Parijdagi favvoralar - Fountains in Paris - Wikipedia

Fontaines de la Concorde (1836-1840)
Fonteyn-de-la Piramida, Kurs Napoleon I Luvr, (1988)

The Parijdagi favvoralar dastlab shahar aholisi uchun ichimlik suvi bilan ta'minlangan, hozir esa shahar maydonlari va bog'larida bezak xususiyatiga ega. Parijda ikki yuzdan ortiq favvoralar mavjud bo'lib, eng qadimiylari XVI asrga tegishli. Bundan tashqari, uning yuzdan ortig'i bor Uolles favvoralar.[1] Favvoralarning aksariyati munitsipalitet.

2017 yilda madaniy meros jurnal La Tribune de l'art ushbu favvoralarning yarmidan ko'pi ishlamayotganligini aniqladi.[2]

Parijdagi favvoralar ro'yxati bilan qarang Parijdagi favvoralar ro'yxati.

XVI-XVII asrlardagi Parij favvoralari

The Fontaine des Innocents bugungi kunda qanday ko'rinishda bo'lsa, 1-okrugda. U 1788 yilda ko'chirilib, erkin favvoraga aylantirildi va keyin 1858 yilda yana Marche des Innocents o'rtasida joylashgan joyiga ko'chib o'tdi.
The Medici favvorasi ichida Jardin du Lyuksemburg (1630) uchun qurilgan Mari de 'Medici tomonidan Tommaso Frantsini, qirol tomonidan Frantsiyaga olib kelingan florensiyalik favvoralar ishlab chiqaruvchisi Frantsiyalik Genrix IV. (Taxminan 1820 yil favvoraning ko'rinishi, qo'shimchalar kiritilgandan keyin Chalgrin. Manba: Milliy Parijdagi Bibliotek)

19-asrning o'rtalariga qadar Parijdagi favvoralar tarixi shaharning o'sib borayotgan aholisini toza ichimlik suvi bilan ta'minlash uchun kurash tarixi bo'lgan. Favvoralar qurilishi qonuniga ham bog'liq edi tortishish kuchi; mexanik nasoslar ishga tushirilgunga qadar suv oqishi uchun suv manbai favvoradan baland bo'lishi kerak edi.

Miloddan avvalgi III asrda asl aholi, Parisii, o'z suvlarini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri daryodan olib ketishdi Sena. Miloddan avvalgi birinchi asrga kelib, shaharning Rim muhandislari Lutetiya ning suv o'tkazgichini qurgan edi Arquil hammomlari va jamoat favvoralari uchun suv bilan ta'minlash uchun tortishish kuchidan foydalanish.

In O'rta yosh, Arkuilning Rim suv o'tkazgichi xarobaga aylandi va aholi yana o'zlarining suvlarini Senadan yoki quduqlardan olishdi. Hukmronligi bilan Frantsuz Filipp II (1180–1223), Parijning shimolidagi shahar devorlari tashqarisida ikkita yirik monastir mavjud edi; etagida joylashgan Sen-Loran abbatligi Montmartr, va Sen-Martin-des-Shamp Abbeylari. Ushbu monastirlar ikkita suv o'tkazgichidan toza suv olishdi; Romaineville va Menilmontant balandliklaridan kelgan qo'rg'oshin quvurlari orqali Sent-Loran abbatligi va Bellevil cho'qqisidan kelayotgan devor suv o'tkazgichi orqali Sen-Martin-des-Shamp abbatligi. XIII asrning birinchi yarmida ushbu ikkita suv o'tkazgichi O'rta asr Parijidagi Fontaine des Halles, Fontaine des Innocents va Fontaine de Maubuée.[3] Bu favvoralar suv oqizmagan; suv doimiy ravishda ingichka oqimlarda bronza maskaronlar, niqoblar, odatda hayvonlar toshdan yasalgan suv havzalariga quyilib, mahalliy aholi o'z kemalarini suv bilan to'ldirishi mumkin edi.

1498 yilga kelib, fransiyalik Lui XII qirol bo'lganida, Parijning suv ta'minoti shaharning savdogarlari tomonidan Prevot des Marchands boshchiligida va qirol tomonidan boshqarilgan. Ular suvning qanday taqsimlanishiga qaror qildilar va jamoat favvoralarini qurish uchun javobgardilar. Parijning suv ta'minoti hali ham juda cheklangan edi; XV asrning oxiriga kelib, Parijda faqat o'n yettita favvora bor edi, shu jumladan devorlari tashqarisida beshta. Barcha favvoralar O'ng qirg'oqda edi; Ikki suv o'tkazgich suv etkazib berar edi va suv sathining yuzasi yaqin bo'lganligi sababli, u erda quduq qazish oson edi, chap sohilda esa suv sathi chuqur er osti edi va ishlaydigan suv o'tkazgichlar yo'q edi, shuning uchun deyarli barcha suvlar Sena daryosidan olib boriladi. Natijada, Filipp II davridan beri chap qirg'oq deyarli o'smadi.[4]

17-asrning boshlarida qirol Frantsiyalik Genrix IV Universitet uchun va rejalashtirilgan suv uchun chap sohilga suv olib kelishga qaror qildi Lyuksemburg saroyi uning xotini, Mari de 'Medici. 1613-1623 yillarda suv olib kelish uchun yangi suv o'tkazgich qurilgan Rungis. Ushbu yangi suv quvuri bugungi kunni ham o'z ichiga olgan holda chap sohilda oltita yangi favvora etkazib berdi Medici favvorasi va bitta o'ng qirg'oqda. Bundan tashqari, ikkita asl suv o'tkazgich yordamida o'ng qirg'oqda beshta yangi favvora qurildi. Genri olib keldi Tommaso Frantsini Florensiyalik favvoralar ishlab chiqaruvchisi Parijga, u erda u Medici favvorasi ichida Jardin du Lyuksemburg. 1636 yilda u barcha qirollik favvoralari va suv loyihalari uchun mas'ul bo'lgan Intendant general Eaux et Fontaines bo'ldi. Uning avlodlari ushbu unvonga 1781 yilgacha ega bo'lishgan.[5]

Genri IV-ning yana bir katta hissasi 1578 yildan 1608 yilgacha bo'lgan qurilishdir La samariyalik, Pont-Neuf ostidagi suv g'ildiragi bilan ishlaydigan ulkan gidravlik suv nasosi, bu suvni Senadan Sen-Jermen-l'Auxerois yaqinidagi suv omboriga ko'targan, foydalanish uchun Luvr Saroy va Tuileries bog'lari. 1673 yilda yana ikkita nasos qo'shildi. Nasoslar va yangi suv o'tkazgich tufayli 1673 yilga kelib 500 ming kishini tashkil etadigan Parijning o'ng qirg'og'ida suv o'tkazgichlari bilan oziqlanadigan 16 ta favvora, chap qirg'oqda 14 ta favvora yangi suv bilan ta'minlandi. Arkuil suv kemasi va daryoning o'ng va chap qirg'oqlari bo'ylab yangi gidravlik nasoslar bilan oziqlanadigan yigirma bitta yangi favvoralar.[4]

XVI-XVII asrlarda qurilgan favvoralarning barchasi keyingi ikki asrda qayta qurilgan yoki buzilgan. Fontain Boucherat, Fontaine des Innocents va Medici favvorasi kabi bir nechtasi, hanuzgacha o'z vaqtini saqlab qolgan.

  • The Fontaine des Innocents 1549 yilda Parijga tantanali kirish paytida qirol Genrix II ni kutib olish uchun qurilgan. Parijliklar kemalarni ko'cha darajasida manzarali nayzalardan suv bilan to'ldirishlari mumkin edi. (XVII asr gravyurasi tomonidan Perelle.)

  • The Medici favvorasi ichida Jardin du Lyuksemburg (1630) bugungi ko'rinishda. Suv havzasi va haykallar guruhi XIX asrda qo'shilgan.

  • Fontaine Boucherat, Rue de Turenne, (1695-1699), ning ishini anglatadi Jan Beusire, Parijdagi jamoat ishlari bo'yicha direktor qirol Lyudovik XIV uchun.

  • Taxminan 1670 yildan boshlab oltita Parij favvoralari; Port-Saint-Denis, de la charité va des Petis-Peres Noirs shriftlari (tepada); va Sent-Luis-o-Marey rue, Sen-Jermen va Seynt-Ovayd porti (pastda). (Bibloiotheque d'Art et d'Archeology, Parij)

XVIII asrdagi Parij favvoralari

Katta Fontain des Quatre-Saisons haykaltarosh tomonidan Grenelle (7-okrug) rue (1739) da Edme Buchardon, monumental haykallar olomoni bor edi, lekin atigi ikkita kran bor edi va tor ko'chada keng ko'lami bo'lganligi sababli faylasuf Volterni g'azablantirdi.

O'n sakkizinchi asrda o'ttizta yangi favvora qurildi, ulardan o'n to'rttasi hanuzgacha saqlanib kelinmoqda va uchta inshoot, katta inshootlar ichida joylashgan suv omborlari qurildi.[6] Ushbu favvoralarning aksariyati ishi edi Jan Beusire 1692 yildan 1740 yilgacha qirol farmoni bilan Parij shahrining Contrôleur des bâtiments edi. Uning favvoralari odatda kichik bo'lib, devorga o'ralgan, joy va bitta naycha bilan kichik havzaga suv quygan, ammo ular obro'li edilar. va oqlangan, dengiz chig'anoqlari, mifologik figuralar bilan bezatilgan va ba'zan tabiiy buloqlarga taqlid qilib, grottosning kaltsiylangan devorlariga taqlid qilgan.

