Kuernavaka - Cuernavaca

Kuernavaka Kuahnax
Shahar va munitsipalitet
Kuernavaka shahri
Gerb
Taxallus (lar): "Abadiy bahor shahri"
Kuernavaka Meksikadagi joylashuvi Morelos xaritasini ko'rsatish Kuernavaka Kuernavaka (Meksika) Meksika xaritasini ko'rsatish
Koordinatalari: 18 ° 55′07 ″ N. 99 ° 14′03 ″ V / 18.91861 ° N 99.23417 ° Vt / 18.91861; -99.23417Koordinatalar: 18 ° 55′07 ″ N. 99 ° 14′03 ″ V / 18.91861 ° N 99.23417 ° Vt / 18.91861; -99.23417
Mamlakat	Meksika
Shtat	Morelos
Tashkil etilgan	1714
Shahar maqomi	1821
Hukumat
• shahar prezidenti	Frantsisko Antonio Villalobos Juntos Haremos tarixi
Maydon
• Shahar hokimligi	151,2 km2 (58,4 kvadrat milya)
Balandlik (o'rindiq)	1,510 m (4,950 fut)
Aholisi  (2015[1]) Munitsipalitet
• Shahar hokimligi	366,321
• O'rindiq	332,197
Vaqt zonasi	UTC − 6 (CST )
• Yoz (DST )	UTC − 5 (CDT )
Pochta indeksi (joy)	62000
Hudud kodlari	777
Veb-sayt	(ispan tilida) / Rasmiy sayt

Kuernavaka (Ispancha talaffuz:[kweɾnaˈβaka] (tinglang); Klassik nahuatl: Kuauhnaxuak [kʷawˈnaːwak] "o'rmon yaqinida", zamonaviy nahuatl talaffuzi (Yordam bering ·ma'lumot )) ning poytaxti va eng katta shahri davlat ning Morelos yilda Meksika. Shahar janubdan 90 daqiqa masofada joylashgan Mexiko yordamida Federal avtomagistral 95D.^[2]

"Kuernavaka" nomi evfonizm dan olingan Nahuatl "Cuauhnāhuac" toponimi va "daraxtlar bilan o'ralgan yoki ularga yaqin" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Bu ism Cuernavaca uchun ispanlashtirildi; Ernan Kortes uni chaqirdi Coadnabaced ga maktublarida Charlz V, Muqaddas Rim imperatori va Bernal Diaz del Castillo ismdan foydalangan Kuautlavaka uning xronikalarida.^[3] Belediyenin gerbi daraxt tanasi tasvirlangan shaharning Kolumbiyadan oldingi piktogramma emblemasiga asoslangan (kuahuitl) uchta novdasi bilan, barglari bilan va to'rtta ildizi qizil rangga bo'yalgan. Magistralda og'iz shaklida kesma bor, undan a chiqadi nutqni aylantirish, ehtimol, nahuatl tilini ifodalaydi va "yaqin" ma'nosini anglatuvchi "-nāhuac" lokativ qo'shimchasini kengaytiradi.^[4]

Kuernavaka uzoq vaqt davomida iliq, barqaror iqlimi va mo'l-ko'l o'simliklari tufayli Mexiko shahri va chet ellik mehmonlar uchun eng sevimli joy edi. Prezident tomonidan shahar hokimligi o'rmonlarni muhofaza qilish zonasi sifatida belgilandi Lazaro Kardenas 1937 yilda Mexiko shahrida ham, mahalliy aholi qatlamlarida ham suv qatlamlarini, o'simliklarni va hayot sifatini himoya qilish.^[5] Shahar tomonidan "Abadiy bahor shahri" laqabini olgan Aleksandr fon Gumboldt 19-asrda.^[6] Aztek imperatorlari u erda yozgi yashash joylari bo'lgan va uning Mexiko shahridan atigi 1 soatlik masofada joylashganligini inobatga olgan holda, bugungi kunda Mexiko shahrining ko'plab aholisi u erda uylarini saqlashadi.^[7] Cuernavaca shuningdek, ko'plab chet el aholisi, shu jumladan ispan tilini o'rganish uchun kelgan ko'plab talabalarni qabul qiladi.^[8]

Shahar

Abadiy bahor shahri

Xardin Bordagi flora

Kuernavaka dunyoning shaharlaridan biri edi laqabli "Abadiy bahor shahri". Ushbu apellyatsiya olingan Aleksandr fon Gumboldt "s Amerikaning qadimgi aholisi muassasalari va yodgorliklariga oid tadqiqotlar ...:^[9]

Cuernuvaca shahrining janubiy sharqida (qadimgi Quaunaxuak), Anaxuak Kordilyerasining g'arbiy pasayishida, o'sha baxtli mintaqada, aholi tomonidan nomlangan. tierra templada (mo''tadil mintaqa), chunki u abadiy bahor hukmronligi bo'lib, janob Alzatning barometrik o'lchoviga ko'ra balandligi bir yuz etti metr bo'lgan yakkalangan tepalik ko'tariladi.

— Humboltd (1810)

Shahar tropik mintaqada joylashgan, ammo uning harorati 21-26 ° C (70-79 ° F) da bir xil darajada o'zgarib turadi. U janubiy yonbag'rida joylashgan Sierra de Chichinautzin tog'lar. Tongda iliq havo vodiydan tog'lar tomon oqadi va tushdan keyin, balandroq balandliklardan salqin havo pastga oqadi. Shaharda hamma joyda gullaydigan o'simliklardan biri buginvila.^[10]

Ushbu yoqimli iqlim Aztek davridan buyon qirollik va zodagonlarni o'ziga jalb qilgan. Chet ellik knyazlar, arxduklar va boshqa zodagonlar bu erga gullari, quyoshi, mevalari, chuchuk buloqlari va sharsharalari tufayli jalb qilingan. Imperator Meksikalik Maksimilian I shaharda mamlakat qarorgohini tashkil etish. Xayriyachi Barbara Xatton, nikoh orqali bir necha qirollik unvonlariga ega bo'lgan, shaharning chekkasida uyi bo'lgan.^[11] Savoy malikasi Mariya Beatris (1943 yilda tug'ilgan) u erda 1971 yildan 1999 yilgacha yashagan va Eron shohi, Muhammad Rizo Pahlaviy, Eron inqilobidan keyin shaharda muhojirlikda yashagan.^[12] AQShda tug'ilgan bo'lsa-da, Bauhaus dizayner Maykl van Beuren Germaniyada fashistlar rejimining ko'tarilishidan qochib (Kuateravakadagi oilaviy hacienda) o'z qarorgohini qurgan (u erda u o'z kasbini o'rgangan va shug'ullangan) va Ikkinchi Jahon urushi davrida shaharda Bauhaus dizaynerlari koloniyasi o'sdi.^[6]

Cuernavaca metropoliteni

Shaharning yangi hududida avtomagistral

Kuernavaka har doim Mexiko shahridan shaharga qochish uchun mashhur joy bo'lgan. 20-asrda iqlim va flora ko'plab chet elliklarni ham jalb qila boshladi. Ushbu shahar hududida aholining ko'payishi 1940 yilda boshlangan, ammo 1960 yillarga qadar metro maydoni yaratilmagan va tan olinmagan. Shu vaqtdan boshlab aholi va metropolitenning kengayishi o'sdi. 1960 yildan 1980 yilgacha aholi 85620 kishidan 368166 kishiga o'sdi. 1980 yildan hozirgi kungacha munitsipalitetlarning Emiliano Sapata, Jiutepec, Temixko, Tepoztlan va Xochitepec metropoliten hududiga qo'shildi. Biroq, ushbu munitsipalitetlar eng yuqori o'sish sur'atlarini ko'rishdi; aholi va iqtisodiy faollik to'g'ri Kuernavaka shahrida joylashgan bo'lib qolmoqda. Metropoliten hududida 912,024 kishi va munitsipalitetning 2015 yilga kelib 366,321 nafar aholisi bor.^[13]

1970 yildan beri o'nlab yillar davomida ushbu metropoliten iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy jihatdan Mexiko shahri metropoliteni bilan birlashdi. Mexiko shahridan ko'p odamlar u erda iqlim va rivojlangan infratuzilma uchun dam olish kunlari dam olish uchun ikkinchi uylarga egalik qilishadi. 1980-yillardan boshlab poytaxtdagi ifloslanish va jinoyatchilik muammolari kelib chiqqan Mexiko shahri aholisining doimiy ko'chishi boshlandi. The 1985 yil Mexiko shahridagi zilzila keyingi falokatdan qo'rqib, ko'plab farovon oilalarni u erga surib qo'ydi. Bunday holatlarning aksariyatida asosiy boquvchi har kuni Mexiko shahrida ishlash uchun qatnaydi. Bu, ayniqsa, 1990-yillarning oxiri va 2000-yillarda shahar chetidagi uy-joy qurilishining sezilarli darajada o'sishiga olib keldi. Ushbu oqim shahar uchun ijobiy iqtisodiy foyda keltirdi, ammo infratuzilmaga ham bosim o'tkazdi. Cuernavaca shahrining 85% uy-joy qurishga bag'ishlangan va bularning aksariyati o'rta sinf uy-joylar kabi. Rancho Cortés, Rancho Tetelava Koloniya del Boske, ular shaharning chekkasida joylashgan. Shaharda kam daromadli uy-joylar to'plangan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Tarix

Mahalliy aholi

Kuernavakadagi Teopanzolko shahridagi xarobalar

V asrga oid dafn marosimlari. 1000 Miloddan avvalgi shaharning shimolidagi Morelosning Gualupita shahrida topilgan.^[14]

Ushbu hududda yashagan birinchi yirik madaniyat bu edi Tlahuika, uning asosiy aholi punkti bugun Kuernavaka shahri bo'lgan. Tlahuikalar bu hududda kamida 12 asrdan beri yashaydilar.^[7]

Xalqlari tomonidan mintaqaga janubga birinchi bosqinlar Meksika vodiysi 12-asrda Xolotl ismli lord (hukmdor Tetskoko ) Meksika vodiysining katta qismini bosib oldi. Ittifoqdosh Chichimeca Qabila janubga hozirgi shimoliy Morelos shtatiga ko'chib o'tib, Kuaxnaxuakning Techintecuitla xo'jayiniga aylandi (ular shaharni shunday atashardi), Tlahuikalar Yekapikstla va Yautekatl shaharlarida to'plangan. Tlatelolco Annals-ning yozishicha, 1365 yilda Kuahnaxak lakusi Makuilxochitl Meksika vodiysigacha bo'lgan erlarni egallashga harakat qilgan, ammo uni lord bilan kutib olishgan. Chalco, Tzalcualtitlan, xuddi shunday ambitsiyalar bilan.^[15]

