa. "[115]
- Ike Klanton va Billi Klaiborn
Ik Klanton va Billi Klaiborn ikkalasi ham qochish paytida qurolsiz edilar otishma.
Jamoatchilik reaktsiyasi
Uchta o'lgan kovboylarning jasadlari Ritter va Reams kompaniyalaridagi derazada "Tombstone ko'chalarida o'ldirilgan" belgisi bilan namoyish etilgan.[121]
Kovboylarga hamdardlik
Billi Klanton (19 yosh), Tom Maklari (28 yosh) va uning akasi Frenk (33 yosh) ning dafn marosimlari katta tashrif buyurgan. Kortejga taxminan 300 kishi qo'shildi Boot Hill Ikki mingga yaqin odam piyodalar yo'laklaridan tomosha qildi.[8] Ikkala McLaurys ham bir qabrga, Billi Klanton esa yaqin atrofga dafn etilgan. Hikoya Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari bo'ylab gazetalarda keng bosilgan. Aksariyat versiyalar qonunchilarga ma'qul keldi. Sarlavha San-Fransisko birjasi edi, "Yaxshi niyat".[41]
Otishmadan uch kun o'tgach, doktor Genri Metyuz tomonidan tuzilgan Koronerlar hay'atining qarori kovboylarni otib tashlaganligi uchun qonunchilarni na qoraladi va na oqladi. "Uilyam Klanton, Frenk va Tomas Maklari 1881 yil 26 oktyabrda Tombstone shahrida o'ldirishdi, to'pponcha va o'q otish jarohatlari tufayli[41] Virjil Erp, Morgan Erp, Uayt Erp va boshqalari tomonidan - odatda "Doc Holliday" deb nomlangan Holliday. "
Spicer tinglovlari
Otishmadan to'rt kun o'tib, Ike Klanton Doc Holliday va Earpsga qarshi qotillik ayblovini qo'zg'adi. Uayt va Xolliday hibsga olinib, oldin olib kelingan Tinchlik adolati Uells Spayser. Morgan va Virjil hanuzgacha uy sharoitida tuzalishayotgan edi. Faqatgina Uaytt va Xollidaydan 10 ming dollar garov puli (2019 yilda 260 ming AQSh dollar miqdorida) to'lashi kerak edi, bu ularning advokati tomonidan to'langan. Tomas Fitch, mahalliy kon egasi E.B. Geyg, Uells Fargo yashirin agenti Fred Dodj va boshqa biznes egalari Earpsning tartibni saqlashga qaratilgan sa'y-harakatlarini qadrlashadi.[16]:194 Virjil Earp sud marshalining sud jarayoni yakuniga qadar to'xtatilgan edi.[122] Adliya Spayseri yig'ilgan a dastlabki tinglash sudga borish uchun yetarli dalillar mavjudligini aniqlash uchun 31 oktyabrda.
Prokuratura respublika okrug prokurori Littlton Prays tomonidan boshqarilgan, unga Jon M. Merfi, Jeyms Robinson va Benoodrich yordam berishgan. Ularga Uilyam Makler, Frank va Tomning akasi ham qo'shildi, u prokuratura jamoasida muhim rol o'ynagan, shuningdek, qobiliyatli advokat edi.[123] Earpsning advokati Tomas Fitch tajribali sud advokati edi[47] va "Tinch okeanining kumush tilida so'zlovchi" sifatida obro'-e'tibor qozongan edi.[8]
Spayser bir oydan ko'proq vaqt davomida bir qator guvohlardan yozma va og'zaki ko'rsatuvlarni oldi. Ikkala ishtirokchining ham hisoblari va ko'z guvohlari qarama-qarshi bo'lgan. U yoki bu tomonga sodiq bo'lganlar ziddiyatli voqealarni va ishtirokchilarni ko'zlari bilan tanimaydigan mustaqil guvohlarni aytib berishdi, kim birinchi bo'lib o'q uzganini aniq ayta olmadi.[17][124]
Cochise County Sherif Johnny Behan sud majlisining uchinchi kuni guvohlik berdi. Ikki kun davomida stendda,[8]:103 u Kovboylar qarshilik ko'rsatmaganligi haqida kuchli guvohlik berdi, lekin ular qurolsiz ekanliklarini ko'rsatish uchun qo'llarini ko'tarib, paltolarini chiqarib yubordilar.[125] Behanning qarashlari jamoatchilik fikrini garov evaziga ozod bo'lgan Earpga qarshi qaratdi. U va boshqa prokuratura guvohlari Tom Maklyurining qurolsiz ekanligi, Billi Klantonning qo'llari osmonda bo'lganligi va McLaurysning ikkalasi ham buzg'unchilik qilmaganliklari to'g'risida guvohlik berishdi. Ular Ike Klanton va Tom Maklyurini o'q otish kuni qasoskor Erps tomonidan nohaq ta'qib qilinayotgani va kaltaklangani tasvirlangan.[93][126] Prokuratura ishining kuchi bilan Spayser Dok va Uayt Erp uchun garovni bekor qildi va ularni 7 noyabrda qamoqqa tashladi. Ular keyingi 16 kunni qamoqda o'tkazdilar.