18-asrning o'rtalarida Volter va boshqa tanqidchilar ko'proq ochiq maydonlar va ko'proq bezakli favvoralarni talab qila boshladilar. Yilda Les Embellisements de Parij, 1749 yilda yozilgan, Volter shunday deb yozgan edi: "Bizda faqat ikkita yaxshi favvora bor, ular albatta yaxshiroq joylashtirilgan bo'lishi kerak. Qolganlarning hammasi qishloqqa loyiqdir".[7] Hukumat ulkan favvoralar uchun ushbu talablarga javoban favvoralarni ishga tushirdi Fontain des Quatre-Saisons (1739) va favvoralar bilan jihozlangan maydon uchun Louis XV joylashtirildi Concorde joyi.[8]

Yangi favvoralarga qaramay, shaharda tobora ko'payib borayotgan shahar aholisini etarli miqdorda suv bilan ta'minlash muammolari bo'lgan. 1776 yilda La Comagnie des Eaux de Parij xususiy suv shirkati ikki mexanik muhandis Jak-Konstantin va Avgustin-Charl Perey tomonidan boshlandi. Ular suvni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri uylarga quvurlar tizimi orqali to'lashi mumkin bo'lgan har bir kishiga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri etkazib berishga va'da berishdi. Ular London shahriga taqlid qilib, bug 'bilan ishlaydigan suv nasosini o'rnatdilar Chaylot 1782 yilda qurilgan birinchi nasoslar Birmingem, Angliya va nomlangan Konstantin va Avgustin, Sena daryosidan suv ko'tarib, Chaylot tepaligi yaqinidagi to'rtta suv omborini to'ldirdi, ulardan suv temir quvurlar orqali (Angliyada ham ishlab chiqarilgan) o'zlarining xususiy abonentlariga, shuningdek, ettita yangi jamoat favvoralariga tushgan. 1786 yilda, birinchi nasoslarning muvaffaqiyatidan so'ng, ikkita yangi dvigatel, Luiza va Teres, bo'ylab qo'shilgan quai d'Orsay va Gros Caillou, 1788 yildan boshlab, suv sathidan 35 metr balandlikda (115 fut) minoraga suv quyib, trubalar orqali Les mahallalariga oqib tushdi. Invalidlar, Ecole Militaire va faubourg Sen-Jermen.

Xususiy suv kompaniyasining tashkil etilishi kompaniyani qo'llab-quvvatlaganlar, shu jumladan dramaturg o'rtasida keskin siyosiy kurashni keltirib chiqardi Per Beaumarchais, muallifi Figaroning nikohi, direktorlardan biri bo'lgan va suv kompaniyasidan boyib ketgan va unga qarshi bo'lganlar, shu jumladan ish joylari tahdid ostida bo'lgan suv tashuvchilar gildiyasi Comte de Mirabeau. 1788 yilda moliyaviy inqirozdan so'ng kompaniya bankrot bo'lib, Qirollik g'aznachiligi qo'liga o'tdi, ammo uning texnik muvaffaqiyati isbotlandi; 1807 yilda Parijdagi sakson beshta favvoradan 45 tasi kompaniyaning bug 'nasoslaridan suv bilan oziqlangan.[9]

  • Fonteyn palatinasi, Rue Garanciére, 6-mahalla. Malika tomonidan qurilgan Bavariya vakili Anne Henriette 1715 yilda. 1913 yilda uning uyi buzib tashlanganida, favvora o'sha joyda qayta qurilgan.[10]

  • Château d'eau de la Croix du Trahoir, rue de l'Arbre Sec va Rue Sain-Honoré burchagi (1-okrug) 17-asrda 1775 yilda hozirgi shaklida tiklangan 17-asr favvorasi o'rnida Jak-Jermen Suflot, me'mori Panteon, Parij.[11]

  • Fonteyn-L-Abbaye-Sen-Jermen-des-Pres, (1714-1717) Viktor-Tierri Sulli va tomonidan qurilgan Jan Beusire, yaqin Saint-Germain-des-Pres cherkovi. dastlab Rue Childebert va Rue Saint-Marguerite-da. Bu 19-asrda joy ajratish uchun ko'chirilgan Sen-Jermen bulvari va endi 5-okrugdagi Langevin maydonida, sobiq Ekol politexnika devoriga qarshi joylashgan.

  • The Fonteyn Maubuiy 4-okrugda, Sent-Martin va Venesa avliyolari (1733), Jan Beusire, me'mor.

Konsullik va birinchi imperiyaning Parijdagi favvoralari (1799-1815)

Fontaine du Palmier, Place du Châtelet, (1-okrug.) (1806-1808.), Napoleonning g'alabalarini sharaflash. Fransua-Jan Bralle, me'mor.

Monumental favvoralar qurilishi Frantsiya inqilobi; Louis XV joyi de la inqilob maydoni deb o'zgartirildi va gilyotin favvoralar qurilishi kerak bo'lgan joyga yaqin joylashgan edi. Suv ta'minoti va favvoralar qurilishi yangi Birinchi konsulning asosiy tashvishiga aylandi, Napoleon Bonapart, 1799 yilda boshlangan.[12]

Napoleon o'zining ichki ishlar vaziridan, Jan-Antuan Shaptal, u Parij uchun qila oladigan eng foydali narsa nima bo'lar edi va Chaptal "suv bering" deb javob berdi.[13] 1802 yilda Napoleon shahar tashqarisidagi daryodan suv olib keladigan birinchi d'Ourcq kanalini qurishga buyruq berdi. Kanal Napoleonning energetik ko'priklar va avtomobil yo'llarining bosh muhandisi va uning suv va kanalizatsiya xizmati rahbari tomonidan qurilgan. Pyer Simon Jirard saylov kampaniyasida u bilan birga xizmat qilgan Misr. Jirardning ulkan loyihalariga quyidagilar kiradi Sen-Denis kanali (1821 yilda tugatilgan), d'Ourcq kanali (1822 yilda tugagan), Saint-Martin kanali (1825 yilda tugagan), bu ham ichimlik favvoralari, ham dekorativ favvoralar uchun etarli miqdorda suv olib kelgan.[14]

Uning muhandislari Parijga suv olib kelish uchun kanallar qurayotgan paytda, Napoleon diqqatini favvoralarga qaratgan. 1806 yil 2-mayda chiqarilgan farmonda u "Parij uchun ulkan va foydali ish qilish" istagi ekanligini e'lon qildi. va o'n besh yangi favvora qurishni taklif qildi. U shuningdek xarobaga aylangan ko'plab eski favvoralarni tozalash, ta'mirlash yoki qayta tiklashga buyruq berdi Fontain des Quatre-Saisons va Medici favvorasi. Uning muhandislari shaharning yirik tashqi bozorlarida yangi favvoralar qurdilar va bir necha yuztasini o'rnatdilar bornes-fontaines, shahar bo'ylab suv o'tkazgichli oddiy tosh bloklar. 1812 yilda u favvoralardan suv tarqatish bepul bo'lishi va ichimlik suvida spekulyatsiya qilganlar qattiq jazolanishi to'g'risida farmon chiqardi.[13]

Napoleon tomonidan qurilgan o'n beshta yodgorlik favvoralarining ko'pi xuddi shu me'mor tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan, Fransua-Jan Bralle, Parij shahri suv xizmatining bosh muhandisi, Chaylot, Gros-Kaylo va la Samaritayndagi katta suv nasoslarida ishlagan.

Kanallar qurib bitishidan oldin qurilgan dastlabki Napoleon favvoralari miqyosi mo''tadil bo'lib, cheklangan miqdordagi suv bilan ta'minlangan bo'lib, ular an'anaviy maskaronlar yoki naychalar orqali quyilgan. Napoleon tomonidan amalga oshirilgan keyingi favvoralar, shu jumladan Vosges Plasi va Chateau D'au favvoralari, asosan, ichimlik suvi uchun ishlatilmadi va suv havodan otilib, vasklardan quyi havzalarga oqib o'tdi. Bu Parijdagi birinchi chinakam dekorativ favvoralar edi.[15]