Birinchi Azteklar imperator, Acamapichtli, 1370 yillarda Meksika vodiysining janubida va undan tashqarida o'z imperiyasini kengaytira boshladi. Uning vorisi, Huitzilihuitl, hozirgi Morelos shtatida u erda etishtirilgan paxta tufayli bosmoqchi edi, u shunday nomlangan Tlalnahuatl shu vaqtda. U Tlalnaxuatl hukmdorining qiziga uylanishni so'radi, ammo rad etildi. Ushbu rad etish 1396 yilda Azteklarning g'alabasi bilan yakunlangan urushni boshladi. Huitziliuitl keyin malika va Moctezuma I ittifoqdan tug'ilgan. Kuernavakani zabt etish uchun kredit Acamapichtliga berilgan Mendocino kodeksi, ammo keyinchalik yozilganlar keltiradi Itccatl, yoki hatto Moctezuma I, g'olib sifatida. Fath qilingan hukmronlik, Talnaxuak, zamonaviy Morelos shtatining kattaligiga teng edi va keyinchalik nomi o'zgartirildi Cuauhnahuak asteklar tomonidan.^[15]

1403 yildan 1426 yilgacha ushbu viloyat kuchaydi va qo'shni xalqlarni o'zlariga bo'ysundirdi Coauixcas. Oxir-oqibat, keyinchalik Mikuiyu tomonidan boshqarilgan viloyat Atstek imperiyasiga qarshi isyon ko'tardi. Ushbu isyon bostirildi Totoquihuatzin va Netzahualcoyotl 1433 yilda. Ushbu hudud keyinchalik ma'lum bo'lgan narsalarni bosib olishga qo'shildi Taxco, Tepekuakuilko va Okuilan. O'lpon maqsadlari uchun, hukmronlik ikki zonalarga bo'lingan, biri Kuauhnahuak boshchiligida, ikkinchisi boshqarmoqda. Huaxtepec.^[15]

Ispaniyaning istilosi va mustamlakasi

Ning ko'rinishi Kortes saroyi, kontinental Amerika qit'asidagi eng qadimiy saqlanib qolgan mustamlaka davri fuqarolik tuzilishi

Vaqtida Ispaniya fathi, Itzohuatzin Kuahnanxaukni boshqarar edi. Bu boy shahar va aholi zich joylashgan, yirik fermer xo'jaliklari va o'ziga xos jarliklar ko'prigi bo'lgan. Ispaniyaliklar Azteklar poytaxtini olishdan oldin ham Kuernavakaga yurish qildilar Tenochtitlan.^{[16]:338–340} Ular tomonidan boshqarilgan Gonsalo de Sandoval va unga keyinchalik qo'shildi konkistador, Ernan Kortes.^[15] Ispaniyaliklar shaharga kirmasligi uchun ko'priklar vayron qilingan, ammo ular yiqilgan daraxtga o'tishga muvaffaq bo'lishgan. Ispaniya qo'shinlari shaharni talon-taroj qildilar va yaqin atrofga nafaqaga chiqishdan oldin yoqdilar Akapantzingo, bu erda ular Morelosda 1521 yil 14-aprel, yakshanba kuni poytaxtga yurishlarini davom ettirishdan oldin birinchi massani nishonladilar.^[17] Ispaniyaliklar shaharning Nahua nomini talaffuz qilishda qiynaldilar va uni o'zgartirdi Kuernavaka.^[18][19]

Kortes 1523 yilda Kuernavakaga qaytib, Tlaltenangoda to'xtab, u erda San-Xose cherkoviga asos solgan va birinchi shakar plantatsiyasini qurgan. Ushbu erlarning hosildorligi konkistadorni bu erda eng sevimli yashash joyini topishga majbur qildi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Kortesning rafiqasi Xuana de Zuniga Kuernavakada yashagan saroy 1526 yilda qurilgan. Keyin Kortes Tlaltenangodagi gatsendani Amatitlanga ko'chirdi.^[4] The Frantsiskanlar 1529 yilda Kuernavakaga kelgan va 5-monastirga asos solgan Yangi Ispaniya U yerda. Ushbu birinchi guruhga kiritilgan Martin de Lua, Fransisko Martines, Luis Ortis, Xuan de Cervo, Fransisko de Soto, Andres de Kordova, Martin de Jezus, Xuan Xuares, Xuan de Motoliniyava Xuan Garsiya de Cervo.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Dastlab ular San-Frantsiskito hermitajida yashagan, ammo keyinchalik ular ochiq osmon ostidagi ibodatxonani qurishgan, Kapilla Abierta, monastirga aylanadigan narsa va oxir oqibat Kuernavaka sobori. Ular o'zlarining qo'shni jamoalarida bo'lishlarini kengaytirdilar Tetekala, Jiutepec va Tlaquiltenango boshqalar qatorida, oxir-oqibat, 1543 yilda Meksika provintsiyasining bir qismi bo'lgan Santo Evangelio viloyatini tashkil etdi.

1646 yilda bu viloyat bir necha bor qayta tashkil qilindi. Kuernavaka va Kuautla yuqori merliklarga aylandilar, ular Mexiko shahridagi vitsegal hukumatiga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri javob berishdi. 1786 yilda Yangi Ispaniya o'n ikki viloyatga bo'lingan va 1824 yilda Kuernavaka dastlab Mexiko shahrining tumani bo'lgan.^[15]

Mustaqillikdan inqilobgacha

Davomida Meksikaning mustaqillik urushi, Xose Mariya Morelos 1815 yil noyabrda Palacio de Cortés qamoqxonasida qamalgan.^[20] Agustin de Iturbide armiyasi jang qilish uchun Kuernavaka orqali o'tdi Visente Gerrero 1820 yilda va 1821 yilda yana bosh bo'lib kelgan Ejercito Trigarante.^[21] Mustaqillikdan keyin va 1824 yilgi Konstitutsiyaga binoan, hozirgi Morelos shtati deb nomlanuvchi hudud Meksika shtati. 1827-1829 yillarda Kuernavaka ushbu shtatning okrugi bo'lgan. 1829 yildan 1833 yilgacha prefektura deb nomlangan. 1833 yilda Meksika shtati Palacio de Cortés va Cortés uylarini o'z ichiga olgan Atlacomulco Hacienda deb e'lon qildi. Coyoacán, jamoat mulki bo'lish.^[15]

Avliyo Frensisning Uchinchi ordeni cherkovining asosiy qurbongohi

1834 yilda Ignacio Echevarría va Xose Mariya Tornel loyihasini tuzdi Kuernavaka rejasi, bu ruxsat berilgan Antonio Lopes de Santa Anna cherkov mulkini, surgunni himoya qiluvchi qonunlarni e'tiborsiz qoldirish Valentin Gomes Farias, universitetni qayta oching va sudlangan sudni tarqatib yuboring Anastasio Bustamante Visente Gerreroning o'ldirilishi uchun. Xuddi shu yili Meksika shtati Kuernavakani shahar deb e'lon qildi.^[15][21]

Davomida Meksika-Amerika urushi (1846-1847), Cuernavaca tomonidan qo'lga olingan Kadvaladerlar brigadasi va Kuernavaka piyoda qo'shinlari ostida bo'lganidan keyin AQSh armiyasiga intiqom to'lashga majbur bo'ldi Fransisko Modesto Olabuibel yiqildi.

Davomida Ayutla qo'zg'oloni 1854 yilda Santa Anna 1855 yilda Mexiko poytaxtidan chiqarib yuborilgan. U o'z hukumatini Kuernavakaga ko'chirdi, uni qayta tashkil qildi va muvaqqat prezidentni saylash uchun xuntani tayinladi. Ushbu xunta tarkibiga quyidagilar kiradi Valentin Gomes Farias, Melchor Ocampo, Benito Xuares, Fransisko de P. Zendejas, Diego Alvarez va Xoakin Moreno. Keyin ular Alvaresga prezident sifatida ovoz berishdi. Ushbu yangi prezident Ayutla rejasini himoya qilishga qasamyod qildi va uning inauguratsiyasi shaharda katta dabdabalar bilan nishonlandi.^[15] Gvatemala, AQSh va Buyuk Britaniyaning vazirlari, shuningdek Apostol Delegati va Belgiya, Chili va ba'zi Osiyo mamlakatlarining konsullari Kuernavakaga ko'chib o'tib, Alvares hukumatini tan oldilar.^[21]

1853 yilda Kuernavaka okrugi va Meksika okrugi alohida deb e'lon qilindi.^[15]

Davomida Islohot urushi (1857-1860) konservatorlar 1857 yildagi liberal konstitutsiyani rad etganlarida, Xuan Vikario 1858 yil 13 yanvarda Kuernavakada "Religión y Fueros" (Din va immunitet) chaqirig'ini aytdi. 1861 yilda Meksika shtati hukumati tumanlarni yaratdi. Cuernavaca, Jonacatepec, Tautepec va Tetecala.^[4]

Davomida frantsuzlarga qarshi operatsiyalarni osonlashtirish maqsadida Frantsiya aralashuvi, Prezident Xuares Meksika shtatini uchta harbiy okrugga ajratdi. Uchinchisi Kuernavaka hududlaridan iborat edi, Yautepec, va poytaxti Kuernavaka shahrida joylashgan Tetecala. Ko'p o'tmay, ushbu tuman frantsuzlar qo'liga o'tdi. Maksimilian I Borda bog'ini yozgi qarorgohiga aylantirdi va yaqin atrofdan er sotib oldi Akapantzingo tog 'uyi qurish. Bu Meksika-Kuernavaka avtomobil yo'lini qurishga turtki berdi.^[15]

1867 yilda Frantsiya tomonidan o'rnatilgan monarx qulaganida, respublikachilar kuchlari ostida Frantsisko Leyva, Ignasio Figuera va Ignasio Manuel Altamirano general Xoakin Ayestaran tomonidan himoya qilingan Kuernavakani qamal qildi. Hujumchilar shaharga suv etkazib berishni to'xtatib, 3 yanvar kuni hujum qilishdi, ammo shahar bo'ylab uzoq muddatli ko'cha janglari kutib olindi. Jang paytida general halok bo'ldi va respublika kuchlari g'alaba qozonib, Mexiko shahriga chekinishdi, ammo shaharning katta qismini yoqib yuborgandan keyingina.^[15]

Kuernavakadagi Emiliano Sapata

Morelos shtati 1869 yil aprelda yaratilgan bo'lib, uning birinchi gubernatori general Fransisko Leyva edi. Kuernavaka o'sha yilning noyabrida yangi shtatning poytaxti deb e'lon qilindi. 1877 yilda gubernator huzurida Karlos Pacheko, Toluka - Kuernavaka avtomagistrali qurildi va Kuernavaka va Mexiko o'rtasida temir yo'l aloqasi yaratildi. Porfirio Diaz teatri 1882 yil fevral oyida ochilgan va shu yili shahardagi birinchi sog'liqni saqlash kengashi tashkil etilgan.^[21] 1891 yilda Kuernavaka yeparxiyasi tomonidan tashkil etilgan Papa Leo XII, Morelosning butun shtatini o'z ichiga olgan, Gipolito Vera Kuernavakaning birinchi yepiskopi bo'lgan.^[22] Birinchi lokomotiv 1897 yil 1 dekabrda keldi va shahar markazini temir yo'l stantsiyasi bilan bog'laydigan ko'prik qurildi.^[23] The Morelos banki 1903 yilda tashkil etilgan.^[21]

