Dubgall mac Somairle - Dubgall mac Somairle

Dubgall mac Somairle
Orollar qiroli
Izohga qarang
Dubgallning nomi - bu Britaniya Domotian A VII kutubxonasining 16v folionida (the Durham Ozod tarjimai hol ): "Dunegal fili (biz) Sumerledi".[1]
O'ldi1175
Nashr
UyKlann Somairl
OtaSomairle mac Gilla Brigte
OnaRagnhildr Óláfsdóttir

Dubgall mac Somairle (1175 yilda vafot etgan) aniq edi Orollar qiroli.[1-eslatma] U o'g'li edi Somairle mac Gilla Brigte va Ragnhildr Óláfsdóttir. Dubgall etakchi shaxs edi Klann Somairl, va ismli ajdodi Klann Dubgayl. Dubgallning karerasi qorong'u va uning hayotidan juda kam narsa aniq.

1155 yoki 1156 yillarda Dubgall o'sha paytlarda onasining amakisi egalik qilgan orollar qirolligiga nomzod sifatida ishlab chiqarilgan. Guðrøðr Óláfsson. O'sha yilning oxirida Somairl Gudrrni mag'lub etdi va qirollik ular o'rtasida bo'linib ketdi. Ikki yil o'tgach, Somairl yana Gudrørni mag'lub etdi va butun sohani nazorat qilishni o'z zimmasiga oldi. Dubgall orollarning nominal qiroli bo'lgan bo'lishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, uning otasi haqiqiy kuchga ega ekanligi aniq.

Dubgallning otasi bosqinda vafot etdi Shotlandiya 1164 yilda. Somairlning kamida bitta o'g'li o'ldirilgan bu mag'lubiyat, va Dubgall bor-yo'qligi noma'lum. Somairlning o'limidan keyin Dubgall qirollik hokimiyatini saqlab qolgan bo'lishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, uning onasi amakisi ekanligi aniq Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson Gyordr mag'lub bo'lishidan oldin qirollikni egallab oldi. Shunga qaramay, 1156 yilda Somairle tomonidan egallab olingan hududlar Klann Somairle tomonidan saqlanib qoldi.

Dubgallning navbatdagi va oxirgi attestatsiyasi 1175 yilda bo'lib, u xayriya qilgani qayd etilgan Sent-Kutbert da Darxem sobori. Somairl diniy urf-odatchi bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, uning avlodlari o'zlarini isloh qilingan monastir buyruqlari bilan bog'lashgan Evropa qit'asi. Yoki Dubgall, uning otasi yoki ukasi Ragnall, poydevori uchun javobgar bo'lishi mumkin Argill Yeparxiyasi.

Klann Somairl hududlarining bo'linishi noaniq bo'lsa-da, Dubgall o'tkazgan bo'lishi mumkin Lorne materikda va Mull orollar guruhi Gebridlar. Dubgallning vafot etgan sanasi noma'lum. U biron bir vaqt Ragnall tomonidan muvaffaqiyatga erishgan yoki uning o'rnini egallagan deb taxmin qilish uchun asos bor. Albatta, Ragnall va yana birodarimiz, Aongus, asr oxiridan oldin, ehtimol Klann Somairl boshchiligida to'qnashuvlar yuzaga kelgan. Dubnalning Ragnall tomonidan soya solishiga qaramay, avvalgi Klann Dubgayl avlodi XIV asrgacha Klann Somairlning eng kuchli tarmog'i bo'lgan.

Ajdodlar

Buyuk Britaniya va Irlandiyaning xaritasi
Dubgall hayoti va davri bilan bog'liq joylar.

Dubgall o'g'li edi Somairle mac Gilla Brigte[18] va Ragnhildr Óláfsdóttir.[19] Somairlning oilaviy kelib chiqishi noma'lum, garchi u deyarli edi Norvegiya-Gal ajdodlar.[20] Ragnhildr qizi edi Áláfr Gudrødarson, orollar qiroli.[21] Somairl va Ragnhildrning birlashishi taxminan 1140 yilga to'g'ri kelishi mumkin.[22] XIII-XIV asrlarga ko'ra Mann xronikasi, er-xotinning bir nechta o'g'illari bor edi: Dubgall, Ragnall, Aongus va Amlaib.[23] Dubgallni bu o'g'illarning to'ng'ichi deb gumon qilishga asos bor. Albatta, xronika kabi zamonaviy manbalarga yaqin[24] va XIII asr Orkneyinga saga uning ismini birodarlari nomiga yozib qo'ying.[25] Dubgallning ismi Gael.[26] Somairle va uning o'g'illari tomonidan keltirilgan gal va skandinaviya nomlarining aralashmasi orollarning gibrid nors-gael muhitiga misol bo'la oladi.[27][2-eslatma] Somairl va Ragnhildr o'rtasidagi nikoh, orollarning keyingi tarixiga jiddiy ta'sir ko'rsatdi, chunki bu Somairlning avlodlariga berdi.[32]—Klann Somairl[33]- Ragnhildrning nasldan naslga o'tishi bilan qirollikka da'vo.[32][3-eslatma]

Orollar qiroli

O'tirgan shoh tasvirlangan fil suyagi o'yin qismining fotosurati
Lardan biri shoh o'yin qismlari ning Lyuis shaxmat ustalari.[36] To'rt to'plamdan iborat,[37] buyumlar Norvegiyada XII-XIII asrlarda tayyorlangan deb o'ylashadi.[38][4-eslatma]

1153 yil Orollar Qirolligi uchun tarixiy suv havzasi bo'ldi. Joriy yilning iyun oyida[41]- Halfrning o'g'li, Gudrør, Norvegiyada yo'q edi - áláfr Dublindagi uchta jiyani tomonidan o'ldirildi.[42] Bir necha oy ichida Gudrør qarindoshlarini o'ldirgan qarindoshlarini engib, shu bilan o'zi uchun shohlikni ta'minladi.[43] Ikkinchisining qirol sifatida hukmronligi davrida Gyordr va Somairle ham Irlandiyadagi harbiy yurishlarda qatnashgan ko'rinadi.[44] Masalan, 1154 yilda orollar va Shotlandiyaning g'arbiy dengiz sohilidan qo'shinlar yordam berishdi Myirchertach Mac Lochlainn, Cenél nEógain qiroli ikkinchisining raqibiga qarshi mag'lubiyatda Tirrdelbax Ua Konkobair, Konnaxt shohi.[45] Gudrør, keyinchalik Dublin qirolligini ta'minlash uchun muvaffaqiyatsiz harakat qilganga o'xshaydi.[46] Ammo Gyordr hukmronligi davrida yuz bergan bu muvaffaqiyatsizliklar, ehtimol Myulhertaxning orollarda ta'sirining kuchayishi bilan birga - Dubgallning otasini tashabbusni qo'lga olishga undagan bo'lishi mumkin.[47]

1155 yoki 1156 yillarda Mann xronikasi Somairle Gyrrørga qarshi to'ntarish uyushtirganligini, unda Ofrning etakchi kishilardan biri sifatida tavsiflangan forfinnr Tttarsson - Gudrør hukmronligining o'rnini bosuvchi sifatida Dubgall ishlab chiqarganligini ko'rsatmoqda.[48] Xronikada Dubgallni tanlangan o'g'il deb tan olganligi, uning Somairlning o'g'illarining katta qismi bo'lganligining yana bir dalilidir.[49] Shunga qaramay, Somairlning stratemasi bir ovozdan qo'llab-quvvatlanmaganga o'xshaydi, chunki xronikada etakchi orolliklar unga garov berish va garovga berishga majbur bo'lganligi va bunday boshliq Somairlning xiyonati to'g'risida Gudrørni ogohlantirganligi aniqlanadi.[50] 1156 yil oxirlarida, 5-yanvardan 6-yanvarga o'tar kechasi Somairl va Gudrør qonli to'qnashuvlarga duch kelishdi, ammo noaniq dengiz jangi. Xronikaga ko'ra, Somairlning floti saksonta kemani tashkil etgan va janglar tugagach, adovatli qaynonalar orollar qirolligini o'zaro bo'lishib olishgan.[51][5-eslatma]

Izohga qarang
Dubgallning otasining ismi va nomi, Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, bu Britaniya kutubxonasi Paxta Faustina B IX 19v foliosida (The Melrose xronikasi ): "Sumerledus regulus Eregeithel".[54] Sarlavha "deb tarjima qilinishi mumkinArgilning regulyatsiyasi ".[55]

Garchi aniq bo'linish qayd etilmagan va noaniq bo'lsa-da, XII-XIII asrlarda Somairlning avlodlari tomonidan tutilgan ko'rinadigan erlarni ajratish, u va uning o'g'li Gebridlarning eng janubiy orollarini qo'lga kiritganiga dalil bo'lishi mumkin, Gudrør eng shimoliy qismini saqlab qoldi.[56] Shunday qilib, Somairle nazoratini ta'minlab berishi mumkin edi Islay va Mull og'a-ini Mann va qolgan Hebridlar bilan qolgan orollar guruhlari.[57] Somairlning G'urderni birinchi g'alabasidan ikki yil o'tgach, xronika shuni ko'rsatadiki, Somairle ellik uchta kemasi bilan, Mannga hujum qildi va Gudrørni qirollikdan surgun qildi.[58]

Izohga qarang
Dubgallning onasi Ragnhildr Óláfsdóttirning ismi, chunki GKS 1005 fol ning 143r foliyasida (Flateyarbok ): "Ragnhilldi".[59]

Gudrør ketganidan so'ng, Dubgall yoki Somairl orollar qiroliga aylandi.[60] Garchi yosh Dubgall nominal monarx bo'lishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, xronika aniq kuchga ega bo'lgan Somairl ekanligini aniq ko'rsatib turibdi.[61] Shubhasiz, Irlandiyalik manbalar Somairlni karerasining oxiriga kelib qirol deb bilishadi.[62] Orolliklar Somairl o'rniga Dubgallni o'zlarining hukmdorlari sifatida izlashlarining sababi noma'lum. Ko'rinib turibdiki, Somairl qandaydir tarzda nomaqbul nomzod edi,[63] Ehtimol, Ragnhildrning qirollik nasl-nasabi Dubgallga Somairlning o'zi etishmayotganligiga ishonch bildirgan bo'lishi mumkin.[64] Qudratli shaxs o'z o'g'li ostida o'g'ilni shoh qilib tayinlashi, albatta, eshitilmagan hodisa emas edi. Aslini olib qaraganda, Magnus Slafsson, Norvegiya qiroli buni yarim asr oldin, yosh o'g'lini uylantirish orqali amalga oshirdi, Sigurdir, ga Bjajmunjo, qizi Myunster qiroli va Sigurðrni shoh sifatida o'rnatish Orkney va orollar.[60]

Qurollangan jangchi tasvirlangan fil suyagi o'yin qismining fotosurati
A rook o'yin qismi Lyuis shaxmatchilari.[65] Orollarning etakchi a'zolarining Skandinaviya aloqalari ularning harbiy qurollanishida aks etgan bo'lishi mumkin va bunday o'yin qismlarida tasvirlanganga o'xshash bo'lishi mumkin edi.[66]