  • Fontaine place des Invalides. Ushbu favvora Napoleon davrida qurilgan, Sankt-Markodagi qanotli sherni namoyish qilish uchun qurilgan birinchilardan biri edi. Venetsiya, 1797 yilda Napoleon tomonidan urush kubogi sifatida Parijga olib kelingan. Bu sherlarning to'rtta mayda bronza boshlari bilan tepasida qanotli sher haykali bo'lgan oddiy tosh pedastal edi. 1815 yilda Napoleon mag'lub bo'lganidan keyin sher Venetsiyaga qaytarildi va favvora nihoyat 1840 yilda olib tashlandi.
  • Fonteyn Desaix. Dauphine Place-da joylashgan ushbu favvora frantsuz generalini sharafladi Louis Desaix, o'ldirilgan Marengo jangi 1800 yilda. ning figurasi aks etgan La France Militaire, silindrsimon poydevor ustiga toga va dubulg'a kiygan ayol, taglik atrofidagi suv o'tkazgichlaridan oqayotgan suv. Maydon 1875 yilda kattalashtirilib, Desayxning uyi bo'lgan Riom shahriga ko'chib o'tganda olib tashlangan va u erda hozir ham mavjud.[16]
  • Fontaine du Palmier. (1808) yilda Place du Châtelet, bu imperiyada saqlanib qolgan eng katta favvora, ustunda Napoleonning g'alabalari va bazelyeflari nomlari yozilgan, tepasida G'alaba haykali bo'lgan Rim zafarli ustun shaklida qurilgan. Ism haykalning ostidagi palma barglari bezaklaridan kelib chiqqan. Ustun poydevori ehtiyotkorlik, hushyorlik, adolat va kuchni aks ettiruvchi to'rtta rasm bilan bezatilgan. 1856 yilda Sebastopol rue qurilganida, ustun ko'chirildi va to'rtta sfenks va suv havzalari bilan bezatilgan G. Davioud tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan yangi pedastalga joylashtirildi.[16]
  • Fonteyn de la Payx (1807) dastlab Sankt-Sulpits maydonida, keyin Marche avliyo Jermeynda, endi Allee du Seminaire-da, unchalik uzoq emas. Kvadrat havzadagi neo-klassik yodgorlik, unda ilm-fan, san'at, tinchlik, savdo, qishloq xo'jaligi va boshqa figuralarni aks ettiruvchi allegorik raqamlar mavjud. Haykal 1937 yilda hozirgi joyiga ko'chirilgan.
  • Fontaine du Fellah, (1806), Sevrning 52 rue-da, hospice des Inururables devoriga qarshi qurilgan, Bralle tomonidan Misr ibodatxonasiga o'xshash qilib, Rim imperatorining sevimlisi bo'lgan Antinus figurasi bilan ishlangan. Hadrian, Misr kostyumida, ikkita krujkadan suv quyib. U Napoleonni eslash uchun mo'ljallangan edi Misr kampaniyasi, va haykalning ustida Imperial burgut mavjud.

. *Fontaine du Palais des Arts (1809-1810). Haykaltarosh tomonidan tayyorlangan to'rtta sher temir Antuan Vodoyer, Palais des Beaux-Arts oldida alohida pedallarga o'rnatilib, ularning og'zidan suvni ikkita havzaga sepib chiqdilar. Favvora 1865 yilda ishlamay qoldi va sherlar maydoniga ko'chirildi Bulon-Billankur, bugungi kunda ularni ko'rish mumkin.

  • Fonteyn-de-Mars. Ushbu favvora hali ham asl kasalxonada, harbiy kasalxonaga yaqin joyda joylashgan Saint-Dominque trassasida joylashgan. U haykaltarosh Per Bovalletning barelyefi bilan bezatilgan Mars, urush xudosi va Hygieia, sog'liq, poklik va sanitariya ma'budasi, haykal harbiy kasalxonaga yaqin bo'lganligi sababli bir joyga joylashtirilgan.[17]
  • Fonteyn-leda. Ushbu favvora tasvirlangan Leda va oqqush, oqqush tumshug'idan suv quyilib, haykaltarosh Axil Valua tomonidan qilingan. Dastlab u du Regard rue va Vaugirard rue burchagida turgan. iT 1856 yilda ko'chib o'tdi Jardin du Lyuksemburg, u qaerga biriktirilgan bo'lsa Medici favvorasi.
  • Chateau d'eau du bulvari Bondi (1812). Ushbu favvora, Pontoning va Vosge maydonidagi favvoralar bilan birga Parijda suvning o'zi asosiy bezak elementi bo'lgan, haykaltaroshlik va me'morchilik ikkinchi darajali favvoralar bo'lgan.[18] Ularning barchasi muhandis Per Simon Jirard tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan. Chateau d'au Parijdagi birinchi yodgorlik favvorasi bo'lib, unda suv havzalari toshib, quyida kattaroq dumaloq havzaga tushgan ikkita dumaloq vask yoki tosh ustidagi ustunlar ustun ustida joylashgan. Favvoraning bunday dizayni Rim bog'larida va Uyg'onish davrida Rimda va Eix-En-Provence-da kichik hajmda mavjud edi, ammo Parijda emas va bunday darajada emas edi. Markaziy favvoradan tashqari, quyma temir sherlar pastki havzaga suv sepdilar. Ushbu favvoraning yangiligi va ko'lami uni parijliklarning mashhur sayohat joyiga aylantirdi. Favvora 1867 yilda ko'chirilgan va bugungi kunda buzilgan Parij bozoridan sobiq Gallening oldida joylashgan. Les Xoles joylashgan la Villette.
  • Vosges joyi. (1811). Markazda Jirard tomonidan loyihalashtirilgan yangi favvora qurildi Vosges joyi. Bu Parijda birinchilardan bo'lib, chateau d'eau bilan birga krujkalar yoki ko'zalarni to'ldirish uchun suv o'tkazgichlari bo'lmagan. Sakkiz qirrali havzasi bor edi, suv yuqoriga chiqib, havzaga otilib chiqdi. Jirardning asl nusxalari 1824 yilda olib tashlangan va taxminan 1830 yilda Jan-Fransua Menager tomonidan yangi favvoralar bilan almashtirilgan.[19]
  • Fonteyn-de-fil. Barcha Napoleon favvoralarining eng ulug'i 1811 yilda, Bastiliya turgan bo'sh joyda boshlangan. Ulkan bronza fil shaklida favvora qurish ishlari boshlandi, uning orqasida fil ichida zinapoya bilan kuzatuv maydonchasi bor edi. Suv bazasi uchun suv havzasi filning to'liq o'lchamdagi gipsli modeli bilan birgalikda qurilgan, ammo Napoleon mag'lub bo'lganidan keyin ish to'xtagan Vaterloo 1815 yilda. Fil modeli 1848 yilgacha olib tashlanmagan.[20]

  • The Fontaine des Invalides (1800-1804), Hotel In In Invalides Esplanade-da, Aziz Mark soboridan qanotli sherni namoyish qilish uchun qurilgan. Venetsiya, Haykal 1815 yildan keyin qaytarilgan va favvora 1840 yilda olib tashlangan. (Bibliothèque nationale de France, cabinet des estampes)

  • Masqueron Fontaine du Gros Caillou, yoki Fonteyn-de-Mars, Sen-Dominik rue, 7-okrug (1806). François-Jean Bralle, me'mor, Per Nicolas Bovallet, haykaltarosh.

  • Fonteyn de la Payx, Allée du Seminaire, 6-tuman, (1806-1810). Dastlab Saint-Sulpice Place-da, keyin Saint-Germain marshida. Detournelle, me'mor, Karffe, Voinier, Jean-Joseph Espercieux va Markois, haykaltaroshlar.

  • The Fontaine du Fellah (1806), Sevr ko'chasida, Napoleonning Misrdagi yurishidan ilhomlangan.

  • The Fonteyn-leda, (1806-1809), dastlab Vaugirard va Rue du Regard rue-da, 1858 yildan Jardin du Lyuksemburgdagi Medici favvorasi orqasida yashiringan. Lui-Simon Bralle, me'mor, Axil Valua, haykaltarosh.

  • The Chateau d'Eau favvorasi, (1809-1812), Per-Simon Jirard, me'mor. dastlab Rue de Bondy va Saint-Martin bulvarlari burchagida, hozirda 19-okrugdagi Par de de villette joylashgan.

  • The Fonteyn-de-fil de de Place-da Bastiliya. Favvora 1811 yilda boshlangan, ammo tugamagan. Maydonda 1848 yilgacha filning gipsdan yasalgan to'liq maketi turgan. Vasiy va uning oilasi yodgorlikni himoya qilish uchun oyoqlaridan birida yashagan.

Parijning tiklanish favvoralari va Lui-Filipp hukmronligi (1816–1848)

Favvora Vosges joyi, (4-okrug), asl favvora tomonidan Pyer Simon Jirard Vosges maydonida 1830 yilda Jan-Fransua-Julien Ménager tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan to'rtta favvoralar bilan almashtirildi.
Fontaine du Cirque, Xittorff tomonidan de la Concorde maydonini tugatgandan ko'p o'tmay, Champs-Elysées bog'lariga joylashtirildi. Favvoradagi to'rtta bola to'rt faslni anglatadi.

1815 yilda Napoleon qulaganidan to hokimiyat tepasiga kelguniga qadar Lui Filipp 1830 yilda, Frantsiya o'tgan kabi Qayta tiklash qadimgi monarxiyadan bir nechta yangi favvoralar qurilgan va ular oddiy o'lcham va badiiy ambitsiyalarga ega edi. 1813-1819 yillarda rue des Hospitaliers rue tomonidan yangi marshé des Blancs-Manteaux bozori qurildi. Go‘sht bozoridagi favvora haykaltarosh tomonidan buqa boshi shaklidagi bronza naychalar bilan bezatilgan Edme Goll. Bozor 1910 yilda buzib tashlangan, ammo boshlari hali ham ekol maternelle devoriga bog'langan bo'lib qolmoqda.[21]

Vosges joyi (1830). Pes Simon Jirardning "Des des Vosges" dagi asl favvorasi (nomi o'zgartirildi) la joy Royale tiklash paytida) 1830 yilda Vaudoyerning shogirdi Jan-Fransua-Julien Ménager tomonidan yaratilgan hozirgi to'rtta favvora bilan almashtirildi. Prix ​​de Rim va Parij shahrining me'mori. Yangi favvoralar vulkanik toshdan yasalgan Volvik ichida Overgne va bir-birining ustiga ikkita dumaloq vaskka ega, sherlarning boshlari dumaloq havzaga suv sepmoqda.