Meksika inqilobi va 20-asr

1909 yilda Kuernavakada qayta tanlanishga qarshi harakat tashkil etildi va shu yilning oxiriga kelib Diaz hukumatiga qarshi partizanlik operatsiyalari boshchiligida Genovevo de la O yilda Santa-Mariya Ahuakatitlan. Emiliano Sapata janubdagi harakatni o'z zimmasiga oldi va Kuernavaka hududiga mas'ul De la O deb nomlandi. 1911 yil 21-mayda Kuernavaka hukumat qo'shinlari tomonidan evakuatsiya qilindi va butun shtat isyonchilar qo'liga topshirildi. Professor Brunk Sapata g'alabasini tasvirlab, shunday deb yozadi: "Yigirma oltinchi kuni, juma kuni tushdan keyin soat to'rtlarda Zapata zafarli tarzda to'rt ming askarning boshida o'sha shaharga otlandi. Gvadalupa Bokira qizining tasvirlarini ko'tarib, bular Shaharliklar nazarida inqilobchilar yirtiq qur'a edi, ammo ularni kutib olgan olomon - Morelosning oddiy aholisi, qo'pol bogonvillali yosh qizlar - ular qahramonlarni mag'lub qilmoqdalar. "^[24] Prezident Fransisko I. Madero 1911 yil 12 iyunda shaharga tashrif buyurgan va u Borda bog'idagi ziyofatda qatnashgan.^[21] Keyinchalik shahar Xuerta kuchlari qo'liga o'tdi va Sapata 1914 yil may oyida 3600 kishi bilan Kuernavakani qamal qila boshladi va avgustga to'g'ri keldi. Keyinchalik, 1915 yil 26-yanvarda Inqilobiy hukumat Karranza va konstitutsionistlarga qarshi bo'lib, shaharga ko'chirildi. Biroq, Sapata 1916 yil 2 mayda Kuernavaka ustidan nazoratni yo'qotib qo'ydi va partizan urushiga qaytishga majbur bo'ldi.^[24]

Ispan grippi 1918 yilda Kuernavakaga kelgan va u erda faqat 3000 tirik qolgan, garchi 1920 yil may oyida 12799 kishi bo'lgan.^[21]

Kuernavakaning bosh hukumat binosi

Boy Shimoliy Amerikaliklar va Evropaliklar Kuernavakada ikkinchi darajali turar joylarni tashkil etishdi va u erda uzoq muddatli ta'tilga chiqishdi yoki tez-tez u yoqqa va bu yoqqa sayohat qilishdi, xizmatchilar esa yo'qligida haciendalarni saqlab qolishdi. Ba'zida ularning avlodlari Kuernavakani doimiy yashash joyiga aylantirib, o'zlarining madaniyati ta'sirida xalqaro ildizlarga ega bo'lgan mahalliy anklavni yaratdilar. Masalan, amerikalik dizayner Maykl van Byuren o'z kasbi bilan shug'ullanadigan Bauhaus a'zolari bilan Germaniyadan qochib ketganida, u Kuernavakadagi ota-onasining ta'til haciyasida turar joy oldi va doimiy ravishda o'z fabrikasini tashkil qildi va o'z ishini ko'tarib chiqdi. u erda oila. Uning oilasidagi boshqalar yil davomida yashay boshladilar. Ularning farzandlari Meksikada tug'ilgan. Video kuni YouTube

1927 yilda AQShning Meksikadagi elchisi lavozimiga tayinlangandan so'ng, amerikalik tadbirkor Duayt Morrou Cuernavaca-da ko'chada dam olish kunlari uy qurdi, u bugun uning nomini oldi. Bu erda uning qizi Anne taniqli aviator bilan uchrashdi Charlz Lindberg Morrou Meksikaga taklif qilgan. 1929 yilda Morrow o'zining qizining Lindberg bilan aloqasini nishonlash va Kuernavaka aholisiga minnatdorchilik bildirish uchun Diego Rivera devor rasmini chizish "Morelos tarixi, Fath va inqilob "Palacio de Cortes-da.^[25]

1920-1930-yillarda Kuernavaka Hotel de la Selva mehmonxonasiga aylantirilganda dam olish va qimor o'ynash joyiga aylandi. Selva kazino kabi odamlarni jalb qilgan Rita Xeyvort, Bugsi Siegel va Al Kapone Kuernavakaga,^{[iqtibos kerak ]} ammo, qimor yopildi Lazaro Kardenas 1934 yilda. U shu hududni ZPG (O'rmonlarni muhofaza qilish zonasi) deb e'lon qilgan prezident. Kazinoda Alvarez Icaza, Messeguer va Kandela me'morchiligining devoriy rasmlari kabi juda muhim badiiy asarlar joylashtirilgan. Asosiy kassa Nobel mukofoti muallifi Gabriel Gartsiya Markes tomonidan "Meksikalik Sistin kapellasi" deb hisoblangan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

1936 yil Malkolm Louri o'zining "Vulqon ostida" nomli qissasini yozgan yili bo'lib, uning 1947 yilda shu nomdagi romaniga ilhom bergan. U hech qachon nashrdan chiqmagan va "a" ga aylangan kino 1984 yilda. Kuernavaka yoki romanda aytilgan Kvinaxuak va uning atrofi Meksika tarixi, madaniyati, topografiyasi va xususan, siyosat va din haqida keng ma'lumot berilgan bu buyuk tarixiy romanda muhim o'rin tutadi. Takroriy artefaktlar - bu egizak vulqonlar, Popokatepetl va Iztaccihuatl va barranka, abadiy bahor shahrida bo'linish, o'lim va qayta tug'ilish ramzlari.

Doktor Serxio Mendes Arceo 1952 yilda Kuernavaka episkopiga aylandi. Mendez etakchi ovoz sifatida tanilgan Ozodlik ilohiyoti va u huquq himoyachisi edi.^[26]

1956 yilda, Erix Fromm Sociedad Mexicana de Psicoanálisis asos solgan va Kuernavakadagi uyidan yangi sohadagi g'oyalarni ilgari surgan. psixiatriya, shu jumladan Zen buddizm va "jamoaviy psixoanalitik tadqiqotlar" (estudios psicoanalíticos comunitarios). Bu erda ko'plab rassomlar, bastakorlar, me'morlar va qarshi madaniyat turlarini jalb qildi.^[6] 1960-yillarda shahar .ning markazlaridan biri bo'lgan psixhedel harakati.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Timoti Leary harakat qildi psilotsibin 1960 yil yozida qo'ziqorinlar bor edi va tajribani takrorlash uchun muntazam ravishda qaytib kelishdi.

1957 yil fevral oyida politsiyachi Xorxe Garrigosni otib o'ldirganidan keyin Kuernavakada g'alayon bo'lgan.^[27]

1966 yilda avstriyalik ruhoniy Ivan Illich asos solgan Centro Intercultural de Documentación (CIDOC) Shimoliy Amerika missionerlariga ispan tili va madaniyatini o'rgatish. Ushbu markaz 1969 yilda Vatikan buyrug'i bilan yopilgan,^[27] Ammo bir nechta o'qituvchilar shaharning boshqa joylarida davom etib, Kuernavakani chet elliklar uchun ispan tilida o'qitishning etakchi markaziga aylantirdilar.

Yaqinda shaharda atrof-muhit va madaniy merosni saqlashga bag'ishlangan juda faol jamiyat mavjud. The Frente Civico hozirda butun mamlakat bo'ylab nufuzga ega bo'lgan 150 ga yaqin boshqa tashkilotlar bilan birga boykotni qo'llab-quvvatladilar Kostko bir nechta omborlarni qurish uchun "de la Selva" kazinoini vayron qilgani uchun. Uning a'zolaridan biri, professor Xayme Lagunes, shaharning boshqa muhim madaniy jihatlari qatorida o'zining oltmish arxeologik joylarini, o'simliklarini, tarixiy markazini va qo'shni o'rmonlarini himoya qilish maqsadida milliy kongressda umumiy kelishuvni qabul qildi. (qarang https://es.scribd.com/document/322348956/Punto-de-Acuerdo ). The Frente Civico shaharda topilgan dunyo madaniy merosini himoya qilganligi uchun 2004 yilgi Mendez Arceo Inson huquqlari bo'yicha Milliy mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

21-asr

The 2017 yil 19 sentyabrda zilzila 7,1 balli to'rt kishini o'ldirgan^[28] va 180 ta uy, 11 ta cherkov va boshqa 10 ta Kuernavaka binolari, shu jumladan Cortés saroyi, sobori va diqqatga sazovor joylari buzilgan yoki vayron qilingan. Torre Latinoamericana, Fernando Manrike Rivasning so'zlariga ko'ra, bosh direktori Protección Civil de Cuernavaca.^[29]

Cuernavaca komendantlik soati o'rnatdi va davomida buzuvchilar uchun 36 soat hibsga olinishi mumkin Meksikada COVID-19 pandemiyasi.^[30] Ochiq osmon ostidagi restoran va barlar yopildi.^[31] Shahar meri Antonio Villalobos Adan 1 may kuni sharhlaricha shaharga 15 ming kishiga mo'ljallangan yangi qabriston kerak, chunki shaharning etti qabristoni to'yingan. Antonio Barona mahallasidagi aholining 40% COVID-19 tomonidan ifloslangan deb taxmin qilinmoqda.^[32] 2 iyun kuni Kuernavaka 393 ta tasdiqlangan holat va virusdan 83 ta o'lim haqida xabar berdi; davlatning ochilishi kamida 13 iyunga qadar orqaga surildi.^[33] Cuernavaca, 31 avgust kuni 1322 holat, 1015 sog'ayish va 223 o'lim haqida xabar berdi.^[34]

Manfaat nuqtalari

Kortes saroyi

Palacio de Cortés Kuernavaka zokalosidan ko'rilgan

The Palacio de Cortés Morelos bog'ining sharqida joylashgan va Kuernavakaning eng vakili bo'lgan bino hisoblanadi.^[35] Hernán Cortés tomonidan qurilgan, 1535 yilda qurilgan. Bu Amerikadagi eng qadimgi Evropa uslubidagi fuqarolik inshootlaridan biri, ammo Uyg'onish uslubida ijro etilgan.^[4] Markaziy terastaning kamarlari, jangovar devorlari va qalin devorlari asl qurilishning eng vakili tomonlari. Aytishlaricha, ushbu qarorgoh qurilgan qasrga o'xshaydi Santo-Domingo Kristofer Kolumbning o'g'li Diego Kolon tomonidan. Binoning old tomoni tashqarisida eski piramida Cortés tuzilishi qurilgan baza,^[35] eski shaharda hukmronlik qilgan tepalikda.^[36] Petrogliflar sayt va butun shahar bo'ylab tiklangan narsalar namoyish etiladi. Petrogliflar o'ngdan chapga Lagarto de San Anton, Aguila de Chapultepec, Pyedra Chimalli yoki Piedra de los Encantos deb nomlangan.^[35]