Gyordorning Somairlga mag'lub bo'lishiga qisman Myurxertax va Somairl o'rtasidagi ittifoq yordam bergan deb taxmin qilish uchun asos bo'lishi mumkin.[67] Masalan, Argyllmen 1154 yilda Myirchertach tomonidan ishlatilgan yollanma flotning bir qismini tashkil qildi,[68] va parkning qo'mondoni aniq bo'lishi mumkin Mac Scelling, Somairlning o'zi bilan bo'lgan munosabati edi. Agar haqiqatan ham shu davrda Myurhertach va Somairle ittifoqdosh bo'lishgan bo'lsa, demak, Gyordrr muxolifatning birlashgan jabhasiga duch kelgan.[69][6-eslatma] To'g'ri bo'lsa, Jorfinnrning Somairle qo'zg'olonida Myirchertach agenti sifatida ishtirok etishi ham mumkin edi.[72] Boshqa tomondan, Somairl va Myirchertachning 1160-yillarda cherkov ishlari bilan aloqada bo'lganligi, bu ikkalasi aslida raqib bo'lganligini ko'rsatadi.[73] Bundan tashqari, Þorfinnr oldingi bilan bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin Dublin qiroli forfinnrning o'zi Myurhertaxning chet ellik haddan tashqari hukmronligiga qarshi bo'lganligini aniqlashi mumkin edi.[74] Agar Gudrørning Dublindagi qiyinchiliklari Somairle to'ntarishidan oldingi davrga to'g'ri kelsa, Jorfinnr kabi odamlarning hamkorligi, Dubgallning onasining ajdodlari va otasining qudrati tufayli - Myurhertaxning haddan tashqari hukmronligiga qarshi kurashish uchun shohlikka nomzod sifatida ilgari surilganiga dalil bo'lishi mumkin. Dublin.[75][7-eslatma]

Clann Somairle merosxo'rligi

Somairl Shotlandiyaga dengiz orqali bostirib kirishi natijasida halok bo'ldi jang yaqinida jang qildi Renfryu 1164 yilda.[80] Argil, Dublin va Orollardan olingan deb aytilgan Somairle kuchlarining turli xil tasvirlari, bu odam o'zining eng yuqori cho'qqisida bo'lgan ajoyib kuchga ega ekanligini aks ettiradi.[81] Shuningdek, bir nechta manbalarda Somairlning o'g'li jangda o'ldirilganligi haqida aytilgan. XIII asrga ko'ra Gesta annalia I, Somairl Gilla Koluim ismli o'g'li bilan o'ldirilgan.[82] Ehtimol, ushbu manbada Gilla Brigte ismini yanglishdir,[83] XIV asr nomi Tigernax yilnomalari Somairlning o'ldirilgan o'g'liga.[84] Qanday bo'lmasin, Gilla Brigte boshqa turmushning mahsuli bo'lgan ko'rinadi,[85] Somairlning Ragnhildr bilan bog'lanishidan oldinroq bo'lgan bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan ittifoq.[86] Dubgall Somairle va Gilla Brigte bilan jangda bo'lganmi yoki yo'qmi noma'lum. Aslida, Dubgall otasining davrida orollarni boshqarishda qanday rol o'ynaganligi noma'lum meva.[87]

Garchi Dubgall otasining o'limidan keyin hokimiyatni qo'lga kiritishi mumkin bo'lsa-da,[88] bu aniq Mann xronikasi qirollikni yil oxiriga qadar Gyordorning ukasi egallab olganligi, Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson.[89] Deyarli bir muncha vaqt o'tgach, xuddi shu manba tomonidan Gudrørning Mannga etib kelgani va uning akasini shafqatsizlarcha enggani aytiladi.[90] Keyinchalik Gudrør qirollikni qaytarib oldi,[91] va shohlik Crovan sulolasi va Klann Somairle o'rtasida bo'lingan,[92] Somairlning 1156 yilda Gyudraga qarshi dastlabki zarbasidan kelib chiqqan bo'linishda.[93] Bir vaqtning o'zida, ushbu 1156 segmentatsiyani qayd etganidan so'ng, xronika Somairlning o'g'illari "egallab olgan" paytdan boshlab orollar qirolligining "qulashi" haqida afsuslanadi.[94] Ehtimol, ushbu bayonot Klann Somairl a'zolari otalari vafot etishidan oldin qirollik ulushiga ega ekanliklariga dalildir.[95] Bu bo'linishni Somairle emas, balki uning o'g'illari egallaganiga dalil bo'lishi mumkin.[96]

Izohga qarang
Nomlari Aongus va Ragnall, Dubgallning birodarlari, chunki ular GKS 1005 folliktsiyasining 143r foliyasida: "Rỏgnvalldr ok Engull".[59]

Somairle vafot etganidan keyin Klann Somairlning vorisligi borasida noaniqliklar mavjud. Garchi Mann xronikasi Dubgall 1150-yillarda katta sulola bo'lganligini ko'rsatmoqda,[97] uning keyingi va oxirgi attestatsiyasi unga qirol unvonini berolmadi.[98] Ehtimol, Dubgallni Ragnall yutib yuborgan yoki o'rnini bosgan bo'lishi mumkin.[99] kimning yozilgan nomi rex insularum, dominus de Ergile va Kyntyre ("Orollar qiroli, Argil va Kintir lordasi")[100] Ragnall Clann Somairle hududlari ustidan nazoratni talab qilganligini ko'rsatishi mumkin.[86][8-eslatma] Dubgall qanday muvaffaqiyatga erishgan yoki uning o'rnini egallaganligi juda yozilmagan va noma'lum.[102]

Somairlning imperiumi uning o'limidan keyin parchalanib ketganligi to'g'risida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri dalillar bo'lmasa-da, bu haqiqatan ham uning o'g'illari o'rtasida bo'linib ketgan deb gumon qilishga asos bor.[103][9-eslatma] Klann Somairlning keyingi avlodlari o'rtasida hududlarning bo'linishini osonlikcha anglash mumkin bo'lsa-da, xaotik XII asrda bunday chegaralar mavjud bo'lishi ehtimoldan yiroq emas.[105] Ehtimol, Clann Somairle birinchi avlodining hududi cho'zilgan Glenelg shimolda to Mint of Kintyre janubda: shimolda Aongus hukmronligi bilan Dubgall markazda joylashgan Lorne (ehtimol merosning katta qismi bilan) va Ragnall Kintir va janubiy orollar.[106][10-eslatma]

Tosh qal'aning fotosurati
Vayronagarchilik Mingari qasri uni yangilashdan oldin. Ushbu o'n uchinchi yoki o'n to'rtinchi asrning qal'asi Dubgall avlodlari tomonidan qurilgan bo'lishi mumkin.[112] Shunday qilib, bu shimoliy kengayishni misol qilib ko'rsatishi mumkin Klann Dubgayl XII asrdan kuch.[113]

Dubgall Mull guruhidagi orollarni ham nazorat qilgan deb gumon qilishga asos bor.[114] XVII asrga ko'ra Sleat tarixi - a Clann Domnaill Dubgallning avlodlariga nisbatan yomon munosabatda bo'lishni boshlaydigan manba[115]- Dubgallga ajratilgan hududlar Lorne bilan cheklangan edi - boshidan Loch Leven shimolda to Asknish janubda. Bundan tashqari, manba uning orollarda meros huquqiga ega emasligini ta'kidlamoqda noqonuniylik va shu tariqa Dubgallning Myul guruhidagi orollarni boshqarishini Klann Somairlning qonuniy a'zolari hisobiga hokimiyatni asossiz kengaytirishi sifatida tasvirlaydi.[116][11-eslatma] Shunday qilib Sleat tarixi bilan bog'lashga urinishlar Ardnamurchan filiali Clann Domnaill ning dengiz mintaqalari bilan Moidart va Ardnamurchan, Ragnalning o'sishi paytida, Dubgallning taxmin qilingan sherigining mag'lubiyati to'g'risida uyg'un ertak orqali.[122] Darhaqiqat, Ardnamurchan 1293 yilda yozuvga tushganida, u Dubgall avlodlari egallab turgan xo'jayinning bir qismini o'z ichiga olgan bo'lishi mumkin va bundan oldin ular ancha vaqt davomida egalik qilishgan.[123]

Ingliz tili attestatsiyasi

Izohga qarang
Dubgallning o'g'illari Amlaib, Donnchad va Ragnall, Britaniya Pitsa Domitian A VII kutubxonasining 16v foliosi ko'rinishida: "Olaf, (va boshqalar) Dunechat, (va) Raynald".[1]

Dubgallning 1156 yilgi otasining to'ntarishidagi ishtirokidan so'ng, Dubgallning keyingi va oxirgi attestatsiyasi 1175 yilda bo'lib o'tadi,[124] u tashrif buyurganida Darxem sobori bayrami arafasida Sent-Bartolomey (23 avgust), bilan Durham Kantorning kitobi uning sovg'asini ikkita oltin uzuk va 1 garovini yozib olish belgi annuitet to Sent-Kutbert umrining oxirigacha.[125]

Dubgallning xayr-ehsoni, ehtimol, sayohat qilish doirasida amalga oshirilgan York, qayerda Shotlandiya qiroli Uilyam I Shotlandiyaning etakchi magnatlari esa qasamyod qilganliklari ma'lum Genri II, Angliya qiroli o'sha yili.[126][12-eslatma]

Xayriyasi munosabati bilan Dubgall Stiven - uning ruhoniysi va Odam de Stenford bilan birga bo'lganligi aytiladi. Uchalasi birgalikda Darham cherkovining birodarligiga qabul qilingan deyishadi.[128] Matnda Dubgallning sovg'asi "avliyoning oyoqlarida" qilinganligi ko'rsatilgan, bu marosim Sankt-Kutbertning qiyofasi oldida yoki (ehtimol, ehtimol) uning ziyoratgohida bo'lganligini anglatadi.[129][13-eslatma]

The Durham Ozod tarjimai hol Stiven va Odam ismlarini yozib, Dubgallning Durhamda borligini tasdiqlaydi. Dubgallning uchta o'g'li ham qayd etilgan: Amlaib, Donnchad va Ragnall.[131] Agar haqiqatan ham oxirgi uchtasi ishtirok etgan bo'lsa, unda nima uchun ular boshqa uchtasi singari Sent Kutbertning birodarligiga kirgani yozilmaganligi noma'lum.[130]

Mumkin cherkov poydevori

Shimoliy Britaniyaning xaritasi
Hajmi Orollar yeparxiyasi, v. 1300.[132]

Orollar Qirolligi tarkibidagi cherkov yurisdiksiyasi juda uzoq bo'lgan Orollar yeparxiyasi. Uning dastlabki tarixi haqida ko'p narsa ma'lum emas, garchi uning kelib chiqishi Uí Ímairga tegishli bo'lsa ham imperium.[133] Gudrør hukmronligining boshlarida yeparxiya yangi tashkil etilgan Norvegiya tarkibiga kira boshladi. Nidaros arxiyepiskopligi.[134] Aslida, Orollar yeparxiyasining siyosiy haqiqati - uning hududiy chegaralari va uzoq Norvegiyaga nominal bo'ysunishi - Orollar Qirolligining holatini aks ettirganga o'xshaydi.[135] Biroq, XII asr yaqinida yangi cherkov yurisdiksiyasining dalillari - Argill Yeparxiyasi - Klann Somairl va Krovan sulolasi o'rtasida davom etayotgan nizolar paytida paydo bo'ladi.[136]

Argillning episkoplik merosxo'ri noaniq bo'lsa-da,[137] yurisdiksiyaning o'zi Krovan sulolasi domeniga tegishli bo'lib, Klann Somairlga tashqi aralashuvisiz diniy homiylik vazifasini bajarishga imkon beradi.[138] Orollar Qirolligining o'zi singari, Orollar yeparxiyasining katta geografik kattaligi chekka hududlarni begonalashishiga va oxir-oqibat parchalanishiga yordam bergan ko'rinadi.[139] Darhaqiqat, Argill yeparxiyasining qismlari ham xuddi shu tarzda Shotlandiya eparxiyasidan ajralib qolgan deb gumon qilishga asos bor. Dunbleyn,[140] Dunkeld,[141] va Moray.[142] Shotlandiya toji yangi yeparxiyaning tashkil topishini Shotlandiya qirol hokimiyatini mintaqaga kiritish uchun vosita sifatida qabul qilgan bo'lsa-da,[143] Klann Somairl hukmdorlari odatda Shotlandiya bilan dushmanlik qilgan ko'rinadi yeparxiya o'rindig'i kuni Lismor Shotlandiya qirolining vakolat doirasidan ancha uzoqlashdi.[144][14-eslatma]