The Fonteyn de Gaylon (1828) d'Antin rue (2-arronidissement) tomonidan birinchi yirik favvora bo'lgan Lui Viskonti, avvalgi Favvoraning o'rnini Bozir egallagan. Viskonti keyinchalik Napoleon maqbarasining me'mori sifatida mashhur bo'lgan Invalidlar. Favvora ikkita vazokka ega, ular yosh bilan bezatilgan triton trident va delfin ustida ot bilan qurollangan va lotin tilidagi yozuv: "shaharning foydaliligi va bezaklari uchun".[22]

1830 yil iyulda mutlaq monarxiya Charlz X ag'darilib, uning o'rnini konstitutsiyaviy monarxiya egalladi Lui-Filipp. Yangi hukumat, avvalgi hukumatlar singari, Parijda tez o'sib borayotgan aholi muammosiga duch keldi, uning suvga bo'lgan ehtiyoji Napoleonning de l'Ourq kanali etkazib bera oladigan miqdordan ancha kattaroq edi. Jamoat favvoralari tor ko'chalarda tirbandlikni keltirib chiqardi; vagon va vagon haydovchilari favvoralarda otlarini sug'orishgan; suv tashuvchilar suv o'tkazgichlariga kirish uchun mahalliy aholi bilan kurashdilar; bozorlardagi favvoralar sabzavot va mevalarni yuvish va ko'chalarni tozalash uchun ishlatilgan. 1832 yilda vabo epidemiyasi Parijga suv va sanitariya sharoitlarini yaxshilash zarurligini ko'rsatdi.[23]

Yangi Prefet Rambute shahridagi Sena shahridan ikki yuz kilometr uzunlikdagi yangi suv quvurlari qurilishi va Napoleon tomonidan joriy qilingan suv o'tkazgichli oddiy bloklari bo'lgan 1700 dona fontanlarni o'rnatish to'g'risida buyruq berilgan. Aholini ichimlik suvi bilan ta'minlagan ushbu yangi favvoralar tufayli shahar me'morlari shahar maydonlarida toza bezakli yangi yodgorlik favvoralarini loyihalashda erkinlikka ega bo'lishdi.

Fontaines de la Concorde. (1836-1840) Ikkala favvora Concorde joyi Lui-Filipp davrida qurilgan favvoralardan eng mashhuri va Parij favvoralarini ramziy ma'noda keltirishgan. Ular tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Jak-Ignes Xittorf, neoklassik haykaltaroshning talabasi Charlz Persi da Ecole des Beaux-Art, taxtdan tushirilgan Qirol uchun bayram va marosimlarning rasmiy me'mori bo'lib xizmat qilgan va ikki yil davomida Italiyaning me'morchiligi va favvoralarini o'rgangan.

Xittorffning ikkita favvorasi dengiz mavzusida, chunki ular Konkordagi maydonda va Dengiz flotida dengiz floti vazirligiga yaqin joylashgan. Ularning joylashishi shimoliy-janubiy o'qi bilan tenglashtirilgan obelisque ning Luksor va Rue Royale; Favvoralarning o'zlari esa, ayniqsa, Rim favvoralaridan qattiq ta'sirlangan Piazza Navona va Sankt-Petersning maydoni.

Ikkala favvoraning shakli ham bir xil: tosh havza; oltita raqam tritonlar yoki nayades suv sepadigan baliqlarni ushlab turish; oltita o'tirgan allegorik figuralar, oyoqlari kemalar shoxida, dumaloq tomirning piyodasini yoki poydevorini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi; yuqori da'vosli yuqori tomirni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi daho, san'at yoki hunarmandchilikning turli shakllariga oid to'rtta haykal; uning suvi ko'tarilib, pastki tomirga, so'ngra havzaga tushadi.

Shimoliy favvora daryolarga bag'ishlangan bo'lib, unda allegorik raqamlar mavjud Rhone va Reyn, gullar va mevalarni yig'ish, yig'ish va uzum etishtirish san'ati; va daryo navigatsiyasi, sanoat va qishloq xo'jaligi daholari.

Dengizga yaqinroq bo'lgan janubiy favvora dengizlarni, Atlantika va O'rta er dengizi vakili tasvirlangan; marjonlarni yig'ish; baliq yig'ish; chig'anoqlarni yig'ish; marvaridlarni yig'ish; va astronomiya, navigatsiya va tijorat daholari.[24]

Fontaines des Champs-Élysées. (1839-1840). Concorde fontaines-ni tugatgandan so'ng, Xittorff 1836 yilda yangi qurib bitkazilgan de la Concorde maydoni va Triomphe Arc o'rtasidagi Champs-Elisey maydonlarida to'rtta qo'shimcha favvora qurdi. Har bir favvoraning pastki qismi bir xil ; dumaloq havza, dengiz qobig'i bilan bezatilgan poydevor; delfinlar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan va palma barglari bilan bezatilgan tomir; va (to'rttadan uchtasida) sher suv otayotgan boshlar.

Har bir favvoraning yuqori qismi har xil edi;

Carré des Ambassadeurs - Venera atirgullar va oqar suv bilan o'ralgan holda sochlarini tarashda. (haykaltarosh: Francique-Jozef Duret.) Carré le Doyen - atirgullar bilan Diana haykali. (Haykaltarosh: Lui Desprez) Fonteyn-de-Sirk (shimoliy tomon): to'rtta faslni ifodalovchi to'rtta bola, sherlar va yovvoyi cho'chqalarning boshlari bilan bezatilgan ikkinchi vask bilan. (Haykaltarosh: Jan-Auguste Barre) .Fontaine de l'Elysée (shimoliy tomon). Kaskadli suv bilan oddiy bitta tomir.

The Fonteyn Luvua (1839), me'mor tomonidan Lui Viskonti, saytida yangi Luvois shahrida qurilgan eski opera teatri. Pastki qon tomir zodiak belgilari va fasl maskalari bilan bezatilgan; daryolarni ifodalovchi to'rtta ayol figura Sena, Loire, Garonne va Saon yuqori tomirni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi ustunni o'rab oling. Raqamlar va vasklar bronzaga o'xshab bo'yalgan quyma temirdan yasalgan.

Fonteyn Kuvier (1840–1846). Bag'ishlangan Jorj Kuvier (1769–1832), tabiatshunos, kashshof paleontologiya va qiyosiy anatomiya. Ushbu favvora yaqinida joylashgan Jardin des Plantes va Kuvye ishlagan tabiiy tarix muzeyi. Haykal devorga o'rnatildi, past havzasi, sudralib yuruvchilarning boshlaridan suv quyilib, odamlar va hayvonlar boshlari bog'langan. Yuqorida, tabiat tarixini aks ettiruvchi, ko'plab hayvonlar bilan o'ralgan va Kuvierning shiori yozilgan planshetni ushlab turgan o'tirgan ayolning alleqorik qiyofasi tasvirlangan: "Rimum kognoser sabablari. "(" narsalarning sabablarini bilish ".) Tabiatshunoslar timsoh timsohlar qila olmaydigan narsa haykallar guruhida boshini burishmoqda.[25]

Keyinchalik Invalidlarda Napoleon maqbarasi dizaynerlari sifatida mashhur bo'lgan Viskonti taniqli parijliklarni xotirlab, ular bilan bog'liq joylarda joylashgan ushbu yangi turdagi yana ikkita favvorani loyihalashtirgan.

Fonteyn Molieri. (1841-44). Viskonti tomonidan tuzilgan Traversier va Ruelie rue chorrahasida joylashgan bu favvora dastlab nimfa holatiga ega bo'lgan oddiy Uyg'onish davri favvorasi bo'lishi kerak edi, ammo Regniyer Comedi Française, buning o'rniga dramaturgga yodgorlik bo'lishini taklif qildi Molier, chunki favvora Comédie Française-ning asl saytiga va Moliere uyiga yaqin bo'lgan. Ommaviy obuna orqali favvora uchun pul yig'ildi. Moliyerning bronza haykali yonida Bernard-Gabriel Syor va favvora tagida joylashgan engil komediya va jiddiy komediyani ifodalovchi ikkita allegorik raqamlar quyidagicha: Jeyms Pradier.

Fonteyn Sen-Sulpice, (1843–1848), Lui Viskonti diniy nazokat g'oyasini ifodalash uchun yaratilgan, chunki u joylashgan Saint-Sulpice joylashtiring, ning mashhur diniy seminariyasi yaqinida Avliyo Sulpice. XVII asrning to'rtta taniqli diniy notiqlarini ulug'lagan; Bossuet, Fénelon, Fléchier va Massillon.

Fontaine de l'Archevêche (1843-1845), tomonidan Alphonse Vigoureux, hozirgi Jan XXIII maydonida joylashgan, arxiepiskopning saroyi turgan joyda qurilgan neo-gotik inshoot. Favvoraning pastki qismida uchta ko'rsatilgan bosh farishtalar ning alegorik figurasini mag'lub etish bid'at Spire-da Bokira va bolaning haykali mavjud.