Himoyachilarning bayonotlari Behan, Klayborne va Allenning ko'rsatmalariga zid edi, ularning hammasi bir kishi oldin nikel bilan qoplangan to'pponchani otgan deb aytgan. Klayborne va Allen ikkalasi ham bu Xolliday ekanligini aytishdi. Virgil, Vaytt va boshqa guvohlar Xolliday ov miltig'ini ko'targan deb guvoh bo'lishdi. (Morgan sud jarayonida to'shakda yotgan holda qoldi va guvohlik bermadi.) Prokuratura stsenariysi Xollididan avval to'pponchasidan o'q otishini, Tom McLauryni o'qqa tutish uchun miltiqga o'tishini, keyin o'q uzishni davom ettirish uchun yana to'pponchasiga o'tishini talab qilishi kerak edi.[13]
Uchta guvoh, Adliya Spayserni Virgilning shahar marshali sifatida ishlaganligi va qotillik uchun Earps va Doc Hollidayni ayblash uchun etarli dalil yo'qligini tasdiqlovchi asosiy dalillarni keltirdilar.
H.F Sills an AT&SF RR shaharga yangi kelgan va tomonlarning hech birini bilmagan muhandis. U "marshal yuqoriga ko'tarilib, boshqa tomon bilan gaplashayotganini ko'rdim. Men ... ularning zudlik bilan revolverlarini tortib olishganini ko'rdim. O'sha paytda marshalning o'ng qo'lida hassasi bor edi. U qo'lini tashlab gapirdi. Men bu so'zlarni eshitmadim, shu paytgacha Billi Klanton va Uayt Erp qurollarini otib tashlashdi. "[127] Prokuratura tomonidan xursand bo'lgan, u deyarli barcha himoyachilarning ko'rsatmalarini tasdiqladi.[128]
Addi Burlend tikuvchilik bilan shug'ullangan, uning qarorgohi Flymont ko'chasi bo'ylab, Flyning internat uyi oldida joylashgan.[82]:207–211 U ikkala tomonni bir-biriga qarab turganini, kovboylarning hech biri qo'llarini ko'tarmaganligini, otishma umumiy bo'lganligini va Kovboylar ko'rsatganidek darhol Billi Klantonning yiqilishini ko'rmaganligini ko'rsatdi.[99]
Sudya J.X. Kochayz okrugi prokurat sudining Lukas konchilik birjasi binosida otishmadan taxminan 60 metr narida ofislari bo'lgan.[82]:214–216 Lukas Addi Burlandning Billi Klanton jang davomida turgani haqidagi guvohligini tasdiqladi, bu prokuratura guvohlariga zid bo'lib, uning qorniga yaqin masofadan o'q uzilganidan keyin darhol tushib ketdi. Spayserning ta'kidlashicha, kiyimida kuygan kuyish aniqlanmagan.[115]
Ushbu guvohlarning ko'rsatmalari, xususan, manfaatdor bo'lmagan H.F.Sillsning so'zlari, sherif Johnny Behan, Ike Klanton va boshqa kovboy guvohlari bergan ko'rsatmalarning ko'pini obro'sizlantirdi.