O'tirgan episkop tasvirlangan fil suyagi o'yin qismining fotosurati
A episkop o'yin qismi Lyuis shaxmatchilari.[149][15-eslatma]

Argill yeparxiyasining poydevori aniq va bosqichma-bosqich amalga oshirilgan jarayon bo'lib tuyuladi, bu yagona shaxsning ishi bo'lishi mumkin emas.[151]- u Somairl bo'lsin,[152] Ragnall,[153] yoki Dubgallning o'zi.[154] Shunga qaramay, Dubgallning Dyuremdagi attestatsiyasi uning Uilyam I bilan chambarchas bog'liqligini ko'rsatishi mumkin.[155] Agar ikkinchisi yeparxiyani yaratishda ishtirok etgan bo'lsa, u Argill lordlarini cherkov ishlarida osonlashtirishi mumkin edi.[156] Uilyam I va Dubgall o'rtasidagi do'stona munosabatlarning dalillari Dubgallning ham ishtirok etish ehtimolini oshirishi mumkin.[157] Dastlabki yeparxiya uzoq vaqt bo'sh ish joylaridan aziyat chekkan bo'lsa-da, ikkitasida episkoplar egallaganligi qayd etiladi qarang XIII asr o'rtalaridan oldin[158]- vaqt o'tishi bilan u mintaqada mustahkam o'rnashib oldi va bu Klann Somairl rahbariyatiga cherkov kuchi va obro'si ustidan mahalliy nazoratni saqlab qolishga imkon berdi.[159]

Somairl va uning o'g'illari Argilman, Xristianni tayinlash orqali orollar yeparxiyasiga o'z ta'sirini kengaytirgan deb gumon qilishga asoslar bor. Orollar episkopi.[160] Ehtimol, bu odamni Dubgall o'zi tayinlagan.[161] Kristianing salafi Reyginald norvegiyalik edi.[162] Xristianning muddati kamida 1170 yildan 1190 yillarning boshigacha davom etgan ko'rinadi,[163] garchi Reginald Gordorni Norvegiya surguniga ergashganga o'xshasa, Somairle podshohlikni qo'lga kiritar ekan, xristian o'zining episkopligini boshladi.[164][16-eslatma] Xristianning ta'kidlashicha Mann xronikasi uning rohiblari tomonidan ma'qullanganligini taklif qiladi Rushen Abbey, uning episkopligi Manndan Klann Somairl tomonidan boshqariladigan hududlarga yo'naltirish davrini o'z ichiga olganga o'xshaydi.[164] Har qanday holatda ham, Kristian quvib chiqarilib, uning o'rniga manksman Maykl,[166] u Crovan sulolasi tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan nomzod bo'lgan ko'rinadi,[167] yaqinda ochilish marosimi bilan vakili Rǫgnvaldr Gudrødarson, orollar qiroli.[168] Xristian, ehtimol, rohiblaridan tasdiq olgan bo'lsa-da Furness Abbey - dastlab Dubgallning onasining bobosi rohiblarga bergan huquq[169]- Xristian episkopligi tomonidan qayd etilmagan Islandiya yilnomalari, bu uning tomonidan muqaddas qilinganligining dalili bo'lishi mumkin York arxiyepiskopi o'rniga Nidaros arxiyepiskopi.[170][17-eslatma]

O'zlarini isloh qilingan monastir buyruqlari bilan bog'laydigan uning yaqin avlodlari bilan taqqoslaganda Evropa qit'asi, Somairle diniy urf-odatlar tarafdori bo'lgan.[172] 1164 yilda u Derri Abboti Flaithbertach Ua Brolchainni ishontirishga urindi - bu komarba ("merosxo'r" yoki "voris") ning Sankt-Kolumba - ko'chib o'tish Iona.[173] Somairle tomonidan Kolumbalik rahbarlikni Ionaga qaytarish uchun qilingan urinish, orolning Kolumban monastirining yo'q qilinishini nazorat qilgan va uning asosini yaratgan avlodlarining harakatlariga keskin zid edi. Benediktin uning o'rnida monastir.[174] Yangi monastirning ta'sis to'g'risidagi nizomi 1203 yil dekabrga to'g'ri keladi.[175] bu Ragnall uning asosi uchun mas'ul bo'lganligini ko'rsatishi mumkin.[176] XVIII asr Klanranald kitobi albatta Ragnallni asoschisi sifatida aniqlaydi.[177] Biroq, uni bunga bog'laydigan hech qanday qattiq dalil yo'q.[178] Nizomda monastir butun Klann Somairl domenidan katta miqdordagi xayr-ehsonlarni olganligi aniqlanganligi sababli, poydevorni boshqa etakchi a'zolari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan bo'lishi mumkin,[179] masalan Dubgall (agar u hali tirik bo'lsa) yoki Donnchad.[180][18-eslatma] Dyubgallning Darxemdagi attestatsiyasi, shubhasiz uning Benediktin buyrug'ining xayrixohi bo'lganligini ko'rsatmoqda.[182] Har qanday holatda ham, nizom monastirni himoya ostiga olgan Papa begunoh III, uning episkopal mustaqilligini orollar yeparxiyasidan himoya qildi.[183] Shunday qilib, Iona papasini himoya qilish imtiyozi uchun narx bu qabul qilinganga o'xshaydi Benediktin qoidasi va orolning ko'p asrlik St Columba institutining supersessiyasi.[184]

Vayrona bo'lgan ruhoniyning fotosurati
Ning qoldiqlari Iona Nunnery, an Avgustin XIII asr boshidan oldin qurilishi mumkin bo'lgan diniy. Dubgallning singlisi, Betxok uning birinchi prioressi bo'lgan ko'rinadi.

Betxok, Somairlning qizi, birinchi bo'lib tuyuladi prioress ning Iona Nunnery.[185] Bu Avgustin uy XII asrning oxirlarida qurilgan bo'lishi mumkin,[186] yoki kelgusi yilning birinchi o'n yilligida.[187] Ga ko'ra Klanranald kitobi, Ragnall ushbu uyning poydevori uchun mas'ul bo'lgan.[188] Xuddi shu manbada Baytok "dindor ayol va qora rohib" deb ta'riflangan,[189] shu bilan birga Sleat tarixi Ionaning prioressi bo'lganligini ta'kidlaydi.[190] Garchi bu hisoblar biroz shubhali bo'lsa-rang sifatida qora avgustinliklar emas, Benediktinlarga tegishli[191]—Betokning tarixiyligi uning qabr toshidagi yozuv bilan tasdiqlanib, XVII asrda shunday yozilgan: "Behl nijn Sorle va Ilvrid oldinroq".[192][19-eslatma] Dyubalning Durhamdagi Sent-Kutbert kultiga bergan xayr-ehsoni, Benediktin monastiri va Iona shahridagi Avgustin ruhoniysining tashkil etilishi bilan XII-XIII asrlarda orollarning nors-gael jamiyatiga ta'sir ko'rsatgan asosiy cherkov o'zgarishlarining dalilidir.[194]

Avlodlar

Izohga qarang
Dubgallning o'g'li Dubgallning ismi, chunki u soat 162v dan 47 soatgacha (Eyrspennill ): "Dugall skrækr".[195] Ushbu parchada ikkinchisiga tegishli bo'lgan epitet, skrækr, "screech" ga tarjima qilingan.[196][20-eslatma]

Dyubgallning Durhamdagi attestatsiyasi - XIII asr oxiriga qadar Klann Somairlning Shotlandiya hududiga qo'shilishining bir nechta misollaridan biri.[198] Dubgall haqida boshqa hech narsa yozilmagan yoki ma'lum emas va uning o'limi sanasi noma'lum.[199]

Dubgall ning nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan ajdod edi Klann Dubgayl Clann Somairle filiali.[200][21-eslatma] Klann Somairlning yana ikkita asosiy tarmog'i -Klann Ruaidri va Clann Domnaill[227]- Dubgallning ukasi Ragnalning ismli o'g'illaridan kelib chiqqan.[228] O'rta asrlarning bir necha nasabnomalari, masalan, saqlanib qolgan Shotlandiya advokatlari milliy kutubxonasi '72.1.1 (MS 1467) va Lekan kitobi - Dubgall avlodlarini turlicha aniqlang Klann Somairl. Bunday terminologiyaning Klann Ruaydri va Klann Domnaillga berilmasligi, Dubgall va uning o'rnini egallagan shaxslar Somairl avlodlarining yuqori martabasini namoyish etganiga yana bir dalil bo'lishi mumkin.[229]

Izohga qarang
Nomi va nomi Ispakr-Xakon GKS 1005 follikaniyasining 174r foliyasida ko'rinib turganidek: "Vspakr konungr".[230] Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar Dubgallning bir nechta o'g'illari va gumon qilingan o'g'illarini tasvirlaydi (Dubgall, Donnchad, Akspakr-Xakon va Somairl) hebrid shohlari sifatida.

Ularning ogohlantirishlaridan tashqari Ozod tarjimai hol, bundan keyin Dubgallning o'g'illari Amlaib va ​​Ragnal haqida hech narsa yozilmagan.[231] Skandinaviya manbalarida Dubgall ma'lum bir Dubgallning otasi bo'lganligi, unga "qichqiriq" ma'nosidagi epitet berilganligi aniqlangan. Donnchad ham, bu odam ham - Somairl qarindoshi bilan birga,[232] u Dubgallning o'g'li yoki jiyani bo'lishi mumkin edi[233]- 1230 yilda Norvegiya qo'llab-quvvatlagan orollarga bostirib kirishda qatnashgani qayd etilgan.[234] Ushbu kampaniyaning etakchisi edi Ispakr-Xakon,[235] yana Dubgallning o'g'li bo'lishi mumkin.[236] Shpakr-Xakon Dubgallning o'g'illari Dubgall va Donnchadlarning ukasi bo'lganligi haqida aniq Skandinaviya manbalarida ta'kidlangan.[237] Shpakr-Xakon, ehtimol asrning boshlarida Norvegiyada o'z faoliyatini boshladi va oxir-oqibat Orollar qiroli sifatida tayinlandi. Norvegiya qiroli Xakon Xakonarson.[238] Donnchadning so'nggi attestatsiyasi 1237 yilda sodir bo'lgan.[239]

Izohga qarang
The qo'llar ning Argilning lordi XIV asrda tasvirlangan Balliol rulosi.[240][22-eslatma]

Dubgallning so'nggi xabaridan taxminan uch yarim o'n yil o'tgach, bir nechta tarixiy manbalar Klann Somairl o'rtasidagi qarama-qarshiliklar orollarda beqarorlikning kuchayishiga sabab bo'lganligini ko'rsatmoqda: masalan, XV-XVI asrlar. Olster yilnomalari Ragnallning o'g'illari odamlarga hujum qilgani haqida xabar beradi Skey 1209 yilda, shu bilan birga Mann xronikasi Aongus va uchta o'g'li 1210 yilda o'sha orolda jangda halok bo'lganligi haqida.[245] Ushbu yozuvlar Ragnallning o'g'illari Skye ustidan o'z vakolatlarini kengaytirishga urinishganiga dalil bo'lishi mumkin,[246] va ular Oongusni va uning o'g'illarini engib, o'ldirgan bo'lishi mumkin.[247] Skeydagi bu so'nggi stend Aongusning Ragnallni Klann Somairl vakili sifatida egallaganligini va Ragnallning o'g'illari bunga javoban amakisini va uning chizig'ini yo'q qilganligini ko'rsatishi mumkin.[248] Agar shunday bo'lsa, ehtimol Ragnallning o'g'li, Ruaidri Aongusning qarindoshlar tarmog'i yo'q qilingandan so'ng, Klann Somairl merosini qo'lga kiritdi.[249] Gebrid urushlari haqidagi ushbu ma'lumotlar Klann Somairl imperiumining tubdan qayta taqsimlanishini anglatishi mumkin.[250]