Bir necha asrlar davomida Kortes va uning avlodlari qarorgohi bo'lganidan so'ng, bino omborga, qamoqxonaga, harbiy kazarmaga, so'ngra Davlat hukumat saroyiga aylandi (1969 yilgacha). 1971 yildan 1973 yilgacha bino keng miqyosda tiklandi va bugungi kunda ushbu binolar mavjud Museo mintaqaviy Cuauhnáhuac, Morelos shtati tarixiga bag'ishlangan. U ko'pincha "Kortes palasiosi" deb nomlanadi. Unda xaritalar, illyustratsiyalar, fotosuratlar, san'at asarlari va shu davrda hozirgi kungacha davlatda birinchi odam yashaydigan joylarni aks ettiruvchi turli davrlardan iborat o'nta ko'rgazma zali mavjud. Unda yaratilgan devoriy rasmlar mavjud Diego Rivera bu Morelos va Meksika tarixini aks ettiradi.^[35] Palacio yonida doimiy ravishda qo'l san'atlari bozorini sotib olish mumkin kumush zargarlik buyumlari, futbolkalar, munchoqli bilaguzuklar, sopol idishlar, hamaklar, adyol va boshqa ko'plab narsalar.^[37]

Morelos va Juarez bog'lari

Juarez bog'i

Juarez va Morelos bog'lari shaharning markazida joylashgan, ikkalasi ham daraxtlar bilan o'ralgan plazalardir. Ikkalasi o'rtasida davlat hukumat saroyi, uch qavatli bino bilan tezontle 1955 yildan 1969 yilgacha qurilgan fasad. Morelos bog'i 1908 yildan beri boshlangan va Xose Mariya Morelosning katta tosh haykali tomonidan osongina tanib olinadi, bu so'zma-so'z "Morelotes" nomi bilan tanilgan. Juarez bog 'shtat hukumat saroyining shimolida joylashgan va Kuernavakadagi eng qadimgi jamoat maydonidir.^[35] Bog'da ba'zan loyihalashtirilgan deyiladigan kiosk mavjud Gustav Eyfel^[38][39] va 19-asrning oxirlarida Britaniyadan olib kelingan.^[36] Meksikadagi aksariyat asosiy maydonlardan farqli o'laroq, ularning hech biri asosiy soborga yo'l ochmaydi. Kuernavakadagi asosiy sobor maydonning g'arbiy qismida joylashgan.^[35]

Ushbu ikkita bog 'yoki plazalar og'zaki ravishda "zócalo" nomi bilan tanilgan. Ko'zoynaklarni bu erda tez-tez ko'rish mumkin va ular raqsga tushadigan odamlarni ham o'z ichiga olishi mumkin "danzon "yoki boshqa mashhur raqslar^[36] va "estudiantinalar" mustamlakachilik davridagi ispancha libosda kiyingan, cholg'u asboblari va raqslarda va har qanday bepul konsertlarda qatnashgan. Ko'pincha masxarabozlar zokaloda ham bolalar uchun sharlar va fokuslar bilan ijro etishadi va kattalar uchun ikki kishilik hazillarini aytib berishadi. Mahalliy aholi plazalardan asal, yogurt, an'anaviy konfet va hunarmandchilik kabi mahsulotlarni sotishda foydalanadi. Ko'chadagi makkajo'xori, qor konuslari, konfetlar, mevali kokteyllar va boshqalar kabi ko'cha ovqatlari mavjud.^[37]

ibodathona

Fasad ibodathona

Kuernavaka sobori XVI asrga to'g'ri keladigan La Asunson nomidagi Frantsiskanlarning Uchinchi ordeni monastiri bo'lgan asosiy cherkovdir.^[35] U katta janubi-sharqiy burchakda joylashgan atrium, shuningdek, turli vaqtlarda va turli me'moriy uslublarda qurilgan bir qator boshqa cherkovlarni o'z ichiga oladi.^[4][36] Ushbu majmua Hidalgo va Morelos ko'chalari kesishmasida, shahar markazidan bir necha g'arbda joylashgan.^[35]

Sobor Cortés tomonidan qal'aning o'rnini egallash uchun barpo etilgan bo'lib, tepasida to'plar o'rnatilgan tayanch tayanchlari.^[2] Vaqt o'tishi bilan ushbu cherkov o'zining ichki qismini yangilab, bir qator o'zgarishlarni amalga oshirdi. Bu 20-asrning o'rtalarida, qayta tiklash ishlari olib tashlanganida bekor qilingan Neoklassik qurbongohlar va tasvirlar. Endi ular sobordagi saqlanmoqda pinakoteka va jamoat uchun mavjud emas. Qayta tiklash ishlari yopiq fresk shahidligi bilan bog'liq lateral devorlarga devoriy rasmlar Isoning Filipi, birinchi meksikalik avliyo sifatida kanonlangan. Ushbu cherkov ichidagi boshqa bezak - bu zamonaviy uslubdagi xoch va uning tasviridir Maryamni taxmin qilish. Ushbu tiklash ishlari Bishop tomonidan amalga oshirildi Serxio Mendes Arceo.^[36]

Keyin Islohotlar to'g'risidagi qonunlar 1860-yillarda monastir mulklarining aksariyati davlatga, keyin xususiy qo'llarga o'tib, hozirgi sobor va bir nechta kichik cherkovlarni juda katta atriumda qoldirgan. Inqilob bog'i sobori bog'i edi,^[36] va o'zining rasadxonasi bilan monastir endi Robert Brady muzeyi.^[2] Cherkov 1891 yilda Kuernavaka soboriga aylandi.^[4][35][36]

Kafedralning quyosh botishidagi yon cherkovi

Sobor yonida "ochiq cherkov" joylashgan (capilla abierta) 16-asrda qurilgan asl inshoot bo'lgan San-Xozening. Bundan tashqari, u episkop Mendez Arceo tomonidan qutqarilgan va tiklangan va saytdagi eng qadimgi inshootlardan biri hisoblanadi. Bino atriumga qaragan uchta kamari bo'lgan tonozdan iborat. Ushbu kamarlarni juftlik qo'llab-quvvatlaydi uchuvchi tayanchlar. Arklar ichida 17-asrga oid qurbongoh mavjud.^[4][36]

Asosiy kirish joyi Hidalgo ko'chasida joylashgan bo'lib, u erda Santa Cruz cherkovi va Tercera Orden cherkovi deb nomlangan ikkita katta cherkov o'rtasida o'tiladi. "Tercera Orden" juda haykaltaroshlik bilan, ikkalasining badiiy jihatdan ancha qimmatli hisoblanadi Barokko turli xil ranglarda bo'yalgan asosiy va yon portallar. Ichkarida, keyinroq bor Xurrigueresk asosiy qurbongoh Nuestra Senora de los Dolores ibodatxonasi deb nomlangan uchinchi cherkov atriumga va San-Xose ochiq cherkovi yonida joylashgan.^[35] Qo'ng'iroq minorasi 1713 yilda qo'shilgan. Sobor paytida buzilgan 2017 yil sentyabr, zilzila, ammo u qayta tiklandi.^[40][41]

Boshqa qiziqishdagi cherkovlar

• Parish of Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe (El Sagrario) tomonidan oilaviy cherkov sifatida qurilgan Manuel de la Borda 18-asrda. Fasad Barokdir, ammo so'nggi yillarda kislotali yomg'ir tufayli u juda yomonlashdi. Kubok ayniqsa diqqatga sazovordir.^[42]
• Parish of Los Tres Reyes Magos Tetelada XVI asrda fransiskalik rohiblar tomonidan qurilgan. Bu barokko uslubi va ichida Markos Aldanya tomonidan chizilgan fresk bor. Cherkov atrofi atrofidagi tosh panjara ingliz haykaltaroshi Jon Spenser tomonidan 1980-yillarda yaratilgan.^[43][44]
• El-Kalvario Kuernavakaning tarixiy markazidan shimol tomonda joylashgan ikkita binoga ishora qiladi. Kichikroq cherkov (ochiq osmon ostidagi cherkov) 1538 yilda o'sha payt shaharga kiraverishda qurilgan. U o'z nomini tepada xochdan oladi. Oldinda favvora bor Fuente de los Leones yoki Fuente de las Ranas. 1772 yilda cherkov Gvadalupa bokira qiziga bag'ishlangan bo'lib, har 12 dekabrda katta yarmarka bo'lib turadi. Kattaroq bino bu cherkovdir. San-Xose, 1939 yilda qurilgan.^[45][46]
• Cherkovi Tepetatlar, XVI asrda Cuauhnaxuakni bosib olgan paytda qurilgan bo'lib, ushbu hududda topilgan tuproq turi bilan nomlangan. U Kuernavaka shahrining markazini tashkil etgan beshta mahalladan biri bo'lgan eski Tecoac tumanidagi Gerrero ko'chasidan tashqarida joylashgan. Bir necha yillar davomida u ikki sarv bilan o'ralgan o'zining chiroyli jabhasi tufayli shaharning ramzi bo'lgan. Ushbu ma'bad Nosiralik Isoga bag'ishlangan neoklassik uslubda yaratilgan. Cherkov 1791 yildan beri ikkita qo'ng'iroqqa qo'shimcha ravishda kichik atrium, ochiq cherkov va nefni tashkil qildi. Uilyam Vasson bolalar uyiga asos solgan Nuestros Pequeños Hermanos bu erda 1954 yilda.^[47] Bu cherkov a ustiga qurilgan deb ishoniladi teocalli (Prehispanik ma'bad).^[48]
• Santuario de Tlaltenango. San-Xose ibodatxonasi Amerika qit'asida (1523) Ernan Kortesning gigienasi asosida qurilgan birinchi cherkov ekanligi aytiladi. Buning yonida kattaroq Tlaltenango xonimining qo'riqxonasi 1730 yilda "Mo''jizalar bokira" sharafiga qurilgan. Morelosdagi eng katta qo'ng'iroq minorasi 1886 yilda qurilgan. Har 8 sentyabrda katta ko'cha yarmarkasi mavjud.^[48] Bir necha blok narida San Jeronimo cherkovi, XVI asrning ikkinchi yarmida oddiy odamlar uchun qurilgan, chunki San-Xose cherkovidagi omma faqat boylar uchun xizmat qilgan.^[49]
• Parish of Havoriy Yuhanno, 18-asrda qurilgan (Chapultepec). Ning tasviri mavjud el Señor de las Batallas, Morelos shtati askarlari sharafiga askar sifatida Masihning vakili.^[50][51]
• Parish of San-Luis Obispo (Amatitlan), 17-asrda qurilgan. Cherkovni fransiskanlar boshqaradi.^[52][53]
• Parish of San-Migel Arkanjel, 18-asrda qurilgan. (Akapantzingo)^[54]
• Cherkovi San-Nikolas Tolentino, XVI asrda qurilgan. (Ahuatepec). Cherkovning o'ng tomonida inqilobiy generalning qoldiqlari bo'lgan maqbara mavjud Antonio Barona, raqib general Genovevo de la O tomonidan o'ldirilgan Emiliano Sapata hamrohi.^[55]
• Cherkovi San-Lorenso Martir, XVI asrda qurilgan. (Chamilpa)^[56]
• Cherkovi El Divino Salvador XVI asrda fransiskanlar tomonidan qurilgan barokko cherkovi (Ocotepec).^[57] 1914 yil davomida Kuernavakaning qamal qilinishi, shahar aholisi qo'ng'iroqlarni sovg'a qilishdi, shunda ular eritilib, to'p to'pi sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin edi.^[58] Ocotepecdan sharqda Benediktin monastiri joylashgan Los-Anjelesdagi Nuestra-Senora Gabriel Chavez de la Mora tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan. Chapel dumaloq bo'lib, katoliklarning chekinishi uchun ishlatiladi.^[48]

Kuernavakada bir qator katolik bo'lmagan cherkovlar, xususan, Episkopal sobori mavjud. San-Migel Arxangel Calles Gerrero va Santos, Centro Historico burchagida joylashgan.