Barcha dalillarni eshitgandan so'ng, Adliya Spayser 30-noyabr kuni Virjil o'sha kunning mas'ul advokati sifatida o'z idorasi ichida harakat qilganligi va erkaklarni ayblash uchun etarli dalillar yo'qligi to'g'risida qaror chiqardi. U Frank McLaury-ning marshal va uning o'rinbosarlari ham qurollarini tashlamasalar, qurollaridan voz kechmasligini ta'kidlaganini "dahshatli va hayratlanarli taklif!" Uning ta'kidlashicha, prokuratura Kovboylarning maqsadi shaharni tark etish edi,[115] Ike Klanton va Billi Klaibornning qurollari yo'q edi.[80][110] Spayserning ta'kidlashicha, o'lgan kovboylarni tekshirgan shifokor, agar ularning qo'llari va qo'llari prokuratura guvohlari ta'riflagan joylarda bo'lsa, ular olgan jarohatlar paydo bo'lishi mumkin emasligini ta'kidladi. Spayser Earpsning barcha harakatlarini ma'qullamadi va Virjil Erpning Uayt va Xollidaydan o'rinbosar sifatida foydalanishini tanqid qildi, ammo u hech qanday qonunlar buzilmagan degan xulosaga keldi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, dalillarga ko'ra, Earps va Holliday qonun doirasida harakat qilganlar va Holliday va Vaytlar Virjil Erp tomonidan munosib o'rinbosar bo'lgan.[115]
Ommaviy madaniyatda
O'sha paytda Earp birodarlarining xatti-harakatlari to'g'risida jamoatchilik fikri juda xilma-xil edi. Bugungi kunda ham tadbirga va uning ishtirokchilariga mulohazali muxlislar va kamsituvchilar turli xil qarashmoqda.[129] Qarama-qarshiliklar hanuzgacha o'q otish va unga tegishli voqealarga doimiy qiziqish uyg'otmoqda.
Qurol otish chizmasi
1921 yil 15 sentyabrda Uayt Erpning yordami bilan Jon Flood tomonidan otishmalarning qo'lda chizilgan eskizi yaratildi; u 2010 yil oktyabr oyida kim oshdi savdosida 380 ming dollarga sotilgan. Xarita bir qator guvohlarning pozitsiyasini va qurolli quroldan qochgan Ike Klantondan tashqari barcha ishtirokchilarni tasvirlaydi.[101]
Rasmlar
1952 yilda, Viktor Klayd Forsayt, mashhur cho'l sahnalari rassomi va kovboy rassomi "O.K. Korralda qurol otishmasi" (43 dan 60 dyuym (110 dan 150 sm gacha) yog'li rasm. Forsitning otasi Uilyam Bouen Forsit va amakisi Ira Chandler Chandler & Forsyth C.O.D do'koniga egalik qilishgan. Fremont ko'chasi, 328-uyda, O.K.ning orqa eshigining g'arbiy qismida. Qurolli otishma joyidan korral va yarim blok. Ular hozir bo'lganlarini va otishmaning guvohi bo'lganliklarini da'vo qilishdi. Rasmga oid gazetalarda yozilishicha, Forsayt o'zining rasmini rejalashtirishni boshlashdan oldin Tombstone aholisi bilan suhbat o'tkazgan va mavjud bo'lgan ko'plab binolarni o'rgangan. 1988 yil may oyida uning studiyasi rasmning 390 nusxadagi cheklangan nashrini chop etdi va sotdi.[130]
Jon Gilchrize do'stlashdi Jon toshqini U uzoq yillar Vayt Earpning kotibi, ishonchli va eng yaqin do'sti bo'lgan. Earp vafot etganida, To'fon uning ko'plab shaxsiy narsalarini meros qilib oldi. O'z navbatida toshqin ularni Gilchrisga topshirdi, u bir necha yillar davomida Uaytt va Virgil Erpga tegishli shaxsiy buyumlarning eng yirik to'plamlaridan birini, ularning va ularning oilalarining ko'plab nashr etilmagan fotosuratlari bilan birga yig'di. Gilchriz 1966 yilda Tombstone-da Wyatt Earp muzeyini ochgan va G'arb rassomi Don Percevalga O.K. Korral. "Mason" rasmidagi moy Ko'cha jangi 6 fut 4 dyuym 4 fut 0 dyuym (1,93 x 1,22 m) dir. Bu Perceval tomonidan amalga oshirilgan eng katta asar edi. U Gilchrize kollektsiyasidagi asl hujjatlarga, jumladan Uayt Erpning otishma haqidagi diagrammasiga va Jon Flood tomonidan nashr etilmagan yozuvlarga ishora qilib, otishmaning eng aniq tasviri deb topilgan.