Lui-Filipp davridan yana bir qancha oddiy favvoralar hanuzgacha mavjud:

  • Fonteyn-joy Jan-Baptist Klement ', (1835), yilda Montmartr, bu dengiz qobig'i naqshlari bilan bezatilgan joyi bo'lgan devor favvorasi va sherning boshidan suv oqib tushadigan bronza vaza.
  • Fonteyn Buyuk Karl, Buyuk Charlemagne, (1835), Sankt-Pol cherkovi presbyteri devoriga qarshi qurilgan. Suv o'simliklari va hayvonlari bilan bezatilgan joyda, delfinlar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan quyma temirdan yasalgan tomir bor, boshida dengiz qobig'ini ushlagan bola haykali joylashgan.
  • Fonteyn Sen-Luis, rue de Tourenne. (1846). Fontain Charlemagne-ga o'xshash, dengiz qobig'i shaklida vask va Ourq daryosini ifodalovchi ruxdagi rasm. Favvoraning yuqori qismida Parij gerbi o'yilgan. Haykaltarosh Boitel, o'quvchisi Jeyms Pradier va Devid d'Angers.
  • Fonteyn de la Roket, rue de la Roquette, (1846), Parij, delfinlar va mevalar, gullar naqshlari va sher boshlari bilan bezatilgan uchburchak peshtoqli arkad. Martning ichida ikkita skameyka va maskaron bor, undan favvora darvoza bilan yopilgan bo'lsa ham, undan suv oqadi.[26]

  • Bronza buqaning boshi, Parijning go'sht bozoridagi favvoraning chashmasi marché des Blanc-Manteaux, haykaltarosh tomonidan Edme Goll (1819)

  • Fonteyn Kuvier, 5-okrug, Rue Cuvier va rue Linné burchagi (1840-1846), Alphonse Vigouroux, me'mor va Jan-Jak Feuchere va Rene Jyul Pomate, haykaltaroshlar.[27]

  • Fonteyn Molieri, 37 rue de Richelieu (birinchi tuman), (1841-1844), Lui Viskonti, me'mor va Bernard-Gabriel Syor va Jeyms Pradier, haykaltaroshlar.

  • Fonteyn-de-Sulpice, Saint-Sulpice joylashtiring, (1843-1848), Lui Viskonti, me'mor.

Parijdagi Lui-Napoleon favvoralari va ikkinchi imperiya (1848-1870)

Fonteyn Sen-Mishel, Saint-Michel joyi, (1858-1860), Gabriel Davioud, me'mor.

Lui-Filipp hukmronligi 1848 yilgi inqilob va tashkil topishi bilan to'satdan tugadi Ikkinchi respublika, ostida Lui Napoleon 1851 yildagi davlat to'ntarishi bilan Ikkinchi imperiya. Epidemiyasi keyin vabo 1849 yilda Lui Napoleonning eng ustuvor vazifalaridan biri Parij suvi sifatini yaxshilashga aylandi. O'sha paytda Parijda aholini ichimlik suvi bilan ta'minlaydigan oltmishta favvora va o'nlab favvoralar bor edi, ular shunchaki bezak edi.[28] Sening yangi prefeti ostida, Baron Haussmann va uning yangi Parij suvi boshlig'i Belgrand Parij suv tizimi qayta tiklandi, shunday qilib suv o'tkazgichlari olib kelgan buloqlardan olingan suv faqat ichimlik suvi uchun ishlatilgan, sog'lom bo'lmagan daryo suvlari esa ko'chalarni yuvish, bog'larni sug'orish uchun ishlatilgan. bog'lar va favvoralar uchun.

Ikkinchi imperiya davrida, Baron Xaussmann qayta qurish kampaniyasini boshlaganida, taniqli eski favvoralar boshqa joyga ko'chirildi va tiklandi. 1858 yilda Fontaine des Innocents maydonning o'rtasidagi yangi, pastki poydevorga ko'chirildi va har ikki tomonga oltita oqar suv havzasi qo'shildi., 1864 yilda, yangi Medic bulvariga joy ochish uchun, orqasida joylashgan apelsin. Medici favvorasi buzildi, favvora yangi joyda ko'chirildi Jardin du Lyuksemburg, haykallar qo'shildi, birinchi imperiya davrida qurilgan Leda va Oqqush favvorasi orqasida joylashgan joyga ko'chirildi va uning oldida uzun havza qurilgan. Rond-Noktadagi oddiy favvora Champs-Élysées, Lui-Filipp davrida qurilgan, atigi ikkita vaski bo'lgan, o'rniga oltita vask suvi bor katta favvora qurilgan.

Lui Napoleon davrida qurilgan yangi yodgorlik favvoralarining aksariyati yagona me'morning ishi edi, Gabriel Davioud. Davioud Ecole des Beaux-Arts-da haykaltaroshlik bo'yicha o'qidi, so'ngra me'moriga aylandi service de promenades et plantations Sena prefekturasi. U Ikkinchi imperiyaning ko'plab maydonlari, eshiklari, skameykalari, pavilonlari va boshqa dekorativ me'morchiligining dizayni uchun mas'ul bo'lgan. His principal basins and fountains were:

  • Fontaines Boulevard Richard-Lenoir. (1862.) When part of the canal St. Martin was covered by the Boulevard Richard Lenoir, Davioud built a long series of fifteen small basins and fountains to aerate the water. Each fountain had a spray of water coming from a bouquet of roses made of cast iron. The fountains were rebuilt in a more modern, less picturesque style in the 20th century.
  • Fontaine Place Edmond-Rostand. Davioud built the basin and fountain first, in 1862. In 1884, the statue by Crauk a triton va a naiade, holding a large seashell spraying water. was added to the fountain.
  • Fontaine de la place Pigalle. (1862-63.) The fountain has a circular basin, an octagonal pedestal and a fluted column supporting a single vasque. It was used by residents as a basin place to dump trash, to wash fish, and to do laundry. Today the fountain and place have been renovated.
  • Fontaine Square des Arts-et-Metiers (now called Square Emile-Chatemps) (1861). The fountain is composed of an oblong basin with semi-circular ends, in which are placed allegorical statues related to arts and professions, since the fountain was next to the conservatory of arts and metiers. On one side are two statues by Ottin, who also did the statues in the Medici Fountain; a statue of Mercury, holding a scale, an anchor, and a horn of plenty; and Music, wearing a laurel wreath, holding a lyre and a torch. On the other end of the fountain are two statues by Gumery; Agriculture, holding sheaves of wheat, and Work, holding a hammer. Between the two groups is a single vasque fountain with a spray of water and water pouring from the heads of lions.
  • Fontaine place de la Madeleine (1865). (one now located in square Santiago-du-Chili, the other to place François Iier). Davioud built two fountains in front of the Madeleine church, each with a circular marble basin, a pedestal with four griffins, supporting a column with a single vasque decorated with lion heads spouting water. From the vasque rises a column decorated with rings and faces of women. In 1902 both fountains were moved to different parts of Paris to make room for a statue of philosopher and politician Jules Simon.
  • Fontaine Saint-Michel (1860) is the best-known fountain of Davioud. Built as part of Baron Haussmann's grand project for the reconstruction of Paris, it was intended be the chief ornament of the enlarged Place Pont-Saint-Michel created by the new boulevard Sebastopol-rive gauche, now Boulevard Saint-Michel ). Davioud originally wanted a free-standing fountain with a statue of a woman representing peace, but he was required to make a wall fountain hiding the wall of a building at the corner of boulevard Saint-Michel and Saint-André des Arts. His new design featured a structure like a triumphal arch with a statue of Napoleon Bonapart, but this aroused opposition by the opponents of Louis Napoleon, so it was changed to a statue of the Bosh farishta Maykl wrestling with the devil. Nine sculptors worked on the different figures in the composition. It was the last monumental fountain in Paris built against a wall, a style that had been borrowed from Italy and used in the Medici Fountain va Fontaine des Quatre-Saisons. Later fountains would be free-standing, in the center of squares or parks.[29]

Paris Fountains of the Third Republic (1870-1900)

Fontain de l'Observatoire, (1867-1874), Jardin du Lyuksemburg, Gabriel Davioud, me'mor.

Lui Napoleon was captured by the Germans at the disastrous battle of Sedan in 1870 and lost his title. After the occupation of Paris by the Germans and the brief rule of the Parij kommunasi, Uchinchi Frantsiya Respublikasi was born.Davioud remained as the chief architect of fountains for the city. His first task was to repair the damage caused to the fountains by the German siege of Paris and the fighting during the suppression of the Paris Commune, which had destroyed the Tuilieries Palace and the Hotel de Ville.

Davioud was able to complete two monumental fountains begun under the Second Empire.

  • The Fontain de l'Observatoire, with sculpture by Jan-Batist Karpe. This fountain had been proposed in 1866 as part of the creation of the new grand avenue du Luxembourg, a project which called the creation of two new squares, with ornamental lamps and columns, statues, and a fountain. Carpeaux had made the sculptures of La Danse on the facade of the Parij operasi; these had caused a scandal because of the free expression of the sculpture and the unrestrained emotions on the faces of the statues, much different from the calm expressions of neo-classical statues.

Davioud instructed Carpeaux not to block he view of the Luxembourg Palace or the Paris Observatory, but otherwise he had freedom to design what he wanted. He proposed four figures representing the four corners of the world, holding aloft a celestial sphere, and trying to turn it. The sculptor LeGrain was commissioned to make the sphere, and the sculptor Emmanuel Frémier made the horses in the basin around the statue.