Teopanzolko

Teopanzolko tarixiy Kuernavaka markazidan sharqda joylashgan arxeologik joy. Yaqin vaqtgacha uning qurilishi 1427 yilga tegishli edi, ammo 2017 yil 19 sentyabrdagi zilzila natijasida aniqlangan yangi dalillar shuni ko'rsatadiki, asl inshoot milodiy 1150 va 1200 yillarda qurilgan.^[59][60] Teopanzolko XV-XVI asrlarda mahalliy Tlahuikalarda asteklar hukmronlik qilgan paytda muhim marosim markazi bo'lgan. Sayt Azteklarning sezilarli ta'sirini namoyish etadi. Uning nomi katta piramidal asosga ega Gran Basamento, tepasida xuddi shunga o'xshash ikkita ziyoratgoh bor Templo Mayor yilda Tenochtitlan. Darhaqiqat, yangi topilmalar Teopanzolkoning Templo meridan oldin bo'lganligini va ikkinchisi uchun namuna bo'lganligini ko'rsatadi.^[61] Bugungi kunda ushbu ziyoratgohlarning faqat tosh ustunlari qolgan. The teocalli, (muqaddas plaza) shamol xudosiga bag'ishlangan dumaloq qurbongohni o'z ichiga olgan o'n to'rtta yodgorlikni o'z ichiga oladi Ekaterl. Xandaq yoki xandaq bilan ajratilgan ikkita konsentrik tuzilmalar mavjud. Ikkalasi ham bag'ishlangan bo'lishi mumkin Quetzalcoatl, tukli ilon ilohi yoki uchun Telak, xudo yoki yomg'ir. Davomida xarobalar topilgan Kuernavakaning qamal qilinishi sifatida 1914 yilda Zapatistalar to'plarini joylashtirish uchun balandliklardan foydalangan.^[62]

Centro Cultural Teopanzolco

Piramidalar yonidagi Madaniyat markazi yaqinda yangitdan ta'mirlandi va hozirda bir nechta birinchi darajali konsert zallarini o'z ichiga oladi. Piramidalarga qaragan tashqi o'rindiqlar mavjud bo'lib, u erda piramida saytining video xaritasini ko'rish mumkin (faqat ispan tilida).^[63]centro-cultural-teopanzolco/ English (Retrieved Dec 16, 2016)

Borda Garden

Borda House courtyard

The Borda Garden is located near the cathedral on Morelos Street. Originally, this was a house bought by José de la Borda, the mining magnate of Taxco in the mid-18th century. Later, his son, Manuel de Borda y Verdugo, transformed the grounds of the house into gardens filled with flower and fruit trees to satisfy his passion for botany.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} These gardens also contain a number of fountains and an artificial lake that were completed in 1783. Today the complex contains an art gallery, offices, a restaurant, and an open-air theater. In 1865, this was the summer home of Emperor Maximilian I and his wife Carlota Amalia. Some sources say the emperor met his mistress, "La India Bonita," there, (although other sources say they met at his home called "El Olindo" in Acapantzingo.)^[64][65] In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the Borda Garden sponsored soirees, such as those sponsored by Porfirio Díaz and Emiliano Zapata. Today the area is a public park where the gardens have been maintained and it is possible to take a short boat ride on the lake. The house has been converted into a museum. Six of its halls are dedicated to temporary exhibits while the other seven are devoted to recreating the characteristics of the 18th and 19th centuries.^[35]

The Church of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe is located next to the Borda Garden, and was constructed by Manuel de la Borda in 1784. It has a Barokko fasad and what is considered to be the best kubok shaharda. It was the royal chapel of Emperor Maximilian.^[35] The cupola was badly damaged in the earthquake of 2017.^[66]

Robert Brady Museum

Exterior of the Museum

Museum Courtyard

The Robert Brady Museum is on Nezahualcoyotl Street and occupies the building known as the Casa de la Torre, originally part of the monastery of La Asunción.^[35] In 1960, it was purchased by the U.S. artist, Robert Brady, who transformed it into his home and a private art and collectible museum.^[2] It contains a collection of art and crafts from around the world as well as the original Maymun bilan avtoportret tomonidan bo'yalgan Frida Kahlo. Other works are by artists such as Miguel Cobarruvias, Pelegrí Clavé, Mariya Izquierdo va Rufino Tamayo. Non-Mexican paintings include those from North America and Europe. Other objects in the collection include antique furniture, African and Indian crafts, and archeological pieces.^[36] The collection occupies fourteen rooms of the old house, which has been kept mostly the way it was when Brady died in 1986 and bequeathed the house and its contents to the city.^[2][35]

Tlaltenango

Atrium and façade of the Nuestra Señora de los Milagros Church

interior of the Church of San Jose

Tlaltenango used to be a separate town, but now is a neighborhood of Cuernavaca city. The main attraction there is the church compound containing the Church of San José and the Church of Nuestra Señora de los Milagros de Tlaltenango. San José is one of the oldest churches in Mexico, built between 1521 and 1523. Two centuries later an image of the Virgin appeared to members of this village, prompting the building of the second church. This is the Sanctuary of Nuestra Señora de los Milagros, which was built in 1730, with its bell towers built at the end of the 19th century.^[35][36]

Hacienda Atlacomulco

The Hacienda de San Antonio Atlacomulco is located south of the Cuernavaca and was established by Hernán Cortés as one of the first sugar plantations in Mexico. Descendants of the Conquistador held the property until the 19th century, when it became the property of Lukas Alaman, who modernized the facility. The hacienda lost its surrounding properties during the Meksika inqilobi and all that remains is the main house. After a long period of restoration and modification, the hacienda today houses an exclusive hotel, which can accommodate conventions and banquets.^[35][36]

Museum of Traditional and Herbal Medicine and the Ethnicbotanical garden

South of the city center is Acapantzingo, which had been a separate town, but now is part of the city. A large farm owned by Emperor Maximilian I existed there in the 1860s. It was named Olindo, referring to a character in the poem by Torquato Tasso.^[35] The emperor used this property as one of his residences in Cuernavaca, and according to rumor, to enjoy the company of a certain beautiful Indian woman.^[36] On this farm and in what was the Pavilion, is now the Museum of Traditional and Herbal Medicine (Museo de Medicina Tradicional). The museum sponsors workshops and classes on the use of plants to make soap, cremes, dyes, decorative objects and more. Outside is the ethnicbotanical garden with exhibits including 800 species of plants organized by uses, such as the making of textiles, animal feed, condiments, ritual, and others.^[35]

Children's "Kite" Museum

Located on Avenida Vicente Guerrero 205, Colonia Lomas de Selva is the Papalote Children's Museum an interactive children's museum with up to thirty exhibitions and artistic experiences for children, such as a bed of nails, Vincent van Gogh room, Lego, garden, sandbox, bubble factory, and others. Some exhibits are even for children under 3.^[67]

Chapultepec Ecological Park

The Chapultepec Ecological Park is located about four km southeast of the Cuernavaca city center. It contains fresh-water springs, which form the beginning of a river, and is surrounded by large trees called Chapultepec. It is a public park administered by the State Commission of Water and Environment. In addition to playgrounds, the park has constructed habitats for monkeys, birds, butterflies, crocodiles, reptiles, aquatic plants, and orchids. It also has a petting zoo, environmental museum, planetarium, house of terror, theater, and tour train. Beginning December 2018, Diana Ríos, a Mexican designer and artist working with the company Veneno Ríos is in charge of creating a new façade called “Metamorphosis” inspired in evolution and species changes as well as the love of nature in Morelos. Featured species are the cangrejito barranqueño (a crab), the carpita morelense (carp), and the amate amarillo (yellow fig tree).^[68]

Chapitel del Calvario

Interior of the Chapitel del Calvario

The Chapitel del Calvario

The Chapitel del Calvario is a church located at the corner of Morelos and Matamoros Streets, which was constructed in 1532. The word "chapitel" means "shpil " as the church is named after two spires that define its appearance. It also has a fourteen-meter-high dome. It was constructed in the 16th century and was the last building encountered within Cuernavaca, as one left the city on the road to Mexico City. In 1772, this church was dedicated to the Guadalupaning bokira qizi.^[35][36]

El Castillito

The Museo de Fotografía Antigua, shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan El Castillito (the little castle), is located one block from the Chapitel del Calvario. It is a very small, brick building that dates from the early 20th century when it was built as a home for the caretaker of the park that is next to the bridge built by Porfirio Diaz. It was later abandoned until Governor Vicente Estrada Cajigal remodeled it as his residence. Since 1986 it has been a small museum dedicated to antique photographs of the city of Cuernavaca.^[35][36][69]

Salto de San Antón / St. Anthony Waterfall

Inside the Salto de San Antón ravine

The Salto de San Anton is a large ravine with a small waterfall located in the neighborhood of San Anton Analco on the west side of Cuernavaca. The waterfall is 36 metres (118 feet) high, with its water coming from a small tributary of the Zempoala River. The vertical walls of the ravine are of bazalt and broad-leafed vegetation grows in nooks and crannies of the stone. A series of stairs and platforms have been built to enable access to the waterfall area from the park above.^[35][36] The area is a popular place to purchase potted plants.

Museo Morelense de Arte Contemporáneo Xuan Soriano

The Xuan Soriano Museum of Contemporary Art is located east of downtown near the Adolfo Lopes Mateos Market in Colonia Amatitlan. The museum opened amidst controversy^[70][71] on June 8, 2018, and includes a collection of 1,200 paintings, sculptures, drawings, and photographs, including a permanent collection of works by the artist Juan Soriano. The museum was designed by the architect Javier Sanchez and it cost 300 million pesos (US$15 million) to build.^[72]

Ravine of Amanalco Park / Barranca de Amanalco

The ravines of Cuernavaca play a major role in regulating the climate of the city. One of the most important is the Ravine of Amanalco, which served as a natural defensive line for the city of Cuauhuanauc during the Spanish conquest of 1520, until Hernan Cortes managed to cross it where the modern "Puente del Diablo" is located.

The Ravine of Amanalco Park opened in the 1990s and features a 352-meter long walkway beginning at the Porfirio Díaz bridge and ending at the arches of a colonial-era aqueduct of Carlos Cuagila Street. It is a peaceful walk under dense foliage, and the only sounds you will hear are the birds and the running water.