[131] Gilxrizda Perceval imzolagan asl nusxadan 500 ta litografik bosma nusxalar bor edi. Bosib chiqarish ishlari muzey tomonidan 10 dollarga (2019 yilda 79 dollarga teng) sotilgan.[132]
Gilchriz o'z muzeyini yopgandan so'ng, muzeydagi rasm va boshqa buyumlar San-Frantsisko shahridagi Jonning g'arbiy galereyasi tomonidan kim oshdi savdosida sotildi. Rasm uchun kim oshdi savdosining taxminiy narxi 200,000 dan 300,000 $ gacha bo'lgan;[133] 2004 yil 25 iyundagi yakuniy sotish narxi 40 250 AQSh dollarini tashkil etdi. U 2014 yil 14-iyun kuni yana kim oshdi savdosiga qo'yildi, taxminiy sotish narxi - 40,000–60,000 $, lekin sotilmadi.[134]
Otishma nomi kelib chiqishi
Otishmadan bir oy o'tmay uni mahalliy gazeta "O.K. Corral-dagi otishma" deb ta'riflagan. Uilyam Breakenrij o'zining 1928 yilgi kitobida Helldorado: Meskitga qonun olib kirish buni "O.K. Corral yaqinidagi voqea" deb ta'rifladi. Styuart Leyk o'zining mojaro haqidagi bobini o'zining mashhur kitobida "O.K. Korralda" deb nomlagan Vayt Erp: Chegara marshali. Ammo bu mashhur film edi O.Kda otishma. Korral bu voqeani va uning xalq ongidagi noto'g'ri joylashuvini kuchaytirdi. Film va unga oid mifologik voqealar jamoatchilikning Earp va noqonuniy narsalar haqidagi fikrlarini ham o'zgartirdi. Filmga qadar OAV tez-tez Earpsning Tombstone-dagi harakatlarini tanqid qilgan. Filmlarda ular har doim to'g'ri narsalar uchun turishga tayyor, yaxshi yigitlarga aylanishdi.[116]
Ushbu voqea Earps va McLaury va aka-uka Klantonlar o'rtasidagi janjalning shaxsiy xususiyati va qonunchilar va kovboylar o'rtasidagi kurashning ramziyligi tufayli Amerika tarixida muhim voqea bo'ldi. Kovboylar Virgilni mayib qilib, Morganni o'ldirdilar, ammo sud jarayonidan qochdilar va Uaytning qonuniy bo'lmagan qasos olish uchun kampaniya odamlarning e'tiborini tortdi. Otishma va uning oqibatlari G'arbiy chegaralar mavjud bo'lmay qolgani sababli Amerikani engib o'tadigan o'zgarishni qo'llab-quvvatlamoqda, chunki tez sur'atlarda sanoatlashayotgan xalq asosan agrar iqtisodiyot bo'lgan mamlakatni siqib chiqardi.[135]:206
Mozor toshi shaharchasi qurolga qarshi kurashdan manfaatdor bo'lgan. Shaharning bir qismi a tarixiy tuman belgilangan a Milliy tarixiy yo'nalish va ro'yxatida keltirilgan Tarixiy joylarning milliy reestri AQSh tomonidan Milliy park xizmati.[136] Mahalliy kompaniya qurol-yarog'ni har kuni teatrlashtirilgan qayta namoyish etadi.[137]
Film va televidenie
Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan keyin televizorlarning keng sotilishi bilan ishlab chiqaruvchilar ko'plab g'arbiy yo'naltirilgan shoularni namoyish etishdi. 1959 yilda mashhurlik avjiga chiqqan paytda har haftada yigirmadan ortiq "kovboy" dasturlari mavjud edi. Ulardan kamida oltitasi Vayt Erp bilan bevosita yoki bilvosita bog'liq edi: Vayt Erpning hayoti va afsonasi, Halol Masterson, Qabr toshlari hududi, Singan o'q, Jonni Ringo va Qurolli tutun. Xyu OBrian ism-sharif namoyishida Earp tasvirlangan Vayt Erp olti fasl davomida ishlagan va u bu rol bilan abadiy bog'langan.[26]