Tosh qal'aning fotosurati
Dunstaffnage qal'asi ehtimol Donnchad tomonidan qurilgan,[251] va uning o'g'li tomonidan kengaytirilgan, Evon,[252] va / yoki Evonning o'g'li, Alasdair.[253] Ikkinchisi Klann Dubgaylning yana bir shohi edi.[254][23-eslatma]

Avvalroq, 1192 yilda Mann xronikasi Ragnall Aongus tomonidan ayniqsa qonli jangda mag'lub bo'lganligi haqida yozadi.[258] Xronikada jang o'tkazilgan joy aniqlanmagan yoki u qanday sharoitda olib borilganligi haqida batafsil ma'lumot berilmagan. Shunga qaramay, mojaro Alangusning ba'zi hududlari yotgan bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan Clann Somairle domenining shimoliy qismida sodir bo'lishi mumkin. Ushbu to'qnashuv Ragnallning Dubgall hisobidan kuchining ko'payishi va kengayishi natijasida bo'lishi mumkin edi,[259] uchrashuv Ragnallning qulashini ham ko'rsatishi mumkin,[260] va ehtimol hatto uning o'limi.[261]

Garchi Dubgall va Ragnal o'rtasida ziddiyatlar bo'lganligiga shubha qilish uchun asos bo'lsa-da,[262] va birinchisi ikkinchisining soyasida qolganligini, Dubgallning avlodlari XIII asrning o'rtalariga kelib Ragnallni bosib oldilar. Masalan, 1240-yillarga kelib, Klann Dubgayl Shotlandiyaning g'arbiy dengiz qirg'og'ida hukmron bo'lgan va sharqiy va etakchi oilalar bilan uyg'unlasha boshlagan. pasttekislik Shotlandiya shohligining mintaqalari.[263] Klann Dubgayl XIV asrda tutilishigacha g'arbda ustunligini saqlab qoldi Shotlandiya qiroli Robert I.[264]

Ajdodlar

Izohlar

  1. ^ 1980-yillardan beri akademiklar Dubgallga ingliz tilidagi ikkinchi darajali manbalarda turli xil shaxsiy ismlarni berishdi: Dugal,[2] Dugall,[3] Dubgall,[4] Dubhgall,[5] Dubhgall,[6] Dufgall,[7] Dugal,[8] Dugald,[9] Dugall,[10] Duggal,[11] va Dungal.[12] Xuddi shu tarzda, akademiklar Dubgallga turli xil qarashlarni berishgan patronimlar ingliz tilidagi ikkinchi darajali manbalarda: Dubgall mac Somairle,[13] Dubgall mac Sumairlid,[14] Dubhgall mac Somhairle,[15] Dubhgall mac Somhairlidh,[14] Dugald Mak Somerled,[16] va Dyugald MakSorli.[17]
  2. ^ Gaelning shaxsiy ismi Dubgall so'z elementlaridan kelib chiqqan dub va O't,[28] va "qorong'u chet ellik" degan ma'noni anglatadi[29] yoki "qorong'u begona".[30] Gallar Somairle a Galitsizatsiya qadimgi Norse Sumarligi.[31]
  3. ^ Garchi Mann xronikasi Ragnhildrning ismini identifikatsiya qilmaydi, ammo uning ismi saqlanib qolgan Orkneyinga saga.[34] Xronika so'zlari bilan aytganda, Ragnhildr va Somairl o'rtasidagi ittifoq "butun Orollar qirolligining qulashiga sabab bo'lgan".[35]
  4. ^ Ular ichkarida edi Lyuis o'n to'qqizinchi asrning boshlarida.[39] Ayrim buyumlar Gyordorning Norvegiyadan qaytishi natijasida orollarga etib kelgan bo'lishi mumkin.[40]
  5. ^ Xronika jangni 1156 yilga bag'ishlaydi. Yangi yil boshlanganidan beri Julian taqvimi 25 mart, bu yilgi jang yili Gregorian taqvimi 1157 ni tashkil qiladi.[52] Yilning qanday bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, ob-havo sharoiti ushbu mavsumda dengiz jangiga ruxsat berish uchun juda yaxshi bo'lgan bo'lishi kerak.[53]
  6. ^ Ushbu qo'shinlarning qo'mondonlaridan biri Mac Scelling ekanligi aniqlandi. Bu odamning ismi "Gall mac Sgillin", aniq tarbiyachi o'g'il[70] yoki Ablah XVIII asrda qayd etilgan Somairlning o'g'li Klanranald kitobi.[71]
  7. ^ Jorfinnr Ragnhildrning ajdodlari orqali Klann Somairl bilan uzoqda bo'lgan deb taxmin qilish uchun asoslar bo'lishi mumkin. Xususan, Ragnhildrning onasi Ingibyerning qizi bo'lishi mumkin Pal Hákonarson, Orkni grafligi. Ingibyorg, o'z navbatida, Ettar ismli o'g'il ko'rgan taniqli kessnessman Moddaning onalik nabirasi edi. Moddaning ismli o'g'li borligi, Moddanning rafiqasi Jorfinnrning oilasi bilan bog'liq ekanligiga dalil bo'lishi mumkin edi (chunki Horfinnrning otasi Tttar deb ham nomlangan). Agar ushbu imkoniyatlarning barchasi to'g'ri bo'lsa, unda oilaviy munosabatlar Jorfinnrning Somairlga sodiq bo'lishida muhim rol o'ynashi mumkin edi.[76] Xorfinnr va Gudrør o'rtasida adovat paydo bo'lishiga sabab bo'lgan yana bir omil bo'lishi mumkin.[77] Masalan, Þorfinnr bilan bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin Ottar mac meic Ottair, Dublin qiroli, 1142 yilda Dublin qirolligiga erishgan orolliklar.[78] Ushbu xatti-harakatlar Gyordrrning otasining hokimiyatiga va Gyudrning o'zi istiqbollariga tahdid solishi mumkin.[79] Shubhasiz, Ottarning qo'shilishidan o'n yil o'tib, Óláfrni o'ldirgan odamlar Dublinda tarbiyalangan. Jorfinnr va Gudrør o'rtasidagi dushmanlik, shuning uchun ularning oilalari o'rtasidagi jangovar harakatlarning davomi bo'lishi mumkin edi.[77]
  8. ^ Ragnalning birinchi attestatsiyasidan oldin Dubgallning yozuvlarda paydo bo'lishi, Dubgallning ikkalasining ham kattasi bo'lganligining yana bir dalili bo'lishi mumkin.[101]
  9. ^ Bunday oilaviy bo'linishlarning parallellarini orasida topish mumkin Orkadian comital oila va Krovanlar sulolasi.[104]
  10. ^ Somairlning dastlabki hududiy domeni Argildan iborat bo'lgan ko'rinadi. Dubgall avlodlarining keyingi avlodlari ham Argilda joylashganligi, Dubgallning o'zi u erda joylashganligini ko'rsatishi mumkin edi. Bu o'z navbatida Dubgall otasining o'rnini bosgan oilaning boshlig'i bo'lganiga dalil bo'lishi mumkin. Agar Dubgall haqiqatan ham otasining o'rnini egallagan bo'lsa, Dubgall gal tilida yozilgan deb o'ylash mumkin Air Air Goidel ("Argill qiroli").[107] Shubhasiz, Dubgallning keyingi avlodlari o'zlarini modalashtirishgan de Ergadiya ("Argyll").[108] Orkneyinga saga Somairlning oilasi yashaganligini ta'kidlaydi Men Dölum í Skotlandsfyordum ("Shotlandiyadagi Fyordlar Deylida").[109] Ehtimol, ushbu manbada Argillga ishora qilish mumkin,[110] ikkinchisi - bu maxsus ravishda Lorning firti.[111]
  11. ^ Bir nechta manbalar, masalan Shotlandiya advokatlari milliy kutubxonasi '72.1.1 (MS 1467) va XIV asr Ballymote kitobi - deb da'vo qiling (Dubgallning avlodlari) Klann Dubgayl Somairlning o'g'lidan ko'ra Dubgallning ukasi Ragnaldan kelib chiqqan.[117] Bu gunohsiz xato bo'lishi mumkin bo'lsa ham,[118] bu qasddan qilingan deb gumon qilishga asos bor.[119] Ushbu manbalar tomonidan taqdim etilgan nasabnomalar, albatta, Klann Dubgaylning nasl-nasabini (Ragnallning avlodlari) darajasiga tushiradi. Klann Ruaidri va Clann Domnaill.[120] Darhaqiqat, Shotlandiya Advokatlari Milliy kutubxonasi tomonidan saqlanib kelingan nasabiy materiallarning muallifi - 72.1.1 - deyarli Klan Domnaylning ishida bo'lgan odam - keyinchalik Klan Dubaylning oilaviy kelib chiqishi haqidagi sharmandali bayonotlarning o'rnini yaratgan bo'lishi mumkin. tarixchilar. The Sleat tarixi albatta Dubgall haqida kamsituvchi ma'lumot beradi va uning avlodlarini qoralash uchun Somairlning noqonuniy o'g'li bo'lganligini da'vo qiladi.[121]
  12. ^ Durhamdagi Dubgall haqidagi yozuv shundan dalolat beradiki, Klann Somairl a'zosi bir necha Hebrid hududlari tarkibiga kiritilganligi to'g'risida xabar berish uchun javobgar edi. Libellus de admirandis Cuthberti virtualiga yordam beradi, a twelfth-century text concerning the Cult of St Cuthbert composed by Reginald of Durham.[127]
  13. ^ Stephen and Adam are unlikely to have been Argyllians or Hebrideans.[130]
  14. ^ According to tradition, the original church on Lismore was founded by the Irish missionary Mo Luóc.[145] There is reason to suspect that Clann Somairle fostered the cult of this saint to promote the early diocese.[144] First recorded in the early fourteenth century,[146] the cathedral on Lismore appears to have been constructed by members of Clann Dubgaill.[147] It may have served as the diocesan seat from the earliest days of the diocese.[148]
  15. ^ The pictured piece depicts a seated bishop, holding a krozier with two hands, and wearing a chasuble as an outer garment. The simple horned mitti worn by this particular piece may be evidence that it dates to the mid twelfth century, when horns began to be positioned on the front and back, as opposed to the sides of the headdress.[150]
  16. ^ In 1176/1177, the marriage of Guðrøðr and Findguala Nic Lochlainn was formalised under the auspices of the visiting papa legati, Vivian, Cardinal priest of St Stephen in Celio Monte. The fact that this ceremony was conducted by Silvan, Abbot of Rievaulx—and not Christian—could be evidence of antipathy between Guðrøðr and Christian.[165]
  17. ^ The Icelandic Annals states that, after the death of Reginald, the see was vacant for forty years, until the appointment of John in 1210.[171]
  18. ^ The endowment included lands in Lorn and Kintyre, and on islands such as Kanna, Coll, Kolonsay, Iona, Islay, Mull, and Oronsay.[181]
  19. ^ Bethóc may have been the first owner of the thirteenth-century Iona Psalter made in Oksford.[193]
  20. ^ This Scandinavian epithet, borne by a man with a Gaelic name, exemplifies the hybrid culture of the Kingdom of the Isles.[197]
  21. ^ Since the 1980s, academics have accorded the clan various names in English secondary sources: Clan Dougall,[201] Clan Dugall,[202] clan Dugall,[203] MacDougall klani,[204] clan MacDougall,[205] Clann Dhubhghaill,[204] Clann Dubgaill,[206] Clann Dubhgaill,[207] Clann Dubhgall,[208] Clann Dubhghaill,[209] The mac Dougalls,[210] The Mac Dougalls,[211] The Mac Dubgaills,[212] The MacDougall clan,[213] The MacDougalls,[214] The Macdougalls,[215] The MacDougals,[216] The MacDowells,[217] The MacDubhghaill family,[218] The meic Dubgaill,[219] The Meic Dubgaill,[220] The meic Dubhgaill,[15] The meic Dubhgall,[221] The MhicDubhgaills,[15] va Mic Dubhghaill.[222] The first certain record of a member of the clan bearing a familiya in reference to Dubgall is that of his great-grandson, Alasdair Mac Dubgaill in 1299.[223] An earlier reference to the clan surname may be that of Dubgall's grandson (and Alasdair's father), Eógan Mac Dubgaill, identified as Johannes filius Dugaldi tomonidan Chronicle of Mann.[224] In any event, such family names appear after two generations for Clann Ruaidrí[225] and Clann Domnaill.[226]
  22. ^ The eskuton bu yondirilgan: yoki, a galley sable with dragon heads at prow and stern and flag flying gullar, charged on the hull with four portholes argent.[241] The coat of arms corresponds to the seal of Alasdair Mac Dubgaill.[242] Since the galley (also known as a lymphad ) was a symbol of Clann Dubgaill and seemingly Ragnall—ancestor of Clann Ruaidrí and Clann Domnaill—it is conceivable that it was also a symbol of Somairle himself.[243] It was also a symbol of the Crovan dynasty, which could mean that it passed to Somairle's family through Ragnhildr.[244]
  23. ^ Dunstaffnage Castle appears to have been the principal seat of Clann Dubgaill.[255] Another fortified site associated with the family is Dunollie Castle,[256] located about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) away.[255] The visible remains of this building probably date to the fifteenth century, although the early history of the site is less certain. The arxeologik find of an English silver penny seems to place the remains of a qo'riqxona as far back as the thirteenth century, whilst a particular tabaqalanmagan kulolchilik may be evidence of its use in the previous century. As such, it is possible that either Dubgall or Donnchad were responsible for the construction of an earthwork castle at Dunollie.[257]
  24. ^ There is reason to suspect that Ragnhildr's mother was Ingibjǫrg, daughter of Páll Hákonarson, Earl of Orkney (died 1137).[266]
  25. ^ There are numerous pedigrees outlining the patrilineal ancestry of Somairle's descendants. Although these pedigrees take the Somairle's line several generations further back than Gilla Adamnáin, the successive names become more unusual, and the pedigrees begin to contradict each other. Consequently, Gilla Adamnáin may be the furthest the patrilineal line can be taken back with confidence.[265] The patronym accorded to Somairle by the Tigernax yilnomalari refers to Gilla Brigte,[267] whilst the patronym accorded to Somairle by the Olster yilnomalari refers to Gilla Adamnáin.[268] Together with the evidence of Bethóc's inscribed tombstone (which also names Gilla Brigte),[269] these sources appear to corroborate the identities of Somairle's father and grandfather.[270]
  26. ^ The familial origins of Guðrøðr Crovan are uncertain.[272]