One can view of the under area of the bridge, which was built at the end of the 19th century in order to connect the center of the city and the railway station via trolly.^[73]

La Tallera David Alfaro Siqueiros / David Alfaro Siqueiros House & Studio

The David Alfaro Siqueiros House and Studio in Cuernavaca, was donated to “the people of Mexico” by Devid Alfaro Sikeiros (1896-1974). In the late fifties, Siqueiros was creating the mural Del Porfirismo a la Revolución (1957–66). On August 9 of 1960, this project was abandoned because he was charged with the crime of “social dissolution” and the muralist was imprisoned. When he left prison in 1964, Siqueiros finished the mural and built a house and workshop in the city of Cuernavaca. There, he lived and executed the mural La Marcha de la Humanidad (1971–73), currently located at the Polyforum Siqueiros.^[74][75]

The house/workshop is located in Parque Siqueiros at the intersection of Calles Marte and Venus, Colonia Jardines de Cuernavaca. It is recommended that one enter from Calle Marte in order to fully appreciate the recently restored murals outside. Ozod.^[76]Siqueiros Park & Studio (English) Retrieved Dec 16, 2018

Boshqa muzeylar

La Casona Spencer (Spencer House) is a cultural center designed to promote the arts. Opened in 2006, the building, located across from the cathedral, dates from colonial time. It was donated to the city upon the death of British artist John Spencer.^[77]

Morelos Museum of Popular Arts is located downtown on Hidalgo Street between the cathedral and the Cuauhnahuac Museum. The museum opened in 2016 and features traditional art of Morelos and other parts of Mexico, including ceramics, wax sculpture, and pottery. The exhibits are changed often, and there is a gift shop.

City Museum / Museo de la Ciudad de Cuernavaca (MuCIC) is located in a two-story colonial building on Avenida Morelos next to the Borda Garden. There are six halls for permanent exhibitions and six halls for temporary exhibitions. Since its beginnings in the 16th century, the building has been closely associated with the religious, social, and cultural life of the city. There is a retrospective exhibit of the life of Emiliano Zapata Salazar on the second floor.^[78]

Museum of Contemporary Indigenous Art harbors works of 12 ethnic groups of Mexico: Rarámuri, Yoreme, Yaqui, Purhépecha, Huichol, Mazahua, Otomí (yoki Hñahñu), Nahua, Mixtec, Tzotzil, Tzeltalva Zapotek, besides spaces dedicated to the cultural communities of Mata Ortiz and the peoples of Morelos. We can view textiles, pottery, wood carvings, and ceramics. The collection belongs to the foundation Pro-Niño Marginado N.G.O. The Autonomous University of Morelos (UAEM) is the custodian of its protection, preservation, research, and exhibition. The building it occupies today was constructed in the 16th century. It is the oldest civilian building on Morelos Avenue, in downtown Cuernavaca.^[79]

Museo Güelu is a small modern art museum that is run by Fundacion Fernando Cue Gomez, A.C.. It is located on Ixtalapa Street across from the pyramids in Vista Hermosa.^[80]

Science Museum / Museo de Ciencias is located in San Miguel Acapantzingo Park, Colonia Cantarranas, where the state penitentiary stood from 1934-2000.^[81][82] This is a hands-on museum designed for informal teaching related to scientific issues. There are two permanent exhibition halls: one dedicated to water and the other dedicated to climate change. The museum offers workshops for children on Mexatronika and Robotics, as well as a 120-seat auditorium and temporary exhibit halls.^[83] There is a separate building dedicated to Yer sayyorasi in the park, and there is a Cuexcomate (traditional silo) on the site.

Museum of Sacred Art / Museo de Arte Sacro de Cuernavaca is located within the cathedral, spread over two floors of what was once the cloister. There are numerous religious objects on view.^[84]

Parks and diversion

Solidarity Park / Parque Alameda Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta is located on Paseo Cuauhnáhuac east of the freeway. It was named in honor of a presidential candidate who was assassinated in 1994. Entering the park, there is a large fountain built to resemble the ball court in Coatetelco archaeological site. Directly ahead is a public library "Biblioteca 17 de Abril," which has a large mural depicting the history of the State of Morelos. Shuningdek, haykali mavjud Xose Mariya Morelos bino oldida. Visitors can enjoy volleyball, basketball, and mini-soccer fields, as well as a bicycle path, rollerblading rink, and an artificial lake.^[85]

San Miguel Acapantzingo Park is located on Calle Altlacumolco in Colonia Cantarranas south of the market. The site was previously the state penitentiary (1934-2000), and you can see a small section of one of the cells there.^[86] The Science Museum, Casa Tierra (Earth House), a dancing fountain, a jogging path, a playground, and a Cuexcomate (traditional silo) are in the park.^[85] There is also a Bizantine mural called Despertar en Primavera (Waking up in Spring).

Tlatenango Ecological Park is located on Avenida Zapata at the traffic circle in the north of the city. This park has a projection room for children's movies, exhibit halls for artists, tennis courts, and an open-air gym.^[85]

Chapultepec Ecological Park is located off Plan de Ayala in Colonia Chapultepec near the IMSS hospital. The park covers 11 hectares of land and runs lineally for more than 1.5 km. Near the entrance, there is a spring which runs into a crystal-clear stream surrounded by trees, some of which are more than 250 years old. Turlarga kiradi ahuehuetes (cypress), amates (fig trees), guava, and others. There is a butterfly sanctuary, an orchid exhibit, and several species of birds, mammals, and reptiles on display. There is a house of horror, a planetarium, a tourist train, a petting zoo, a solar house, a large exhibit hall, and an artificial lake with paddle boats. There are also cultural spaces for dance, music, and theater.^[87] A fair selling local, natural products is held on Sundays.

Melchor Ocampo Garden of Art was inaugurated by Porfirio Díaz, on December 11, 1897, and was built as part of the festivities for the arrival of the railroad to Cuernavaca. Governor Vicente Estrada Cajigal in 1934, built a rudimentary zoo and a swimming pool and the name was changed to "Parque Emiliano Zapata". The zoo and park are mentioned in the novel Vulqon ostida tomonidan Malkolm Louri. The park was remodeled in 2013 and its name reverted to Melchor Ocampo, a space where natural or vegan products are bought and sold, and crafts are exhibited and sold. Every last Sunday of the month, dogs and cats are sterilized for free while others are offered in adoption. The park is located in the Barrio de Gualupita, near the Pullman de Morelos/Selva bus station.^[88]

Revolution Park is downtown. There is a basketball gym, a volleyball gym, a 25-meter swimming pool, and an area for playing chess.

Unidad Deportiva Centenario (Centennial Sports Center) near the UAEM has a soccer stadium, baseball field, and gyms for a variety of different sports.^[89]

El Miraval is a sports complex (including soccer field) in the neighborhood of the same name (Valley Overlook).

Parque lineal Ferrocarril de Cuernavaca is a bicycle path that follows the former rail line between Av. Rio Mayo and Av. San Diego.^[90] The bicycle path is also popular with rollerbladers, dog walkers, and joggers. Cyclists can continue all the way to the Picacho-Ajusco highway.^[91]

La Cascada (the waterfall) water park features a small waterfall, Olympic swimming pool, picnic area, parking, and basketball and volleyball courts. It is located on Vicente Guerrero Street in Colonia Las Granjas.^[92]

Barranca de Chalchihuapan (Chalchihuapan Ravine) is in the town of Santa María Ahuacatitlán, north of Cuernavaca. There are rustic ponds and a river for raising trout. Visitors can choose the fish they like which is then caught and prepared on site. Visitors can also enjoy the mixed forest, a natural spring, and during the rainy season, there is a waterfall. Visitors can take guided tours, and go camping and birdwatching.^[73]

Children and adults can visit El Tunel (the tunnel), an important source of drinking water for Cuernavaca. El Tunel was discovered by Eugenio Jesús Cañas in 1898, and in 1932 pipes were laid.^[73] The tunnel is located on Fco. I. Madero, Colonia Miraval. Call 777-364-5883 for tours and information.

Cuernavaca has two private golf courses: Club de Golf Tabachines^[93] located near the expressway and Club de Golf de Cuernavaca located a few blocks south of downtown.^[94]

Yodgorliklar

Morelotes is a large statue of Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon designed by sculptor Juan Olaguíbel in the 1940s. It is located in the Zocalo. There is a smaller statue of Morelos in front of the library at Solidarity Park.

Kuauhtemok (1496-1525) was the last emperor (tlatoani) of Tenotichtlan. He was infamously tortured by Hernan Cortes, who wanted him to reveal where he kept his gold. The statue is located at the intersection of Teopanzolco and Nueva Belgica, Fracc Rincon Del Valle, and was dedicated while Rogelio Sanchez Gatica was Presidente Munitsipal (2012).^[95] (Statue was previously near the train station.)

Paloma de la Paz (Dove of Peace) is located at the traffic circle at the intersection of Av. Heróico Colegio Militar and Av. Domingo Diez. Designed by Víctor Manuel Contreras, it is the first thing visitors from Mexico City see as they get off the tollway.

Yodgorlik General Carlos Pacheco Villalobos who fought alongside Benito Juarez against Maximiliano. U birinchi edi governor of the state (1877-1879). The statue is located in front of the Palace of Cortes.

Yodgorlik Manuel Avila Kamacho is located at the traffic circle of the street that bears his name and Calzada de los Compositores in Lomas de Atzingo. The bronze statue of the president was built in October 1957 by Everardo Hernández Rodríguez.

Yodgorlik Visente Gerrero is located on Av. Vicente Guerrero in Colonia Lomas de la Selva. Guerrero was a military leader during the Meksikaning mustaqillik urushi and Mexico's second president.^[96]

Haykali Emiliano Sapata is located at the traffic circle at Av. Zapata and Av. Heróico Colegio Militar.

A statue of the Niño Artillero, Narciso Mendoza, is located at the traffic circle at the intersection of Av. Morelos Sur and Juarez Blvd. in Las Palmas. As a twelve-year-old, Mendoza bravely fired a cannon at the royalist troops during the 1812 Siege of Cuautla.^[97]

Libertad de Expression (Freedom of the Press) is located on Teopanzolco in Vista Hermosa. Of the 264 names of journalists who have been killed since the 19th century, 115 have been killed in the 20th century (up to Dec. 2018).^[98]

Haykali Aleksandr fon Gumboldt is located in front of the Spencer House on Hidalgo Street downtown. Humboldt nicknamed Cuernavaca The City of Eternal Spring during his 1805 visit.

Haykali Benito Juarez is located on Juarez Blvd. at Motolinia St., south of the Palacio de Cortes. It was erected by the local Mason lodges. At the same site, there is a smaller work to honor the Winter Solstice of December 21, 2012, also erected by the Masons.^[99]

Bust bor Mariya Feliks yilda Plaza Maria Bonita ni oldida Parque Melchor Ocampo in Gualupita.^[100]

Acueducto de Gualupita Calle Carlos Cuaglia, Gualupita, at the Barranca de Amanalco.

Porfirio Dias bridge was built in the 1890s to connect downtown and the train station via a horse-drawn trolly. The other entrance to the Barranca de Amanalco bu erda joylashgan. The Photography Museum was originally built for the gardener who took care of the area surrounding the bridge.