2003 yilgi qism Discovery kanali "s Hal qilinmagan tarix[138][139] otishmani qayta tiklash uchun zamonaviy texnologiyalardan foydalangan. Ular asl qurolli jang bo'lib o'tgan maydonga o'xshash maydonni yaratish uchun filmlar to'plamidan foydalanishdi. Billi Klanton bilakni oldinga qarab jarohati, agar uning qo'li to'pponcha ko'tarilgan holatda ko'tarilgan bo'lsa, va faqat qora kukun otishchilarning bir-biriga qarashlarini yashirgan bo'lishi mumkin.[139] Ushbu epizodda prokuratura guvohlari bo'lgan uchta kishi (sherif Behan, Ike Klanton va Billi Klayborne) ehtimol guvohlik berishgan. Ular Tom McLaury, oti bir vaqtning o'zida undan yuz o'girganligi sababli, otining ustiga, qinidagi miltig'iga etib borganida, qo'ltig'iga miltiq o'qi bilan urilgan bo'lishi mumkinligini aniqladilar.[139]
20-asrda yozilgan otishma haqidagi hikoyalar Amerika madaniyatiga ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Hodisa to'g'risida yoki unga bag'ishlangan ko'plab dramatik, badiiy va hujjatli asarlar yaratilgan, ularning aniqligi har xil. Ushbu ishlarga quyidagilar kiradi:
- Qonun va tartib (1932) bilan Uolter Xuston, otishma tasvirlangan birinchi film[140]
- Qabr toshi, shahar o'lishi juda qiyin (1942) Richard Diks bilan[141]
- Mening sevgilim Klementin (1946) bilan Genri Fonda[142]
- Vayt Erpning hayoti va afsonasi (1955-1961), teleseriallari bilan Xyu OBrian, 6-mavsum 36-qism[143]
- O.Kda otishma. Korral (1957) bilan Burt Lankaster va Kirk Duglas[28][144]
- Qurolbozlar (1966), a Doktor kim ketma-ket[145][146]
- Qurol soati (1967) bilan Jeyms Garner[147][148]
- "Qurol spektri "(1968), an original Yulduzli trek epizod[149]
- Hujjat (1971) tomonidan yozilgan Pit Xemill[150][151]
- "O.K. Corral-da namoyishlar" (1972), an Taqdir bilan uchrashuv uchun nomzod bo'lgan epizod Emmi mukofoti[152][153]
- "OK Corral-da sharpa kurash" (1987), Haqiqiy arvohlar 2 mavsum 47 qism[154][155]
- Qabr toshi (1993) bilan Kurt Rassel[156]
- Vayt Erp (1994) bilan Kevin Kostner[157]
- "Fly's Fotografik studiyasida otishma", a Tarix luqma epizod[158]
- "Qurol qoidasi" (2004), epizodi Dunyoni larzaga keltirgan kunlar[159]
- Rashomon qabr toshi (2017), film muallifi Aleks Koks
Bosma shaklda
- Sent-Jonson (1930), ISBN 978-2330051051 - tomonidan yozilgan roman Burnett. Qonunbuzarlar va huquq-tartibot idoralari xodimlari o'rtasidagi ziddiyatning ingichka xayoliy tasviri.
- Uayt bilan kim haydaydi (1955), ISBN 978-0843942927 - tomonidan yozilgan roman Will Henry.
- Warlock (1958), ISBN 978-1590171615 - tomonidan yozilgan roman Oakli zali.
- Qonli fasl (1987), ISBN 978-0515125313 - tomonidan yozilgan roman Loren D. Estleman, otishma va o'q otishining o'zi boshlanadigan voqealarni diqqat bilan o'rganib chiqdi.
- Chegaraviy Yer (1999), ISBN 978-0441005895 - aktyorning ilmiy-fantastik / g'arbiy romani Bryus Boksleyner, o'q otishgacha bo'lgan voqealar haqida.
- Kichkina katta odamning qaytishi (1999), ISBN 978-0316091176 - qaysi yozuvchi Tomas Berger Adashgan qahramon Jek Krab voqea guvohiga aylanadi.