Iqtiboslar

  1. ^ a b Moore; Rollason; Wareham (2007) p. 441; Stevenson (1841) p. 4; Cotton MS Domitian A VII (nd).
  2. ^ Holton (2017); Rixson (2001); Oram, RD (1988); Cowan, EJ (1982); Barrow (1981).
  3. ^ Woolf (2013); Raven (2005b); Barrow (2004); Tabraham (2004); Rollason (2003).
  4. ^ Downham (2013); Beuermann (2012); Beuermann (2010); McDonald, RA (2007b); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); Power (2005); Woolf (2004); Oram, RD (2000); Sellar (2000).
  5. ^ Barrow (2006); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); Barrow (2004); Tabraham (2004); McDonald, A (1995); McDonald, RA (1995); Barrow (1981).
  6. ^ MacGregor, M (2014); Coira (2012); Woolf (2007); Brown (2004); MacGregor, M (2000); MacGregor, MDW (1989).
  7. ^ McDonald, RA (2012); Williams, G (2007).
  8. ^ McDonald, A (1995).
  9. ^ Holton (2017); Beuermann (2014); Cameron (2014); Addyman; Oram (2012); Oram, RD (2011); Sellar (2011); Kirby; Alexander; Anderson et al. (2009); Williams, G (2007); McAndrew (2006); Fisher (2005); Raven (2005a); Bridgland (2004); Brown (2004); McDonald, RA (2004); Sellar (2004a); Sellar (2004b); Sellar (2000); McDonald, RA (1997); Roberts (1997); Duncan (1996); Watts (1994); Barrow (1992); McDonald; McLean (1992); Cowan, EJ (1990); Oram, RD (1988); Scott (1988); Alcock; Alcock (1987); Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments (1982); Barrow (1980).
  10. ^ Addyman; Oram (2012); Dalglish (2003); Roberts (1997); McDonald; McLean (1992); Munro; Munro (1986).
  11. ^ Power (2005).
  12. ^ Moore; Rollason; Wareham (2007).
  13. ^ Oram, RD (2000).
  14. ^ a b Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005).
  15. ^ a b v Myurrey (2005).
  16. ^ Roberts (1997); Cowan, EJ (1990).
  17. ^ Bridgland (2004).
  18. ^ Holton (2017) p. viii fig. 2; Petre (2014) p. 268 tab.; Oram, RD (2011) pp. xvi tab. 5, xvii tab. 6; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 27 tab. 2; Williams, G (2007) p. 141 ill. 14; Fisher (2005) p. 86 fig. 5.2; Power (2005) p. 33 tab.; Raven (2005b) Anjir. 13; Brown (2004) p. 77 fig. 4.1; Sellar (2000) pp. 192 tab. i, 194 tab. ii; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 257 tab. genealogical tree i; Roberts (1997) p. 99 fig. 5.2; Rixson (1982) p. 14 fig. 1; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 196–197 tab.
  19. ^ Williams, G (2007) p. 141 ill. 14; Power (2005) p. 33 tab.; Brown (2004) p. 77 fig. 4.1; Sellar (2000) pp. 192 tab. i, 194 tab. II.
  20. ^ McDonald, A (1995) p. 206.
  21. ^ Woolf (2013) p. 3; McDonald, RA (2012) p. 161; Williams, G (2007) p. 141 ill. 14; Brown (2004) p. 77 fig. 4.1; Sellar (2004b); Sellar (2000) pp. 191, 192 tab. ii; Roberts (1997) p. 94 fig. 5.1; McDonald, A (1995) p. 206; Cowan, EJ (1982) p. 32 tab.
  22. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 88; Oram, R (2004) p. 118; McDonald, RA (2000) p. 175 n. 55; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 45; Anderson (1922) p. 255 n. 1.
  23. ^ McDonald, RA (2019) p. 63; McDonald, RA (2012) p. 182 n. 168; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 116; Anderson (1922) p. 137; Munch; Goss (1874a) 60-61 betlar.
  24. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 199; Anderson (1922) p. 137; Munch; Goss (1874a) 60-61 betlar.
  25. ^ Jennings; Kruse (2009) p. 132; Sellar (2000) p. 199; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 71; Anderson (1922) p. 255 n. 1; Vigfusson (1887a) p. 210 ch. 110; Anderson; Hjaltalin; Goudie (1873) p. 181 ch. 104; Flateyjarbok (1862) p. 508 ch. 439.
  26. ^ McDonald, RA (2004) p. 186; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 140.
  27. ^ McDonald, RA (2019) p. 33; Barrow (2006) p. 143; McDonald, RA (2004) p. 186; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 140.
  28. ^ Ó Cuív (1988) pp. 82–83.
  29. ^ Downham (2007) p. 30 n. 106.
  30. ^ Ó Corráin; Maguire (1981) p. 79.
  31. ^ Beuermann (2012) p. 3.
  32. ^ a b Beuermann (2012) p. 5; Beuermann (2010) p. 102; Williams, G (2007) p. 145; Woolf (2005); Brown (2004) p. 70; Rixson (2001) p. 85.
  33. ^ Holton (2017) p. 116; MacDonald (2013) p. 6; Breen; Forsythe; Raven et al. (2010) p. 168; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 111; Broun (2005) p. 95; Woolf (2005); Bridgland (2004) p. 86; Caldwell (2004) p. 71; McDonald, RA (2004); Woolf (2003) p. 175; MacGregor, M (2001); MacGregor, M (2000) p. 131; Bartlett (1999) p. 823; Roberts (1997) p. 100; McDonald, A (1995) p. 206; Cowan, EJ (1990) p. 109.
  34. ^ McDonald, RA (2000) p. 175 n. 55; McDonald, A (1995) p. 206; Anderson (1922) p. 255 n. 1; Vigfusson (1887a) p. 210 ch. 110; Anderson; Hjaltalin; Goudie (1873) p. 181 ch. 104; Flateyjarbok (1862) p. 508 ch. 439.
  35. ^ McDonald, RA (2019) pp. viii, 59, 62–63, 93; Wadden (2014) p. 32; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 67, 116; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 60; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 197; Anderson (1922) p. 137; Munch; Goss (1874a) 60-61 betlar.
  36. ^ Kolduell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) p. 156 fig. 1g.
  37. ^ Kolduell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 197–198.
  38. ^ Kolduell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 165, 197–198.
  39. ^ Kolduell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 155, 168–173.
  40. ^ McDonald, RA (2012) p. 182 n. 175; Kolduell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) p. 178.
  41. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 113; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 67; Duffy (2004a).
  42. ^ Downham (2013) p. 171; Oram, RD (2011) p. 113; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 67; Pollock (2005) p. 14 n. 68; Duffy (2004a); Williams, DGE (1997) p. 259; Duffy (1993) pp. 41–42, 42 n. 59; Oram, RD (1988) 80-81 betlar.
  43. ^ McDonald, RA (2019) p. 65; Crawford (2014) p. 74; Downham (2013) p. 171; McDonald, RA (2012) p. 162; Oram, RD (2011) p. 113; Abrams (2007) p. 182; McDonald, RA (2007a) p. 66; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 67, 85; Duffy (2006) p. 65; Oram, RD (2000) pp. 69–70; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 259; Gade (1994) p. 199; Duffy (1993) p. 42; Oram, RD (1988) p. 81.
  44. ^ Wadden (2014) pp. 30–31; Oram, RD (2011) pp. 113, 120; McDonald, RA (2008) p. 134; Duffy (2007b) p. 2; McDonald, RA (2007a) p. 71; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 118.
  45. ^ McDonald, RW (2015) pp. 74–75, 74 n. 23; Wadden (2014) pp. 18, 29–30, 30 n. 78; To'rt ustaning yilnomalari (2013a) § 1154.11; To'rt ustaning yilnomalari (2013b) § 1154.11; Oram, RD (2011) pp. 113, 120; Wadden (2013) p. 208; Butter (2007) p. 141, 141 n. 121; McDonald, RA (2007a) p. 71; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 118; Pollock (2005) p. 14; Duffy (2004b); Simms (2000) p. 12; Duffy (1999) p. 356; Ó Corráin (1999) p. 372; Jennings (1994) p. 145; Duffy (1992) pp. 124–125; Sellar (1971) p. 29.
  46. ^ Downham (2013) pp. 171–172; Oram, RD (2011) pp. 113, 120; Duffy (2007b) pp. 3–4; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 55; Duffy (1993) 43-45 betlar.
  47. ^ Oram, RD (2011) pp. 113–114, 120; Oram, RD (2000) p. 76.
  48. ^ McDonald, RA (2019) p. 47; Holton (2017) p. 125; Wadden (2014) p. 32; Downham (2013) p. 172; Woolf (2013) pp. 3–4; Oram, RD (2011) pp. 113–114, 120; Williams, G (2007) pp. 143, 145–146; Woolf (2007) p. 80; Barrow (2006) pp. 143–144; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 243–244; Woolf (2004) p. 104; Rixson (2001) p. 85; Oram, RD (2000) pp. 74, 76; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 52, 54–58; Williams, DGE (1997) pp. 259–260, 260 n. 114; Duffy (1993) pp. 40–41; Duffy (1992) p. 121; McDonald; McLean (1992) pp. 8–9, 12; Scott (1988) p. 40; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 196; Anderson (1922) p. 231; Lawrie (1910) p. 20 § 13; Munch; Goss (1874a) 68-69 betlar.
  49. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 199; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 71; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 197.
  50. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) p. 58; McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 9; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 196; Anderson (1922) p. 231; Lawrie (1910) p. 20 § 13; Munch; Goss (1874a) 68-69 betlar.
  51. ^ McDonald, RA (2019) pp. 32, 74; Caldwell (2016) p. 354; Wadden (2014) p. 32; McDonald, RA (2012) pp. 153, 161; Oram, RD (2011) p. 120; McDonald, RA (2007a) pp. 57, 64; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 92; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 244; Woolf (2004) p. 104; Oram, RD (2000) pp. 74, 76; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 52, 56; McDonald, RA (1995) p. 135; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 260; Duffy (1993) p. 43; McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 9; Scott (1988) p. 40; Rixson (1982) pp. 86–87; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 196; Anderson (1922) pp. 231–232; Lawrie (1910) p. 20 § 13; Munch; Goss (1874a) 68-69 betlar.
  52. ^ Oram, RD (2000) p. 85 n. 127.
  53. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) p. 56 n. 48.
  54. ^ Anderson (1922) p. 254; Stevenson (1856) p. 130; Stevenson (1835) p. 79; Cotton MS Faustina B IX (nd) p. 79.
  55. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 189.