Stampeding Horses, Five Bathing Nymphsva Diana ovchi da Plaza Gustavo Baz are in Colonia Vista Hermosa. in Vista Hermosa. A sign notes that Scouts de Mexico da uchrashadi Plaza Gustavo Baz on Saturdays.

Capilla Culhuacán de los Dolores va Capilla de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores are in Ocotopec. Capilla de los Santos Reyes is a 16th-century chapel in Tetela del Monte in the north of the city. The bell tower dates from the 17th century, and the chapel is constructed in a primitive Baroque style. Artist John Spencer rebuilt the walls in the 1980s. Capilla de los Tepetates (Jesus de Nazareth) is on Arteaga St. downtown, off Guerero Street.^[101] Capilla de San Diego (or San Diegito) is a small 16th century chapel on Galeana St. in Acapantzingo. His feast is in mid-November. Capilla de San Francisco was built in the 16th century before the Cathedral so the monks would have a place of worship during the construction of the latter. It is on Galeana Street downtown. Capilla de San Miguel Acapantzingo was built in the 16th century on Matamoros Street in Acapantzingo, across from the Casa de Maximiliano/Botanical Garden. The chapel suffered some damage during the 2017 earthquake, but it has been restored. His feast is September 29. Parroquia de la Resurección del Señor y Santa María de Guadalupe is outside Melchor Ocampo Park. Parroquia de San Antonio de Padua is a colonial church on Jesús H. Preciado St., San Antón on the west side of the city, near the Cascada de San Antonio. There are several places to purchase potted plants in the neighborhood.^[101] Templo de Guadalupe on Av. Morelos, Centro is an 18th-century church built by Jose de la Borda next to the Jardin Borda. Templo de San Pablo is on Humboldt Street downtown. 18-asr. Capilla de San Juan Evangelista is on Calle Sn. Juan, Col. Chapultepec. 18-asr.^[101]

The train station dates from the late 19th century and is located east of Plan de Ayala. Today it hosts a dance studio.

Cine Morelos' on Av. Morelos, Centro, was constructed in the 19th century. Today the theater shows art films.^[102]

Puente del Diablo bridge crosses the Barranca de Amanalco at the point where the devil himself, Hernan Cortes, entered the city of Cuahnahuac in 1521.^[103]

Calle Rufino Tamayo ilgari chaqirilgan Cinco de Mayo, and before that, it was called Camino al Pueblo de San Miguel Acapantzingo.^[104] The bridge across the ravine is called La Emperatriz^[105] Muralist Diego Rivera lived at a house located at the corner of Rufino Tamayo and Morelos St. in Colonia Acapantzingo from 1951 to 1957.^[106] Rassom Rufino Tamayo (1899-1991) lived in a house on the Privada located near Calle Humboldt.^[107]

There is a statue dedicated to women at the corner of C. Humboldt and Salazar, across from La Vecindad (the Neighborhood) Children's Cultural Center. The statue was erected on March 8, 1982. A statue of Ko'zi ojiz adolat oldida Palacio de Justicia behind the Cortes Palace. A plaque on a building on Hidalgo St. in the Historic Center, across from the Cortes Palace, notes that artist Jorge Cazares Campos was born there. The plaque is dated Nov. 20, 2005.^[108] He was born on November 20, 1937, and several of his works are on display throughout the city.^[109]

Festivals and dance

Clock ticking down to Mexico's Bicentennial celebrations in Parque Morelos

The Feria de la Flor was established in 1965 as a festival that is held from 2 to 12 May. In the Borda Garden, flower growers from all over Mexico come to exhibit their wares, competing for an annual prize. The event also has traditional fair rides, cockfights, and horse competitions as well as music and sociocultural events. Neighborhood celebrations are held in Cuernavaca, mostly for patron saints, they include 15 May, the feast of San Isidro Labrador; 13 June, the feast of San Antonio in the neighborhood of San Antón, with Aztec dances; 6 August, the feast of the Savior or the Transfiguration in Ocotepec, featuring the Moors and Christians dance, mol va pulque; 10 August the feast of San Lorenzo in Chamilpa; 15 August, the festival of the Assumption of Mary in Santa María Ahuacatilán; and 8 September, Festival of Nuestra Señora de los Milagros in Tlaltenango. Since 1965, the city Cuernavaca has had a karnaval shuningdek.^[4]

The Huehuechis, a dance group, was started in Cuernavaca in 1870 by a group of young people. They dressed up in old boots and clothes, covering their faces with cloth, dancing sponteaneously in the streets with whistles and shouts. The name comes from a Nahuatl word for old, worn-out clothing. The event spread to other municipalities. It became popular enough among participants and spectators alike to be organized formally in 1871, when it became a traditional way to celebrate the days just before Lent, or the Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday of Carnival. The tradition spread to Tepoztlan, where it became even more famous after the people there modified the clothing worn, adding masks with beards and large mustaches. The dance there was renamed "Chinelos ". This new version became a fixture at the carnaval of Yautepec and other towns in Morelos as well.^[4]

International presence in Cuernavaca

Cuernavaca has been a getaway, especially for the well-to-do, since Aztec times. This has continued to the 21st century, with many of these residents including artists, intellectuals, and film stars.^[110] Mariya Feliks, meksikalik diva, had an opulent, cobalt-blue and papaya-colored villa on Avenida Palmira, along with five other houses. Bu sifatida tanilgan Casa de las Tortugas (House of the Turtles) and has Louis XV beds, is adorned with silk brocades, Venetian mosaics, Talavera urns, marble fireplaces, sixteenth-century Spanish armor, Italian gilded chairs, and portraits of her created by Antoine Tzapoff.

U.S. Ambassador and businessman Duayt Morrou had a weekend house called Casa Mañana on the street that bears his name downtown. Morrow commissioned the artist Diego Rivera to paint the murals of the Palacio de Cortes. Today the restaurant La India Bonita is housed there. The restaurant is named for Concepción Sedano, the legendary mistress of Emperor Maximilia I]]. There is a painting of Maximilian and Concepcion by Tarasena in the City Museum.^[111] You can also see Rivera murals at the restaurant Casa Rivera, which was once the home of the Mexican actor Mario Moreno Cantinflas. The restaurant is on Juarez, across from the Palacio de Cortes.^[112]

The legalization of gambling for a short time in the 1930s attracted Hollywood stars and mobsters AQShdan.^[113] Cuernavaca was the setting of Malkolm Louri "s Vulqon ostida written in 1947. It is a tale of despair and self-destruction due to alcoholism. In the 1950s and 1960s, the city attracted many directors, producers, and actors from Hollywood, many of whom had been qora ro'yxatga kiritilgan through the influence of McCarthyism.

Cuernavaca became the host of the CIDOC (Centro Intercultural de Documentación) in 1961, a Catholic institution that indoctrinated priests from developed countries before they were deployed elsewhere in Latin America. CIDOC's lasting reputation was assured by its founding director Ivan Illich, though it closed, "a victim of its own success", ten years later under right-wing political pressure.^[114] In the 1960s, the city became one of the centers of the psychedelic movement, attracting many artists, composers, and hippilar. Another infamous resident was Sem "Momo" Giancana, a mafia boss associated with the Aziz Sevishganlar kuni qirg'ini in Chicago, made Cuernavaca his home from 1967 until his arrest and deportation in 1974.

Gen Gauntier, actress and scenarist of silent film, spent the rest of her life in Cuernavaca. She lived in her sister's home, Marguerite Wenner-Gren, wife of Swedish millionaire Axel Wenner-Gren who owned a hacienda in Rancho Cortés (today Hotel Racquet). Gauntier died in 1966. Racquet Club (English) retrieved Dec 16, 2018

The trend continues today, with a large number of retirees, diplomats, business executives, royalty, and government officials living in Cuernavaca from all over the world. Many of these foreign residents have formed active expatriate groups, such as the Cuernavaca Newcomers Club to offer get-togethers and advice for its members and newcomers to the city. Services for foreign residents include a large network of English-speaking doctors, foreign mass media via satellite, and ATMs networked to U.S. banks.^[115]

The deposed Shah of Iran, Muhammad Rizo Pahlaviy lived for a short time in Cuernavaca in 1979. His move was arranged by David Rockefeller of Chase Manhattan Bank.^[116] The Eron garovidagi inqiroz was set off when he moved to New York City for medical treatment.

Savoy malikasi Mariya Beatris, qirolning kenja qizi Italiyalik Umberto II, lived in Colonia Acapantzingo, Cuernavaca with her husband and Luis Reyna and their three children from 1971 until his murder on February 17, 1999.^[117]

Cuernavaca has attracted Hollywood production with parts of the 1969 film Butch Cassidy and Sundance Kid being shot in Tlayacapan north of the city, and parts of the classic 1979 comedy Qaynona-qaynota, starring Alan Arkin and Peter Falk, being filmed there. In 1984, John Huston shot Vulqon ostida dan Malkolm Louri 's novel, with Albert Finney and Jacqueline Bisset in Colonia Acapantzingo, Cuernavaca and in Yautepec de Zaragoza.

Munitsipalitet

National Control Center office in Cuernavaca

A typical street

Cuernavaca is composed of 12 towns: Acapantzingo, Ahuatepec, Amatitlan, Buenavista del Monte, Chamilpa, Chapultepec, Chipitlan, Ocotepec, San Anton Analco, Santa Maria Ahuacatitlan, Tetela del Monte, va Tlaltenango.^[118] As municipal seat of Morelos, the city of Cuernavaca has governing jurisdiction over 142 other communities.^[119] The municipality is located in the northeast portion of the State of Morelos and borders the municipalities of Huitzilac, Temixco, Miakatlan, Tepoztlan, Sapata va Jiutepec. Ning belediyeleri Cuernavaca, Emiliano Zapata, Huitzilac, Jiutepec, Temixco, Tepoztlan, va Xochitepec make up the Cuernavaca Metropolitan Area.^[120]

In the 2005 census, the municipality had only 3,041 are counted as speaking an indigenous language.^[119] In 2015 the municipality's population was 366,321.^[121] The city of Cuernavaca is located in the southern portion of the area of the municipality. Urban development covers about 38%, which is the city of Cuernavaca and a few suburbs.

Geografiya

Munitsipalitet o'rtasida joylashgan Trans-Meksika vulkanik kamari shimolda va Sierra Madre del Sur in the south, in a sub-mountain range named the Sierra del Chichinautzin. The municipality contains an area of 151.2 kvadrat kilometr (58.4 square miles ); 5,668 gektarni tashkil etadi (14,010 gektar ) is dedicated to agriculture, 8,227 ha (20,330 acres) for fishing, 5,400 ha (13,000 acres) is developed, and 1,390 ha (3,400 acres) is forest. The average altitude is 2,200 metres (7,200 oyoqlari ) dengiz sathidan yuqori, varying between 1,255 and 2,355 metres (4,117 and 7,726 feet). The highest elevations are in the east and north.