- Qurolli odamning rapsodiyasi (2001), ISBN 978-0425182895 - tomonidan Robert B. Parker
- Telegraf kunlari (2006), ISBN 978-0739470169 - tomonidan yozilgan roman Larri MakMurtri, uydirma jurnalist va guvoh tomonidan aytilgan qurol otishmalarining namoyishini o'z ichiga oladi
- Hudud (2007), ISBN 978-0312857356 - tomonidan yozilgan roman Emma Bull janjalga qadar bo'lgan voqealarni fantaziya bilan takrorlashni taklif qiladi.
- Buntline Maxsus (2010), ISBN 978-1616142490 - tomonidan Mayk Resnik, a Steampunk otishmani qayta tasavvur qilish.
- So'nggi mehrli so'zlar saloni (2014), ISBN 978-0393351194 - tomonidan Larri MakMurtri, otishma versiyasi bilan yakunlanadi.
- Epitaf: O.K.ning romani. Korral (2015), ISBN 978-0062198778 - tomonidan Meri Doriya Rassel Uayt Erpning hikoyasini aytib beradi.
- Tombstone: Earp Brothers, Doc Holliday va Jahannamdan Vendetta Ride (2020), ISBN 978-1250214591 Tom Klavin tomonidan
Matematikada
Devid Uilyams va Pol Makilroy O.K uchun matematik modelni taqdim etdi. Ular nashr etgan korral otishma London Matematik Jamiyati Axborotnomasi (1998). Keyinchalik ushbu model tomonidan tahlil qilindi Ser Jon Kingman (1999, 2002) va Kingman va Volkov (2003). Ular "dastlab adolatli konfiguratsiya berilgan aynan S qurolli odamlarining omon qolish" ehtimolini tahlil qildilar.[160]
Shuningdek qarang
Adabiyotlar
- ^ Frontier Lawman Virgil Earp
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- ^ a b "OK korralidagi otishma". Tarix kanali. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 20 martda. Olingan 5-aprel, 2016.
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- ^ a b v d e WGBH Amerika tajribasi: Uayt Earp, to'liq dastur transkripsiyasi. 2010 yil 25-yanvar. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2017 yil 30 yanvarda.
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- ^ a b v d Berns, Valter Noble (1999). Qabr toshi: Janubi-g'arbiy Iliada. UNM Press. 252– betlar. ISBN 978-0-8263-2154-1. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 21 mayda. Olingan 8 fevral, 2011.
- ^ a b "Matbuot fikri". Qabr toshi epitafiyasi. 2 (32). Tombstone, Arizona. 1881 yil 26-dekabr. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2015 yil 18 aprelda.
- ^ Reilly, Joe (2011 yil mart). "Qonunni himoya qilish uchun tug'ilganlar: 1879-1882 yillardagi Earp-Klanton janjaliga nisbatan qo'llanilgan Frenk Sallouining printsiplari" (PDF). Dreksel universiteti. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2012 yil 14 oktyabrda.
- ^ a b "O.K. Corral-da otishma: Tom McLaury-da qurol bor edi". 2006 yil 5 sentyabr. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2011 yil 14 martda. Olingan 7 fevral, 2011.
- ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m "O.K. Corral-da otishma: Tom McLaury-da qurol bo'lganmi?". HistoryNet. 2006 yil 5 sentyabr. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2011 yil 15 martda. Olingan 7 fevral, 2011.
- ^ Behan yolg'onlari
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- ^ a b v Barra, Allen (2008). Uayt Erpni ixtiro qilish: uning hayoti va ko'plab afsonalari. Linkoln: Nebraska universiteti matbuoti. p. 440. ISBN 978-0-8032-2058-4.
- ^ a b v d e Sevgi, Garold O. (mart 1979). "Buyuk Britaniyaning Korralidagi otishma". www.jcs-group.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017 yil 29 iyunda. Olingan 29 oktyabr, 2017.
- ^ Trimble, Marshall (2004 yil 1 sentyabr). "O.K. Korraldagi otishma bo'yicha rasmiy surishtiruvning asl nusxasi saqlanib qoldimi? Al Tyornerning kitobida ishtirokchilarning to'liq ko'rsatuvlari keltirilgan, ammo men asl topilmalar Tombstone yong'inlaridan birida yo'qolganini o'qidim". Haqiqiy G'arb. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 22 yanvarda. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2015.