  56. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) p. 56.
  57. ^ Duffy (2004a); Sellar (2004b); Duffy (1993) p. 43.
  58. ^ McDonald, RA (2012) pp. 153, 161; Oram, RD (2011) p. 121; McDonald, RA (2007a) pp. 57, 64; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 92, 113, 121 n. 86; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 244; Woolf (2004) p. 104; Oram, RD (2000) pp. 74, 76; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 56; Duffy (1993) p. 43; McDonald; McLean (1992) p. 9; Rixson (1982) pp. 86–87, 151; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 196; Anderson (1922) p. 239; Munch; Goss (1874a) 68-69 betlar.
  59. ^ a b Flateyjarbok (1862) p. 508 ch. 439; GKS 1005 Fol (nd).
  60. ^ a b McDonald, RA (1997) p. 57.
  61. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 121 2.
  62. ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1164.6; To'rt ustaning yilnomalari (2013a) § 1083.10; To'rt ustaning yilnomalari (2013b) § 1083.10; Woolf (2013) p. 3; Tigernax yilnomalari (2005) § 1164.6; Sellar (2004b); McLeod (2002) p. 31, 31 n. 22; Sellar (2000) p. 189; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 57; Anderson (1922) p. 254.
  63. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) p. 57; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 196.
  64. ^ Oram, RD (2000) p. 76; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 57.
  65. ^ Strickland (2012) p. 113 fig. 3.3; Kolduell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 161 fig. 6c, 184 fig. 11, 189 fig. 16.
  66. ^ Strickland (2012) p. 113.
  67. ^ Oram, RD (2000) p. 75; McDonald, RA (1997) 55-56 betlar.
  68. ^ Duffy (2007b) pp. 2–3; Pollock (2005) p. 14, 14 n. 69; Oram, RD (2000) p. 75; Duffy (1999) p. 356.
  69. ^ Duffy (2007b) p. 3; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 55–56; Duffy (1993) p. 43.
  70. ^ McDonald, RW (2015) p. 74.
  71. ^ McDonald, RW (2015) p. 74; Wadden (2014) pp. 30–31; Duffy (2007a) p. 143; Duffy (2007b) pp. 2, 7; Duffy (1999) p. 356 n. 68; Jennings (1994) p. 145 n. 25; Duffy (1993) p. 31 n. 79; Duffy (1992) p. 125 n. 157; Sellar (1971) p. 35 n. 26; Macbain; Kennedy (1894) pp. 156–157.
  72. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) 55-56 betlar.
  73. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 128; Oram, RD (2000) p. 76.
  74. ^ Oram, RD (2000) p. 76.
  75. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 120; Oram, RD (2000) p. 76.
  76. ^ Williams, G (2007).
  77. ^ a b Downham (2013) 171–172 betlar.
  78. ^ Downham (2013) pp. 171–172; Oram, RD (2000) pp. 67, 76; Duffy (1993) pp. 40–41; Duffy (1992) 121–122 betlar.
  79. ^ Downham (2013) pp. 171–172; Oram, RD (2000) p. 67.
  80. ^ Jennings (2017) p. 121; Oram, RD (2011) p. 128; McDonald, RA (2007a) p. 57; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 54, 67–68, 76, 85, 111–113; Sellar (2004b); Sellar (2000) p. 189; Duffy (1999) p. 356; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 61–67; Duffy (1993) pp. 31, 45; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 150; Barrow (1981) pp. 48, 108; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 197.
  81. ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1164.4; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1164.4; Oram, RD (2011) p. 128; Oram, RD (2000) p. 76; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 252; Anderson (1922) pp. 254–258; Arnold (1885) pp. 386–388; Stevenson (1856) p. 130; Stevenson (1835) p. 79; Skene (1871) pp. 449–451.
  82. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 195 n. 32; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 197 n. 6; Anderson (1922) p. 255 n. 1; Skene (1872) p. 252 ch. 4; Skene (1871) p. 257 ch. 4; Stevenson (1835) p. 79 n. d.
  83. ^ Sellar (2004b); Sellar (2000) p. 195 n. 32; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 197 n. 6.
  84. ^ Holton (2017) p. 125; The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1164.6; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 76; Tigernax yilnomalari (2005) § 1164.6; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 62; Anderson (1922) p. 254.
  85. ^ Sellar (2004b); Sellar (2000) p. 195.
  86. ^ a b Sellar (2000) p. 195.
  87. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) p. 72.
  88. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 128.
  89. ^ McDonald, RA (2019) pp. 46, 48; Oram, RD (2011) pp. 128–129; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 67–68, 85; Anderson (1922) pp. 258–259; Munch; Goss (1874a) 74-75 betlar.
  90. ^ Oram, RD (2011) pp. 128–129; McDonald, RA (2007a) p. 57; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 67–68, 85; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 150; Anderson (1922) pp. 258–259; Munch; Goss (1874a) 74-75 betlar.
  91. ^ McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 85; Duffy (2004a).
  92. ^ Sellar (2004b); McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 70–71; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 150.
  93. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 70–71; Williams, DGE (1997) pp. 150, 260.
  94. ^ McDonald, RA (2019) pp. viii, 32; Coira (2012) pp. 57–58 n. 18; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 60; Duffy (1993) p. 43; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 197; Anderson (1922) p. 232; Munch; Goss (1874a) 68-69 betlar.
  95. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) p. 60; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 197.
  96. ^ Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 197.
  97. ^ Holton (2017) p. 125; Woolf (2007) p. 80; Woolf (2004) p. 105; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 197; Anderson (1922) p. 231; Munch; Goss (1874a) 68-69 betlar.
  98. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 80; Woolf (2004) p. 105; Sellar (2000) p. 195; Lawrie (1910) p. 204 § 51; Anderson (1908) p. 264; Stevenson (1841) pp. 4, 135.
  99. ^ Addyman; Oram (2012) § 2.3; Beuermann (2012) p. 5; Oram, RD (2011) pp. 156–157; Woolf (2007) p. 80; Woolf (2004) p. 105; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 74; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 198.
  100. ^ McLeod (2002) pp. 29, 31; Sellar (2000) p. 195; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 74; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 198; Paul (1882) p. 678 § 3170; Document 3/30/1 (nd).
  101. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 199.
  102. ^ Holton (2017) p. 125; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 198.
  103. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 195; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 70; Roberts (1997) p. 97.
  104. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 195, 195 n. 33.
  105. ^ Brown (2004) p. 75 n. 11; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 70; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 198.
  106. ^ Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 198.
  107. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) p. 70, n. 11.
  108. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 199; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 70, n. 11; Munro; Munro (1986) p. lxi.
  109. ^ Jennings (2017) p. 126; Woolf (2013) p. 2; Woolf (2010) p. 233; Jennings; Kruse (2009) p. 132; Woolf (2002) p. 16; Anderson (1922) p. 255 n. 1; Vigfusson (1887a) p. 210 ch. 110; Anderson; Hjaltalin; Goudie (1873) p. 181 ch. 104; Flateyjarbok (1862) p. 508 ch. 439.
  110. ^ Jennings (2017); Woolf (2013) p. 2; Woolf (2002) p. 16.
  111. ^ Jennings (2017) p. 126; Woolf (2013) p. 2018-04-02 121 2.
  112. ^ Petre (2014) p. 269; Addyman; Oram (2012) § 2.7; McNeill (2002) p. 154; Roberts (1997) p. 103.
  113. ^ Addyman; Oram (2012) § 2.7.
  114. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 156.
  115. ^ MacGregor, M (2002) p. 223.
  116. ^ Addyman; Oram (2012) § 2.3; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 74; Macphail (1914) p. 12.
  117. ^ Coira (2012) p. 55 tab. 3.1; MacGregor, M (2000) p. 145, 145 n. 91; MacGregor, MDW (1989) p. 20 n. 33; Sellar (1966) p. 127; Skene (1890) pp. 470, 470 n. 19, 472 n. 25; Black; Black (n.d.a); Black; Black (n.d.b).
  118. ^ Coira (2012) p. 55 tab. 3.1.
  119. ^ Coira (2012) p. 55 tab. 3.1; MacGregor, M (2000) p. 145, 145 n. 91.
  120. ^ MacGregor, M (2000) p. 145; MacGregor, MDW (1989) p. 20 n. 33.
  121. ^ Addyman; Oram (2012) § 2.3; MacGregor, M (2002) pp. 213, 236 n. 159; MacGregor, M (2000) p. 145, 145 n. 91; Macphail (1914) pp. 11–13, 15.
  122. ^ Addyman; Oram (2012) § 2.3; Macphail (1914) 12-13 betlar.
  123. ^ Petre (2014) pp. 270–271; Addyman; Oram (2012) §§ 2.3, 2.7; The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland (1844) p. 447; RPS, 1293/2/17 (n.d.a); RPS, 1293/2/17 (n.d.b).
  124. ^ Holton (2017) p. 125; Sellar (2000) p. 195; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 57, 71–72; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 197–198.
  125. ^ Cameron (2014) p. 151; Moore; Rollason; Wareham (2007) pp. 441–442; Woolf (2007) pp. 79–80; Power (2005) p. 46 n. 49; Bridgland (2004) p. 89; Woolf (2004) p. 105; Rollason (2003) pp. 214–215; Sellar (2000) pp. 195, 203; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 13, 72–73, 134, 139; McDonald, A (1995) p. 212; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 197–198; Barrow (1980) p. 159; Lawrie (1910) p. 204 § 51; Anderson (1908) p. 264; Stevenson (1841) p. 135.