Work on the fountain was stopped because of the war in 1870, but resumed in 1872, and it was dedicated in 1874.

  • Fontaine du Triomphe de la République, Place de la Nation, (1899). In 1879, the place Château d'Eau was renamed place de la République, and a competition was held for a monument in the center. The architect François-Charles Morice and his sculptor brother Leopold won the competition, but a project by another sculptor, Aimé-Jules Dalou, won the most public favor. Dalou had participated in the Paris Commune uprising in 1871 and had been sentenced to forced labor for life, then exiled to London. He designed a twelve-meter high group of allegorical statues: at the base is the Chariot of the Nation was drawn by two lions, led by the Spirit of Liberty and surrounded by figures representing Law, Work, Justice, Peace, and the Spirit of Instruction. A terrestrial globe supports the figure of the Republique, a woman in classical costume, wearing a liberty cap and holding the faslar, the Roman symbol of the law.[30]

The Prefecture instructed Davioud to replace the old fountain of the Place du Trône with the Dalou's monument in the renamed Nation joyi. The statues were cast in bronze, A basin was rebuilt, and the fountain opened in 1899. Later, in 1908, six bronze amphibian animals spouting water sculpted by Georges Gardet were added to the basin.

The bronze statues of the amphibians were taken by the Germans during World War II and disappeared. The basin was removed in the 1960 to make way for the RER regional railway station, but the statues, without basin or water, are still there.[31]

  • Fontaines place André Malraux (formerly Place du Théatre-Française.) (1874).

  • One of the generous fountains of Place André Malraux.

  • The easternmost fountain, topped with Nymph fluviale ('Nymph of the river'), an 1874 work by Mathurin Moreau (1822-1912).

  • Place André Malraux showing the two fountains.

Davioud built this fountain in the new place, created in 1867, which marked the beginning of the new avenue de l'Opéra, which connected the city's most famous theater with the opera house. The project was begun in 1867, but was interrupted by the war and not finished until 1874.

According to Davioud's plan, two fountains were built. Each has a circular stone basin; a base of gray marble with four seated children in bronze; a bronze vasque; a piédouche, or column, of white marble with medallions with the seal of city, and water spouting from the top; and, at the top of the Piedouche, a river nimfa at the top of the fountain nearest the theater, and a sea nymph at the top of the second fountain. The sea nymph sculpture is by Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse and the four children at the base by Louis-Adolphe Eude; the river nymph was made by Mathurin Moreau, and the four children at the base by Charles Gauthier.[32]

  • Wallace favvorasi. In 1872 a British millionaire, mo''tadillik advocate and philanthropist, Sir Richard Uolles, who had spent much of his youth in Paris and had lived there during the 1870 war, recognizing the difficulty and cost of finding drinking water in Paris after the 1870 war, and following a program he had already begun in London, donated fifty cast-iron drinking fountains to the city of Paris. The sculptor of the fountains was Charlz-Auguste Lebourg, talabasi Fransua Rude. He designed two models, one free-standing and the other to be attached to a wall, and in 1881, added a third, simpler version. The fountains were a popular success, and new ones were still being installed until the beginning of the First World War.[33]

  • Triomphe de la Republique (1899), by Jyul Dalu, yilda Nation joyi. (1899) The basin was demolished in the 1960s to make room for the RER, but the statues from the fountain are still there.

  • Fontaine Place André Malraux, formerly place du Théâtre Français, (1867-1874), Gabriel Davioud, me'mor.

  • A Wallace favvorasi, Pont Noyf, (1872), one of 66 such cast-iron fountains placed around Paris by British industrialist and mo''tadillik activist Sir Richard Uolles.

Paris Exposition Fountains (1855-1937)

The "'Theatre d'eau" from the 1931 Colonial Exposition presented a performance of dancing water, changing shape and color. It was the ancestor of the modern musiqiy favvora.
The "Pont d'eau' from the 1931 Paris Colonial Exhibit, a "bridge" of water over Lake Daumesnil forty meters long and six meters wide. This was the first fountain purely composed of water, with no architectural element, the ancestor of the Jet d'eau in Geneva created twenty years later.

Eight universal expositions took place in Paris between 1855 and 1937, and each included fountains, both for decoration and for sale, which demonstrated the latest in technology and artistic styles. They introduced illuminated fountains, fountains which performed with music, fountains made of glass and concrete, and modern abstract fountains to Paris.

The first such exposition, organized in 1855 by Louis Napoleon in response to the huge success of the Universal Exposition in London in 1851, displayed cast-iron fountains, on the model of the Fontaine to Louvois of Visconti, which could be purchased by any town or city.[34]

  • The Exposition Universelle of 1867 took place in the Champs-de-Mars and across the river at the Trocadero. For the Exposition, Baron Haussmann created a large basin, filled with water pumped by the Seine, to be used for fountains. Artificial rocks and grottos were built in the Champs-de-Mars, with cascading water, ponds and streams. Two monumental fountains were also built, at each end of the Pont d'Iéna, which was the ceremonial entrance of the exhibit. The most spectacular fountain in the exhibit was a crystal fountain, 7.3 meters high, with two vasques 3.1 meters in diameter, made by the firm of Bakkarat. Only drawings remain of the crystal fountain.
  • The Exposition Universelle of 1878. For this exposition, the first held during the new Third Republic, a château d'eau with a grotto, upper basin and fountains, a series of cascades, and a lower basin with fountains were built on the slopes of Chaillot, at the foot of the Palais du Trocadero, at the present site of the fountains of the Trocadero. The basins were surrounded by six gilded cast iron sculptures of animals representing the six continents. (These statues are now located on the parvis of the Musée d'Orsay.).[35]
  • The Exposition Universelle of 1889 celebrated the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution. Its most memorable feature was the Eyfel minorasi, and it took place, like the previous exhibit, on the Champs-de-Mars and the Trocadero. A highlight of the exposition was a fountain illuminated by electric lights shining up though the columns of water, a method first developed in England in 1884. The fountains, located in a basin forty meters in diameter, were given color by plates of colored glass inserted over the lamps. The Fountain of Progress gave its show three times each evening, for twenty minutes, with a series of different colors. The system was primitive; it could only illuminate the water up to a height of four meters - but the effect was new and dramatic and extremely popular.[36]
  • The 1900 yilgi Universelle ko'rgazmasi was held both at the Champs-de-Mars and next to the Champs-Élysées, where a Grand and Petit Palais were constructed. One of its most popular features was the Temple of Electricity, near the Champs-Élysées, which had a series of illuminated fountains in front, with lamps shining blue, white and red light. The innovation of 1900 was a keyboard which allowed a rapid series of different colors. But by 1900 electricity was no longer a novelty, and the lighted fountains did not have the same effect that they did in 1889. It was agreed by critics that something new was needed for the 20th century fountain.[37]
  • The Exposition Internationale of 1925. This exhibit introduced the first fountains made of modern materials and in the modernist aret styles of the 20th century. The fountain by sculptor Gabriel Guevrekian was composed of four triangular basins, colored blue or red, and a fountain of glass in the center, surrounded by triangles of grass and flowers. It was the first fountain in Paris composed like a cubist painting.

The most original fountain in the exposition was Les Sources et les Rivieres of France, tamonidan qilingan Rene Lalique. It was a column of glass five meters high, made up of 128 caryatids of glass, each with a different decoration and size, each spraying a thin stream of water into the fountain below. At night the column was illuminated from within, and could change color. It was placed on a cross of concrete covered with decorated plates of glass, and in an ocagonal basin also decorated with colored and black tiles of glass.[38]

  • 'Colonial Exposition of 1931. This exhibit, designed to showcase France's overseas empire, was held in the eastern part of Paris, at the edge of the Bois de Vincennes, and it expressed two themes; the exoticism of France's distant colonies, and the modernism of France. New technologies shown at the exhibit included neon lights, indirect lighting of building facades (tested on Notre Dame Cathedral, the Place de la Concorde, and the Arc de Triomphe,) and eight monumental modern illuminated fountains.
  • The kaktus was a metal structure 17 meters high and 16 meters in diameter, with a dozen long branches reaching from the top the ground. Water poured from the top down the branches, and jetted out from the branches to the basin below. The whole structure was illuminated with white light.
  • The Théâtre d'eau, or water theater, located on one side of the lake, covering an arc of a circle of about 80 meters, created a performance of dancing water, forming changing bouquets, arches, and curtains of water from its jets and nozzles. It was the ancestor of the modern musiqiy favvora.
  • The pont d'eau was made by jets of water from both sides of Lake Daumesnil, which formed an illuminated water "bridge" forty meters long and six meters wide. This was the first fountain made entirely of water, with no architectural element; the ancestor of the Jet d'eau in Lake Geneva, created twenty years later.[39]
  • The Exposition Internationale of 1937, the last exhibit of its kind, was held at the Trocadero and the Champs-de-Mars, and once again the fountains were the highlight. Water jets were placed on both sides of the Seine, with a range of 25 meters, and 174 other fountains placed under the surface of the river. The choreography of the fountains was combined with light, and, for the first time, with music, amplified from eleven rafts with loudspeakers in the river. The music featured compositions by the leading modern composers of the period, including Igor Stravinskiy, Darius Milxaud va Artur Xonegger.