- ^ a b v Linder, Duglas, tahrir. (2007). "Earp-Holliday sudi: hisob". Missuri universiteti, Kanzas shtatidagi yuridik fakulteti. doi:10.2139 / ssrn.1023000. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2011 yil 13 yanvarda. Olingan 14 aprel, 2011. Iqtibos jurnali talab qiladi
| jurnal =(Yordam bering) - ^ "Wyatt Earp tarixi sahifasi". Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2014 yil 12 yanvarda. Olingan 9 yanvar, 2014.
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- ^ Miller, Nayl X.; Snell, Jozef V. (2003). G'arb nega yovvoyi edi: Kanzas shtatidagi ba'zi bir taniqli shaxslarning antiqa narsalariga zamonaviy qarash. Norman: Oklaxoma universiteti matbuoti. p. 666. ISBN 978-0806135267. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 5 mayda. Olingan 12 avgust, 2014.
- ^ Adams, Ramon F. (1989). Egar ostidagi burlar: G'arb kitoblari va tarixlariga ikkinchi qarash (Birinchi qog'ozli tahrir). Norman: Oklaxoma universiteti matbuoti. p. 329. ISBN 978-0806121703. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 3 iyunda. Olingan 12 avgust, 2014.
- ^ Leyk, Styuart N. (1994). Uayt Erp, chegara marshali. Nyu-York: Pocket Books. ISBN 9780671885373.
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- ^ "Uayt Erp ommaviy madaniyatda". Amerika tajribasi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2010 yil 17 oktyabrda. Olingan 11 aprel, 2011.
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- ^ Jon H. Flood qo'lyozmasi, 1926, 85-bet
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Qo'shimcha o'qish
- Stiv Gatto (2000). Haqiqiy Uayt Earp: Hujjatli biografiya. Kumush shahar: baland yolg'iz kitoblar. ISBN 0-944383-50-5.
- Allen Barra (1998). Uayt Erpni ixtiro qilish: uning hayoti va ko'plab afsonalari. Nyu-York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-0685-6. O.K.ning tahlili Korral kurash.
- Keysi Tefertiller (1997). Vayt Erp: Afsona ortidagi hayot. Nyu York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-18967-7. Politsiya muammolari va O.K.ga tegishli axloqiy muammolar muhokamasi. Corral otishmalar.
- Paula Mitchell Marks (1989). Va G'arbda o'ling: O.Kning hikoyasi. Corral Gunfight. Nyu-York: Morrou. ISBN 0-671-70614-4. Otishma, vendettalar va otishma haqidagi afsonalarni ko'rib chiqadi.
- Greys Makkul (1990). Gunsmoke: Eski Qabr toshining haqiqiy hikoyasi. Tucson: Treasure Chest Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-918080-52-5.
- Alford E. Tyorner (1981). O.K. Korral so'rov. College Station, Texas: Creative Publishing Co. ISBN 0-932702-14-7.
- Jeffri J. Morey (1994 yil oktyabr-dekabr). "Glenn Boyerning qiziquvchan vendeti". Har chorakda noqonuniy va yuristlar tarixi bo'yicha milliy assotsiatsiya (NOLA). XVIII (4): 22–28.
- Glenn G. Boyer, muharriri (1998). Men Uayt Erpga uylandim: Jozefina Sara Markus Erpning xotiralari. Arizona universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 0-8165-0583-7. Keyinchalik tarixchilar va tadqiqotchilar tomonidan obro'sizlantirildi.
Tashqi havolalar
- Guvohlarning transkriptlari Cochise Countyning yuridik va sud tarixi
- So'rovlar qayta nashr etilgan Daily Nugget
- Linder, Duglas, tahrir. (2005). "Mashhur sud jarayonlari: O. K. Korral sudi". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2011 yil 3 fevralda. Olingan 8 mart, 2006.
- Uayt Erpning ko'rsatmalari
- Wyatt Earp-ning sahifasi da Orqaga qaytish mashinasi (2008 yil 16-iyun kuni arxivlangan)
- Klantonning oilaviy tarixi
- Boothill qabristoni da Qabrni toping
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