  126. ^ Cameron (2014) p. 151; Barrow (2004) p. 113; Sellar (2000) p. 195; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 72; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 197–198; Barrow (1980) p. 159.
  127. ^ Antonsson; Crumplin; Conti (2007) p. 220 n. 21; Power (2005) p. 22 n. 21; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 13; Reginaldi Monachi Dunelmensis (1835) p. 251 n. 1.
  128. ^ Moore; Rollason; Wareham (2007) pp. 441–442; Barrow (2004) p. 113; Rollason (2003) pp. 214–215; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 72, 139; Lawrie (1910) p. 204 § 51; Anderson (1908) p. 264; Stevenson (1841) p. 135.
  129. ^ Rollason (2003) pp. 215, 232; Lawrie (1910) p. 204 § 51; Anderson (1908) p. 264; Stevenson (1841) p. 135.
  130. ^ a b Barrow (2004) p. 113.
  131. ^ Moore; Rollason; Wareham (2007) pp. 441–442; Woolf (2007) pp. 79–80; Barrow (2004) p. 113; Woolf (2004) p. 105; Rollason (2003) p. 215; Sellar (2000) pp. 195, 201; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 73; Cowan, EJ (1990) p. 113 tab.; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 196–197 tab.; Stevenson (1841) p. 4.
  132. ^ Watt (2003) p. 399 map 20.1; Woolf (2003) p. 177; Barrell (2002) p. xxiv map 3.
  133. ^ Woolf (2003) pp. 171, 180.
  134. ^ Davey (2006b); Woolf (2003) p. 174.
  135. ^ Davey (2006a); Davey (2006b); Bartlett (1999) p. 823.
  136. ^ MacDonald (2013) pp. 31–33; Woolf (2003) pp. 175, 177, 180.
  137. ^ MacDonald (2013) p. 36.
  138. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) 211-212 betlar.
  139. ^ MacDonald (2013) p. 38; Woolf (2003) p. 180.
  140. ^ MacDonald (2013) pp. 24–25; Woolf (2004) p. 106.
  141. ^ MacGregor, M (2014) p. 57; MacDonald (2013) pp. 24–25, 38–39; Kolduell; Kirk; Márkus et al. (2012) p. 233; Kirby; Alexander; Anderson et al. (2009) p. 97; Bridgland (2004) p. 87; Woolf (2004) p. 106; Watt (2000) p. 31; Duncan (1996) p. 275; Barrow (1992) p. 79 n. 49; Dunlop (1968) p. 179.
  142. ^ MacDonald (2013) pp. 24–25, 38–39.
  143. ^ MacDonald (2013) pp. 36–38; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 212; Barrow (1992) p. 79.
  144. ^ a b MacDonald (2013) pp. 33–36.
  145. ^ MacDonald (2013) pp. 33–36; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 212–213; Macquarrie (2008).
  146. ^ MacDonald (2013) p. 41.
  147. ^ MacGregor, M (2014) p. 59; MacDonald (2013) p. 42.
  148. ^ Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 209.
  149. ^ Kolduell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 157 fig. 2i, 188 fig. 15, 192 tab. 5.
  150. ^ Kolduell; Hall; Wilkinson 2009 pp. 157 fig. 2i, 188 fig. 15, 192 tab. 5, 192–193, 197 tab. 8; Power (2005) p. 37 n. 37.
  151. ^ MacDonald (2013) p. 31.
  152. ^ MacDonald (2013) 30-31 betlar.
  153. ^ Bridgland (2004) p. 87; Sellar (2000) p. 203; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 212; Barrow (1992) p. 79 n. 49; Cowan, IB (1978) p. 21; Thomson (1968) p. 66; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 209.
  154. ^ Kirby; Alexander; Anderson et al. (2009) p. 97; Bridgland (2004) p. 87; Sellar (2000) p. 203; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 212; Barrow (1992) p. 79 n. 49; Cowan, IB (1978) p. 21; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 209.
  155. ^ Duncan (1996) p. 198, 198 n. 22; Barrow (1992) p. 79 n. 49.
  156. ^ Duncan (1996) p. 276; Cowan, IB (1978) p. 21.
  157. ^ Barrow (1992) p. 79 n. 49
  158. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) p. 213.
  159. ^ MacDonald (2013) p. 39.
  160. ^ Beuermann (2014) p. 93; MacDonald (2013) pp. 31–32; Beuermann (2012) p. 5; Watts (1994) pp. 113, 118.
  161. ^ Beuermann (2014) p. 93; Watts (1994) p. 118.
  162. ^ Watts (1994) 117–118 betlar.
  163. ^ Beuermann (2014) p. 93; MacDonald (2013) p. 32; Beuermann (2002) p. 424; Watts (1994) pp. 113, 118.
  164. ^ a b MacDonald (2013) p. 32.
  165. ^ Beuermann (2014) p. 93, 93 n. 45; Anderson (1922) pp. 296–297; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 76–77; Haddan; Stubbs (1873) p. 247.
  166. ^ Beuermann (2014) p. 93; MacDonald (2013) pp. 31–32; Beuermann (2012) p. 5; Watts (1994) pp. 113–114, 114 nn. 1–2, 118.
  167. ^ Beuermann (2014) p. 93; MacDonald (2013) pp. 31–32; Beuermann (2012) p. 5; Woolf (2003) p. 175.
  168. ^ MacDonald (2013) 31-32 betlar.
  169. ^ Beuermann (2014) p. 85; Oram, RD (2011) p. 103; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 66; Davey (2006b); Bridgland (2004) p. 86; Woolf (2003) p. 173; Beuermann (2002) p. 427; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 207–208; Watts (1994) p. 111.
  170. ^ Watts (1994) p. 118; Anderson (1922) pp. 381–382, 382 n. 1; Storm (1977) pp. 123, 182; Vigfusson (1878) p. 367.
  171. ^ Woolf (2003) p. 175; Watts (1994) p. 118; Anderson (1922) pp. 381–382, 382 n. 1; Storm (1977) pp. 123, 182; Vigfusson (1878) p. 367.
  172. ^ Beuermann (2012) pp. 2–3, 5.
  173. ^ Ní Mhaonaigh (2018) p. 148; Simms (2018) p. 436; Power (2013) p. 64; Beuermann (2012) pp. 2–3, 5; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1164.2; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1164.2; Butter (2007) p. 139; Power (2005) p. 28; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 67, 205–206; Watts (1994) p. 113 n. 7; Duffy (1993) pp. 66–67; Swift (1987) pp. 36–37; Anderson (1922) 253-254 betlar.
  174. ^ Beuermann (2012) pp. 2–3, 5; Power (2005) 28-30 betlar.
  175. ^ Power (2005) pp. 29–30; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 218–219; McDonald, A (1995) p. 208; Watts (1994) p. 113 n. 7; Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments (1982) p. 143 § 4; Thomson (1968) p. 66; Munch; Goss (1874b) pp. 285–288; Diplomatarium Norvegicum (nd) jild 7 § 4; Document 2/137/23 (nd).
  176. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) 218-219-betlar.
  177. ^ Beuermann (2012) p. 2; Oram, RD (2011) p. 168; Fisher (2005) p. 86; Power (2005) p. 29; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 218; Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments (1982) p. 143 § 4; Macbain; Kennedy (1894) pp. 156–157.
  178. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 168.
  179. ^ Fisher (2005) p. 86; Power (2005) p. 29; Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments (1982) p. 143 § 4; Munch; Goss (1874b) pp. 285–288; Diplomatarium Norvegicum (nd) jild 7 § 4; Document 2/137/23 (nd).
  180. ^ Fisher (2005) p. 86.
  181. ^ Power (2013) p. 76; Ritchie (1997) p. 103; Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments (1982) pp. 143 § 4, 145 § 4, 147 § 4; Munch; Goss (1874b) pp. 285–288; Diplomatarium Norvegicum (nd) jild 7 § 4; Document 2/137/23 (nd).
  182. ^ Fisher (2005) p. 86; McDonald, A (1995) p. 212; Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments (1982) p. 143 § 4.
  183. ^ Beuermann (2012) p. 6; Power (2005) pp. 29–30; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 218–219; Watts (1994) p. 113 n. 7; Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments (1982) p. 143 § 4; Munch; Goss (1874b) pp. 285–288; Diplomatarium Norvegicum (nd) jild 7 § 4; Document 2/137/23 (nd).
  184. ^ Beuermann (2012) p. 6.
  185. ^ Beuermann (2012) p. 2; Perkins (2006); Power (2005) pp. 30–31; Barrow (2004) p. 114; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 69, 222, 224; Ritchie (1997) p. 108; McDonald, A (1995) pp. 208–209, 214; Thomson (1968) p. 66.
  186. ^ Power (2013) pp. 64, 110.
  187. ^ Power (2012) p. 330; Ritchie (1997) pp. 108, 117; Dunlop (1968) p. 179.
  188. ^ Power (2013) p. 109; Beuermann (2012) p. 2; Fisher (2005) p. 86; Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments (1982) pp. 143 § 4, 178; Macbain; Kennedy (1894) pp. 156–157.
  189. ^ Power (2013) p. 109; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 222; McDonald, A (1995) p. 209; Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments (1982) p. 178 § 5; Macbain; Kennedy (1894) pp. 156–157.
  190. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) p. 222; McDonald, A (1995) p. 209; Macphail (1914) p. 11.
  191. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) p. 222; McDonald, A (1995) p. 208.
  192. ^ Power (2013) pp. 109–110; Fisher (2005) pp. 86–87; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 222; Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments (1982) pp. 178 § 5, 276 n. 13 § 5; Steer; Bannerman; Collins (1977) p. 90; Sellar (1966) p. 129, 129 n. 7; Martin (1816) p. 263; Macdonald, J (1811) p. 705.
  193. ^ Power (2013) p. 111; Power (2012) p. 330; Perkins (2006); Power (2005) p. 31 n. 32; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 222; McDonald, A (1995) p. 209; Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments (1982) p. 178 § 5.
  194. ^ Barrow (2004) p. 114.
  195. ^ Anderson (1922) p. 465; Jónsson (1916) p. 555 ch. 165; AM 47 Fol (nd).
  196. ^ Anderson (1922) p. 465.
  197. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 202.
  198. ^ McDonald, RA (2004) p. 182; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 134.
  199. ^ Holton (2017) p. 125; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 73; Roberts (1997) p. 97; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 198.
  200. ^ Holton (2017) p. 126; MacGregor, M (2014) p. 57; Woolf (2013) p. 1; Addyman; Oram (2012) § 2.3; Coira (2012) p. 75; Sellar (2011) p. 92; McAndrew (2006) p. 66; Raven (2005a) p. 56; Raven (2005b) Anjir. 13; Sellar (2004a); Tabraham (2004) p. 19; Dalglish (2003) p. 158; MacGregor, M (2002) p. 236 n. 159; Sellar (2000) p. 195; Roberts (1997) p. 97; MacGregor, MDW (1989) p. 20 n. 33.