The cascades, fountains and basins of the Trocadero, built for the 1878 exposition, were completely rebuilt for the 1937 exposition. Two monumental statues, Apollon tomonidan Henri Bouchard va Herkul tomonidan Albert Pommier, were placed on the esplendade above the fountains. The main feature was a long basin, or water mirror, with twelve fountain creating columns of water 12 meters high; twenty four smaller fountains four meters high; and ten arches of water. At one end, facing the Seine, were twenty powerful water cannon, able to project a jet of water fifty meters. Above the long basin were two smaller basins, linked with the lower basin by casades flanked by 32 sprays of water four meter high, in vasques. These fountains are the only exposition fountains which still exist today, and still function as they did.

The exhibit also featured two more unusual fountains; a fountain in the Spanish pavilion by Aleksandr Kalder, Fontaine de Mercure, where a small metal structure created a flow of simob, and a fountain of vino, imitating one once created for Lui XIV da Versal.

  • The Chateau d'eau and plaza of the Paris Universal Exposition of 1900, which stood near today's Katta Palais. The fountains were illuminated with different colors at night, but by 1900 electricity was no longer a novelty.

  • The monumental fountain 'Cactus' from the 1931 Paris Colonial Exposition was 17 meters high, with water descending through twelve branches which each spouted water.

Paris Fountains (1900–1945)

L'accueil de Paris, Femme au bain. Square de la Butte-du-Chapeau Rouge. 1938. Raymond Couvegnes, architect, Léon Azéma.(1938). The fountain was built to display the statue, which had been featured at the 1937 Paris exposition.
Fontaine de la Port Dorée, Place Edouard-Renard, 12th arrondissement (1935.) Louis Madeleine, architect, Leon Drivier, sculptor.

Paris fountains in the 20th century no longer had to supply drinking water - they were purely decorative; and, since their water usually came from the river and not from the city adqueducts, their water was no longer drinkable. Twenty-eight new fountains were built in Paris between 1900 and 1940; nine new fountains between 1900 and 1910; four between 1920 and 1930; and fifteen between 1930 and 1940.[40]

The removal of the ring of fortifications around Paris created space for many new parks and squares. Most of the new fountains were located in parks and other green spaces, and most were modest in scale.

The biggest fountains of the period were those built for the International Expositions of 1900, 1925 and 1937, and for the Colonial Exposition of 1931. Of those, only the fountains from the 1937 exposition at the Palais de Chaillot still exist. (See section above on Exposition fountains.)

The form of the classic Paris fountain of the 19th century, with a single or double circular vasque, nearly vanished during the 20th century. replaced by a wide variety of styles and new materials. They ranged from neo-classical styles to a glass fountain made by Rene Lalique for the Rond-Point des Champs-Élysées (no longer existing). Several fountains were created to showcase statues made for other purposes, such as the statue "France brings peace and prosperity to the colonies", by sculptor Leon Drivier, originally atop the Palace of Colonies of the 1931 Colonial Exposition, which, after the exhibit closed, was moved to be the centerpiece of a new fountain, the Fontaine de Madeline, in place Eduouard Renard.

The subject matter of the new fountains also varied widely: there is a fountain honoring composer Klod Debussi (The Fontaine Debussy, Place Debussy, 1932); a fountain honoring the engineer who discovered the first artesian well in Paris (The Fontaine George Mulot, on the location of the first artesian well on Rue Grenelle): a fountain for writer Leo Tolstoy; ; a fountain honoring Emile Lavassor, the driver who won first Paris-Bordeaux automobile race in 1895; (Fontaine Lavassor, Porte Maillot; and two fountains in the 16th arrondissement devoted to love; the Fontaine des Amours in the Bagatelle garden (1919) and the Fountain de l'Amour, l'Eveil a la vie. (the awakening of life) in Place de la Porte d'Auteil.[41]

The notable fountains of the pre-war period include, in chronological order:

  • Fontaine Levassor, Porte Maillot, 16th arrondissement ((1907). Jules Daulou and Lefevre, sculptors. The fountain honors émile Levassor, the winner of the 1895 Paris to Bordeaux automobile race, and is the only fountain in Paris with a bas-relief of an automobile.
  • Fontaine des Amours de Bagatelle, Parc-de-Batagelle, 16th arrondissement, (1919). Raymond Sudre, haykaltarosh.
  • The Chateau d'eau in Place Jean-Baptiste-Clemente at the foot of the butte of Montmartr, 18th arrondissement (1932.) Paul Gasq, sculptor.
  • The Fontaine Debussy, in Square Debussy. 16th arrondissement (1932), by sculptors Jan and Joel Martel, and Jean Burkhalter, architect.
  • Fontaine Tolstoi, Square Leon Tolstoi, 16th arrondissement (1934). Cassou, sculptor.
  • Fontaine de la Porte Dorée, Place Edouard-Renard, 12th arrondissement (1935). Sculpture by Leon Drivier, Louis Madeline, architect. The fountain was built to showcase the statue, France the Colonizer, which had stood at the entrance of the Paris Colonial Exposition of 1931.
  • Fontaine Steinlen, Square Constantin-Pecquier, 18th arrondissement (1936). Paul Vannier, sculptor.
  • The Fontaines de la Porte de Saint-Cloud, Place Port de Saint-Cloud, 16th arrondissement (1936). Paul Landowski, sculptor, and Robert Pommier and Jacques Billiard, architects. The monumental fountains were made to fill a vast square created in 1926 for a tramway and railway station and meeting point of seven avenues, where the old gates and fortifications of the city had been. The central features were two cylindrical columns, fifteen meters high, spouting water and covered with bas-reliefs, and illuminated at night, designed to serve as a symbolic entrance to the city. Their creator, the sculptor Paul Landowski, wrote, "these are the first fountains in Paris in which the effects of light, architecture and sculpture were joined from the very beginning."[42]
  • Fontaines de Trocadéro va Fontaines de Varsovie on the Esplenade and in the gardens of the Palais de Trocadéro, (1937), built for the 1937 International Exposition. (see Exposition Fountains above.) The pumping room under the fountain basin was renovated between 2010 and 2011, and the fountain fully functions as it previously did.
  • L'Accueil de Paris, Femme au Bain in Square de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge, 19th arrondissement (1938.) The architect was Léon Azéma, city architect, who created a series of new squares and parks where the old city fortifications had been. The sculpture, by Raymond Couvegnes, had been featured at the 1937 International Exposition.

Paris fountains (1945-2000)

The Fontaine de l'Hôtel de Ville, Place de l'Hôtel de Ville, (1983), François-Xavier Lalanne, haykaltarosh.
Cascade, Parc André Citroen, (1992)
Cristaux. Jean-Yves Lechevallier
Polypores Fountain. Jean-Yves Lechevallier

Only a handful of fountains were built in Paris between 1940 and 1980. The most important ones built during that period were on the edges of the city, on the west, just outside the city limits, at La Defense, and to the east at the Bois de Vincennes.

Between 1981 and 1995, during the terms of President Fransua Mitteran and Culture Minister Jek Lang, and of Mitterrand's bitter political rival, Paris Mayor Jak Shirak (Mayor from 1977 until 1995), the city experienced a program of monumental fountain building that exceeded that of Napoleon Bonaparte or Louis Philippe. More than one hundred fountains were built in Paris in the 1980s and 1990s, mostly in the neighbourhoods outside the centre of Paris, where there had been few fountains before.[43] Favvora Cristaux by Jean-Yves Lechevallier in the new Front de Seine district, the Stravinskiy favvorasi, the Fountain of the Pyramid of the Luvr, the Buren Fountain and Les Sphérades fountain in the Palais-Royal, the Fontaine du Parc Andre-Citroen, the Polypores fountain and new fountains at Les Halles, the Jardin de Reuilly, and beside the Gare Maine-Montparnasse were all built under President Mitterrand and Mayor Chirac.

The Mitterrand-Chirac fountains had no single style or theme. Many of the fountains were designed by famous sculptors or architects, such as Jan Tingueli, I.M.Pey, Kler Oldenburg va Daniel Buren, who had radically different ideas of what a fountain should be. Some of them, like the Pyramide de Louvre fountain, had glistening sheets of water; while in the Buren Fountain in the Palais-Royal, the water was invisible, hidden under the pavement of the fountain. Some of the new fountains were designed with the help of noted landscape architects and used natural materials, such as the fountain in the Parc Floral in the Bois de Vincennes by landscape architect Daniel Collin and sculptor François Stahly. Some were solemn, and others were whimsical. Most made little effort to blend with their surroundings - they were designed to attract attention.[44]

President Mitterrand and Culture Minister Lang were closely involved in many of the projects they commissioned. Mitterrand personally selected the architect of the Louvre project, and Lang negotiated the design of the Stravinsky Fountain with the sculptors, reducing the number of colorful "nanas" by Niki de Saint-Phalle from two to one.[45]

Many of the fountains were built thanks to a change in the law for public financing of works of art, which required that one percent of the budget for the construction of a public building in Paris be devoted to artistic decoration. This law, originally passed in the 1930s, was extended in the 1980s so that the funding could be used to build art works in the squares and other public areas around the new building. The law was also amended so that the one percent applied to the Grand Projects of the Head of State, which allowed the construction of the fountains near the Pyramid of the Louvre. A special fund, called the Le Fonds de la Commande Publique de l'État, was established to fund new works by living artists. This fund paid for the Daniel Buren fountain in the courtyard of the Palais Royale, and the 'Bicyclettte ensevelie"tomonidan Kler Oldenburg va Coosje van Bruggen va Horloges by the sculptor Arman, located in the Park of the Cite of Sciencds and Industry at La Villette.[44]

Several new parks were constructed during this period with fountains as their centrepieces. Ular orasida Park de Belleville (1988), the historic source of the Paris water supply since the 12th century, where a new park was built, with a flowing stream, cascades, and water stairways, along with two basins with jetting fountains; va Parc André Citroën (1992), on the banks of the Seine in the 15th arrondissement, on the site of the former automobile factory, where a series of thematic gardens were created by architects Patrick Berger, Jean-Paul Viguier and Jean-François Joddry and landscape architects Alain Provost and Gilles Clément. These different fountains shaped water into columns, mirrors and canals, decorated with modern versions of classical peristyles and nympheums.