Daryolar va soylar

During the rainy season, rivers are formed in the ravines of Minaltepec, Ajomulco, Los Caldos (with the San Anton Falls), Los Pocitos, 'El Pollo va El Chiflón; together they form the Cuernavaca River. The riverbeds of Tepoztitlán va Meksikana shakllantirish Río Tembembe.

Other streams are in the gulch of las Canoas (which crosses Tetela del Monte and joins the Atzingo), the Tecolote (which forms the San Anton waterfall), the Amanalco (which drains in the Río Apatlaco), the Otates, Santa Ursula (bu drenajga tushadi Río Tetlama), va Muerto (which begins in Ahuatepec and crosses Flores Magón). The springs in Cuernavaca are: Los Atzingo, el túnel de Santa María, Sanguijuela, Huitzilac, Axomulcova Chapultepec.^[122] Shahar hokimligi Amakuzak daryosi Havza.

Notable mayors (Municipal presidents)

Since 1929 the city has had 50 mayors, including:

• (1955-1956): Felipe Rivera Krespo^[a]
• (1997-2000): Serxio Estrada Kajigal Ramirez. Estrada Cajigal was elected governor of Morelos in 2000. His was the first time an opposition candidate (PAN ) yutuq.
• (2003-2006): Adrián Rivera Pérez (PAN). Federal senator 2006-2012.
• (2006-2009): Jesús Giles Sánchez (PAN). Federal deputy 2009-2012. * (2011-2012): Rogelio Sánchez Gatica (PRI). He was charged with stealing $154 million pesos.^[123][124]
• (2015-2018): Kuauhtemok Blanko (PSD ). Resigned to run for governor of Morelos in 2018 and elected in July 2018 (Morena).^[125][126]
• (2019-present): Francisco Antonio Villalobos Adán (Morena ).^[b]

Geografiya

Iqlim

Cuernavaca has a tropik savanna iqlimi (Köppen iqlim tasnifi Aw) with temperatures that are moderated by its altitude. The warmest month is May with an average temperature of 23.5 °C (74.3 °F) and the coolest month is January with an average of 18.7 °C (65.7 °F).The municipality has two distinct climates. In the north, is a temperate climate that is somewhat moist with rain predominantly in the summer. That area is covered in forests of pine and holm oak. In the south, the climate is warmer with the same moisture pattern. The southern area is primarily grassland with some rainforest. Average annual temperature is 20.9 °C (70 °F) with the warmest months being April and May and the coldest December. Temperatures only occasionally exceed 34 °C (93 °F) or fall below 10 °C (50 °F).^[4]

Iqtisodiyot

Most of the economic activity in the municipality is retail trade, concentrated in and around the city of Cuernavaca. Agriculture and fish farming employ the fewest people, although the municipality contains a good quantity of resources for these enterprises. The far north of the municipality generally is not suited to agriculture, due to the terrain and types of volcanic soil found there. Most agriculture is concentrated in the southeast. The lower elevations, at around 1,800 metres (5,900 feet), is best-suited for fishing and fish-farming. The middle range, between 1,800 and 2,100 metres (5,900 and 6,900 feet), has uses mixed between agriculture and forest products, and the elevations higher than 2,100 metres (6,900 feet) are primarily forest. Fish farming areas are under pressure from urban development, especially in the Ahuatepec region east of the city, where irregular and sometimes illegal, housing developments are appearing among the farms.^[4]

On the outskirts of Cuernavaca, there are a handful of plant pitomniklar, specializing in the planting, growing and distribution, including international shipments, of plants, flowers and seeds. Many famous gardens around the world are supplied with flowers from the Cuernavaca region.

Industry is minimal and mostly limited to micro-industries such as printing, framing, ceramics, garment-making, and the production of cleaning supplies. This employs about 28% of the population. Most of the population (67%) is employed in the retail and service industries, both dependent on tourism.^[4]

Crafts from this area primarily consist of ceramics and mum mahsulotlar. The wax used is from bees and generally it is shaped into capricious figures. Flowerpots and clay objects from San Antón, handcrafted paper from wood chips with multicolored paintings, and wood lacquered masks are other products of the municipality.^[4]

Ta'lim

There are many private elementary (grades 1-6), middle (grades 7-9), and high schools (grades 10-12) in Cuernavaca. Below are the elementary and middle schools that did the best on the government standard exam Enlace. 2009 yilda.^[133] (NOTE: The list is for the State of Morelos. The Enlace tests Spanish language and math ability, but it does not test English.)

Elemenatary schools

1. Ingles de Cuernavaca (private)2. Huitzilac (private)3. ABC (private)4. Montessori (private) There are several schools that follow the teachings of Mariya Montessori in the city, but the article does not say which one is included here.5. Colegio Mundo Feliz (private)6. Colegio Tehatsi (private)7. Colegio Hamilton of Cuernavaca (private)8. Olinca (private)9. Niños Heroes (public)10. Dorados (private)

O'rta maktablar1. Colegio Tehatsi (private)2. Centro Educativo Cocoyoc (private)3. Dorados (private)4. Colegio Boston (private)5. Nezahuacoyotl (telesecundaria)6. Helen Keller (private)7. Colegio Williams of Cuernavaca (private)8. Miraflores de Cuernavaca (private)9. Martires Agraristas (telesecundaria)10. Olinca de Cuernavaca (private)

O'rta maktablar There are no standardized tests for high school students. Quyidagi maktablarda o'rta maktab darajasida ikki tilli (ispancha-inglizcha) dasturlar mavjud:

• Colegio Marymount, Colonia Rancho Tetela^[134] Ingliz va frantsuz tillarida to'liq dasturlarni taklif qiluvchi Amerika uslubidagi o'rta maktab.
• Kolegio Uilyams de Kuernavaka, Koloniya Flores Magon^[135] Kembrij universitetining kengaytirilgan sertifikati va frantsuz sertifikati taqdim etadigan EFL dasturi
• Preparatoria de Colegio Boston, Colonia Chapultepec^[136]
• Universidad Tecmilenio (Lomas de Kuernavaka, Temixko)^[137]
• Teknologiko-de-Monterrey (Temixko)^[138] Amerika uslubidagi o'rta maktab, darajaga qarab ikki tilli (ingliz-ispan) dasturlarni taklif etadi.
• Loyola Grupo Educativo de Cuernavaca^[139]

Kuernavakaga xizmat ko'rsatadigan universitetlar

• Meksika milliy avtonom universiteti (ispancha: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico), UNAM Cuernavaca-da talabalar shaharchasini saqlaydi.
• Morelos shtatining avtonom universiteti (ispancha: Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos (BAEM).^[140] Universitetda almashinuv dasturi mavjud.
• Distancia (UMED) bo'yicha Meksikanadagi Universidad^[141]
• Friar Luca Paccioli universiteti (Ispaniya: Universidad Fray Luca Paccioli (UFLP)^[142]
• Universidad del Valle de Kuernavaca (UVNIVAC)^[143]
• Universidad Interamericana, Kampus Cuernavaca^[144]
• Universidad Privada del Estado de Morelos (UPEM)^[145]
• Universidad Americana de Morelos^[146]
• Cuauhnáhuac, Lomas de Cuernavaca shaharchasi (UNIC)^[147]
• Universidad Loyola de Kuernavaka^[148]
• Centro Universidad Aztlan^[149] Cuernavaca, Cuautla, Jiutepecdagi kampuslar

Chet elliklar uchun ispan tili

Kuernavakada azaldan chet elliklarga ispan tilini o'rgatadigan maktablar an'analari mavjud. Odatda, ular bir hafta davomiyligidan boshlab intensiv mashg'ulotlarni (kuniga 3-5 soat yoki undan ko'proq) taklif qilishadi. Ko'pgina maktablar sayohatlar va madaniy tadbirlarni taklif qilishadi va ular odatda o'quvchilarga uy-joy bilan yordam berishlari mumkin.

• Cemanuac ispan maktabi, San-Xuan shahridagi № 3, Koloniya Las Palmas Sur, http://www.cemanahuacspanishschool.com/
• Escuela de Español para Extranjeros, Colonia Prado^[150]
• Kukulcan Ta'lim Ispaniya Jamiyati^[151]
• Centro de Lengua Arte E Historia Para Extranjeros,^[152]
• Universidad Internacional Cuernavaca^[153]
• Ideal ispan tili maktabi^[154]
• Ispan tili instituti^[155]
• Linguatec Cuernavaca^[156]
• Anders tillari^[157]

Xalqaro munosabatlar

Qarindosh shaharlar - qardosh shaharlar

Kuernavaka egizak bilan:

• Minneapolis, Minnesota
• Nyu-York, Nyu-York
• Denver, Kolorado^[158]
• Ataki, Chiba, Yaponiya^[159]

Ommaviy madaniyat

Afsonaviy jaz-kontrabasist Charlz Mingus 1979 yil 5 yanvarda shaharda vafot etdi.^[160]

Romanlar Kuernavakada o'rnatilgan

• Vulqon ostida tomonidan Malkolm Louri.^[161]:29
• Iltimos, batafsil ma'lumot uchun yozing tomonidan John D. MacDonald
• Profunda Retaguardiya: Novela de Cuernavaca ispan shoiri Xose Errera Petere tomonidan.^[162]
• Kuernavaka Richard V Perxak tomonidan ISBN  1493785265 & ISBN  978-1493785261.

Kuernavakaga ishora qiluvchi ingliz tilidagi qo'shiqlar

• Verakruz tomonidan Uorren Zevon.
• Cuernavaca Choo Choo tomonidan Bob Kriv va Frank Sley (Oqqush 1959).^[163]

Cuernavaca-ga ispan tilidagi qo'shiqlar:

• La Feria de la Flor Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlan tomonidan
• Los Chanates Regulo Caro tomonidan (2014)
• Que Rechula Es Katy Xuan Gabriel tomonidan (1997)
• Al Que Fue Mi Apa La Estructura tomonidan (2014)
• El Desconocido Larri Ernandes va Gerardo Ortiz tomonidan (2015)
• El Adios De Botas Blancas Los Xijos De Barron tomonidan (2016)
• Pulke, Meskal va Tekila Théfaine tomonidan (2008)
• Sábado Distrito Federal Chava Flores (2005) va Los Estramboticos (2010) tomonidan
• El Vendador Ambulante Traviezoz De La Zierra tomonidan (2016)

Kuernavakada o'rnatilgan filmlar

• Vulqon ostida (film), Malkolm Louri romani asosida, rejissyor Jon Xuston (1984)
• Kuernavaka rejissyor Alejandro Andrade Pease (2017)
• "Boliviya" sahnalari "Butch Cassidy and Sundance Kid "Kuernavaka va atrofida suratga olingan

Shuningdek qarang

• Kuernavaka taraqqiyot bo'yicha madaniyatlararo muloqot markazi
• Morelos gubernatorlari
• Morelos (Meksika) dan odamlar ro'yxati

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• Ayuntamiento de Kuernavaka Rasmiy veb-sayt
• Amenaza destitución al alcalde de Cuernavaca Diario de Morelos
• BreakingNews Cuernavaca Morelos BreakingNews - Diario de Morelos
• Katedral veb-sahifasi (Ispaniya)