  201. ^ Sellar (2011); Roberts (1997).
  202. ^ Dalglish (2003); McDonald, RA (1997).
  203. ^ Munro; Munro (1986).
  204. ^ a b Breen; Forsythe; Raven et al. (2010).
  205. ^ Sellar (2004a); Sellar (2004b).
  206. ^ Duffy (1993).
  207. ^ Raven (2005a).
  208. ^ Raven (2005b) Anjir. 13.
  209. ^ MacGregor, M (2014); MacDonald (2013); Coira (2012); MacGregor, M (2001); MacGregor, M (2000); MacGregor, MDW (1989).
  210. ^ Dunkan (1996).
  211. ^ Xolton (2017); McDonald, RA (2004); McNeill (2002).
  212. ^ McDonald, RA (2007b).
  213. ^ Tabraham (2004).
  214. ^ McDonald, RA (2019); Kemeron (2014); Kempbell of Airds (2014); MacGregor, M (2014); MacDonald (2013); Vulf (2013); Addiman; Oram (2012) § 2.3; Yashil; Borsayt; Raven va boshq. (2010); Vulf (2007); McAndrew (2006); Fisher (2005); Tabraham (2005); Bridgland (2004); Jigarrang (2004); Kolduell (2004); MacInnes (2004); Sellar (2004a); Tabraham (2004); MacGregor, M (2002); MacGregor, M (2000); Sellar (2000); Roberts (1999); McDonald, RA (1997); Lyuis; Qabrlar; Kolduell va boshq. (1996); Douson (1995); Oram, RD (1988); Munro; Munro (1986).
  215. ^ MacGregor, M (2001); Barrou (1981).
  216. ^ Raven (2005a); Bartlett (1999).
  217. ^ Nicholls (2007); Nicholls (2005).
  218. ^ MacDonald (2013).
  219. ^ Beerman (2010); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); Nicholls (2005); Oram, RD (2000).
  220. ^ Daffi (2002).
  221. ^ Oram, RD (2005).
  222. ^ Nicholls (2007).
  223. ^ Annala Konnacht (2011a) § 1299.2; Annala Konnacht (2011b) § 1299.2; Loch Cé yilnomalari (2008) § 1299.1; Annala Uladh (2005) § 1295.1; Loch Cé yilnomalari (2005) § 1299.1; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1295.1; Sellar (2000) 212–213 betlar, 212 n. 134; MacGregor, MDW (1989) 24-25 betlar, 25 n. 51.
  224. ^ McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 89; Sellar (2000) 203 bet, 213 n. 137; Anderson (1922) 567-568 betlar; Munch; Goss (1874a) 104-107 betlar.
  225. ^ MacGregor, MDW (1989) 24-25 betlar, 25 n. 51; Barrou (1988) p. 347 n. 104; Lamont (1981) p. 164; Diplomatik hujjatlar ro'yxati (1963) 193, 197-betlar; Stivenson (1870) 189 § 445, 436 § 615-betlar; Beyn (1884) 235-bet 903, 320 § 1254; Hujjat 3/0/0 (nd); Hujjat 3/31/0 (nd).
  226. ^ Loch Cé yilnomalari (2008) § 1299.0; Loch Cé yilnomalari (2005) § 1299.0; Dalglish (2003) p. 158; MacGregor, MDW (1989) 24-25 betlar, 25 n. 51.
  227. ^ Beerman (2010) p. 108 n. 28; McDonald, RA (2004) p. 180–181; MacGregor, M (2000) p. 131 n. 3.
  228. ^ Xolton (2017) 126–127 betlar; Duffy (2007b) p. 10; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 110; Vulf (2007) p. 77; Myurrey (2005) p. 291; Raven (2005b) Anjir. 13; Jigarrang (2004) p. 70; Duffy (2004c) p. 47; Sellar (2004a); Dalglish (2003) p. 158; Daffi (2002) p. 56; Oram, RD (2000) p. 117; Sellar (2000) p. 195; Roberts (1999) 98-100 betlar; Munro; Munro (1986) p. xx.
  229. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 199, 199 n. 53; Sellar (1966) p. 127 n. 5; Sken (1890) p. 470 n. 17; Qora; Qora (nd.a).
  230. ^ Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 102 ch. 138; GKS 1005 Fol (nd).
  231. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 201; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 73.
  232. ^ Oram, RD (2013) ch. 4; Quvvat (2005) 44-45 betlar; Sellar (2000) p. 202; McDonald, RA (1997) 73, 89-betlar; Roberts (1997) p. 105; Kovan, EJ (1990) p. 114; Dunkan; Jigarrang (1956–1957) 200–201 betlar; Anderson (1922) 464-465 betlar; Yonsson (1916) p. 555 ch. 165; Kjær (1910) p. 462 ch. 178/163; Dasent (1894) p. 150 ch. 163; Vigfusson (1887b) p. 144 ch. 163; Unger (1871) p. 476 ch. 169; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 100 ch. 136.
  233. ^ Oram, RD (2013) ch. 4; Sellar (2000) 194-bet. II, 202.
  234. ^ Oram, RD (2013) ch. 4; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 158; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 90; Roberts (1997) p. 105; Kovan, EJ (1990) 114-115 betlar; Dunkan; Jigarrang (1956–1957) p. 201.
  235. ^ Oram, RD (2013) ch. 4; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 158; Quvvat (2005) p. 39; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 90; Roberts (1997) p. 105; Kovan, EJ (1990) 114-115 betlar; Dunkan; Jigarrang (1956–1957) 200-201 betlar.
  236. ^ Oram, RD (2013) ch. 4; Oram, RD (2011) p. xvii yorlig'i. 6; Beerman (2010) p. 107 n. 25; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 27 yorliq. 2; Quvvat (2005) p. 33 tab.; Jigarrang (2004) p. 77-rasm 4.1; Sellar (2000) p. 194 yorliq. II; McDonald, RA (1997) 89-90 betlar, 257 tab. nasabiy daraxt i; Roberts (1997) 99-rasm 5.2, 105; Dunkan (1996) p. 547; Kovan, EJ (1990) p. 113 yorliq.
  237. ^ Oram, RD (2013) ch. 4; Quvvat (2005) 44-45 betlar; Sellar (2000) p. 202; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 89; Roberts (1997) p. 105; Kovan, EJ (1990) p. 114; Dunkan; Jigarrang (1956–1957) 200–201 betlar; Anderson (1922) 464-465 betlar; Yonsson (1916) p. 555 ch. 165; Kjær (1910) p. 462 ch. 178/163; Dasent (1894) p. 150 ch. 163; Vigfusson (1887b) p. 144 ch. 163; Unger (1871) p. 476 ch. 169; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 100 ch. 136.
  238. ^ Oram, RD (2013) ch. 4; Beerman (2010) p. 107 n. 25; Quvvat (2005) 39-40, 44-45 betlar; McDonald, RA (1997) 89-90 betlar; Dunkan; Jigarrang (1956–1957) 200-201 betlar.
  239. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 202; Anderson (1908) p. 364; Luard (1877) p. 383; Beyn (1881) 302–303 § 1655 §; Hujjat 1/7/266 (nd); Simpson; Galbrayt (nd) 25–26-betlar. 1655-§.
  240. ^ Woodcock; Gul; Chalmers va boshq. (2014) p. 419; Kempbell of Airds (2014) p. 204; McAndrew (2006) p. 66; McAndrew (1999) p. 693 § 1328; McAndrew (1992); Balliol rulosi (nd).
  241. ^ Woodcock; Gul; Chalmers va boshq. (2014) p. 419; McAndrew (2006) p. 66; Balliol rulosi (nd).
  242. ^ McAndrew (2006) p. 66; McAndrew (1999) p. 693 § 1328; McAndrew (1992).
  243. ^ Kempbell of Airds (2014) 202-203 betlar.
  244. ^ Jons (2003) p. 139.
  245. ^ Oram, RD (2011) 168–169 betlar; Annala Uladh (2005) § 1209.2; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1209.2; Anderson (1922) 378, 387 betlar; Munch; Goss (1874a) 82-83 betlar.
  246. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 248.
  247. ^ Jigarrang (2004) p. 71; Vulf (2004) p. 105.
  248. ^ Vulf (2007) p. 80; Vulf (2004) p. 105.
  249. ^ Vulf (2007) p. 80.
  250. ^ Oram, RD (2013) ch. 4; Quvvat (2005) p. 39.
  251. ^ Everett; Gillespi; Tracey (2015) p. 25; Petre (2014) p. 267; Addiman; Oram (2012) § 2.2; Yashil; Borsayt; Raven va boshq. (2010) p. 168; Tabraham (2004); Sellar (2000) p. 202; Lyuis; Qabrlar; Kolduell va boshq. (1996) p. 600; Argil: yodgorliklar ro'yxati (1975) p. 210 § 287.
  252. ^ Everett; Gillespi; Tracey (2015) p. 25; Petre (2014) p. 267; Addiman; Oram (2012) § 2.2; Tabram (2012) p. 711; Yashil; Borsayt; Raven va boshq. (2010) p. 168; Tabraham (2005) 30-31 betlar; Lyuis; Qabrlar; Kolduell va boshq. (1996) p. 600; Argil: yodgorliklar ro'yxati (1975) p. 210 § 287.
  253. ^ Yashil; Borsayt; Raven va boshq. (2010) p. 168.
  254. ^ Sellar (2004a); Sellar (2000) p. 204; Barrou (1981) p. 109.
  255. ^ a b Argil: yodgorliklar ro'yxati (1975) p. 197 286-modda.
  256. ^ MacInnes (2004) p. 196; Douson (1995) p. 91; Alkok; Alkok (1987) p. 127; Argil: Yodgorliklar inventarizatsiyasi (1975) p. 197 286-modda.
  257. ^ Alkok; Alkok (1987) p. 127.
  258. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 157; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 247; Myurrey (2005) p. 288; Oram, RD (2000) p. 106; McDonald, RA (1997) 74-75 betlar; Roberts (1997) p. 98; Dunkan; Jigarrang (1956–1957) 197-198 betlar; Anderson (1922) p. 327; Munch; Goss (1874a) 80-81 betlar.
  259. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) 74-75 betlar.
  260. ^ Vulf (2004) p. 105.
  261. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) 78-79 betlar.
  262. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 156; McDonald, RA (1997) 73-74 betlar.
  263. ^ Addiman; Oram (2012) § 2.3.
  264. ^ MacDonald (2013) p. 7.
  265. ^ a b v Vulf (2005).
  266. ^ Uilyams, G (2007); Sellar (2000) 191-bet, 192-tab. men, 197-198.
  267. ^ Tigernax yilnomalari (2016) § 1164.6; Tigernax yilnomalari (2005) § 1164.6; Sellar (1966) p. 129.
  268. ^ Olster yilnomalari (2017) § 1164.4; Olster yilnomalari (2008) § 1164.4; Vulf (2005); Barrou (1981) p. 108 n. 2; Sellar (1966) p. 129.
  269. ^ Fisher (2005) 86-87 betlar; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 222; Argil: yodgorliklar ro'yxati (1982) 178-bet 5-§, 276 n. 13 5-§; Boshqarish; Bannerman; Kollinz (1977) p. 90; Sellar (1966) p. 129; Martin (1816) p. 263; Makdonald, J (1811) p. 705.
  270. ^ Vulf (2005); Sellar (1966) p. 129.
  271. ^ Daffi (2004a); Sellar (2000) p. 192 yorliq. men.
  272. ^ Daffi (2004a).

Adabiyotlar

Birlamchi manbalar

Ikkilamchi manbalar

Tashqi havolalar

Dubgall mac Somairle
 O'ldi: 1175×
Regnal unvonlari
Oldingi
Guðrøðr Óláfsson		 Orollar qiroli1
Bilan: Somairle mac Gilla Brigte		Muvaffaqiyatli
Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson
Izohlar va ma'lumotnomalar
1. Either Somairle or Dubgall gained the kingship from Guðrøðr in 1156. Whilst it is possible that Dubgall was the nominal monarch, it is evident that the real power was possessed by Somairle, and Irish sources certainly regarded the latter as king later in his career.