The old produce markets of Paris, Les Halles, were the site of another new garden with fountains (1988) by architect Louis Arretche, Jean Willerval Pierre Mougin.

The Jardins de Reuilly (1992) by Pierre Colboc, were built along the Avenue Daumesnil. with water shaped into canals along the pedestrian paths, inspired by gardens in Andalusiya.

A new park, the Jardin Atlantique, was built in 1994 on the concrete slab that covers the railway lines of the train station Gare Maine-Montparnasse. This included three modern fountains, the Fontaine des Humidités, the Fontaine des Miroitements, and Fontaine des Hespérides, by architects Christine Schnitzler and François Brun, along with landscape architect Michel Pena, which added water and greenery into an urban space surrounded by huge concrete buildings.

Other new fountains were highly original and personal visions of the artists who created them:

The Fontaine de l'Embacle (1984), in Place du Québec, across from the church of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, by the sculptor Daudelin and architect Alfred Gindre, represents a spring bursting through the pavement, pushing up the paving stones, and then pouring back into the earth.

The fountain called Canyoneaustrate (1988) in front of the Palais Omnisport at Bercy, by the sculptor Singer, shows a giant crevice in the earth, similar to the canyons of the American west, with water cascading down into the canyon to return to its source.

Deux Plateaux in the courtyard of the Palais-Royal by minimalist sculptor Daniel Buren, does not look like a fountain at all. A group of columns with black and white vertical stripes are arranged in a courtyard, and water flows beneath them, seen, except through a grill in the pavement, as if at the bottom of a well.

The largest of the new fountains is Le Creuset du temps (1988) by sculptor Shamai Haber, in the Place de Catalogne behind the Montparnasse train station. It features a gigantic disc, slightly inclined, covered with thousands of granite paving stones in concentric circles, over which water gently flows.

Paris fountains since 2000

Few new fountains have been built in Paris since 2000. The most notable is La Danse de la fontaine emergente, located on Place Augusta-Holmes, rue Paul Klee, in the 13th arrondissement. It was designed by the French-Chinese sculptor Chen Zhen, shortly before his death in 2000, and finished by his widow and collaborator Xu Min in 2008. It shows a dragon, in stainless steel, glass and plastic, emerging and submerging from the pavement of the square. Water under pressure flows through the transparent skin of the dragon.[46][47]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ 239 existing fountains are listed in Paris et ses fontaines, de la Renaissance à nos jours, texts edited by Dominque Massounie, Pauline-Prevost-Marcilhacy and Daniel Rabreau, in the Collection Paris et son Patrimoine, Délégation à l'action artistique de la Ville de Paris, 1995. In addition, according to the official site of Eau de Paris, which maintains the fountains, there are 108 working Wallace fountains in Paris, not listed in Paris et ses fontaines, making a total of 347 fountains, not counting fountains built since 1995. Paris et ses Fontaines cites the number 365 fountains in Paris. (pg. 19).
  2. ^ http://www.latribunedelart.com/la-grande-misere-des-fontaines-parisiennes
  3. ^ P.S. Girard, Recherches sur les eaux publiques de Paris, 1812, cited in Paris en quête d'eau by Philippe Cebron de Lisle in Paris et ses Fontaines.
  4. ^ a b Cebron de Lisle, Paris en quête d'eau. p. 32.
  5. ^ Philippe Cebron De Lisle, Paris en quête d'eau, p. 34.
  6. ^ Christophe Morin, Le 18e siècle, Les fontaines de pierre, yilda Paris et ses fontaines, pg. 80.
  7. ^ Cited by P. Lavadan, Histoire de l'urbanism a Paris (1975), 1993, p. 304. Translation by D.R. Siefkin.
  8. ^ Janine Barrier, Fontaines et embellissements de Paris, in Paris et ses fontaines, pg. 125.
  9. ^ Philippe Cebron de Lisle, Paris en quête d'eau, p. 38.
  10. ^ Paris et ses Fontaines, De la Renaissance à nos jours, p. 296.
  11. ^ Paris et ses fontaines, p. 285.
  12. ^ Katia Frey, L'enterprise napoléonienne, yilda Paris et ses Fontaines, p. 104.
  13. ^ a b Chaptal, Mes Souvenirs sur Napoleon, Paris, 1893, pp. 357-58, cited in L. Beaumont-Maillet, L'eau a Paris, Paris, 1991 p. 25, and in Philippe Cebron de Lisle, "Vers l'abondance", article in Paris et ses fontaines, p. 39.
  14. ^ Philippe Cebron de Lisle, p. 40.
  15. ^ Dominique Massounie, La fontaine urbaine: le modèle Parisien, in the collection Paris et ses fontaines, pp. 160-162.
  16. ^ a b Katia Frey, L'enterprise napoléonienne, maqola Paris et ses fontaines, p. 109.
  17. ^ Katia Frey, L'enterprise napoleonienne, p. 134.
  18. ^ Katia Frey, L'enterprise napoleonienne, p. 119.
  19. ^ Katia Frey, L'Enterprise napoléonienne, yilda Paris et ses fontaines, pp. 120
  20. ^ Katia Frey, L'Enterprise napoléonienne, yilda Paris et ses fontaines, pp. 120-21.
  21. ^ Beatrice LaMoitier, 1815-1830- Politique Modeste, Programmes Varieés, yilda Paris et ses fontaines. (pg. 167).
  22. ^ Beatrice Moitier, op. keltirish. pg. 169
  23. ^ Beatrice Lamoitier, L'Essor des fontaines monumentales, yilda Paris et ses fontaines. pg. 171.
  24. ^ Beatrice Lamoitier, pg. 173.
  25. ^ Beatrice Lamoitier, L'essor des fontaines monumentales, pg. 175.
  26. ^ Beatrice Lamoitier, L'essor des fontaines monumentales, yilda Paris et ses Fontaines, pg. 178-179.
  27. ^ Paris et ses fontaines, p. 292.
  28. ^ Beatrice LaMoitier, "Le règne de Davioud", in Paris et ses fontaines, pg. 180
  29. ^ Dominique Jarassé, La fontaine Saint-Michel, Le classicism controversé, Archives d'architecture moderne, 1982, number 22, pgs. 80-87.
  30. ^ Daniel Imbert, Jules Dalou et le Triomphe de la Republique, catalog of Exposition Quand Paris dansait avec Marianne 1879-1889, Petit Palais, 1989.
  31. ^ Beatrice Lamoitier, Entre innovation et tradition, in Paris et ses fontaines, pg. 187-88.
  32. ^ Beatrice Lamoitier, Paris et ses Fontaines, page 188
  33. ^ Elie Frebault, Les fontaines de sir Richard Wallace, l 'Illyustratsiya, August 17, 1872, pg. 103-105. Cited in Beatrice Lamoitier, Paris et ses Fontaines, page 188
  34. ^ Virginie Grandval, Fontaines éphéméres, yilda Paris et ses fontaines, pg. 209-247
  35. ^ The fountains and cascades no longer exist, but a very close copy does exist, at the Palais Longchamps yilda Marsel.
  36. ^ Virginie Grandval, pg. 223.
  37. ^ Virginie Grandval, pg. 229
  38. ^ VIrginie Grandval, Fontaines éphémères, pg. 233.
  39. ^ Virginie Granval, Fontaines éphémères, pg. 233.
  40. ^ Figures cited by Pauline Prevost-Marcilhacy, Doctor of the History of Art at the University of Paris IV- Sorbonne, in her essay on fountains, 1900-1940- Entre tradition et modernité, yilda Paris et ses fontaines, pg. 257.
  41. ^ Prevost-Marcilhacy, pg. 260.
  42. ^ cited in Pauline Prevost-Marcilhacy, 1900-1940, Entre tradition et modernité, essay in Paris et ses Fontaines, pg. 264.
  43. ^ André Hoffman, La création contemporaine, yilda Paris et ses fontaines. Pg. 266,
  44. ^ a b André Hoffman, La création contemporaine, yilda Paris et ses fontaines. Pg. 266.
  45. ^ Arnauld Pierre, La fontaine Stravinsky, yilda Paris et ses Fontaines.pg. 279.
  46. ^ "Fontane di design, le piu belle al mondo". Designmag (italyan tilida). Olingan 31 avgust 2015.
  47. ^ "Le dragon fontaine de Chen Zhen". Paris Pépites (frantsuz tilida). 2 May 2014. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2015 yil 27 sentyabrda. Olingan 2 sentyabr 2015.

Bibliografiya

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  • Yves-Marie Allain and Janine Christiany, L'art des jardins en Europe, Citadelles & Mazenod, Paris, 2006.
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